Le Vieux Dieu

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Le Vieux Dieu Thèse de doctorat d'Université en Archéologie préhistorique et proto-historique CNRS – UFR 03 – UMR 8096 Archéologie des Amériques (ArchAm) RÉSUMÉ Le Vieux Dieu serait une divinité du feu qui apparaît dès le IXe siècle avant notre ère et qui serait encore présente dans le panthéon des anciens Mexicains à l'arrivée des Espagnols, où elle adopterait alors les noms de Xiuhtecuhtli ou Huehueteotl. L'intérêt de cette thèse est d'entreprendre une étude diachronique, à travers l'ensemble des Hauts Plateaux mexicains, de ce ou de ces dieux et d'en comprendre les évolutions et les interactions afin de répondre à une Billard Claire question principale : sommes-nous en présence d'une seule et même divinité du feu depuis le Préclassique Moyen (-1200 – 500 av. J.-C.) jusqu'à l'arrivée des Espagnols en 1521 ? LE VIEUX DIEU L'aspect diachronique et pluridisciplinaire de ce travail oriente notre approche et notre méthodologie puisque les données de la période Postclassique Récent seront analysées à la lumière des informations ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques. Le corpus des époques précédentes sera traité de façon systématique par une approche structurelle, technique, Vies et morts d'une divinité ignée sur les Hauts Plateaux mexicains iconographique et, finalement, symbolique. 1Volume Étude diachronique de l'iconographie et de la symbolique d'une entité préhispanique par une approche comparée des sources archéologiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques SUMMARY Volume 1 The Old God would probably be an igneous divinity, appeared since 9th century BC and which would have been already present in the Pantheon of the former Mexicans upon the arrival of the Spaniards. There, it would have adopted the names of Xiuhtecuhtli or Huehueteotl. The interest of this thesis is to undertake a diachronic study, through all the mexican Highlands, about this or these gods, to understand the evolutions and the interactions and finally to answer a main question : is there only one and the same divinity of fire since Middle Formative until the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521 ? The diachronic and multidisciplinary aspect of this work directs our approach and our methodology as the data of Late Postclassic will be analysed thanks to ethnohistorical and ethnographic information. The corpus of former times will be handled in a systematic way by a structural, technical, iconographical and finally symbolic approach. MOTS CLEFS – KEYWORDS CLAIRE BILLARD Archéologie – Mexique – Dieu – Feu – Iconographie – Ethnohistoire – Mesoamérique – Mexica – Tarasque – Teotihuacan Sous la direction de Brigitte FAUGÈRE Archaeology – Mexico – God – Fire – Iconography – Ethnohistory – Mesoamerica – Mexica – et la codirection de Guilhem OLIVIER Tarascan – Teotihuacan Vies et mortset divinité d'une les ignée sur Hauts Plateaux -mexicains Vies Membres du jury . Christopher S. BEEKMAN (pré-rapporteur) IEU Danièle DEHOUVE (pré-rapporteur) D Brigitte FAUGÈRE (examinateur) Guilhem OLIVIER (examinateur) IEUX Sylvie PEPERSTAETE (examinateur) UMR 8096 – ArchAm UFR 03 Histoire de l'art - V M.A.E – 21 Allée de l'Université Archéologie E 92000 Nanterre 3 rue Michelet L 75006 Paris Thèse soutenue publiquement le 7 novembre 2015 pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Archéologie – Anthropologie – Ethnologie – Préhistoire De haut en bas et de droite à gauche sur la première de couverture Brasero-effigie, pierre volcanique, Teotihuacan (photo. de l'auteur) (CONALCUTA- INAH-MEX, reproduction autorisée par l'INAH) Codex Borbonicus p.23 (dessin de l'auteur) Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl, pierre, Templo Mayor (dessin de l'auteur) Brasero-effigie, céramique, Cuicuilco (modif. d'après Vasquez et al. 1968) Carte des Hauts Plateaux mexicains (carte de l'auteur) Codex Cospi p.3 (dessin de l'auteur) Chacmool tarasque, pierre (MNA) (Williams 1993) Photographie de B. Blaisot Détail planche XXXI, Relación de Michoacán Codex Fejervary-Mayer p.33 (dessin de l'auteur) Dessin de brasero-effigie (Teotihuacan) (dessin de l'auteur) Codex Borgia p.46 (photo. et modification de l'auteur) Dessin de la chaise de Tatevalí (Lumholtz 1904, II : 31) En quatrième de couverture Codex Borbonicus p.23 (dessin de l'auteur) LE VIEUX DIEU Vies et morts d'une divinité ignée sur les Hauts Plateaux mexicains Étude diachronique de l'iconographie et de la symbolique d'une entité préhispanique par une approche comparée entre sources archéologiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques Vol. 1 CLAIRE BILLARD Sous la direction de Brigitte FAUGÈRE et la codirection de Guilhem OLIVIER 4 5 A ma famille et aux fabuleuses histoires qu'elle m'a racontées « Je vais vous dire quelque chose au sujet des histoires. Elles ne sont pas qu'un amusement, ne vous y trompez pas. Elles sont tout ce que nous savons, voyez-vous, tout ce que nous savons pour combattre la maladie et la mort. Vous n'avez rien si vous n'avez pas les histoires. » Leslie M. Silko Paroles de Chamans, Henri Gougaud (coord.), p. 25, Carnets de sagesse, Albin Michel, Paris, 1997. 6 4 SOMMAIRE Volume 1 REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................................9 LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................................15 ABRÉVIATIONS - AVERTISSEMENT ..............................................................................................17 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................31 PREMIÈRE PARTIE DÉFINITION DU CADRE GÉNÉRAL DE LA RECHERCHE 1. Cadre méthodologique et intellectuel 1.1. Les enjeux et ascendants intellectuels.............................................................................37 1.2. Le retour aux sources.........................................................................................................46 .. 1.3. Une étude pluridisciplinaire..........................................................................................47 1.4. Les problèmes posés par la définition du cadre géographique.........................................48 1.5. La méthodologie appliquée à une étude diachronique..................................................49 1.6. Le problème Postclassique Ancien et Épiclassique.......................................................54 2. Cadre géographique 2.1. Limites du cadre géographique et caractéristiques générales................................................55 2.2. Géologie...........................................................................................................................57 2.3. Morphologie générale.......................................................................................................58 2.4. Climat.............................................................................................................................60 2.5. Hydrographie..................................................................................................................60 2.6. Flore...............................................................................................................................62 2.7. Faune.....................................................................................................................................63 2.8. Géographie humaine.......................................................................................................65 2.9. Le volcanisme..............................................................................................................66 3. Cadre chronologique 3.1. Description du cadre chronologique..............................................................................69 3.2. Contextes culturels..........................................................................................................71 4. Historiographie et approche critique des sources 4.1. La littérature scientifique et les sources archéologiques.................................................83 4.2. Codex préhispaniques et écrits ethnohistoriques.........................................................89 4.3. Les sources ethnologiques et ethnographiques..............................................................97 4.4. Antécédents aux recherches doctorales..........................................................................99 5. Méthodologie de recherche et d'enregistrement 5.1. Le corpus..........................................................................................................................101 5.2. Les inventaires................................................................................................................103 5.3. Les bases de données.....................................................................................................104 5.4. L'étude de collections des musées.................................................................................105 5.5. De l'utilisation des méthodes de sériation et de la comparaison.....................................111 5 SOMMAIRE DEUXIÈME PARTIE ANALYSE COMPARÉE DES ÉCRITS ETHNOHISTORIQUES ET DE LA CULTURE MATÉRIELLE LE POSTCLASSIQUE RÉCENT I ) Le Haut Plateau central, les Mexicas et Xiuhtecuhtli 1. De la nature des dieux mexicas 1.1. Dieu unique, dieux pluriels et dieux mortels..................................................................115 1.2. Des hommes et des dieux...............................................................................................118 2. De l'importance du dieu du feu dans les sources écrites et
Recommended publications
  • Mexico - the Country 1
    Mexico - The Country 1. 758,278 square miles in size. 2. 1,100 miles long ••••• 1,900 miles wide. 3. One-Fourth the size of the United States. 4. 2,000 miles of border with the United States. 5. Two-Thirds of the country is mountains or desert: A) The geography has created some bad \ economic problems. B) It has created difficulties in transportation. C) It has created difficulties in communication. 6. Also has: A) Fertile plains. B) Tropical areas. C) Rivers••••• Etc. 7. Highest point in the country••• Mt. Orizaba: A) 18,700 feet high. ( 8. Annual average temperature••••• 62 degrees. / \, 9. Primary Barrier to••••• Economic "Well-Being"••••• Absence of sufficient moisture: A) Northern Mexico••••• Parched - "Water Hungry." B) Central Mexico••••• Barely enough moisture to sustain plant life: I. Rains are seasonal! C) Southern Mexico••••• Saturated with water. 10. Rain: A) One-Half of the country: I. Insufficient rain year-round. B) 130/0 of the country: I. Sufficient rain year-round. 11. Permanent Snow Line: A) Between 14,600 and 15,000 feet. 12. Is a country of small villages: A) 940/0 of these villages have less than 500 people. 13. Capital ••• Mexico City••• 7 ,650 feet above sea level: A) Largest city. B) From Mexico City to Veracruz ••• 265 miles. 14. 2 nd largest city••• Guadalajara. 15. 3 rd largest city••• Monterrey. 16. 4th largest city••• Puebla. 17. 21 cities ••• Population of 25,000 or more. 18. Population: A) Density is over 27 per square mile. B) 70% live above 3,000 feet sea level. C) 29% live above 6,000 feet sea level.
    [Show full text]
  • Encounter with the Plumed Serpent
    Maarten Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez ENCOUNTENCOUNTEERR withwith thethe Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica Preface Encounter WITH THE plumed serpent i Mesoamerican Worlds From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: DAVÍD CARRASCO AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/27/2021 01:31:04PM Via Free Access 246 Index
    index 245 InDeX Acatlán, 38 Black-on-orange ware, 59, 68, 71-72, 77, Acculturation, 19-20 81, 113, 115, 120-122, 124, 127-130, Acocota, Barrio de la, 160 133-134, 136, 144, 147-150, 154, 207- Acolhua, 80 208, 214, 221-223 Agave thorns, 84, 125 Blood, 78, 136, 139 Agricultural cycle, 165 Body performance, 217-218 Agriculture, 92, 102, 156, 160-161, 165, Bone awls, 84, 125 178, 196, 197, 201, 204 Borgia codex, 78 Aicucic, 139 Botijas, 112, 134, 139 Albarelos, 112, 134-135, 139 Bottles, 78, 132 Alcalde mayor, 8, 96, 102, 104, 130, 148, Bourbon: dynasty, 14; reforms, 154 211-212, 219 Bowls, 46, 53, 55-57, 59, 61-62, 69, 75, Alcarrazas, 102, 130-132, 138, 213 77-78, 89, 101, 104, 106, 109, 111-113, Altepetl, 1, 80, 82, 103, 212 115, 122, 129-130, 132-133, 136, 138, Alva Ixtlixochitl, fernando de, 80 144, 147, 150-160, 162, 170, 177, 184, Amozoc, 13, 16, 139, 153, 159-160, 166, 186, 189-190, 194, 209, 214 168-169, 172, 174-175, 178, 184, 186, Bravo, Valle de, 197 190-192, 215 Braziers, 72, 108, 132, 135 Andalusian ware, 103 Brokers, 162 see intermediaries Annals of Cuauhtitlan, 100 Cabildo, 13, 92, 96, 106 Apaztli, 138, 202 Cacao, 78, 130, 136, 213 Arabic ceramic tradition, 103, 120, 142 Caciques, 98 Árboles de la vida, 161, 199 Calixtlahuaca, 81 Arroceras, 190, 224 Canchesda, santa María, 13, 17, 37, 156, Artesanía, 14, 153, 157-158, 161, 178, 159, 162, 166-168, 170, 180, 186, 187, 180, 197-202, 204-205, 211, 225 190, 199 Atzompa, 179-180 Candle holders, 112-113, 128, 134, 136, Avila, Alonso de, 102, 221 138-139, 142, 148, 192, 214, 222 Azcapotzalco,
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramics and the Spanish Conquest E Early Americas: History and Culture
    Ceramics and the Spanish Conquest e Early Americas: History and Culture General Editor Alexander Geurds, Leiden University Editorial Board Willem Adelaar, Leiden University Nikolai Grube, Bonn University John Hoopes, University of Kansas Maarten Jansen, Leiden University Arthur Joyce, University of Colorado Michael Smith, Arizona State University Eric Taladoire, Sorbonne Laura Van Broekhoven, National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden VOLUME 2 e titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/eahc Ceramics and the Spanish Conquest Response and Continuity of Indigenous Pottery Technology in Central Mexico By Gilda Hernández Sánchez LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 e digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hernández Sánchez, Gilda. Ceramics and the Spanish conquest : response and continuity of indigenous pottery technology in central Mexico / by Gilda Hernández Sánchez. p. cm. — (e early Americas: history and culture vol.2) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-20440-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Indian pottery—Mexico. 2. Indians of Mexico—Material culture. 3. Indians of Mexico— Antiquities. 4. Pottery cra—Mexico—History. 5. Mexico—Antiquities. 6. Mexico— History—Conquest, 1519-1540. 7. Mexico—History—Spanish colony, 1540-1810. I. Title. F1219.3.P8H37 2012 972’.01—dc23 2011035865 ISSN 1875-3264 ISBN 978 90 04 20440 9 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijho Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Coatepec: the Great Temple of the Aztecs Recreating a Metaphorical State of Dwelling
    Coatepec: the Great Temple of the Aztecs Recreating a metaphorical state of dwelling •BBSta*-*4* Santiago de Orduna School of Architecture :r&a» McGill University Montreal, February 2008 Coatepec: the Great Temple of the Aztecs Recreating a metaphorical state of dwelling A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Santiago de Orduna © School of Architecture McGill University Montreal, January 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48365-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48365-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • El Paisaje Y Paleoambiente De Copilco Antes De La Erupción Del Xitle
    El paisaje y paleoambiente Antonio Flores-Díaz de Copilco antes de la Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, INAH erupción del Xitle Patricia Dolores Cázares Rodríguez Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, INAH Resumen: Este trabajo define el paleoambiente del sitio de Copilco antes de las erupciones del Xitle, considerando la evolución de la Cuenca de México, estudios estratigráficos del área, análisis bibliográfico y convergencia paleoclimática con Tlapacoya, Estado de México. Con los antece- dentes y la revisión de túneles se determinó el perfil representativo, formado por cinco capas, además se practicaron estudios micromorfológicos, mineralógicos y de elementos biológicos. Se observó que la hidrología del río Magdalena induce procesos de gleyzación, erosión y redistribución de materiales, creando pequeños lagos y pantanos. El perfil presenta acarreo fluvial-aluvial con cantos rodados y cerámica, material orgánico, carbón, cenizas volcánicas, material de acarreo (gley) y carbonatación secundaria. Integrado por tres paleosuelos, un Andosol (capa dos y tres) y dos hori- zontes de gley con carbonatación secundaria. Palabras clave: Copilco, erupción del Xitle, paleoambiente, paleosuelos. Abstract: This research defines the paleoenvironment of the site of Copilco prior to the eruptions of Xitle, considering the evolution of the Basin of Mexico; stratigraphic studies of the area, bibliographic analysis; and paleoclimatic convergence with Tlapacoya, State of Mexico. Background information and a review of the tunnels made it possible to discern a representative profile, formed of five layers. In addition, studies of micromor- phological, mineralogical, and biological elements were conducted. The hydrology of the Magdalena River induced processes of gleization, erosion, and the redistribution of materials, creating small lakes and marshes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico City Metro
    B Ciudad Azteca Mexico City Plaza Aragón Olímpica Metro System Ecatepec Múzquiz 5 3 Río de los Remedios Politécnico Indios Verdes Impulsora 4 7 Nezahualcóyotl La Villa - Martín El Rosario Tezozómoc Azcapotzalco Ferrería Norte 45 Vallejo Lindavista Basílica Carrera 6 6 Villa de Aragón Insituto del Deportivo 18 de Marzo Petróleo Talismán Bosque de Aragón Aquiles Serdán Autobuses Potrero del Norte Bondojito Eduardo Deportivo Oceanía La Raza Valle Gómez Molina Aragón Camarones Tlatelolco Oceanía Misterios → Consulado B 8 Canal del Norte Romero Refinería Buenavista Garibaldi Lagunilla Tepito Ricardo Flores Rubio Guerrero Magón Cuatro Terminal Aérea Caminos Tacuba Hidalgo Morelos 2 Moctezuma Bellas Artes Candelaria San Panteones Cuitláhuac Popotla Colegio Normal San Revolución Allende Balbuena Militar Cosme San Juan Lázaro Boulevard Puerto San Joaquín Zócalo Juárez de Letrán Aéreo Hangares Gómez Salto del Farías Polanco Agua Cuauhtémoc Merced Fray 1 5 Zaragoza Insurgentes Balderas Pino Servando Isabel la Suárez Auditorio Sevilla Doctores Católica 9 A Niños Jamaica Chapultepec Héroes San Antonio Pantitlán Obrera Abad Constituyentes Juanacatlán Hospital General Mixiuhca Velódromo Ciudad Puebla Tacubaya Deportiva Agrícola Oriental 1 Chabacano Centro Lázaro Cárdenas Canal de San Juan Observatorio Patriotismo Chilpancingo Médico 9 Viaducto Coyuya Etiopía La Viga Tepalcates Iztacalco San Pedro Xola de los Pinos Santa Anita Guelatao Apatlaco Eugenia Villa de Cortés 4 A Aculco San Antonio Nativitas Peñon Acatitla Santa Los Reyes La Paz División Viejo
    [Show full text]
  • Migración Y Transformaciones Socioterrotoriales De Santa Cruz Acalpixca, Resistencia Y Lucha En Asentamientos Humanos Irregulares
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD XOCHIMILCO DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES POSGRADO EN DESARROLLO RURAL NIVEL MAESTRÍA MIGRACIÓN Y TRANSFORMACIONES SOCIOTERRITORIALES EN SANTA CRUZ ACALPIXCA. RESISTENCIA Y LUCHA EN ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS IRREGULARES. T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRA EN DESARROLLO RURAL P R E S E N T A: KELLY GIOVANNA MUÑOZ BALCÁZAR DIRECTORA: DRA. GISELA LANDÁZURI BENÍTEZ MÉXICO D.F. DICIEMBRE, 2009 DEDICATORIA Fueron muchas noches y días en las que nunca dejé de pensar en aquellos errantes, en la gente de mi país que viene y va, en esos seres de viento que como yo van sin una brújula con ganas de luchar, pero siempre después de la aventura como todos, volvemos, retornamos al lugar donde se gestaron los sueños, a ese paisaje de infancia en donde siempre espera el abrazo y la sonrisa de los que hemos dejado. A quien siempre creyó en mí, mi amor y estas palabras… Luz Amanda Balcázar. AGRADECIMIENTOS Familia, en esta transición me he dado cuenta que ustedes son el motor que me da impulso para alcanzar muchas cosas, con su amor, orientación y consejos he logrado la cosecha de este tiempo, exalto el tesón y fortaleza de las mujeres de la casa, con su ejemplo me he propuesto seguirlas hacia los peldaños más altos, espérenme que iré de su mano… Gracias a Gisela Landázuri Benítez, por su paciencia, sabias enseñanzas y por haberme mostrado el camino de esta investigación, para mí fue una luz maestra siempre encendida que me guió entre las sombras. Al apoyo y solidaridad de Gisela Espinosa Damián, quien me dio la confianza y la fuerza para materializar esta hazaña desde antes de llegar y la seguridad para quedarme y seguir adelante.
    [Show full text]
  • EVERAERT. Portray of Coyoaca?
    The Splendor of Mexico E V A / a v a N o i v a t c O San Juan Bautista Church. Portrait of Coyoacán Luis Everaert Dubernard * lthough Man came to the south - a called the El Pedregal area, named for its r e r r a B ern part of the Valley of Mexico, stony crags. e t n a D particularly the lake region, almost Only two of the human settlements y b A s o 25,000 years ago, today only a few ves - t buried under the dried lava have been o h p l l a tiges of his earliest presence exist. Traces discovered and studied: Copilco el Bajo d e i f i c of human beings from later periods are e and Cuicuilco, both in what is tradition - p s e s i more frequent and abundant, indicating w ally known as Coyoacán. r e h t o the high level of general development the A century ago, when the granite quar - s s e l n communities had reached with the pas - U ries were being mined in Copilco el Bajo, sage of time. a cemetery was discovered with several This rapid evolution is explained by graves that showed evidence of ritual several factors: on the one hand they had Coyote Fountain, a symbol of Coyoacán. burial, complete with very beautiful pot - magnificent soil, abundant fresh water, a tual side. A little before the Christian era, tery. In Cuicuilco, in the 1920s, excava - benign climate with a well defined rainy then, in the southern part of the valley, tions uncovered what turned out to be season and a wealth of rich and varied bordering on the foothills of the Ajusco, the largest construction in the entire flora and fauna easy to gather and hunt, there must have been many population Western Hemisphere, the Cuicuilco “pyra - all of which were very kind to a low-den - centers, prospering thanks to the favor - mid,” built 2,000 years ago, which is sity population.
    [Show full text]
  • Coyoacan: Aspectos De La Organización Sociopolítica Y Económica Indígena En El Centro De México (1550-1650)*
    Coyoacan: aspectos de la organización sociopolítica y económica indígena en el centro de México (1550-1650)* Rebecca Boro L a dominación española sobre el México "sujetos". El patrón que prevaleció implicó la central dejó prácticamente intacta la organi­ transformación de un altepetl, encabezado por zación sociopolítica a nivel regional. Las for­ un tlatoani, en una encomienda y una doctrina mas administrativas de la encomienda, el (parroquia). Los mecanismos indígenas de or­ corregimiento y la doctrina fueron simplemen­ ganización canalizaron el tributo y el trabajo te superpuestas a la ciudad-estado indígena o forzado desde los pueblos sujetos, pasando por altepetl. Esto permitió que el funcionamiento las cabeceras, hasta llegar a manos del enco­ interno de la sociedad india provindal conser­ mendero y a la iglesia parroquial. Según el vara en gran medida sus rasgos anteriores a la principio administrativo español, estas juris­ conquista.l El altepetl precortesiano (atl: agua, dicciones civiles y eclesiásticas eran coexten­ tepetl: montaña) implicaba una población y un sivas. El corregimiento venía a ser una unidad territorio bajo el dominio de un linaje dinásti­ jurídica mayor, conformada en general por co. Cada altepetl estaba subdividido en unida­ varias encomiendas y, en consecuencia, por di­ des menores llamadas calpulli o tlaxilacalli. ferentes altepetl con sus pueblos cabeceras y Cada una de estas unidades, aunque goberna­ sujetos. da por sus propios oficiales locales, se mante­ Sin embargo, este patrón de transformación nía sometida a la autoridad de una dinastía de un altepetl, gobernado por un tla toan i, a dirigente a la que se le debían servicios y tri­ una encomienda o parroquia, no siempre fue butos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Valley of Mexico
    THE VALLEY OF MEXICO Or the early nomadic hunting peoples of Mexico who must have preceded the sedentary agricultural ones we know nothing. So far no site has been discovered that shows evidence of the early stages of agriculture and of pottery making, which generally accompanied it. The earliest peoples yet known to us were already far along the road to civilization, with permanent villages, well-developed agri- culture, and highly perfected and diversified manufactures of pottery, weaving and other techniques and materials. Formerly known as the "Archaic Cultures," the term "Middle Cultures" is now applied to them, reserving "Early Cultures" for the yet unknown hunting peoples. The Middle Cultures Probably about 200 B.C. a group of these farmers moved into the Valley of Mexico. Here by the shores of salt Lake Texcoco (which still exists, though much reduced in size by artificial drainage) they built their villages and tilled their fields further inland. Unknown even to historical tradition, our knowledge of them is based entirely on archaeological excavation, mainly due to the work of Dr. George C. Vaillant, now Director of the University Museum. Their refuse deposits which total more than twenty-five feet in depth, thus indicating a long period of occupation, rest on sterile ground, proving that, at these sites at least, they were the first sedentary inhabitants. They found the region a most hospitable one; the wash from the volcanic hills offered fertile soil, the great springs abundant fresh water, the marshes numerous water birds, and the hills sheltered deer and other game. This Middle Period is divided into two phases, a Lower Middle from about 300 or 200 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Domestic
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Domestic Ritual and Identity in the Teotihuacan State: Exploring Regional Processes of Social Integration Through Ceramic Figurines A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology with a specialization in Anthropogeny by Kiri L. Hagerman Committee in charge: Professor Guillermo Algaze, Chair Professor Sarah C. Clayton Professor Jonathan Friedman Professor Thomas W. Gallant Professor Paul S. Goldstein Professor Richard G. Lesure 2018 Copyright Kiri L. Hagerman, 2018 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kiri L. Hagerman is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page………………………………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………… iv List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………... x List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….. xi List of Tables………………………………………………………………………… xvii List of Graphs………………………………………………………………………... xxi Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………… xxiii Vita……………………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]