Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

904 KANGARS IN ANCIENT SOURCES AND THEIR TRACES IN Firudin Rzayev1

Abstract: The place and role of kangars by scientific facts that the compenent in the history is systemize investigated which formed the “kanq” rooty place according to the ancient sources in the names in Nakhchivan toponimic article. Kangars were the aborigen system is a prototurk – tribe inhabitants in the territory of name. The new investigation of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic “Oghuznama” by us proves that from the middle of the III millennium kangars are not a oghuz tribe, but also B.C.. But in many investigations kangars is a Azerbaijan tribe. With the were showed in the IX century B.C. and the III century of our era in these historical facts it is affirmed that they territories. Kangar turks whom the were on the history stage in the IV Azerbaijanian and Turkish scientists millennium B.C. and in the III were investigated without refering to millennium B.C. they were spread out ancient chronicles are in Nakhchivan territories. protoazerbaijanians. In this investigation by the scientific facts it is proved that the Keywords: Ethnooykonim, Kanq, tribes of Kanq, Kanqyuy, Kanqur whose traces lived in the toponimic system of Kanqyuy, Kanqli, Kangar, Avesta, ancient Nakhchivan and general turkish Sumerian. area are kangars. The investigation of the sources connected with kangars were Introduction taken main actual problem. For this the Nakhchivan one of the author has recourse to “Oghuznama”, inseparable part of Azerbaijan is one of Chine sources, “Avesta” and Sumerian the most ancient civilization centres of written monuments. Result it is affirmed the world and it is riched the world

1 Nakhchivan Branch of Anas. firudinr@yahoo com.tr. Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

905 history study with new scientific facts hurru, turdi and etc. were lived in these with its material-cultural examples. In territories. We met these tribe names in the I century jew I.Flavi named Herodot`s, Plutarx`s, Strabon`s, Kvint Nakhchivan “the cradle of the mankind Krutiy-Ruf`s and etc. information (48, I generation and the first civilization” in v., p. 192, 238, 515; 26, II 30). Strabon his information. According to his had writing that these tribes were the thoughts prophet Noah`s ship was landed civil people in the South Caucasia in the in Nakhchivan (17, p.14). With its VI millenium B.C. and they have an alphabet and rich poetry (47, ХI, p. 137- archaeological cultural examples Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic 138, Х IV, p. 500-572). The comperative investigation of Gamigaya, Nuvadi, affirms that it is one the first dwellings of primary man in the world and the same Dugar write signs in the territory with time it was the motherland of ancient Tabriz, Shamakhi, Gobustan, Pirallahi, Azerbaijan tribes. The castle cities as the Altay write signs proves that this culture I and II Kultapa, Gilan, Oglanqala, came from the same root thousands of Nahajir, Khoshkeshin, Gizil Vang, years before (42, p. 113-122). Abbasabad in the territory and kromlex K.Ptolomey deals with ancient history of graves in here are the historical facts Nakhchivan and remembered this name which proves these truth (36, p. 17, 29, as “Naksuana” (23, p. 252, 254). 37, 42, 60-61 and etc.). Kangar tribes is one of the tribes More than 10 years the which were inhabeted in Nakhchivan archaeological expeditions of America, territories in the middle of the III France, Germany, England, and millenium B.C. These tribes were etc. states have an activity in explained as Kanq tribes of , Nakhchivan. The scientific facts which but never investigated as a various tribe. These tribes were widely spread they got proves that the sedentary life out in Maku and Iravan areas the and city culture began to Nakhchivan ancient regions of Nakhchivan and had in the VI millennium B.C. (33, p. 451- taken part the ethnogeny of the people. 453). The same time many sources And the territories and history of kangar showed that the prototurks as as, turukki, tribes how was investigated by kuti, lulubi, nakhar, shu, subar, koman, historians? Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

906 R.Ozdak divides oghuz tirbes in territories with in the two branch “Uch okhlar” (Three arrows), beginning of our era and they were “Boz okhlar” (Grey arrows). Gayi, inhabited in Nakhchivan territories in the , Alkaravli, Karaavul, Yazir, V century of our era (2, p. 352). Doyer, , Yaparli, Avshar, M.Valiyev without any sources have Karkin, Baydilli, Kizik tribes are entered writting that ancient turk tribes came to in Boz okhlar branch, Bayandir, Azerbaijan in 826-836 years for to Bechana, Chavuldur, Chabni, , destroyed the rebellion rising against Eymur, Alayuntli, Uragir, Yigdir, Arabs. Bugduz, Yiva, Kinig tribes are entered in He shows javanshirli, kayi, Uch okhlar branch. In here it is kangar, khalaj, turkman, jagatay and etc. concidered that Kinig tribes are kangars tribes among the turks came from the but there is no any other information banks of Amudarya river. In here about their history (41, p. 1). kangars with the names of “kanqli”, In other sources Kayi, Bayat, “khanga” are considered the inheritor of Alkaevli, Karaevli, Yazır, Dogər, pechenegs (35, p. 41). K.Smirnov Dodurga, Yaparli, Afshar, Kizir, showes that kangar tribes came to Baydilli, Garkhin tribes were entered Nakhchivan in the XI century. He has into “Boz okh” branch and Bayandir, been writing that they had inhabited in Pechene, Chavuldur, , Salur, Garabag and Nakhchivan about one Eymur, Alayuntlu, Yuregir, İgdir, thousand years ago and their coming aim Bugduz, İva, Kinik were entered into these lands was to help arabs to invade “Uch okh” branch and so they became 24 Transcaucasia (45, p. 10-18, 36). This tribes (51). thought also has not a completely In here Kiniks are also scientific basis. concidered kangar tribes but there is no Chine sources belong to the II any other information about the history century B.C. have an important and territories of these tribes. importance by the scientific aspect. In Superficial thoughts are exist in here in the North-West of Usun tribes is Azerbaijan Soviet Encyclopaedia dealt with Kanqyuy (Kangar) state and it published during soviet period. In here it was emphasize that these tribes had is showed that kangars came to our Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

907 come here from the North-West of We must note that Kharazm. In those sources it is spoken G.Geybullayev`s investigations have a special importance connected with these about the archaeological findings problems. He has widely investigated the belong to paleolith period in the island traveler`s and investigators` works of little Kangar in the South-Eastern connected with kangars as Strabon, Asia and it was showed that those K.Bagryanarodni, G.Moraving, Ibn findings belong to the tribes who lived Khordadbeh, S. Klyashtorni, L. those lands (48, p. 87; 50, p. 445). The Meliksetbekov, S.Alyarov, S. expression of “the culture of Yeremyan. According to the Georgia, archaeological examples of paleolith , , arab sources the author period” belong to the VII millennium proves by scientific facts that kangars B.C. In this case Kangar turks may be the were spread out in the lands of Alban, inheritor of the prototurks who formed Aral lake, Sirdarya, all Azerbaijan the this culture (-F.R.). same in Nakhchivan. In here it is I. Aliyev who connects the first showed that the tribes written as development period of ancient “kanqli”, “kanqay”, “kangar” and etc. Azerbaijan culture with prototurks shows the tribes as subartu, lulu, guti, are kangars and they had a state named turuk, kuman, kangar, , zangi, kassi, Kanqyuy in the II century B.C. and in sak and etc. who were the aborigen the V century the have inhabited in inhabitans in these territories and Caucasian as a branch of pechenegs (30, concerning them to III-I centuries B.C. p. 102-103). According to the V century (1, p. 86). In academician I.Habibbayli`s sources G.Geybullayev notes that writings kangars have showed together “Kangar land” was exist in Qazakh with bulgag, khazar, oghuz and etc. region and kangars unity with pechenegs prototurks in Azerbaijan territories in the is specially emphasized. He notes that IX century B.C. The author notes that pecheneg and kangars came to they were local tribes together with territories between Iravan khanate and kangars in Manna, Midia, Atropaten states (25, p. 32-38). Georgia in the III-II centuries B.C. According to N.Q.Adons information Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

908 and ancient sources G.Geybullayev in Middle Asia and Mongolia named as concerning the Kangar land on the “Khangar” (11, p. 158). In some sources kangars are border of Azerbaijan and Iberiya, considered gizilbash tribes (13, p. 12). Kangar names in Ararat valley to the V The same thoughts is repeated in century (27, p. 24-29; 29, p. 97, 111- K.Sh.Shaniyazov`s works. In here the 112). In his other book he deals with author deals with the unity of kangar and Garabag branch of kangars. He writes pecheneg and shows that the tribes of that Garabaglar village in Nakhchivan gipchag, isti, jalayir, uchokti, srgali, was formed from this name. The author chankli are named as “Kangli”. The writes that from the beginning of our era author shows that their raid to west kangars were inhabited in Qazakh- began the early period of our era, in I-IV Agstafa, between the border of Iberiya centuries of our era they have inhabited and ancient Azerbaijan and in in Kangar mountains of Caucasia (47, p. Nakhchivan (28, p. 98-100; 31, p. 30- 39-40, 131). 31). If we pay attention to these Turkish author Zeki Togan thoughts, in here the histories refutes shows Kangar tribes among the other each other and it shows that the turk tribes as , Huns, , information is not complete. who moved to the South We meet information about Caucasia and notes that this historical kangars in T.Ahmadov`s works. He process was happened at the beginning takes kangar tribes equal with kanqli of our era. Zeki Togan according to ethnonim as in sources. According to Ch. Syrian author abas Katina`s information Valikhanov`s and N.Zeydlits`s shows that Bulgar tribes inhabited in the information he notes that they lived in territories of Kars in 120th year B.C. (48, our territories in the III century B.C. p. 98). In “Azerbaijan history” book In here the author shows that in which was published in 2007th year is the VII century some of kangar tribes written that there is a “Qavarn interfere to pecheneg and khazars, the Kangarach” place name in Azerbaijan other part of them interfere to connected with Kangar tribes, there are in the XII century, today ottomans lived much value information about Kangars Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

909 and their territories, but there is not a basien-pechenegs, the tribes who lived exact date (3, p. 175-176). edge of the border of this state is called We meet some new facts in A. “kangar” (33, p. 5-7). By the way we Mammadov`s “Kangars” book. In here it must note that today persian and is showed that pechenegs established a azerbaijanian people who lived in South state in the middle running of Sirdarya Azerbaijan say that in arabian sources river in the middle of the I millennium “Persian bay” is called as “Basra-Kangar B.C. This state lived till the IV century bay”. The azerbaijanian people who live of our era and it has take its name from in the territories of Tabriz, Urmiya, the ancient Kang castle which situated on Turkanbur say that this bay is “Kangar the precipice bank of the river. The bay” (personal observation-F.R. ). author called Sirdarya river as “Kangar” We meet interesting information in A.S.Amanjolov`s investigations. The according to the arab authors belong to author adopts the word “kengeres” as a IX century and explains the word of tribe name used in Gultegin written “Kanq” as “a precipice and high bank of monuments. And notes that “kengeres” the river”, “precipice rock”. toponim is belong to kangars. He writes He explains Kanq castle name that there was a kangar tribe name is arab according to “Avesta” a written sources belong to IX century. He adopts monument belong to the VII century “kenger, kengir” root as tribe name, -es B.C. as Kanqha, an epos component as the archaic affix of the “Mahabharata” belong to the IV century nominative case. He writes that the B.C. Kanqi, in Persian sources belong to words Kangar river in the following the VI-X centuries as Kanqdez (the word running of the Sirdarya, Kengir river in dez means “castle”). A. Mammadov has written that this word repeated in the territory of modern Qazakhstan Orkhon-Yenisey Turkish runic written state, Sarikengir, Karakengir, monuments as Kanq, in Chine sources Jazdikengir in Ulutau mountains came Kanqyuy. And he adopts the ancient from kangar tribe name (5, p. 41). turks who lived in Kanq state the latest If we compare all the authors` centuries B.C. as “kangar” ethnonim. He information we see that result of all writes that Kanq state was established by investigations kangar tribes showed in Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

910 the composition of Pecheneg, Mongol, and Kanqli turks are represented as “the Hun, Khazar, Bulgar, Barsil, Gizilbash tribes who came for help him”. Result we and etc. tribes and these information are see that kangar tribes are other kins and inconsistent and it is not affirmed the first carters who join to Oghuz and completely. There is no exact thought helped him during the battle. This about from where their historical historical information proves that migration began and thoughts consist of kangars were exist on history stage general information. In here history of before oghuzs and then they join to kangars changes between the II century Oghuz tribe unity (F.R.). In here we must B.C. and the V century of our era and note a problem specially, for the first there is no full information about their time “Oghuznama” was translated from territories. Persian by L.A.Khetagurova, it was And in the origin truth who is learnt as ethnic epos by following kangars, how they exist in “Oguznama” scientists as V.V.Radlov, V.V.Bartold, ? No doubts F.Rashidaddin`s work P.Pelyo, V.Bangdan and etc. In these “Oguznama” is the most reliable and investigations we meet many thoughts main sources on this topic. During our and facts refuting one another (Look at in detail: 6, t. II, I p. p. 63; 7, t. V, p. 473- comparisons on this epos some 486; 39, p. 21-28; 40, t. I, b. I, p. 140- problems have seen clearly. 143). After Oghuz came to dominance If all these facts prove that he fought with his uncles and relatives, kangars are not oghuz tribes, and where overcome them and wants to build a tent is the motherland of these turks and for to make a festival. He called the tribe which tribe they come from? who had come for to help him as “uygur” In B.A.Litvinski`s and so “then coming”. The other tribe who S.G.Klyashtornu`s investigations it is helped him for to defeat enemy, to take showed that Kangar turks had their possession of enemy`s trouphies and Kanqyuy state in the II century B.C. The make a cart (waggon) Oghuz called as authors shows that these tribes inhabited Kanqli so “carters” (14, p.12-13). If we around the territories of Baykal lake, pay attention to these expressions taken Amudarya and Sirdarya rivers. from “Oghuznama” both tribes Uygur S.G.Klyashtorni pay attention to the Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

911 problem by ethimological explanation in “Shu-Saka” epos. This version proves aspect and explains the word “kanqli” as that Shu-Saka-Kangar tribes union was “the people who lived on the bank of the exist in the III millenium B.C. (43, p. river”. And he shows some toponimic 336). names Kanqkha, Kanq, Kanqu, Tarban- In Chine writing “Yuanshi” text Kanqar for examples (24, p. 150,166, Kanqli tribes used as “vanchzu” and was 169-171; 33, p. 46, 55, 134-146). spoken that they are independent state This ethymological explanation and keraits are the ancestor of kangar carries superficial characters. Because in tribes (21, s. 117; 47, p. 40). The sources ancient Turkish languages water/river and investigations shows that during the names usually used as –“bu, bia” (27, p. ancient period keraits together with 78). Nowdays we can see its archaic nayman, uysun, kanqli, kipchag, argin, tracks in areal turk languages in the konurat, jalair were represented gazakh words of “bulud” (cloud), “bulag” people and their language structure was (spring), “bulama” (milk). But in written appropriate with ancient Turkish chronicles Kangar tribe name used as languages in the III-I centuries B.C. (4, “kangar”, “kanqli”, “kanqay”, “kanqyu”, p. 36; 16, p. 41-44; 22, p. 39-47). The “kinqir” and in these words we cannot other sources affirms this thought. We see “bu, bia, biu” components. In this also meet “Kanqli” tribe name in ancient method of writing the word “kanq” turk-Azerbaijan written monument consists of two components “kan” and “Avesta” (12 p. 141). This fact comes “nq”. In ancient turks “kan” means across the VII century B.C. These “”, “leader”, “prince” and show a scientific and historical facts are not an title. Tribe names were forming from encounter. They are the tracks of God names according to the belief circle Azerbaijan people, the same Nakhchivan of ancient turks (-F.R.). people`s ancient history which stands far We see new scientific thought in milleniums (-F.R.). B.Chidendambaev`s investigations. In F.Agasioglu who has a value here kangars shows in the composition of thoughts about ancient writings notes (10, p. 44–45). In our that in Accad writings connected with investigations we showed that Shu turks Subar history in the IV-II milenniums is equal with saks-sakhas who were exist B.C. Mesopotamia was called Kiengir- Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

912 Kangar. The author proves that Ki-en- Kangar tribes are the first waggon gi word has the same mean with makers this fact proves that turk people has battle waggons before Greece, “Kangar”. He notes that sumerians Assur, Hett and etc. states. were called themselves as “kangar, And what does the mean the kangar man and the citizen of Kangar word Kangar? In forming of prototurk country” (8, p. 155). names we see God names whom the In their investigations Y.Oguz ancient turks believed are present (41, p. and B.Tunjay according to 19). O.Suleymanov, A.Javad, Y.Yusifov and In the “Yasht” chapter of ancient etc. write that neighbour people called Azerbaijan people`s “Avesta” written Kangar tribes as “kangar”, “kingir”. By epos belong to the VII century B.C. we the way of many scientific facts they meet Kanqkha God and Vara castle showed that about more than 60 names. This name comes from Tura tribe Sumerian words used the same in our and means “Kanq shelter”. Vara temple language (38, p. 122, 131-137). If we was a shelter with 7 gold walls. It was pay attention to these facts at that time exist as a toponim Kanqavar near we can say Kangar tribes were exist on city - the capital of ancient history stage in the III milennium B.C. Midia state Ekbatan. The word “var” is Let us note that kangars were one of the component of Kanq+var. And showed as “Kanq” in “Oghuzname” and it is remembered in Herodot`s writings because of they make waggon they (35, p. 619). The word “Kanqkha” named so (14, p. 13). consists of two component. The first Upstairs acdording to component Kanq is a tribe name the “Oghuzname” we note that both Uygur other component “kha/ka”-“well- and Kanqli tribes were other tribes and known” and Vara/bori means “wolf”. All their coming aim were to help Oghuz. No these words were formed from ancient doubts this fact proves that Kanqli- turkish words (10, p. 118; 44, p. 607). Kangar tribes were on the history stage These words Kanqkha Vara is explained before Oghuz. They were not Oghuz. with ancient turkish myth Wolf and They join to Oghuz union after Oghuz means “Well-known wolf Kanq”, but it tribes came to history stage (-F.R.). If is not go ago from the VII century B.C. Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

913 In ancient sumerian epos that sumerian language is a turk language “Bilgamish” we meet an interesting and (9, p. 193). special scientific importance T.Hajiyev is comparative information. In the epos Anu or An is the analysis Sumerian turk language. Notes head sky God, Enlil weather God, Enki that there 24 vowels and consonants knowlidge God, Ninmah (Ninhursag) and (6 vowels 18 consonants) in this mother God. The same Nanna Sin is language. By the way of comparative Moon God, Utu (Uti Shamash) is Sun God, Ejem Kueen is richs God (queen), analysis Sumerian language with our Innana (Ishtar) is love and abundance language by scientific facts he proves God. Ziggurta God name is lists but that both these languages belong to the there is no any information about its same root (15, p. 21-24). mythical mean. Ethnooykonims formed from Weather God Enlil was born by Kangar tribe name in Nakhchivan the unity of Gods Anu (sky) the first territories prove the truthfullness of our maker of the place and Ki (Kin, earth). thoughts. After joinin of Enlil and his mother Ki The words Kanagir, Kanager, the God Ninnuha – High God was born Kaynarli are gathered from the territory. (20, p. 80-83). In here Kin or Kinq is In here there are some phonetic process earth God. We noted upstairs that ancient as the substituted of voices as ə≈i, ə≈a, turks were taking their names from God ə≈e. The ancient turkish word ar – “man, names. For this we think that Kangar hero” and modern suffix –li added on the tribe names formed from Kinq God name root (27, p. 82, 84) and result of these and “ar” –“hero, ar” word was joined it process this word means “heroes of Kanq the next period. Let us note that the tribe God”. In here the word Kankan consists names and our ancient words were of two components Kanq God name and –an suffix and means “belong to Kanq monosyllabic in their first forming. We God”, Jangur name formed from with meet this variant in our prominent substituted of voices c≈ch≈k and ur- “to scientist T.Hajiyev`s investigations build” verb and means “The built of the connected with the structure of sumerian Kanq God”, Kanuras word formed from language and many scientists consider as – “sense”, “intellect” and ur- “to Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 03 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

914 build” verb (44, p. 306) and means “ the Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1981, 592 p. built of the intelligent Kanq” 3. Azerbaijan history. : Chirag, 2007, All the lexical and phonetic 400 p. comparisons, ethymological 4. Avlyayev G.O. The origin of Keraits and explanations belong to the milleniums the problem of their rolu in the B.C. give a chance to get following ethnogeny of Chungariya oyrats and scientific results: kalmiks who lived on the bank of

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