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Xvi. Yüzyil Anadolusu'nda Oğuz Boylarinin

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Xvi. Yüzyil Anadolusu'nda Oğuz Boylarinin Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 3, 2017, Sayfa 45-59 XVI. YÜZYIL ANADOLUSU’NDA OĞUZ BOYLARININ YERLEŞTİKLERİ YERLERİN SANCAKLARA DAĞILIMI Mehibe ŞAHBAZ* ÖZ Coğrafi konumu itibarıyla Anadolu tarihin her safahatında pek çok milletin ilgisini çekmiş ve bu yüzden dolayı da sayısız istilalara sahne olmuştur. Değişik din ve kültürlerin etkisi altında kalmıştır. Ancak bu istila ve kültür değişiklerinden hiç biri XI. yüzyılda başlayan ve Anadolu’nun Türkleşmesi ve İslâmlaşması ile sonuçlanan Oğuz (Türkmen) istilası kadar derin izler bırakamamıştır. Türk’ler tarihte birçok kollara ayrılır, Bu kollardan birisi olan Oğuz (Türkmen) adıyla bilinen kitlenin göç etmesi ve Anadolu’ya yerleşmesi, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu’ndaki siyasî ve demografik gelişmeleriyle ilgilidir. Bu gelişmeleri daha iyi anlayabilmek için Oğuzların Anadolu’ya gelmeden önceki durumlarına ve Anadolu’ya doğru yönelmelerinin sebeplerine kısada olsa temas etmek gerekir. Göktürk ve Uygur devletlerinin önemli bir unsuru olan Oğuzların boy teşkilatları, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı döneminde hüküm sürdükleri yerlere kültürlerini, gelenek ve göreneklerinin yanı sıra ruhi davranışlarını da getirerek, yerleştikleri bölgelerde mensup oldukları boyun oymağının adıyla anılmaktadırlar. Çalışmamızda Oğuzların Anadolu’ya nereden ve ne sebeple göç ettiğini ele almanın ötesinde başta Anadolu olmak üzere Oğuzların değişik coğrafyaları yurt edinmeleri üzerinde durulmuştur. X. asırdan XVI. asır’a kadar Anadolu’da yaşayan Oğuz boylarına mensup oymakların adlarının sancaklara dağılımını ulaşabildiğimiz kaynakların ışığı altında tespit etmeye çalıştık. Anahtar kelimeler: Oğuz, Türkmen, Boy, Yerleşim, Anadolu 16th CENTURY ANATOLIA OGHUZ TRIBES SETTLED TO STARBOARD OF THE PLACES DISTRIBUTION ABSTRACT Due to its geographical location, Anatolia has attracted many nations at every pace of history, and due to this, countless invasions have been the scene. He was under the influence of different religions and cultures. However, none of these invasions and cultural changes left as deep a trace as the Oguz (Turkmen) invasion, which began in the XI. Century and resulted in the Turkification and Islamization of Anatolia. Turks are divided into many branches in history, one of these settlements, Oguz (Turkmen), known as the immigration and settlement in Anatolia, the political and demographic developments in the Great Seljuk Empire. In order to better understand these developments, it is necessary to contact the Oguzs before they arrived in Anatolia and if they are in the short term to the reasons of their orientation towards Anatolia. The * Okt. Dr., Çukurova Üniversitesi, Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Bölümü, [email protected]. Derleme, Gönderim Tarihi:11.01.2017 Kabul Tarihi:17.12.2017 45 Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 3, 2017, Sayfa 45-59 organization of Oghuzes, which is an important element of Gokturk and Uygur States, the Seljuks were remembered in the name of the neck carvings they belonged to in the regions they settled by bringing their cultures, traditions, customs as well as their spiritual behavior to the places where they were reigned during the Ottoman period. Apart from considering where and why the Oguz migrated to Anatolia, our focus was on acquisition of different geographies of Oguz, especially Anatolia. X. century XVI we tried to determine the distribution of the names of the tribes belonging to the Oguz tribes living in Anatolia as far as possible under the light of the resources we can reach. Keywords: Oguz, Turkmen, Clan, Location, Anatolia GİRİŞ Göktürk ve Uygur devletlerinin önemli bir unsuru olan Oğuzlar, X. asrın ilk yarısında Sir-Derya (Seyhun) boyları ile onun kuzeyindeki bozkırlarda yaşamaktaydılar. Yaşanılan hayat tarzı göçebe idi. Göçebe hayat yaşayanların yegâne ekonomik faaliyeti hayvancılık olduğu için hayvanlarını otlatacakları geniş yaylak ve kışı geçirecekleri kışlak mahallerine ihtiyaçları vardı ( Kafesoğlu, 1997:21). Bunun yanında oğuzlara mensup olanlar arasında yerleşik olanlarda vardı. X. yüzyıl ortalarından sonra Oğuzların önemli bir kısmının göç etme sürecine girdikleri görülmektedir. XI yüzyılda Oğuzların büyük çoğunluğunun İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiği ve bu yüzyıldan itibaren Oğuzların Türkmen adıyla anılmaya başladığı bilinmektedir ( Turan, 1971:46). Öyle ki yaklaşık iki asır sonra Oğuz ismi sadece destanlarda söylenir olmuştur. Oğuzlar kavmi ve siyasi teşekkülleri için el (il) kelimesini kullanmışlardır. Diğer Türk kavimleri Budun kelimesini kullanırken Oğuzlarda zamanla el kelimesi, ülke anlamına gelmiştir. Oğuz elini meydana getiren teşekküllerin her birine boy denilmektedir. Soylar (aile) obaları, obalarda boyları oluşturup Oğuzelini meydana getirmekteydiler (Sümer, 1958:149). Oğuzlar X. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren büyük topluluklar halinde yerlerinden ayrılıp bir kısmının Hazar denizi kıyısındaki yarımadayı yurt tuttuğunu, bir kısmının da Selçukluların hâkimiyeti altında olan Yakın Doğu ülkelerine gelerek bu bölgeleri yurt tutmuşlardır. Son olarak da Oğuzlar Karadeniz’in kuzeyinden Balkanlara inmişlerdir. Hatırı sayılır bir kitlede Seyhun bölgesine yerleşmişlerdir. Oğuzlar yirmi dört boya ayrılmıştır. Kendi aralarında da Boz ok ve Üç ok adlarıyla ikiye ayrılır. Bu Oğuz boylarının adları Boz Oklar ( Kayı, Bayat, Karaevli, Yazır, Döğer, Dodurga, Avşar, Kızık, Beğdili, Karkın) Üç Oklar (Bayındır, Peçenek, Çavundur, Çepni, Salur, Eymir, Alayuntlu, Yüreğir, İğdir, Büğdüz, Kınık ) diye bilinmektedir. XI. asırdan XIV. asra kadar Türkistan, Horasan ve Azerbaycan’dan Anadolu’ya gelerek bu bölgeleri hâkimiyeti altına alan Oğuzlar, Selçuklu ve Osmanlılar zamanında birbirinden uzak yerlerde oymaklar, aşiretler ve cemaatler halinde iskân edildiler. Bu konuda Tahrir defterleri incelendiğinde Oğuz boyuna mensup oymakların yirmi üçünün Anadolu topraklarında hüküm sürdükleri kesindir (Sümer, 1992:173). 1.Oğuzların Orta Asya’dan Göçleri ve Yayılmaları 1.1. Anadolu’ya İlk Türk Akınları XI. yüzyıl Türk tarihinin en mühim dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilir. Zira bu zamana gelinceye kadar Orta Asya’dan batıya doğru gelişen Türk fütuhat geleneği, yedi yüzyıl boyunca hep Hazar ve Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki bozkırları takip ederek Tuna havzasına uzanmıştı (Cahen, 1992:44). Ancak Hazar ve Kara denizlerin kuzeyinden Balkanlara doğru fütuhatları yapan bu Türk kavimlerinden bilhassa Hunlar, Sabarlar ve 46 Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 3, 2017, Sayfa 45-59 Hazarlar, Derbent üzerinden Ön Asya’ya girerek Azerbaycan ve Anadolu’yu da ellerinde tutmaya çalışacaklardır. Hunlar, 350 yılında İdil’den Kuzey Kafkasya’ya uzanan Alan ülkesini işgal ettiler. Daha sonra Derbent üzerinden inerek Azerbaycan ve Anadolu’ya 359 ve 373 yıllarında iki defa akın yaptılar (Kafalı, 1997:13). Türklerin Anadolu’ya ilk gelişi Malazgirt’ten çok daha önceki dönemlere uzanır (Ocak, 1991:112). M.S. 350’li yıllarda Avrupa Hunları hem Trakya hem de Doğu Anadolu üzerinden bu topraklara girmişler, ama uzun süre kalmayıp tekrar yurtlarına dönmüşlerdir. Sonra 515–516 yıllarında bu defa Sabar/Sibir Türkleri Anadolu’ya akınlar yapmışlardır (Çay, 1984:219). Daha sonra 396 ve 398 yıllarında Basık ve Kursık adlı iki Hun kumandanının idaresindeki Hun süvarileri, yine Derbent üzerinden Azerbaycan yoluyla Doğu ve İç Anadolu’ya girdiler (Andreasyon, 1962:48 vd.). Hatta daha sonra Suriye ve Filistin’e kadar ilerlediler. Sahildeki Sayda ve Sur şehirlerine de baskın vererek, geldikleri yoldan geri döndüler. Bu durum Hunların halefi olan Sabarlar zamanında da devam etmişti. Doğu ve Orta Anadolu’yu tamamen istila ederek yağmaladılar. Ancak I. Jüstinyanus, 528 yılında onlarla sulh yaparak Sabar akınlarını durdurabilmişti. 557 yılında Avar darbesiyle sarsılan Sabarlar’ın bir kolu olan Hazarlar, Kök-Türk Kağanlığı’na bağlı olarak Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde Özü Irmağı’na kadar uzanan ülkelerde tarih sahnesine çıkmışlardı (Kurat,1991:153). VII. yüzyılın başlarında Güney Kafkasya’ya inmeye başladılar. 629 yılında Tiflis başta bütün Güney Kafkasya’yı ve Azerbaycan’ı ele geçirdiler. Hatta Sasanî devletini sarsarak İslâm ordularını önünde onları yemlik haline getirdiler. Zaman zaman Emeviye orduları, bu bölgeyi ele geçirmişlerse de Hazarlar yüz yıldan fazla bölge için mücadele etmişlerdir. Bu bölgenin İslâm kontrolüne kati olarak girişi ancak Abbasi’ye döneminde olacaktır (Köymen, 1958:26). Bizans Devletinin kuruluşundan itibaren Anadolu, son derece hareketlidir. Hz. Ömer döneminde başlayan Müslüman- Arap akınları, Anadolu Rum halkının Anadolu’dan göçlerini sağlamış ve nüfus kesafeti azalmıştır. Bizans devleti kurulduğu tarihten itibaren İran’daki Sasanî İmparatorluğu ile mücadele halinde idi. Bu mücadeleler çoğunlukla Anadolu topraklarında geçiyor ve bu ülkenin harap olmasına zemin hazırlıyordu. Halife Ömer devrinde (634–644) başlayan Anadolu gazaları asırlarca devam etmiş ve Anadolu’da Bizans mukavemetini kırdığı gibi nüfus bakımından da çok zayıflamasına sebep olmuştur. Bu sebeple Türk fethi başladığı sıralarda Anadolu âdeta terk edilmiş bir vaziyette olup yeni sahiplerini bekliyordu (Merçil, 2000:107). 1071’den önce Anadolu’ya Balkanlardan çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı göç etmiş bulunan Hıristiyan Türklerinde varlığını eklememiz gerekir. (Yinanç, 2013:101). VIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Abbasiler Döneminde Türkler İslâmlar adına Anadolu’ya girmişlerdir (Yücel, 1989:28). Bu durumda Selçuklular zamanında Bizans sınırlarına gelen Oğuzlar, Suriye’de, Irak’ta, Doğu Anadolu hudutlarında kendilerinden asırlarca evvel gelmiş çeşitli Türk kitlelerine rastlamışlardır. Hazarlar, Kıpçaklar,
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