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Department of the Political Science the Islamia University of Bahawalpur DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF PPP AND PML (N) GOVERNMENTS (2008 - 2018) Research Scholar: Supervisor: Sobia Baqir Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat Roll no # 1 Session 2016-18 Department of the Political Science The Islamia University of Bahawalpur DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF PPP AND PML (N) GOVERNMENTS (2008 - 2018) Research Scholar Supervisor Sobia Baqir Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat Roll No.: 01 Chairperson M. Phil (Political Science) Department of Political Science In Partial Completion of the Requirement for the Degree of M. Phil (Political Science) Session (2016-18) DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE The Islamia University of Bahawalpur DECLARATION I, Sobia Baqir student of M.Phil, Roll No: 01, Department of the Political Science, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, thus declare that the research work titled “Democracy and Good Governance in Pakistan: An Analysis of PPP and PML (N) Governments (2008-2018)” is written by me and I also prove that nothing in this research work has been included without acceptance and for my best knowledge and belief. There is no content published before or any material submitted for a degree in any university, where appropriate reference is not given. Sobia Baqir ii SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE It is verified that the students of Sobia Baqir, Roll Number: 01, M.Phil. (Department of Political Science) has been working under my direct supervision the enclosed thesis titled: "Democracy and Good Governance in Pakistan: Analysis of PPP and PML (N) Governments (2008- 2018)" is based on research study, which is conducted by Sobia Baqir under my supervision. Any part of this work has not been offered for the degree in this college or any other institution before, and for my best knowledge, no material has been used in this thesis, which is not a work of mine, apart from that where appropriate acceptance was made. She has fulfilled all the requirements and is qualified for presenting this thesis in the partial fulfillment for M.Phil degree in the above mentioned department of the University. Supervisor Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat Signature _______________ Date: __________________ iii APPROVAL CERTIFICATE This thesis entitled “Democracy and Good Governance in Pakistan: An Analysis of PPP and PML (N) Governments (2008-2018)” by Sobia Baqir is hereby approved in the partial completion of the requirements for M. Phil’s degree in Political Science. Supervisor: ______________________ External Examiner: ______________________ Chairperson: ______________________ iv ABSTRACT This thesis deals with an era of democracy and good governance in Pakistan from 2008 to 2018. It was unique in the history of Pakistan because it brought closer political parties to democracy, restore, and continue democracy in democracy. However, after a decade of this period, sometimes it is also a specialty because the age of Charter of Democracy (COD) appears to be relevant due to the anti-democratic forces of the surface. Both PPP and PML (N) learned the lesson when they were sent by General Musharraf to their respective exile. After learning their lessons, both decided to strengthen the culture of democracy in Pakistan. There is a complete desire for peace, good governance and democracy. People have confirmed their priorities for the legitimate government, the rule of law, and the democratic government has been strengthened to strengthen an independent judiciary. Now, in 2018, the political scene of the country has completely changed and the PTI government announced progress and announced for the revolutionary programs for the first time, but it would decide that which was best for Pakistan. v Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Democracy and Good Governance: An Overview 1 1.2 Good Governance in Pakistan 3 1.3 Democracy in Pakistan 6 1.4 Statement of the Problem 8 1.5 Objectives of the Study 9 1.6 Significance of the Study 9 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study 9 1.8 Variables 9 1.9 Hypothesis 10 1.10 Research Methodology 10 1.11 Literature Review 10 1.11.1 Democracy and Good Governance 10 1.11.2 Democracy and Good Governance in Pakistan 13 1.11.3 The PML (N) 20 1.11.4 The PPP 20 1.11.5 The Government of PPP is good for Pakistan 23 1.11.6 1988 General Elections 25 1.11.7 1990 General Elections 26 1.11.8 1997 Elections and Power Politics 26 1.11.9 2002 General Elections 27 1.11.10 2008 Parliamentary Elections 27 1.11.11 2013 General Elections 28 1.11.12 Allegations of Corruption 28 1.11.13 Panama Papers Case 28 1.11.14 Backing of Banned Terrorist Outfits 29 1.11.15 The Achievements of PMLN are as under 29 vi 1.11.16 Foreign Policy improved 33 1.12 Research Gap 33 1.13 Organization of the Study 34 CHAPTER 2 36 DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK36 2.1 Democracy and Good Governance 36 2.2 The Ancient Origins of the Democracy Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Period of the Middle Ages Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.1 Early Modernized Period 37 2.3.2 Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.3 Twentieth And Twenty-first Centuries Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Types of Governmental Democracies 38 2.4.1 Basic Forms Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5 Parliamentary System Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6 Presidential System Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7 Hybrid or Semi-Director Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.8 Constitutional Empire Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.8.1 Republicanism 40 2.8.2 Liberal Democracy 40 2.8.3 Anarchist 40 2.8.4 Sortation 40 2.8.5 Consulate Democracy 41 2.8.6 Consensus Democracy 41 2.8.7 Supranational 41 2.8.8 Inclusive Democracy 41 2.8.9 Participatory Politics 42 2.8.10 Cosmopolitan Democracy 42 2.8.11 Creative Democracy 42 2.8.12 Guided Democracy 42 2.9 Non-Governmental Democracy 43 vii 2.9.1 Aristotle 43 2.9.2 Early Republican Theory 43 2.9.3 Rationale 44 2.9.4 Aggregative 44 2.9.5 Deliberative 45 2.9.6 Radical 45 2.9.7 Inefficiencies 45 2.9.8 Popular Rule as a Facade 46 2.9.9 Mob Principle 46 2.10 The concept of Political Instability 46 2.11 Counterfeit Elections 46 2.12 Opposition Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.13 The Concept of Development Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.14 The Rise of Modern Democracy 48 2.15 Democracy Has Failed in the Modern World Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.15.1 The Problem 49 2.15.2 The Solution 50 2.16 Governance and Good Governance 50 2.17 Good Governance 54 2.18 Good Governance in the National Governments 54 2.19 Making Distinctions between Good Governance and Relevant Concepts 55 2.20 Good Governance in the Local Governments 55 2.21 Democracy 56 2.22 The Role of Political Parties 56 2.23 Features of Good Governance 57 2.23.1 Feature of Accountability 57 2.23.2 The Transparency in the Service 57 2.23.3 The Rule of Law Must Be Followed 57 2.23.4 Monitoring in a Responsive Manner 58 2.23.5 Equitability and Inclusive 58 viii 2.23.6 The Effectiveness and Efficiency in the Service Provided 58 2.23.7 The Active Participation of the People 58 2.24 Importance of Good Governance 58 2.25 Means of Good Governance 59 2.26 Conclusion 60 CHAPTER 3 61 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN 61 3.1 Democracy in the Pakistan 61 3.2 Political Timeline of Pakistan from 1947 to 2008 63 3.3 First Military Period 63 3.4 Second Democratic Period 64 3.5 Second Military Period 64 3.6 Third Democratic Era 65 3.7 1990 To 1997-Political Backdrop 66 3.8 Economic Snapshot- 1990s 66 3.9 Fourth Democratic Era-2008 67 3.10 Democracy in Pakistan is a Work in Progress 67 3.11 Political Instability in Pakistan 68 3.12 Failure of Democracy in Pakistan: Causes and Solution 70 3.13 The Challenge of Governance in Pakistan 71 3.14 Problems and Possible Solutions 74 3.14.1 Governance in Islam 74 3.15 Good Governance in Policy Making 75 3.16 A Historical Overview of Governance in Pakistan 75 3.17 Governance in Pakistan - Current Scenario 75 3.18 The Way Forward 76 3.19 Crisis of Governance in Pakistan 76 3.20 Attributes of Good Governance 76 3.21 Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan 76 ix 3.22 Causes of Good-Governance Crisis 76 3.23 Reforms and Institution Building 77 3.24 Contemporary Governance in Pakistan 77 3.25 Crisis and Reforms of Good Governance in Pakistan 77 3.26 Conclusion 80 CHAPTER 4 81 DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN (FROM 2008 - 2018) 81 4.1 Democracy and Good Governance in Pakistan 81 4.2 Philosophy of Reconciliation: Origin and Development 81 4.3 Pakistan Khappay: Federation Intact 82 4.4 Reconciliation in Practice 83 4.5 A Coalition-Builder 83 4.6 Friendly Opposition 85 4.7 Causes of Eventual failure of the Policy of Reconciliation 87 4.8 The Nawaz Government and the Issue of Good Governance in Pakistan 87 4.9 Panama Scandal and the Weakened Nawaz Sharif Government 89 4.10 Pakistan General Election- 2018 92 4.11 Disqualification of Nawaz Sharif (2017) 93 4.12 Election Day 93 4.13 Government Formation 94 4.14 Economic Snapshot 94 4.15 Energy Sector 95 4.16 Strong on National Security 96 4.17 2008-Political Backdrops 96 4.18 2013-Political Backdrops 97 4.19 PPP Government is good for Pakistan 97 4.20 Imran Khan 98 4.21 Hoisting Imran to the Throne 99 4.22 Militants Onboard the Imran Khan Train 99 x 4.23 After the Coronation 100 4.24 Pakistan Needs a Democratic Revolution 100 4.25 Politicians as Much to Blame as the Army 101 4.26 Democracy Debate in Pakistan 101 4.27 Democracy is a Revolution 102 4.28 Conclusion 103 CHAPTER 5 104 CONCLUSION, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 104 5.1 Recommendations 105 5.2 Achieving Evidence-Based Policy-Making 106 5.2.1 Encourage the Integrity 106 5.2.2 Better Collaboration at the Government Level 107 5.2.3 Interval for the Good Governance 109 5.2.4 Fiscal Sustainability 109 5.3 Findings 109 5.3.1 Governance Capacities or Competencies 110 5.3.2 National and Global Challenges 110 5.3.3 Capability to Prepare for Future Challenges 110 5.3.4 Collaboration and Coordination 110 5.3.5 Building the Right Skills 111 5.3.6 Supporting Evidence-based Policy-making 111 5.3.7 Integrating Policy Making and Implementation 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY Error! 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