Journal of Indonesian History 8 (1) (2019)

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Journal of Indonesian History 8 (1) (2019) Journal of Indonesian History 8 (1) (2019) Journal of Indonesian History http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jih Kampanye Patai-Partai Politik Menjelang Pemilihan Umum 1955 Di Kota Semarang (Studi Kasus PNI, PKI, Nu, dan Masyumi) Nanang Rendi Ahmad, Wasino, dan Putri Agus Wijayati Jurusan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang-Indonesia Info Artikel Abstrak ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Sejarah Artikel: Kondisi sosial-politik Indonesia tahun 1950-an menjadi suatu arena bagi partai-partai politik untuk Diterima Mei 2019 menunjukan keberadaannya di tengah masalah-masalah sosial-politik yang menimpa Indonesia, Disetujui Juni 2019 setidaknya itu terjadi ketika wacana diselenggarakannya Pemilihan Umum (pemilu) berhembus. Dipublikasikan Juli 2019 Partai-partai politik dengan masing-masing ideologi partai yang diusung saling mengkampanyekan ________________ jalan keluar atas masalah-masalah yang dihadapi Indonesia tahun 1950-an. Semua yang dilakukan Keywords: partai-partai politik itu adalah upaya meraih hati rakyat untuk persiapan Pemilu 1955. Penelitian ini political parties, election membahas tentang hubungan antara kondisi sosial-politik Indonesia tahun 1950-an dengan 1955, Semarang. kampanye partai-partai politik. Penelitian ini juga mencoba menunjukan bahwa latar belakang ____________________ historis dan kondisi sosial-politik suatu daerah turut mempengaruhi peta kekuatan politik dan hasil Pemilu 1955. Dalam kasus yang terjadi di Kota Semarang, dengan keluarnya PKI sebagai peraih suara terbanyak dalam Pemilu 1955 di Kota Semarang, menunjukkan bahwa kampanye bukanlah satu-satunya faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil yang diraih suatu partai. Akan tetapi ada faktor lain yang juga turut mempengaruhi hasil yang diraih suatu partai. Faktor tersebut adalah latar belakang historis dan kondisi sosial-politik di Kota Semarang. Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The Indonesia’s socio-political conditions in the 1950s became an arena for political parties to show their existence amid the socio-political problems that afflicted Indonesia, at least that happened when the discourse held the election blew. Political parties with each party’s ideology promoted each other solutions to the problems that threw Indonesia in the 1950s. All that the political parties did was an effort to win the hearts of the people in preparation for the 1955 elections. This research discusses the relationship between Indonesian socio-political conditions in the 1950s and the campaign of political parties. This research also tries to show that the historical background and socio-political conditios of a region also influence the map of political power and the results of the 1955 elections. In the case of the city of Semarang, with the release of the PKI as the winner of the most votes in the 1955 elections in the Semarang City, it showed that the campaign was not the only factor affecting the desires of a party. But there are other factors that also influence the results achieved by a party. These factors are historical background and socio-political conditions in the city of Semarang. © 2019 Universitas Negeri Semarang Alamat korespondensi: ISSN 2252-6633 Ruang Jurnal Sejarah, Gedung C5 Lantai 1 FIS Unnes Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229 E-mail: [email protected] 62 Nanang Rendi Ahmad, dkk / Journal of Indonesian History 8 (1) (2019); pg. 62-71 PENDAHULUAN politik yang tinggi. Selain karena memang Era 1950-an, ketika wacana penyelenggaraan Semarang telah menjadi pusat perpolitikan di Pemilu 1955 berhembus semakin kencang, Jawa Tengah sejak masa kolonial, akses terhadap Indonesia dihadapkan pada masalah krisis informasi di Kota Semarang lebih cepat kabinet. Krisis kabinet ini ditandai dengan didapatkan daripada daerah-daerah lain di Jawa terjadinya jatuh-bangunnya kabinet. Dalam Tengah. Kota Semarang memiliki riwayat waktu lima tahun, telah terjadi pergantian sejarah politik yang sangat mempengaruhi kabinet sebanyak lima kali. Dari semua kabinet pembentukan struktur masyarakat dengan yang pernah berkuasa, Pemilihan Umum hampir kehidupan sosial dan politiknya. Hal ini akan selalu tercantum sebagai program kerja. Namun mempengaruhi strategi kampanye yang program tersebut baru dapat terealisasi pada ditempuh oleh masing-masing partai politik masa Kabinet Burhanuddin Harahap (Feith, untuk merebut hati dan simpati masyarakat Kota 1999:4). Semarang. Krisis kabinet menjadi sebuah kenyataan Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas yang mewarnai kondisi sosial-politik Indonesia dirumuskan satu permasalahan utama untuk era 1950-an. Krisis kabinet ini tidak bisa dapat diidentifikasi dalam penelitian ini yakni dipandang sebagai sebuah kenyataan yang bagaiamana komunikasi politik yang dibangun berlalu begitu saja dan memberikan dampak oleh partai-partai politik peserta pemilu 1955 pada perpolitikan di Indonesia. Sebab, di masa- dalam kampanyenya sebagai upaya merebut masa ini sesungguhnya pertarungan wacana simpati masyarakat Kota Semarang? Untuk antar partai-partai politik telah dan sedang menjawab permasalahan utama tersebut, berlangsung. dirumuskan beberapa pertanyaan sebagai Kondisi sosial-politik tahun 1950-an yang berikut: (1) Bagaimana kondisi sosial-politik penuh dengan intrik politik itu akhirnya menjadi Indonesia tahun 1950-1955? (2) Bagaimana sebuah arena atau panggung bagi partai-partai kampanye yang dilakukan PNI, PKI, NU, dan politik untuk menampilkan diri di tengah Masyumi di Kota Semarang? (3) Bagaimana masalah-masalah sosial dan ekonomi yang hasil pemilu 1955 di Kota Semarang? sedang menimpa Indonesia. Masing-masing partai politik, dengan ideologi partai yang METODE diusung, saling mengkampanyekan jalan keluar Sebagai penelitian sejarah, penelitian ini atau solusi atas masalah-masalah tersebut. menggunakan empat tahap penelitian yakni: Secara tidak langsung, semua itu dilakukan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan untuk menarik perhatian dan hati rakyat. historiografi. Heuristik merupakan tahapan Pertarungan wacana antar partai politik untuk mengumpulkan sumber-sumber tidak hanya terjadi di tingkat pusat (Jakarta). Di kepustakaan (Kuntowijoyo, 2013:95; Wasino tingkat daerah, pertarungan wacana antar partai dan Hatatik, 2018). Pada tahap ini saya politik tidak kalah sengit dengan apa yang tejadi mengumpulkan data dengan proses menggali di tingkat pusat. Apalagi partai-partai politik sumber sejarah yakni sumber tertulis. Dalam hal seringkali membawa isu-isu nasional dan pusat ini saya mengumpulkan sumber tertulis berupa ke tingkat daerah. Kondisi sosial-politik dan latar surat kabar dan dokumen sezaman yang belakang historis tiap daerah tentu berbeda. Hal dikategorikan sebagai sumber primer. Sebagian inilah yang mempengaruhi pola, cara, strategi besar sumber primer saya dapat dari Depo Arsip yang ditempuh, dan karakteristik kampanye Suara Merdeka yang berupa surat kabar dari yang dilakukan oleh partai-partai politik. tahun 1950-1955. Sebagian besar koran-koran Di Kota Semarang, pertarungan wacana Suara Merdeka tahun 1950-1955 masih terjaga dalam kampanye juga terjadi. Sebagai Ibu Kota dengan baik dan dapat terbaca. Sementara Provinsi Jawa Tengah, masyarakat Kota sumber primer lain saya dapatkan dari Komisi Semarang tentu memiliki tingkat kesadaran Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kota Semarang yang 63 Nanang Rendi Ahmad, dkk / Journal of Indonesian History 8 (1) (2019); pg. 62-71 menyimpan data-data tentang hasil Pemilu 1955 Isu-isu sosial-politik yang terjadi dalam di Kota Semarang. Data hasil Pemilu 1955 di rentang waktu dari 1950 sampai menjelang Kota Semarang yang saya dapatkan di KPU diselenggarakannya Pemilu 1955 menjadi Kota Semarang juga dimuat dalam Suara semacam arena atau panggung bagi partai-partai Merdeka yang saya dapatkan di Depo Arsip Suara politik untuk menampilkan diri di tengah Merdeka. masalah-masalah yang bergulir. Kemunculan Selain sumber primer, saya juga partai-partai politik berawal dari dikeluarkannya mengumpulkan sumber sekunder berupa buku Maklumat 3 November 1945 yang mendorong dan jurnal. Untuk sumber sekunder berupa buku, dibentuknya partai-partai politik sebagai bagian saya mencari buku yang merupakan hasil dari demokrasi dan mewacanakan penelitian sezaman. Sementara untuk sumber penyelenggaraan pemilu. Ketika partai-partai sekunder berupa jurnal, saya mendapatkannya politik telah berdiri, mereka menjalankan dari hasil pencarian saya di internet dan di fungsinya dalam sistem parlementer yang perpustakaan-perpustakaan online. menggantikan sistem sebelumnya, yakni sistem Setelah tahap heuristik, saya masuk ke presidensil. Sistem parlementer meniscayakan tahap selanjutnya yakni kritik sumber. Dalam partai-partai politik hadir di tengah perpolitikan tahap ini saya melakukan pemilahan sumber Indonesia kala itu. Pengaruh partai politik juga mana yang relevan untuk digunakan dan mana sangat kuat dalam pemerintahan seiring dengan yang tidak. Dalam metode penelitian sejarah, sistem parlementer yang dijalankan berdasarkan kegiatan ini disebut dengan kritik internal. Maklumat Pemerintah 14 Nopember 1945. Setelah melakukan kritik sumber, tahap Berdasarkan sistem parlementer, pemerintahan selanjutnya adalah interpretasi. Interpretasi dijalankan oleh kabinet yang dipimpin oleh adalah kegiatan menafsirkan fakta-fakta yang seorang Perdana Menteri. Pembentukan kabinet telah diseleksi di tahap sebelumnya. Setelah dilakukan dengan persetujuan KNIP sebagai melalui tiga tahap tersebut, tahap terakhir adalah parlemen
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