Chemical Stockpile Elimination Project
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The Chemical Weapons Conventions at 1
Rudderless: The Chemical Weapons Convention At 1 ½ Amy E. Smithson Report No. 25 September 1998 Copyright© 1998 11 Dupont Circle, NW Ninth Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 http://www.stimson.org email [email protected] Rudderless: The Chemical Weapons Convention At 1 1/2 Amy E. Smithson INTRODUCTION On the 29th of April 1997, the majority of the world’s nations joined to activate an arms control and nonproliferation accord that will gradually compel the elimination of one of the most abhorred classes of weapons of all times. Previously, the international community had fallen short of the mark in efforts to try to abolish poison gas, despite the opprobrium following its widespread use in World War I.1 The new Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) extends the no use-prohibitions of the 1925 Geneva Protocol2 to outlaw the development, acquisition, production, transfer, and stockpiling of chemical weapons as well. The CWC requires the destruction of chemical weapons production facilities and arsenals over a ten-year period, and countries will witness the shrinking numbers of poison gas factories and munitions. A less tangible function of the CWC, but one that may turn out to be equally valued over the long term is that the CWC will help redefine how states assure their national security. The CWC requires nations to declare activities that were previously considered state secrets and private business information. The treaty authorizes routine and challenge inspections to monitor compliance with its prohibitions. Instead of building large caches of arms, the CWC’s verification processes give governments reason to be confident that managed transparency—a limited waiver of state sovereignty—can enhance national and international security. -
High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications
Order Code RL31861 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications Updated September 9, 2003 Dana A. Shea Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications Summary Terrorist use of chemical agents has been a noted concern, highlighted after the Tokyo Sarin gas attacks of 1995. The events of September 11, 2001, increased Congressional attention towards reducing the vulnerability of the United States to such attacks. High-threat chemical agents, which include chemical weapons and some toxic industrial chemicals, are normally organized by military planners into four groups: nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, and blood agents. While the relative military threat posed by the various chemical types has varied over time, use of these chemicals against civilian targets is viewed as a low probability, high consequence event. High-threat chemical agents, depending on the type of agent used, cause a variety of symptoms in their victims. Some cause death by interfering with the nervous system. Some inhibit breathing and lead to asphyxiation. Others have caustic effects on contact. As a result, chemical attack treatment may be complicated by the need to identify at least the type of chemical used. Differences in treatment protocols for the various high-threat agents may also strain the resources of the public health system, especially in the case of mass casualties. Additionally, chemical agents trapped on the body or clothes of victims may place first responders and medical professionals at risk. -
Annual Status Report on the Destruction of the United States Stockpile of Lethal Chemical Agents and Munitions for Fiscal Year 2019
Annual Status Report on the Destruction of the United States Stockpile of Lethal Chemical Agents and Munitions for Fiscal Year 2019 September 30, 2019 The estimated cost of this report or study for the Department of Defense is approximately $740 for the 2019 Fiscal Year. This includes $0 in expenses and $740 in DoD labor. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 II. Mission .................................................................................................................................1 III. Organization .........................................................................................................................1 IV. Current Status of U.S. Chemical Weapons Destruction ......................................................2 A. Site-by-Site Description of Chemical Weapons Stockpile Destruction……………….2 B. Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives Program……………………………..….3 V. Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program ......................................................5 VI. Funding Execution ...............................................................................................................7 VII. Safety Status of Chemical Weapons Stockpile Storage .......................................................8 APPENDICES A. Abbreviations and Symbols B. Program Disbursements C. Summary Occurrences of Leaking Chemical Munitions i I. Introduction The Department of Defense (DoD) is submitting -
Chemical Agents July 2010
Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste FACT SHEET Chemical Agents July 2010 Chemical agents at Deseret quantities of GB. mustard but is a more potent Chemical Depot are contained in GA (tabun) is a non-persistent systemic poison. Lewisite is likely rockets, land mines, mortars, nerve agent that is about half as carcinogenic. The body is unable to artillery projectiles and cartridges, toxic as GB. Relatively small detoxify Lewisite but an antidote bombs, spray tanks, and ton amounts of GA are stored in Utah. has been developed. Relatively containers. Dugway Proving VX is a persistent nerve agent. VX small amounts of Lewisite are Ground also stores chemical is easily absorbed through the skin stored in Utah. munitions. Two types of chemical or ingested as a liquid. VX can be Hazardous Waste agents that are stored in Utah are absorbed through the respiratory Chemical agents and the waste nerve agents and blister agents. tract as a vapor or aerosol. The resulting from treating or testing the Deseret Chemical Depot stockpile agents are regulated as hazardous NERVE AGENTS contains substantial quantities of waste. Nerve agents are organophosphates VX. that cause a blocking of the BLISTER AGENTS Additional Information cholinesterase enzymes. When Blister agents were named for their If you would like more detailed acetyl cholinesterase is blocked, effect on skin and other tissues. information or have questions acetylcholine builds-up within the The blister agents are vesicants that please contact: nervous system. This build-up may are severe irritants to tissue and can DEQ / DSHW cause an over-stimulation of be deadly at high concentrations. -
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2008/09 BUDGET ESTIMATES February 2007 CHEMICAL AGENTS AND MUNITIONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Chemical Demilitarization The Chemical Demilitarization Program destroys the U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons. The United States has an obligation to destroy all such weapons under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which was entered into in 1997. PERFORMING Adequate • After destroying only 136 tons in 2003 the program has destroyed over 4,473 tons since, and 11,506 tons overall. All CWC treaty milestones have been met to date, and the program is on track to achieve the CWC 45% destruction milestone by December 2007 including destroying binary chemicals and the destruction of former production facilities by April 2007. • The program has an excellent safety record. Nonetheless, community concerns have delayed construction of plants. This has resulted in increased costs and will delay the destruction of the chemical stockpile. • The program has developed annual destruction goals to guide its progress toward destroying the entire U.S. chemical weapons stockpile as close as practicable to the CWC 100% destruction deadline of April 2012. We are taking the following actions to improve the performance of the program: • Expediting disposal of secondary waste by assessing alternative technologies or using off-site treatment to reduce cost, shorten schedules, make better use of equipment, and improve processing. • Maintaining an Integrated Risk Management Program that stresses early risk identification, mitigation planning, and execution to minimize impacts on cost, schedule, performance, and safety. • Implementing and tracking performance measures such as Annual Cost Index, Annual Schedule Index, and Cost per Ton Index to ensure meeting or exceeding annual destruction goals. -
Affidavit of George Carruth
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Before the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board In the Matter of ) ) PRIVATE FUEL STORAGE L.L.C. ) Docket No. 72-22 ) (Private Fuel Storage Facility) ) AFFIDAVIT OF GEORGE CARRUTH CITY OF WASHINGTON ) ) SS: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ) I, George A. Carruth, being duly sworn, state as follows: 1. I am currently an independent consultant for Private Fuel Storage, L.L.C. I completed a 30-year career in the Army Chemical Corps in June 1987 and retired as System Integration Manager on the Department of Energy Management and Operating Contract for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System for TRW, Inc. in 1998. I am providing this affidavit in support of a motion for partial summary disposition of Contention Utah K in the above captioned proceeding to assess the potential hazards posed to the Private Fuel Storage Facility (PFSF) from activities conducted on Dugway Proving Ground other than aviation and the use of air-delivered weapons. 2. I am knowledgeable of the activities that will take place at the PFSF on the basis of my review of PFSF documents, discussions with people knowledgeable of the PFSF, and work on the design of similar facilities. My professional and educational ex perience is summarized in the curriculum vitae attached as Exhibit 1 to this affidavit. During my career in the Army Chemical Corps, I commanded Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) from July 1981 until July 1984. Furthermore, many of my staff assignments in the Army involved implementation of the Army Chemical Surety Program (CSP), which is a focused effort to ensure the safety, security, and reliability of the Army's chemical agents and munitions and the personnel who handle them. -
Chemical Accident Or Incident Response and Assistance (CAIRA) Operations
Department of the Army Pamphlet 50–6 Nuclear and Chemical Weapons and Materiel Chemical Accident or Incident Response and Assistance (CAIRA) Operations Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 26 March 2003 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE DA PAM 50–6 Chemical Accident or Incident Response and Assistance (CAIRA) Operations This revision-- o Clarifies procedures that may be adapted to situations involving terrorist use of chemical agent in the public domain (para 1-1). o Clarifies Army responsibilities under Executive Order 12856, Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements (para 2-2b). o Clarifies that for the purpose of enhancing management or meeting personal command style, the commander may modify the Initial Response Force (IRF) and Service Response Force (SRF) organizations (para 2-7c(5)). o Contains new procedures for a split-based concept of operations for the SRF (para 2-9e). o Eliminates granting the IRF/SRF special authority to waive Army regulatory requirements under certain circumstances. o Installations now must coordinate CAIRA Plans with the Regional Response Teams (para 2-13b(1)). o Incorporates provisions for an Army-appointed Remedial Project Manager to oversee long-term chemical accident/incident (CAI) recovery operations (para 3-6b(1)). o Requires attachment of a copy of the Hazard Assessment to CAIRA Plans (para 3- 4c(3)). o Adds munitions render safe and disposal procedures (para 7-3). o Revises guidelines for tort damage claims associated with a CAI (para 10-1). o Revises procedures for environmental monitoring to include lessons learned from CSEPP exercises and updated regulatory guidance (chap 11). -
Rudderless: the Chemical Weapons Convention at 1 ½
Rudderless: The Chemical Weapons Convention At 1 ½ Amy E. Smithson Report No. 25 September 1998 Copyright© 1998 11 Dupont Circle, NW Ninth Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 http://www.stimson.org email [email protected] Rudderless: The Chemical Weapons Convention At 1 1/2 Amy E. Smithson INTRODUCTION On the 29th of April 1997, the majority of the world’s nations joined to activate an arms control and nonproliferation accord that will gradually compel the elimination of one of the most abhorred classes of weapons of all times. Previously, the international community had fallen short of the mark in efforts to try to abolish poison gas, despite the opprobrium following its widespread use in World War I.1 The new Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) extends the no use-prohibitions of the 1925 Geneva Protocol2 to outlaw the development, acquisition, production, transfer, and stockpiling of chemical weapons as well. The CWC requires the destruction of chemical weapons production facilities and arsenals over a ten-year period, and countries will witness the shrinking numbers of poison gas factories and munitions. A less tangible function of the CWC, but one that may turn out to be equally valued over the long term is that the CWC will help redefine how states assure their national security. The CWC requires nations to declare activities that were previously considered state secrets and private business information. The treaty authorizes routine and challenge inspections to monitor compliance with its prohibitions. Instead of building large caches of arms, the CWC’s verification processes give governments reason to be confident that managed transparency—a limited waiver of state sovereignty—can enhance national and international security. -
GROUNDS for PERMANENT WAR Land Appropriation, Exceptional
GROUNDS FOR PERMANENT WAR Land Appropriation, Exceptional Powers, and the Mid-Century Militarization of Western North American Environments by Brandon C. Davis A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2017 © Brandon C. Davis, 2017 ABSTRACT Few areas across globe have escaped the pressures of militarization. Despite the many significant developments and repercussions tied to the military control of vast areas of national territories, the complex intersections between militarization and the environment have only recently attracted scholarly attention. This dissertation argues that the contemporary condition of global permanent war and ongoing state of emergency are rooted in the military control of land and other natural resources. During the mid-twentieth century buildup of North American defense forces, the practice of military land appropriation not only legitimized and expanded certain types of unilateral, emergency powers but also produced secret and legally permissive spaces in which the exercise of such extraordinary powers and related military land use practices could be more freely conducted. A major impetus driving these mid-century land use developments was the rise of unconventional weapons of mass destruction. Not only did such weapons technologies destabilize the global political order but they also brought about a multitude of disruptions at local sites. By investigating the establishment and operations of two of the world’s largest, most secretive, and longest-lasting chemical and biological weapons proving grounds—the U.S. Army’s Dugway Proving Ground in western Utah and the Canadian-and U.K.-controlled Suffield Experimental Station in southeastern Alberta—this study reveals how the imperatives of permanent war have had critical influence in shaping the workings of power between local citizens, government, and the environment in western North America. -
14. Chemical and Biological Warfare Developments and Arms Control
14. Chemical and biological warfare developments and arms control RICHARD GUTHRIE, JOHN HART and FRIDA KUHLAU I. Introduction In 2005 the states parties to the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Conven- tion (BTWC)1 held their third annual expert and political meetings, which con- sidered ‘the content, promulgation, and adoption of codes of conduct for sci- entists’ and started preparations for the Sixth Review Conference, to be held in 2006. The states parties to the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)2 decided to extend the action plans on national implementation and universal- ity. The US-led Iraq Survey Group (ISG) published its conclusions on past Iraqi weapon programmes at the end of its investigations in Iraq, and further information was made public about the sources that had been used for pre-war intelligence and the methodologies for handling such information. More infor- mation relating to allegations of terrorist acquisition of chemical and bio- logical materials for hostile purposes was revealed as a consequence of the acquittals of a number of individuals accused of such activities. Issues relating to the control of biological weapons are discussed in section II of this chapter. Developments in chemical weapons and disarma- ment are described in section III. Section IV discusses developments in rela- tion to Iraq and the connected intelligence issues. Section V covers other alle- gations, activities and prosecutions. Section VI presents the conclusions. Appendix 14A considers means of enhancing bio-security and the need for a global strategy. II. Biological issues In 2005 Moldova acceded to the BTWC, meaning that, as of 31 December 2005, 155 states were parties to it. -
THE CBW CONVENTIONS BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Weapons Issues
THE CBW CONVENTIONS BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Weapons Issues ISSUE NO. 44 JUNE 1999 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation IMPLEMENTING THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION: TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES IN THE US AND RUSSIA Paul F Walker Global Green USA After years of tedious and contentious negotiations, most by the end of 1999 and that 90 per cent of the initial 31,495 everyone breathed a deep sigh of relief when the Chemical tons in the stockpile is now under contract for destruction. Weapons Convention (CWC) was signed by 130 countries Only two of the nine major American stockpile sites remain in January 1993. The immediate challenge thereafter was without a contract or technology for stockpile destruction. to achieve ratification by the required 65 nations for entry The total estimated cost for stockpile destruction has grown into force and by the two major chemical weapon powers – to $12.4 billion, for non-stockpile chemical materiel to $1.4 Russia and the United States. Over four years later, on 29 billion, and for emergency preparedness to $1.2 billion; the April 1997 the CWC entered into force with the United grand total of $15 billion far exceeds early estimates of $2 States just making it under the wire with its ratification four billion or less and, as Prociv pointed out, will be subject to days earlier. Russia ratified on 5 November 1997. “out-year cost growth” if schedules continue to slip, addi- For some observers, this was the long-awaited culmina- tional technology development is necessary, or more buried tion of many decades of effort to abolish a whole class of chemical weapon materiel is identified. -
Timeline Study on Ivins, Bioport / Judith Miller / Anthrax / Fear
NewsFollowUp NewsFollowUp.com Franklin Scandal Omaha search pictorial Index sitemap home Bioport / Judith Miller / Ivins Timeline study on Ivins, BioPort / Judith James Holmes / WMR James Holmes Miller / Anthrax / Fear Mongering below News for the 99% ...................................Refresh F5...archive home 50th Anniversary of JFK assassination "Event of a Lifetime" at the Fess Parker Double Tree Inn. JFKSantaBarbara. below Dr. Bruce Ivins NFU MOST ACTIVE PA Judith Miller Timeline and flow chart Go to Alphabetic list Academic Freedom Herbert L. Abrams Judith Miller and WMD deceptions Conference Obama Death List Senator Grassley 18 Questions = go to NFU page Rothschild Timeline Bush / Clinton Body Count Dr. Bruce Ivins / Judith Miller top PROGRESSIVE REFERENCE CONSERVATIVE Alchemedia, image protection software Summary "ABC News, therefore, is sitting on the AnthraxVaccine Blogspot: This blog will discuss Wayne Madsen Report Bruce Ivins, a identities of individuals who were willfully many aspects of anthrax vaccine, including microbiologist at the US Army Medical trying to mislead investigators and information on its economics, effectiveness, safety, Research Institute for Infectious Diseases plant bogus evidence of Iraq's involvement manufacture and other, related issues. It is intended to (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, Maryland, in the anthrax attacks in a manner similar provide an easy way to view official documents and reportedly committed suicide after ingesting to the yellowcake uranium documents other evidence to gain a reliable, well-referenced prescription-strength Tylenol and codeine, linking Saddam Hussein to uranium view of this complex and confusing subject. It as the FBI prepared to charge him in the purchases from Niger." more below source: Antiwar Ivins, anthrax anthrax attacks that took place weeks after WMR Bilderberg.net the 9/11 attack in 2001.