A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Mozambique New Alliance ICT Extension Activity EXTENSÃO MULTIMÉDIA

Cooperative Agreement No. AID-0AA-A-16-00003

Annual Report [October 2017 - September 2018] Submitted: October 31, 2018

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Contents List of acronyms ...... 4 Executive summary ...... 5 Introduction ...... 7 Major impacts or accomplishments over reporting period ...... 8 Second batch of agricultural content uploaded on the 321-system ...... 8 Figure 1. No. of farmers engaging with 321 Service (season 2017/18) ...... 8 Table 1. No of farmers engaging with 321 Service Subtopic ...... 9 Dynamic information updated on the 321 Service platform ...... 9 Table 2. List of private sector firms who promoted product and services though the 321- agriculture platform during Year 3...... 9 Support and training given to radio stations ...... 10 Table 3. Number of radio technicians trained, and equipment provided per station ...... 10 MoU signed with radio stations ...... 11 Radio Programs broadcasted with interactivity elements...... 11 Table 4. Breakdown of community radio stations’ agricultural radio programs ...... 13 Table 4.1 Breakdown of radio programs in additional stations, using content developed for Angonia, Macequece stations ...... 13 Community Listeners Groups (CLGs) ...... 14 Interaction with radio programs through the ULIZA platform ...... 14 Table 5. List of CLGs formed during Y3 ...... 15 Table 6. Total number of interactions on ULIZA platform ...... 15 Video production and screening ...... 16 Table 7. Agrodelears’ TV screen locations ...... 17 Figure 2. Video shows in the rural communities ...... 17 Table 8. Number of farmers benefiting from video screenings in the rural communities ... 18 Table 8A. Number of farmers who watched video through TV screens in the agrodealer storage...... 18 Marketing ICT enabled services ...... 19 Figure 3. Road shows in the rural communities ...... 19 Figure 4. Number of beneficiaries engaging with 321 after SMS alert ...... 20 Summary of collaboration with other new alliance stakeholders and how activities are consistent with the SSTP road map ...... 21 Collaboration with SSTP program ...... 21

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Collaboration with other partners ...... 21 Discuss the major implementation problems and deviations from expectations for performance indicators in MEL Plan ...... 22 Survey sample ...... 22 Table 8. Estimate of population within survey area/radio station coverage area ...... 22 Table 9. N0 of farmers interviewed per District ...... 23 Key findings ...... 23 Indicator 1.1: Number of farmers with access to one or more ICT channels ...... 23 Radio Programs ...... 23 321 Service Platform ...... 23 Indicator 1.2: Number of farmers using ICT services ...... 23 Radio programs ...... 24 321 Service Platform ...... 24 Indicator 1.3: Number of farmers who have applied SSTP technologies or management practices ...... 24 Indicator 1.4: Number of hectares under improved technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance ...... 25 Indicator 1.5: Number of farmers who have received donor supported short-term agricultural sector productivity training or food security training (optional)...... 25 Indicator 2.1: Percentage of costs of ICT-enabled services covered by non-donor sources ...... 25 Table 11. ICT Performance indicators (target vs actual Y3) ...... 25 Table 11. ICT Performance indicators (Explanations) ...... 27 Challenges and Lessons Learned...... 30 Radio programs ...... 30 Update of GAPs ...... 30 Marketing of ICT services ...... 31 Planned Activities to Project Close ...... 31 Appendix 1. Success story ...... 33 Figure 5. Video sessions in Teterrene community in , Nampula...... 34

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

List of acronyms

AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa CLGs Community listening groups CLUSA Cooperative League of the United States of America DNEA National Directorate for Agrarian Extension FRI Farm Radio International FAW Fall Army Worm HNI Human Networks International ICT Information and Communication Technologies IVR Interactive Voice Response MASA Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security RAMA-BC (CSA) Climate Smart Agriculture- Beira Corridor RAMA-NC (CSA) Climate Smart Agriculture- Nacala Corridor SSTP Scaling Seeds and Technology Partnership PRC Participatory Radio Campaign

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Executive summary

This report provides details of the implementation progress achieved by the Extensão Multimédia Project during its third year, covering the October 2017 to September 2018 agricultural season in .

The Project continues to provide agricultural extension services through the 321 Service and participatory radio programs, in addition to the dissemination of agricultural extension information through instructional videos. During this period the project carried out the following activities:

• Through the 321 Service, the project broadcasted new agricultural content regarding conservation agriculture, the Fall Army Worm epidemic, aflatoxin, and the production of horticultural crops, orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, groundnut, and pigeon pea. In response to stakeholder and beneficiary demands, the project extended its promotional material from coverage of the project’s initial target crops to include to topics on conservation agriculture, Fall Army Warm, aflatoxin, and horticulture. The 321 Service agricultural messages were broadcasted in the three most widely spoken languages in the country - Portuguese, Macua, and Changana.

• Using the 321 Service, the project also hosted dynamic information from 12 new companies in different categories (including input providers, finance services, output buyers, mechanization services, and others), and disseminated market pricing information for certain commodities.

• The project trained and supported 3 community radio stations, Angonia and Macequece in the Beira corridor, and Meconta in the Nacala corridor, to air radio programs with agricultural extension content. The partnership with each the radio stations lasted for six months and agricultural programs were broadcasted focusing on the management practices of maize, sugar beans, soya bean, and cowpea.

The three stations had planned to broadcast a total of 144 live episodes; however, electrical and other technical problems (particularly in Angonia District) at the stations resulted in the broadcasting of only 116 live (new) episodes, with the same number of episodes being repeated.

• There were also technical problems with the ULIZA platform, which malfunctioned sometime throughout the partnership period. This led to a low interaction between radio programs and its potential audience. A total of 637 interactions were registered, and a total 477 (306 male and 181 female) unique respondents engaged with radio programs through the ULIZA system. To minimize mitigate the situation and retain engagement, the radio used employed the Green-Line (free phone) method.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. • The project prepared and disseminated videos demonstrating good agricultural practices (GAPs) including a) land preparation with the use of conservation agriculture principles, b) the preparation of cassava planting material and production, c) the use of good quality seed varieties, d) the use of driers for groundnuts, e) control methods for the Fall Army Worm epidemic, and f) grain conservation with the use atelic.

• Since Vodacom and HNI were unable to provide the planned online products (i.e., the zero- rate 321 webpage), the prepared job aids (instructional videos) were disseminated not online but via video screenings in the rural communities with the use of solar-powered television screens hosted at CLUSA-supported agrodealers’ stores. At least 778 farmers (430 men and 348 women) watched the videos. As expected the number of farmers reached was much lower than the number who could potentially have been reached using the 321 webpage; however, by leveraging support from CLUSA project extension staff (who not only used the videos during their own technical assistance visits but who also coordinated farmer group discussions at organized group viewings) and CLUSA-supported community based agrodealers it was possible to ensure that these videos were disseminated on a regular basis in rural communities within the project area.

• The project prepared and disseminated videos demonstrating GAP including a) Land preparation with the use of agriculture conservation principles, b) Preparation of cassava planting material and planting, c) Use of good quality seed and varieties, d) Use of driers for groundnuts, e) The Fall Army Worm, and control methods, and f) Grain conservation with the use atelic. Since Vodacom and HNI were not able to provide the planned online products (the zero rate 321 webpage), the prepared job aids (instructional videos) were disseminated, not online, but via video screenings in the rural communities with the use of solar powered television screens hosted at CLUSA supported agrodealers’ stores. At least 778 farmers (430 men and 348 women) watched the videos.

As expected the number reached by this process was much lower than the number who could potentially have been reached using 321-webpage; however, by leveraging support from CLUSA project extension staff (who not only used the videos during their own technical assistance visits but who also coordinated farmer group discussions at organized group viewings) and CLUSA supported community based agrodealers it was possible to ensure that these videos were disseminated on a regular basis in rural communities within the project area.

The Year 3 (Y3) survey conducted by the project to assess the use of provided ICT services indicated that during this period:

✓ The project reached a potential radio audience of 535,189 farmers, equivalent to 535% of the Y3 target (100,000). This target was exceeded because the project worked with 3 radio stations (2 more than planned for Y3). Additionally, the estimated potential audience for

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. community radio stations was relatively low (75,000), whereas the actual average population within radio station coverage area in those three Districts was 178,396 (=535,189/3), where Angonia station had the highest contribution.

✓ A total number of 332,567 smallholder farmers have engaged with the ICT services during this period. This corresponds to 826% of the Y3 target (44,250). As stated above, the project exceeded this target as a result of the high number of radio users. In addition, the project had assumed that 50% of locals would listen to at least one episode; however, survey results indicated that 59% of the potential audience had listened to radio programs with agriculture content – indicating that the programs were more popular and more relevant than expected. ✓ A total of 249,076 farmers have applied at least one of the promoted technologies, representing 1,811% of the Y3 target of (13,750). It had been expected that at least 30% of farmers who used the ICT services would try out at least one of the promoted management practices, whereas the survey results indicate 75% of farmers did so. This excellent result may be due to a combination of factors including the design and delivery of smallholder appropriate contents in addition to the additional support provided to smallholders by other CLUSA projects, which encouraged and supported them to implement what they had learned.

✓ 369,095 ha of land were under improved technologies during this period, corresponding to 2,019% of the Y3 target (3,437 ha). The over achievement of this target is a consequence of exceeding the target for the number of farmers applying improved practices. In addition, it was found that the average farm size was higher than had been assumed at the project design stage (the project survey indicated an average size of 1.47 ha, as opposed to 0.2 ha). However, even using the assumption of an average of 1.47 ha per farmer the project would still have over achieved its target (which would have been 62,269 ha under improved technologies, as opposed to 3,437 ha).

✓ 93% of the costs of ICT-enabled services has been covered by non-donor sources. This is 9 times more than the expected Y3 overall target (10%). The overachievement of this target is due in part to the fact that the project expected that most of its contributions would come only from Vodacom; however, the project also leveraged support from community radio stations who donated airtime for ICT service advertisements (both 321 Service and radio programs) and repetition of radio episodes.

Introduction

This report relates to the progress achieved by the Extensão Multimédia Project during Year 3 of the project (the 2017-2018 agricultural season). It includes discussions on the major accomplishments during the reporting period, challenges and deviations for performance indicators in the MEL plan and planned activities for the next agricultural season.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Major impacts or accomplishments over reporting period

During the reporting period, progress was made in the following areas:

Second batch of agricultural content uploaded on the 321-system

The project prepared and made available a second lot of the 321 agricultural content. This related to Conservation agriculture, the Fall Army Worm, Aflatoxin, Horticulture, orange flashed sweet potato, groundnut and pigeon pea. The selection of the crops and information to be promoted was not only in line the initial Project and SSTP promoted crops but also chosen in response to farmer demands (e.g. horticulture), current national priorities (e.g. Fall Army Worm) and other CLUSA related project related interests (e.g. Conservation agriculture and Aflatoxin). To ensure that prepared messages would be easily understood by smallholder farmers, message pre-testing took place in rural communities before the content went live. A total of 27,091 beneficiaries used the 321 Service during the reporting season. January and February represented the period of peak usage of the 321 system, since this was a period in which farmers sought out agricultural extension advice about maize and the FAW (Table 1 and Figure 1).

As was the case last season, information was disseminated using IVR (voice message), USSD and SMS (written messages). Voice messages were both in the official language Portuguese (spoken mostly in urban areas), as well as the two most spoken local languages Macua and Changana, whereas the written messages were only in Portuguese. To increase the likelihood of farmers engaging with the system, the project will consider including one more local widely spoken language (Sena) in the next year.

Figure 1. No. of farmers engaging with 321 Service (season 2017/18)

No of farmers engaging with 321 sevices 4,000 3,420 3,333 3,307 3,500 3,179 2,980 3,000 2,409 2,339 2,500 2,230 1,934 1,960 2,000 1,500

1,000 No. beneficiaries of 500 -

Months (Agricultural season 2017/8)

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Table 1. No of farmers engaging with 321 Service Subtopic

321 Subtopic Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Maize 1,342 1,147 1,610 1,799 2,075 1,736 1,191 1,268 1,271 1,101 Roots/Tubers 777 555 749 679 628 514 405 455 457 432 Legumes 433 337 243 279 379 280 240 217 270 212 Fall Army 129 669 290 227 197 377 187 Worm - - - Aflatoxin 83 233 182 125 106 125 99 - - - Agr.Price 511 332 336 460 567 400 458 348 324 274 Agri. services 684 485 497 332 302 289 230 189 192 132 Horticulture 90 267 211 157 164 191 142 - - - Conservation 64 279 294 291 219 151 172 155 Agriculture - - Jobaid 362 238 211 219 313 245 203 134 180 174 Extension Total 3,420 2,409 2,980 3,333 3,307 3,179 2,339 2,230 1,934 1,960

Dynamic information updated on the 321 Service platform

In addition to content related to GAPs, the project also worked on regular updates of dynamic information on the 321 system, updated every two weeks. The information included crop price information and promotional information from local private agriculture stakeholders. The price information source was the National Agriculture Market Information System (SIMA), from which the Project had a formal approval for data use. The promotional information came from private sector firms who used the platform to market their goods and services - there were 12 new organizations disseminating promotional information via 321 Service this year (Table 2).

Table 2. List of private sector firms who promoted product and services though the 321-agriculture platform during Year 3.

Organization Category (service/product) Technology/Practices

SEMEAR Input suppliers Certified seeds AIPM Output buyer & mecanization Income crops, mechanization services BUENZI-YA-ALIME Output buyers Crops

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. AGRO-SIKADZA Processing services, output Food processing services, income buyers crops BOM Finance services Agribusiness PANNAR Input suppliers Certified seeds Victor Gaspar Input suppliers , Output buyers Certified seed/crops RC Services Input suppliers Beekeeping BNI Finance services Agrobusiness finacing AGROWAN Output buyers Crops KCKSTART Input suppliers Irrigation kits NAKOSSO Input suppliers Agrobusiness fairs

Support and training given to radio stations

The project conducted formative research with sample communities and radio stations of the Districts of Angonia (in ), Macequece (in ) and Meconta (in ). The aim of this research was to gather information regarding radio station experiences, current limitations, required extension services by the farmers, and community expectations regarding the future farm radio episodes.

Based on the research results, and with the purpose of strengthening the radio stations’ capacity to deliver farm radio programs, the Project provided technical training for 25 radio officers and supplied radio equipment to those radio stations in the form of a grant (Table 3). The training included issues such as i) interacting with the ULIZA platform for weekly pooling of questions, ii) the FRI Log for interaction with FRI technical personnel on monitoring and archiving programs, iii) Adobe Audition for program editing and iv) good interview practices and gender balanced radio.

Table 3. Number of radio technicians trained, and equipment provided per station

Station No. of trained Equipment and material officers provided Angonia 5 ▪ HP Desktop &UPS ▪ SONY Recorder ▪ Movitel Modems Macequete 10 ▪ HP Desktop &UPS ▪ SONY Recorder Namialo 10 ▪ Sony Recorder, Cellular Total 25

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

MoU signed with radio stations

During the reporting year, the Project signed a 6-month partnership with three community radio stations - Angonia, Macequece, and Namialo:

o The partnership period for community radio station of Angonia was from October 1st to April 1st, 2018 and discussed GAPs for maize, common beans, soybean and pigeon pea. The episodes were broadcasted in Portuguese and Nyanja languages. The farm radio series was aired every Tuesdays (from 02:30 until 3:10 pm, and 6:00 until 6:40 pm) and were repeated on Sundays at the same time.

o The partnership with Macequece radio station was from October 4th, 2017 to April 4th, 2018 and focused on GAPs for maize, common beans, soybean, peon pea and cowpea crops. The radio program was disseminated every Tuesday (from 4:10 p.m. to 4:40 p.m. in Portuguese, and from 5:30 p.m. to 6p.m. in Chimanhica) and repeated on Saturdays.

o The partnership with Namialo covered the period from December 4th to June 4th, 2018 and focused on broadcasting GAPs for maize and groundnut. The radio episodes were aired every Monday and Tuesday, and broadcasted in Macua and Portuguese, respectively (2:05pm to 2:50pm on Monday and from 2:05 pm to 2:50 pm on Tuesdays).

o Apart from working with the radio stations above, the Project was able to reach further listeners by working with five further radio stations (Catandica, Sussundenga, Macanga, Tshangano and Mossurize). These stations use the formative research results and other materials developed for the other three radio stations with whom Project was working more direct and intensively. The radio program was adapted to the local needs and conditions (program aired time, crops, themes, formats) and were disseminated using other rural native languages such as Xibaurue (Catandica District), Nyanja (Thangano and Macanga Districts), Chimanica () and Shona (). The extension was a result of partnership between ICT enable services and RAMA Projects (both managed by NCBA CLUSA) described in Section 3.

Radio Programs broadcasted with interactivity elements

The three community radio stations of Angonia, Manica, and Namialo had planned to broadcast a total of 144 live episodes. However, electrical and other technical problems meant that only 116 live (new) episodes were broadcasted, with 116 of these episodes being repeated. The power failures were most critical in Angonia District, where the problems started in the Quarter 1 (corresponding to the first

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. three months the partnership) and persisted throughout the year and literally prevented Angonia radio from broadcasting radio programs. To illustrate, during the reporting period Angonia had planned to disseminate 48 new episodes, yet it was only possible to air 20 new episodes. Since the power outage was also a concern for local government, Angonia radio station together with local government is seeking ways to resolve the problem.

In addition to the originally planned radio stations in Angonia, Manica and Namialo, the Project supported the Catandica, Sussundenga, Macanga, Tshangano and Mossurize radio stations to disseminate a total of 75 radio episodes using the content developed for the original group. Table 4 below indicates the breakdown of the three community radio stations, whereas Table 4.1 indicates that the three additional stations, using content developed for Angonia and Manica stations.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Table 4. Breakdown of community radio stations’ agricultural radio programs Station Day of Time of Language No. of live No. of live Day of No. of repeat Time of repeat broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasts repeat broadcasts (plan) (actual) broadcast Angónia Tuesday 06 to 6:40 p.m Portuguese 24 10 Sunday 10 06 to 6:40 p.m 2:30 to 3:10 p.m Nyanja 24 10 10 2:30 to 3:10 p.m Macequece Tuesday 4:10 to 4:40 p.m Portuguese 24 24 Saturday 24 4.10 to 4:40 p.m 5:30 to 06 p.m Chimanhica 24 24 24 2:10 to 2:40 p.m Namialo Monday 2:05 to 2:50 p.m Macua 24 24 Friday 24 2:05 to 2:50 p.m Tuesday 2:05 to 2:50 p.m Portuguese 24 24 Saturday 24 2:05 to 2:50 p.m Total 144 116 116

Table 4.1 Breakdown of radio programs in additional stations, using content developed for Angonia, Macequece stations Station Day of broadcast Time of broadcast Language No. of live broadcasts (actual) Catandica Friday 1-1.40 pm Xibaure 15 Tuesday Macanga Wednesday 07-7.40 pm Nyanja 15 Friday 10 - 10.40 pm Sussundenga Monday 5.10 - 5.50 pm Chimanica 15 Friday Tsangano Friday 10 - 10.40 am Nyanja 15 Tuesday Mossurize Monday 2-3.30 pm Shona 15 Wednesday

Total 75

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Community Listeners Groups (CLGs)

To promote communities’ engagement with local radio programs, the project supported 15 Community Listener Groups (CLGs) with a total of 250 participants (124 women and 126 men) as indicated in table 4. The CLGs were formed to provide general feedback on the progress of the radio episodes. CLGs are also engaged by radio staff during the development of the radio program content, radio interviews and program debates. The project trained CLG participants in how to interact with radio programs through the ULIZA system, a platform enabling the weekly pooling of listeners’ questions and feedback to radio stations. The contributions and concerns of local farmers made it possible for radio stations to broadcast and repeat episodes on demand, so that farmers could fully discuss and learn from a given content.

Interaction with radio programs through the ULIZA platform

A total of 477 (306 male and 181 female) unique respondents interacted with radio programs through the ULIZA platform (Table 5), who interacted a total of 637 times. Similarly, the experience from last season, it was found that men interacted more with the system than women – probably because more men own cell phones and they are often more familiar with ICT technologies than women. Additionally, the electrical and other technical problems with ULIZA platform (ULIZA stopped working for almost a month during the Quarter 1) discouraged farmers from interacting with the system.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Table 5. List of CLGs formed during Y3

Province District Post Name of the # of participants Administrative CLGs Female Male Total Tete Angónia Ulongué Chindeque 8 7 15 Ndundo 10 5 15 Katsanha 6 9 15 Micolongo 7 8 15 Macuanguala 8 7 15 Manica Manica Mavonde Chitunga 4 11 15 Messica Chinhambuzi 10 5 15 Manica Chitewe 12 3 15 Machipanda Shazuka 4 11 15 Mavonde Dororo 7 8 15 Nampula Meconta Meconta Teterrene 14 8 22 Namialo Vieira 8 21 29 Namialo J. Chissano 8 9 17 Nakololo Nakololo 9 8 17 Netia Netia 9 6 15 Total 124 126 250

Table 6. Total number of interactions on ULIZA platform Radio station Male Female Total Number of interactions Angonia 17 24 41 Manica 148 135 283 Meconta 194 119 313 Total 359 278 637 Unique users Angonia 14 15 29 Manica 144 98 242 Meconta 148 68 206 Total 306 181 477

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Video production and screening

During the reporting period, the Project managed to prepare and disseminate videos demonstrating GAPs including:

i) Land with the use of agriculture conservation principles ii) Preparation of cassava planting material and planting, iii) Use of good quality seed and varieties, iv) Use of driers for groundnuts v) The Fall Army Worm (in maize) and control methods vi) Grain conservation with the use atelic to conserve grains

The project selected the above GAPs due to not only to the fact that they have a huge contribution to the quality and quantity of yield, but also because they are practical issues that could be best understood and followed by farmers through a very clear instructional video.

Since Vodacom and HNI were not able to provide online products and make the job aids (in this case, videos) available on the 321-webpage, the project provided disseminated videos directly to some extension officers and farmers. Instructional videos demonstrating application of good agricultural management methods were screened in the rural communities with the use of the solar powered television screens.

For videos showings, project staff organized collective screenings in community locations (Figure 2), as well as through TV screens mounted at selected agrodealers’ stores (Table 7). To do this, the project leveraged support from other CLUSA project extensions staff (e.g. PROMAC and PAFF), in addition to local government extension officers, who organized the farmers in groups, provided further required assistance for farmers to use the promoted practice, and engaged in question and answer sessions after viewings.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Table 7. Agrodelears’ TV screen locations

Name of agrodealer Province District Community

1 Herder Jorge Nampula Ribaue Namiconha Amilcar Cuacheque 2 Nampula Malema Malema-sede (Agrodalton) Alto 3 Janeiro Bernardo Zambezia Mugema Molocue 4 Faustino F. Luanda Zambezia Molumbo Missiace 5 Heinrich V. Merwe Gurue – Sede Zambezia Gurue 6 Tongai Canurai Magigi 7 Ismail Zacarias Manica Vanduzi Vanduzi Sede 8 Zacarias Chamuada Manica Manica Messica

Figure 2. Video shows in the rural communities

Commuity of Ehikiti, Ribaue distrit, Nampula Teterene Community, Meconta District, Nampula

Community video screenings were conducted in the Districts of Alto Molocue and Ile (Zambezia Province), Meconta, Ribaue and Monapo (Nampula Province). A total of 778 farmers (male 430, female 348) watched the videos, as shown in Table 8. An additional 1,240 of rural people watched videos though agrodealers’ stores (Table 8A). The actual number was probably higher than this, yet some agrodealers did not fully record the names of all the individuals who viewed the videos (often, members of the public are unwilling to provide their names). Although the project could not reach as many extension workers and farmers as it would have done using the 321 webpage, using TV screens it was possible to provide information to enrich some extension officers work, improving the quality

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. of services they provide to the group of farmers, and reach farmers directly through community viewings.

Table 8. Number of farmers benefiting from video screenings in the rural communities

District/Community Man Woman Total Alto Molócuè 102 84 186 Molócuè Sede 102 84 186 Ile 114 97 211 Ile Sede 65 41 106 Mugulama 13 4 17 Nipiode 36 52 88 Meconta 139 133 272 Meconta sede 126 116 242 Namialo 13 17 30 Monapo 9 4 13 Netia 9 4 13 Ribáuè 66 30 96 Iapala 28 18 46 Ribáuè Sede 38 12 50 Grand total 430 348 778

Table 8A. Number of farmers who watched video through TV screens in the agrodealer storage. Name of agrodealer Province District # people Male Female 1- Helder Jorge Nampula Ribáué 160 145 15 2- Amilcar Cuacheque (Agrodalton) Nampula Malema 119 106 13 3- Faustino Felizardo Luanda Zambézia Molumbo 161 109 52 4- Tongai Canurai Zambézia Gurue 187 122 65 5- Ismail Zacarias Manica Vanduzi 212 153 59 6- Naome Elias Chazuca Manica Chinhamachovi 131 98 33 7- Zacarias Chamuada Manica Messica 270 183 87 TOTAL 1,240 916 324

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Marketing ICT enabled services

To stimulate farmers’ engagement with the ICT enabled services the project continued to carry out various demand creation activities to market the services. The project focused on relatively low cost but high impact strategies in order to promote the ICT services to a large number of potential users at one time, leveraging support from other CLUSA supported activities whenever possible.

In order to both increase farmers’ awareness of the platform and provide many of them with assistance in experimenting with accessing it for the first time, the project leveraged significant support from field staff and CLUSA/Lead Farmer managed field days led by other CLUSA related projects such as RAMA on Beira corridor, the Portucel project in the Ile and Namaroi Districts of Zambézia Province, the World Bank/IFC funded PAAF project in Zambézia Province, and PROMAC in Zambézia and Manica Provinces. The field staff provided instructions to farmers on how to engage with the ICT services. It also distributed market material (pamphlets and instruction cards) to the farmers they assist.

Radio spots were considered to be another cost-effective marketing method and, as such, spots were broadcasted not only by the three radio stations with whom was directly working but also by paying for advertising space on other community radio stations within the project’s districts. The project disseminated radio spots of around 1 to 3 minutes each, using 10 radio stations. Spots were in local languages and Portuguese and explained to listeners how to access the 321 Service.

The project also conducted community roadshows to promote the 321 Service. Roadshows involved project staff, often together with community leaders, passing through busy community locations with a loud speaker and promotional materials. The project selected locations with a high concentration of people, e.g. community fairs, markets and community events organized by other stakeholders such as private companies (input providers and output buyers), NGOs and local authorities (Figure 3). It was felt that audio-visual strategies such as these succeeded in not only reaching a multitude of people at a time but also in generating a large amount of interest and curiosity in the 321 Service platform. The presence of other stakeholders further helped to disseminate information to a wider audience.

Figure 3. Road shows in the rural communities

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Roadshow in community fair of Angoche Community fair in community of Muralelo, , Nampula

To complement the above, the project produced and distributed posters, pamphlets and instruction cards which were directly delivered to smallholder farmers and stakeholders during roadshows, field days, extension agents’ visits to farmers and other events.

In addition to audio-visual marketing techniques, in collaboration with the RAMA Nacala Corridor project the project sent a “push” SMS alert to the all 321 agroforestry farmers to inform them of the existence of new agricultural content – in this case, the Fall Army Wormpest in maize. The push SMS alert was sent out on February 8th, with an IVR-survey conducted on June 12th, 2018 in order to assess its impact. From the survey results and 321 Service platform user trends it was evident that the number of beneficiaries accessing FAW information increased after the SMS alert day (Figure 4), suggesting that such SMS push alerts can successfully alert farmers on the existence of certain content and, as such, encourage them to engage with the 321 Service.

Beneficiaries accessing FWA info

350 295 300 250 200 150 83 100 38 30 31 34 38 26 50 13.85 0

N0.of beneficiares N0.of 0 2 4 6 8 10 N0. of days after SMS alert

Figure 4. Number of beneficiaries engaging with 321 after SMS alert

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Summary of collaboration with other new alliance stakeholders and how activities are consistent with the SSTP road map

Collaboration with SSTP program

Since the main objective of this project is to reinforce the use of SSTP promoted technologies, the project collaborated with the SSTP program to secure that the information disseminated was aligned with SSTP’s focus. this involved SSTP participating in the preparation of the agricultural contents, the development of farm radio programs and in video production.

SSTP and its grantees (Oruwera and IIAM) are members of the ICT project content committee, which oversees the entire process of information message creation and ensures that the messages were aligned with their available technologies and priorities. Additionally, SSTP grantees (e.g IIAM) assisted in the production of videos for GAPs. This was the case for the Fall Army Worm, which was prepared with support from IIAM who brought in their expertise to prepare the instructional information to teach farmers about the new pest and control methods. Similarly, Oruwera assisted in producing the video regarding improved and certified seeds, which had the added benefit of promoting the Oruwera brand.

SSTP and its grantees IIAM, Companhia do Zembe and Orwuera were also involved in the design and dissemination of farm radio episodes in the community radio stations of Angonia Manica and Meconta. The grantees participated in the development of program content, identifying the radio episodes formats most adequate to each topic and identifying the key experts for interviews and debates.

Collaboration with other partners

During the reporting period the project signed an internal partnership with RAMA BC Project, another CLUSA manager project implementing activities with two of the same radio stations (Angonia and Manica). As part of this partnership, the project was responsible for training the radio stations and providing them with equipment, whereas RAMA covered the cost of preparing and airing the episodes and, due to RAMA’s physical presence in Beira Corridor, providing direct assistance to and monitoring of the radio programs. This made it possible to expand farm radio program to other five additional radio stations (Catandica, Sussundenga, Macanga, Tshangano and Mossurize) located under the RAMA project area of intervention, enabling the Project to reach additional farmers as well as strengthen additional radio stations’ capacity. However, the information about the actual outreach was not possible to capture as the new districts were not included on the data gathering plan.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Discuss the major implementation problems and deviations from expectations for performance indicators in MEL Plan

In order to learn about the impact of the ICT enabled extension services provided during the Year 3, the Project conducted a survey. The survey took place in May 2018 and covered the three Districts of Angonia, Macequece and Meconta.

Survey sample

➢ When assessing the impact of the radio stations, the three districts in which the project supported community radios – Angonia, Manica and Meconta - were considered the evaluation universe. Within this universe communities were sampled from each of the Districts using a computer-generated random sampling method. A simple random sampling method was again used to generate a sample of beneficiaries to be interviewed within each community.

➢ For the 321 Service, data for indicator 1.2 (number of people using the service) was captured from the HNI/Vodacom managed system which automatically logs all use of the 321 Service platform. To calculate Indicator 1.3 (the number of farmers applying technologies) and 1.4 (the number of hectares under promoted management practices), the Project used the survey results from survey conducted in Angonia, Manica and Meconta and extrapolated it to the entire farmers reached under 1.2 to give a result for the entire country. It should be noted, however, that the results from those Districts are not necessarily representative of the whole country.

Sample size - the total rural population of working age within the coverage area was 535,189 (table 8), Project interviewed 360 farmers (Table 9). Therefore, the study considered a margin of error of 5%, at 95% level of confidence.

푍2(푟)(1−푟)(푓)(푘) The formula used is: 푛 = ℎ (푝)(ñ)(푒2)

Table 8. Estimate of population within survey area/radio station coverage area Radio Population within Total rural population Total rural working age station radio coverage area within radio coverage area population within radio coverage area Angonia 816,474 707,582 392,000 Manica 541,702 172,439 95,531 Meconta 141,345 86,026 47,658 Total 1,499,521 966,047 535,189

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Table 9. N0 of farmers interviewed per District Total number of Number of female Number of male Districts farmers interviewed farmers interviewed farmers interviewed Angonia 250 128 122 Manica 69 40 29 Meconta 41 20 21

Total 360 188 172

Key findings

Indicator 1.1: Number of farmers with access to one or more ICT channels

The project provided extension services through 321 Service, job aids in the form of videos, and radio programs in three community radio stations in Angonia, Manica and Meconta Districts. During this year the project reached a total of 1,085,189 farmers, constituting 1,085% of the Y3 annual target (100,000). The majority of this contribution was made by the radio programs, as will be discussed below.

Radio Programs

During this year the project reached a potential audience of 535,189 farmers, equivalent to 714% of Y3 target (75,000). This target was exceeded due to the fact that, in order to compensate for the previous seasons’ delays in radio activities caused by challenges in hiring radio staff, the Project worked with additional three radio stations (two more radio stations than planned for Y3). Additionally, it was found that the assumed potential audience for community radio stations was relatively low compared with the actual - 75,000 planned versus 178,396 actual (=535,189/3). Angonia station had the highest contribution of potential listeners.

321 Service Platform

The project expected that on Y3 it would reach more 25,000 additional Vodacom subscribers. The Project assumed that there would be an average annual increase of 5% of Vodacom subscribers (Y2 target = 525,000). Therefore, we have assumed a 100% achievement of this target.

Indicator 1.2: Number of farmers using ICT services

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. A total number of 332,567 smallholder farmers have engaged with the ICT services during Y3. This corresponds to 826% of the Year 3 target (44,250). The Project was able to reach its targets because of the actual number radio users, which was far higher than expected.

Radio programs

During this year 315,762 farmers have listened at least one farm radio episode, equivalent to 831% of the Year 3 target (38,000). As discussed, the project exceeded the Y3 target because it engaged with more radio stations and because the original assumption of the number of community radio listeners within each catchment area was too low. In addition, the project had assumed that 50% would listen at least one episode, however survey results indicated that 59% of the potential audience had listened radio programs with agriculture content – indicating that the programmes were more popular and more relevant than expected.

321 Service Platform

The 321-system registered a total of 27,091 unique users, corresponding to 433% of total Year 3 target (6,250).

Indicator 1.3: Number of farmers who have applied SSTP technologies or management practices

The project was able to exceed this target by reaching 249,076 farmers who have applied at least one of the promoted technologies, representing 1,811% of the target of (13,750).

The over achievement of this target is due to the fact that the Project had expected that at least 30% of farmers who have used ICT services would try out at least one of the promoted management practices, whereas the survey results in Angonia, Macequece and Meconta District indicate that 75% of farmers have tried one practice. This may be a result of the design/creation of a wide range of smallholder appropriate contents, including different crops (e.g. maize, sugar beans, soybean, etc.), several management practices (e.g. use of improved varieties, land preparation, plating time, weed control etc.) and different application periods throughout the year. This gave users a wider choice of appropriate practices to choose from, whilst also considering their time and other resources. In addition, the technical assistance given by extension staff from other CLUSA managed project extension officers (though practical demonstrations, field days organized at demonstration plots, technical assistance visits, etc.) provided farmers with the practical support required to experiment with the practices that they had learned through the ICT services.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Indicator 1.4: Number of hectares under improved technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance

A total of 369,095 ha was cultivated under new technologies this year, corresponding to 2,019% of the Y3 target (3,437 ha). The over achievement of this target is due in part to the fact that the Project overachieved in terms of the number of smallholder farmer applying improved practices (as indicated in 1.3). However, similar to the last season, a further contributing factor was an assumed average farm size of 0.25 ha, was opposed to the actual size (according to the Project survey) of 1.47 ha. It should be noted, though, that even if the Project used the assumption of an average farm size of 0.25 ha it would still have exceeded the target for this indicator 62,269 ha (=249,076 farmers *0.25)

Indicator 1.5: Number of farmers who have received donor supported short-term agricultural sector productivity training or food security training (optional).

The ICT Mozambique enabled services does not entail any sort of activity related with productivity or food security training. Therefore, Project will not report on this indicator.

Indicator 2.1: Percentage of costs of ICT-enabled services covered by non-donor sources

A total of 93% of the costs of ICT-enabled services has been covered by non-donor sources. This is nine times more than the Y3 overall target (10%). The Project overachieved on this target both in terms of the radio and 321 components.

321 Service - the project expected to achieve 37% of the cost share, in actual fact it achieved 96%. The cost share is a result of Vodacom contributions in donating free SMS, USSD and IVR, as a result of more farmers engaging with the 321 system.

Radio - the project expected that 20% of costs would be contributed by the project, compared to an actual result of 86%. This was due to the additional contribution from community radio stations who donated space for program advertisement (both for 321 Service and radio programs), and repetition of radio episodes.

Table 11. ICT Performance indicators (target vs actual Y3)

See following page

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

FY18 Target FY18 Actual Channel (actual) 321 Radio Video 1.1 Total number of farmers with access to one or more 100,000 1,085,189 550,000 535,189 N/A ICT channels Male SHF 70,000 520,891 264,000 256,891 N/A Female SHF 30,000 564,298 286,000 278,298 N/A 1.2 Total number of farmers using ICT services 40,250 332,567 27,091 315,762 2,129 Male SHF 30,975 169,953 17,329 157,881 1,423 Female SHF 13,275 162,614 9,762 157,881 706

1.3 Total number of farmers who have applied SSTP 13,750 249,076 236,821 250 technologies or management practices 17,338 Male SHF 9,625 137,274 7,455 132,620 133 Female SHF 4,125 111,802 9,883 104,201 108 1.4 Number of hectares under improved technologies or 3,437 369,095 25,487 348,127 81 management practices as a result of USG assistance Male SHF 2,406 203,420 10,960 194,951 53 Female SHF 1,031 165,676 14,528 153,176 29 1.5 Number of individual who have received USG (i.e. donor) supported short-term agricultural sector productivity N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A training or food security 2.1 Percentage of costs of ICT - enabled services covered 10% 93% by non-donor

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Percentage of costs of radio services covered 20% 86% N/A N/A N/A

Percentage of costs of mobile phone services 37% 96% N/A N/A N/A Percentage of costs of video services covered - N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table 11. ICT Performance indicators (Explanations)

FY18 Target FY18 Actual Achieve (%) Explanations 1.1 Total number The Project worked with 2 additional radio stations in Y3. Additionally, the actual average of farmers with population within radio station coverage area in the three-radio station project worked access to one or 100,000 1,085,189 1,085% with during the Y3 was 178,396 (=535,189/3), compared to an expected 75,000. For more ICT instance, Angonia station contributed with 392,000 potential listeners, alone exceeding channels the total overall project radio stations target (375,000). FRI: it was assumed 50% would use the services, compared to an actual result of 59% in the Y3. 321: we assumed 25% of the new Vodacom users (25,000) would engage with the system, 1.2 Total number yet during this year the system registered that 27,091 people engaged with the 321- of farmers using 40,250 332,567 826% platform corresponding to 433% of the total year target (6,250). However, it does not ICT services necessarily mean that project reached the overall ICT project target (137,500). Cumulatively, a total of 49,973 farmers have engaged with the platform (Y2= 22,882; Y3= 27,091).

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

1.3 Total number of farmers who The project had expected that at least 30% of farmers who have used ICT services would have applied try out at least one of the promoted management practices, compared with an actual SSTP 13,750 249,076 1,811% result of 75%. Probably a result of combination of a) a range of farmer appropriate technologies or contents to choose from, and b) leveraging additional field support from existing CLUSA management projects practices

1.4 Number of hectares under Due to an increased number of smallholder farmer applying improved practices. In improved addition, average farm size was 1.47ha compared with an expected 0.25 ha. It should be technologies or 3,437 369,095 10,739% noted, though, that even if the Project used the assumption of an average farm size of management 0.25ha it would still have exceeded the target for this indicator (62,269 ha). practices as a result of USG assistance 1.5 Number of individuals who have received USG (i.e. donor) N/A N/A N/A supported short- term agricultural sector productivity

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. training or food security 93% of the costs of ICT-enabled services has been covered by non-donor sources. This is nine times more than what was expected to reach in the Y3 overall target (10%). 2.1 Percentage of 321 Service platform - 37% expected, versus 96% achieved. Contributions were from costs of ICT- Vodacom in the form of free call and SMS, as a result engagement of beneficiaries with enabled services 10% 93% 930% the 321 Services. covered by non- Radio - 20% expected, versus 86% actual. This is a result of contribution from community donor sources radio stations who donate airtime to advertise ICT services (both for radio programs and 321 Services). It also donated airtime for weekly repetition of radio episodes.

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD.

Challenges and Lessons Learned

Radio programs

Challenges with ULIZA Platform - during reporting period technical problems with ULIZA platform meant that it was not functioning in three radio stations (Angonia, Macequece and Meconta). To enable listeners to keep interacting with the radio audience, stations used Green-Line (free phone via local phone service) as an alternative to ULIZA. Although the green-line is relatively inexpensive and farmers are much more familiar with it, it had limitations in terms of the length of time it remained open for users to call in, and it required direct interaction with radio officer. As such it resulted in a fewer engagements than radio would have had using the ULIZA platform.

In addition, radio stations experienced challenges in broadcasting radio program due to frequent power outages and serious electricity oscillations throughout the year. The was most critical in the District of Angonia, where the extended periods of power outage meant that Angonia aired only 20 new episodes out form the 48 planned. Whilst this missed information was critical to the radio program structure, the project was able to disseminate the main and most critical information (relating to the technologies and GAPs promoted by SSTP, including information about quality seed for selected crops - maize and soybean, land preparation, planting, and pest and disease management methods) through Angonia radio station. As such the project did not have a significant negative impact for listeners or for the project’s overall targets.

Namialo radio station experienced challenges with its radio transmitter component. The old transmitter was replaced with a new one with relatively smaller capacity - as a result, the number of working age population under the new system radio coverage decreased from the expected potential audience of average of 75,000 to 47,658 beneficiaries. However, this was off-set by a larger than expected adult age population in Angonia. As such there was no negative impact on the overall number of people under radio station coverage area.

Update of GAPs

The use of the promoted GAPs was negatively influenced by the accessibility of the complementary agricultural inputs and market. Agricultural inputs such as superior seed varieties and pesticides were not available in the communities, therefore preventing farmers from uptake. For instance, the high national importance of the FAW meant that the project disseminated instructional videos to inform farmers of the existence of the FAW and suggested control methods, including the use of pesticides. However, these chemical inputs were rarely available in rural communities. It was a similar case with certified seed. One of the main reasons for this is the limited logistical and distribution capacity of many input suppliers (e.g. SSTP subgrantees), which leaves them unable to respond the local demand. In Mozambique distribution of any

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. product is expensive and logistically challenging, and few inputs firms have yet to establish a cost-effective distributions system which enable them to reach smallholder farmers.

Market conditions also influenced the use of some promoted technologies, such was the case for the use of groundnut dryers. Although the project disseminated instructional videos to reinforce farmers’ understanding and adoptions of dryers to better preserve the crop quality, including the control of aflatoxin, and farmers claim that they are now familiar with the methods, they demonstrate little willingness to put this into practice due to the lack of any market incentive for aflatoxin free produce (buyers offer no price incentive for different quality grades). To counter this, project extension staff explained that improved production and post-harvest management practices can result in increased yields and reduced post-harvest losses (regardless of farm gate price), without the use of demonstrations this it was not fully possible to convince farmers of this. Future interventions should therefore consider leveraging support from interventions in the field such as other Projects (e.g. PROMAC demonstration fields and field days, technical assistance from SDAE technicians’ interventions, etc.). In addition, interventions which support buyers to implement quality standard programs would also provide farmers with a market incentive to implement improved practices.

Marketing of ICT services

In order increase awareness among farmers, the project conducted various cost-effective marketing activities such as roadshows, community fairs and leveraging support from existing CLUSA projects with a field presence.

In relation to marketing activities involving road shows and community fairs, it was noticed that most people interacting with these were men. This is perhaps due to social and cultural norms which result in women being more afraid of coming forwards than men. In addition, there are disparities between female and male ownership of/access to cellphones. For instance, the survey indicated that 40% of the interviewed women had cellular and only 23% of them attempted to engage with the 321 Services. For marketing activities to increase their reach to women, the project needs to consider more gender sensitive marketing strategies such as promoting services in locations highly visited by women – e.g. health centres, adult literacy groups, etc.

During the reporting year an SMS alert was sent out to inform farmers on the existence of the new agricultural information. Based on the results, can was concluded that SMS alert (from survey and 321 Service platform user trends) could successfully alert farmers on the existence of new content, such as, encouraging farmers to engage with the 321 Service. Thus, the project will consider promoting ICT services using SMS alert periodically.

Planned Activities to Project Close

The major activities for season 2018/19 include:

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. • Hosting agriculture content - the project will facilitate the testing/uploading of the third batch of the 321 Service agricultural contents for the following value chains: sesame, banana, papaya, sugar beans, pigeon pea and cashew.

• Video broadcasting – as the next agricultural season begins and farmers are focused on the land preparation and planting, the project will disseminate the old (though revised) videos demonstrating GAPs to refresh and encourage farmers to use conservation agriculture practice and use of high- performance verities. The Project will continue disseminating videos though collective shows with the use of TV solar powered screens.

• Field visits – technical assistance visits will be conducted by ICT and by other CLUSA project staff to: assess whether farmers have applied the practices demonstrated by the videos; understand farmers’ concerns towards GAPs practice and make recommendations for better plan for next video preparation as well as define how best can other CLUSA project staff assist farmers to overcome their concerns.

• Demand creation of ICT services - to increase the use of the 321 Services, the project will continue investing in its marketing campaign. This will include: sending a further push SMS alert to the 321- agriculture tree beneficiaries to inform them of the new contents; conducting roadshows and distribution of marketing materials with clear instruction on how to engage with the 321 ICT services;

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. Appendix 1. Success story

Changing Knowledge and Skills with the Use of Video Screening in the Community of Teterene

“When watching video about the Fall Army Worm (FAW), I could better understand which pest I was dealing with and how I could best control it.” Says Ms. Maria Delfina.

Maria Delfina belongs to a farmer group of Teterene in Meconta District, Nampula Province. This is one of the groups which the Extensao Multimedia Project worked with during the agricultural season of 2017/2018.

Moving images have the power to educate, inform and entertain its target audience. Now thanks to modern technology such as affordable digital video equipment, solar technology and the advent of Youtube the process of creating and showing videos has become far more accessible. With the aid of training from a specialist media company in Nampula, Extensao Multimedia was able to produce high quality videos in-house, using its own Project field staff – those who best know the terrain, the challenges facing smallholders and how best to present information in a smallholder-friendly audio-visual format. These staff were also critical in helping to select the most pressing topics, resulting in the production of videos showing i) how prepare land with the use of agriculture conservation method, ii) how to prepare cassava planting material and planting, iii) use of good quality seed and varieties, iv) use of driers for groundnuts, v) the Fall Army Worm (in maize) and control methods. Videos were filmed in Portuguese and local languages (Macua and Lomue) and included testimonials from experts as well as other smallholder farmers who could give testimony about the importance and how they have benefited from using the promoted practice.

The videos were broadcasted in community centers over four Districts of Nampula and Zambezia Provinces (Meconta, Ribaue, AltoMolocue and Ille Districts) with the use of solar powered television screens. In addition, videos were screened at 10 selected agrodealers’ stores which had also been equipped with solar paneled screens by the Project – this helped to aggregate additional viewers who often visit their local agrodealer store not just for purchasing inputs like seeds and fertilizer but also for general advice and guidance. A total of 806 (male 439, female 367) smallholder farmers have watched the videos. It can be argued that the actual number was higher than this, but some agrodealers do not record the names of all the individuals who viewed the videos.

Generally, each video session takes around 20 to 30 min to allow not just for the screening but also for a focus group discussion involving Extensao Multimedia staff in addition to CLUSA extension staff from other Projects. Thus, the videos reinforce extension workers’ capacity to deliver extension services to the farmers they assist, representing an additional teaching method to add to their toolkits. Group discussion is vital to ensuring the full learning effect of the videos, since it provides a platform for feedback, dialogue and interaction: the audience reflect on what they have seen and heard, pose questions to a panel of experts, learn from other farmers’ experiences and contribute ideas towards future videos’ content and delivery, ensuring that they are increasingly community-led. Most importantly, it is by directly observing viewers’ experiences with the videos that Project staff can assess their full impact – what viewers found most useful or interesting, which of the promoted Good Agricultural Practices viewers are most likely to apply (and why), which concepts require

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A New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition Project funded by USAID’s Feed the Future, UK Aid, and IFAD. further explanation, and what needs to be improved by the Project when creating future videos. From a behavior change point of view, this makes Extensao Multimedia’s video sessions a powerful tool not just in transferring the knowledge required to adopt new behaviors but also in understanding the social and societal norms that act as determinants in behavior change.

Smallholders working with Extensao Multimedia demonstrate a clear preference for audio-visual learning tools in comparison with traditional face to face extension: “I had the opportunity to engage with extension officers and receive advice on how I would work on my farm. But it isn’t quite easy to understand the messages from extension officers as it is from watching the videos.” Said Maria Delfina Paulo, 42, smallholder farmers a member of Teterrene farmers’ group.

Farmers are similarly impressed with the videos’ content. “When watching video related with Fall Army Worm, I could better understand which pest I was dealing with and how I could best control it. I remember seeing the FAW in my farm and could not manage to control it. As it looks likes corn caterpillar, I thought I could use the same very methods to control it. But it did not work. Thanks to the videos, I now understand that I was dealing with a different maize pest - the fall army worm - and as such I should use different methods to control it and improve my harvest” continued Ms. Maria Delfina.

Extensao Multimedia has found that video attracts rural people’s curiosity, it overcomes the hurdles of illiteracy and is in-line with the story-telling or narrative culture that prevails in Mozambique. There are masses of scope for not just instructional videos but also more narrative based videos which leverage local experiences and narratives to excite, motivate, and empower communities and marginalized populations to move toward improved agricultural practices. One major advantage of today’s technology is that almost anyone can produce a reasonable quality video with relatively simple portable digital technology, and through the internet they can make it available to all - all of the Extensao Multimedia produced videos are openly accessible to CLUSA extension staff and others via CLUSA’s own Youtube channel, in addition a video production training program is underway for all CLUSA Project extensions staff in order that they too can contribute to the stock of videos. Combined with the fact that most extension staff relish the process of film direction and production, the sky really is the limits for CLULSA’s use of audio-visuals in all of its smallholder extension programs.

Ms. Maria Delfina, smallholder farmer and member Maria Delfina, in the middle, during the vídeo of Teterrene farmer group screening

Figure 5. Video sessions in Teterrene community in Meconta District, Nampula.

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