CENSUS OF INDIA 196:1 VOLUME XX - PART VI N(\ HIMACHAL PRADESH
A Village Survey of CHAUPAL ( Chaupal Tehsil, Mahasu District)
Field Investigation and draft Guidance & Final draft by by MOHAN LAL GUPTA RIKJn RAM SHARMA Assistant Superintenden(of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh.
Editor RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH of the Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh. ••
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G0 NTEN T S Page Nos. FOREWORD PREFACE
1. THE VILLAGE 1-8
!ntrodll('[101l --OriKill of the village Settlemellt lristory -Physical asper:ts-Climatc Cremation groulld-- Water sources- -Re,sidel1tial puttern-Flora-Fawta - Places of public admini stration alld welfare ill~tilutiol1s -Postal facilities--Places of Il'orship,
2. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 9-28
TIle people-Castes-Physica! feature- -House type-Furniture and /tousehold goods Dress -Ornaments--Fuel and lighting-Utensils Food alld drinks-Birth customs,-Marriage Customs-Death rites.
3. ECONOMY 29-54
Workers alld IlOfl-lI'orkers-Size Classification of Land -Possessioll of Lalld Agriculture-florticu!ture-Animal 11lIsbandry-Crafismell and artisans-Shopkeeper - Trade alld CO/11merce- Rural indebtedness- -Lvmllreights and 11Ieasllres-Income~Expellditlire.
4. SOCIAL AND CULTLRAL UFE 55-77
Age and sex distrihlltion·-Populatioll ---Birth, marriage alld death statistics--Inter village relationship-Education -Immigration -Tatooing --Leisure alld recreation-Beliefs and sllperstitions-- Famil)' :-,tructure and inheritallce of property-Status of ]I'omen· Inter caste relationship--Panchayaf-Cooperative Soriefy-Clwupal employees thrift & credit society Medical alld publir health- -Temple managemcnt-Religion-Festivals alld fairs- Community Development and other activities.
5. CONCLt'SION 79 6. APPENDICES 81-98
ApPENDlX-f Extracts from journal of a tour through part of the SIIOIl'Y ranges oj the Himalaya Mountains alld (0 tire sources oj the rivers JUl11n(l Gild the Gallges -By J. B. Frasc/' 1820.
ApPENDlX-ll Extract from' A Glossary or rhe tribes and c(l\(es of the Punjab and HJ-VFP' by II. A. Rose.
ApPENDIX-III Relationships. ApPENDiX-IV Con1'ersion table ApPENDIX-V Nailies of Vikrami mOllths AGPENDlX-VI Numericals \ Cardillals) ApPENDIX-VII Numericals (Ordinals) ApPENDIX -VIII Directions and time. ApPENDIX-IX Puzzles. Maps. Drawings and Photos.
Mohan Lal Gupta O. C. Handa R.K. Vaid. Photographer, Forest Deptt., H.P. Tuka Ram FOREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical under-pinning to their conclusions'. 1n a country, largely illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehension of e"en such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an understanding of the soicial structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was happening around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipUlation '. This explains why the fndian Census came to be interested in 'many by-paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship' from anthropology and sociology to geography and religion'.
In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralintion on ths other' my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where.
Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no jntention to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowedly purposive: the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going- on and some kind of a map of the country.
A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geographical, occupational and even ethnic diver~ity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows:
(a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community with one predominating occupation, e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum culti:vators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers etc. A village should have a minimum popUlation of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700.
(b) At least seven villages were to be of numerically prominent Scheduied Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700.
(c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and sattled character and contain variegated occupations and be if possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant popUlation 500-700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquarters and business centres, It should be roughly a day's journey from the above places. The villages were to be selected with an eye to variation in term.s of size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, neamess to hills, jungles and m.ajor rivers. Thu~ there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of villages. If, however, a particular dillLrict contained significant ecological variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to ~tudy the special adjustments to them It is a unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms ofrefe renee, as my colleagues wanued up to their work. This proved (or them an absorbing voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled mc to enlarge the inquirys scope again and again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then venture further a field, and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in the quality and coverage of the monographs, it served to, compensate the purely honrary and extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over and above the crushing load of the 1961 CenSus.
It might be of interest to recount briefly the stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first _ Census Conference in September, 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress; ornaments and foot-wear; furniture and storing vessels; common means of transport of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and brids; markets attended; worship of deities; festivals and fairs. There were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each house hold, the other for the village as a whole, which, apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry suggested in the September, 1959 conference introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance, moyeable and immoveable pro perty, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership, and organisation of cultural life. Jt was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to empirical 'feel', to approach. qualitative change through statistical quantities. It had been difficult to give thought to the importance of 'just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations, but once the census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, a series of three regional seminar in Trivandrum (May, 1961), Darjeeling and Sri nagar (June, 1961) restored their attention to this field and the impcrtance of tracing social change through a number of well-devised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages already done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics offered, and also beca use the 'consanguinity' schedule remained to be canvassed. By November, 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing desire on the other to draw conclusions-from statistics, to regard social and economic data as interrelated processes and finally to examine the social and economic processes set in motion through land reforms and other laws, lagislative and administrative measures, technological and cultural cbange. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December, 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and technical confment on the frame of Survey and presentation of results.
This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they had originally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quality. This is, perhaps, for ~he first time that such a Survey has been conducted in any country,and that purely as a labour oflove.It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to achieve; to construct a map of village India's social structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of infonnation about the country'. Apart from other features, it will'perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documentation.
ASOKMITRA New Delhi Registrar General, India. July 30, 1964. PREFACE
Selection of villages for Socio-Economic surveys in Himachal Pradesh offered me an opportunity to visit places which I could have normally not seen throughout my life and this was a delightful experience which has left an indelible impression in my mind.
Chaupal was selected for survey some time in 196]. This is a multi-caste village predominantly inhabited by Rajputs. Unlike other village Surveys its study would reveal certain aspects of life which are different than those prevalent in the so called developed places which are nearer to towns. Except random references in travelogues by Seven Heiden and Frazer, this is a pioneer ~ffort to present in some details the socio-economic conditions of the people who have been living in the remoter part of our country. The scope of enquiry was quite.large and any amount of investigation would,sometime leave one thing or the other and [ had to send ~he Investigator more than once to this village to check up the lingering doubts that I often had. This village lies at the foot of Chur-Chandni, a hill peak about] 2,000 feet high. Surrrounded by thick and lovely forests the village bears a beautiful look. One of the main grouse which the people have often expressed every time is that the area still remains cut off and they have not been lucky enough to get a road link though about two decades have elapsed since the development works started in Himachal Pradesh. When we took up this project the bus service was available upto Sainj only and a journey of 52 kms. had to be_cQvered on foot. It is only recently that a fair weather bus service has been extended upto Deha, an important intermediately vi_lIage between Chaupal and Theog.
This is a transitional period for the villagers here. They have of late become conscious of the deve~ lopment which is taking place in other parts of the Pradesh and some of them certainly feel that it is time that they should exploit the resources at their disposal to get good return from their land which is ideally suited for potato cultivation and apple plantation. Just across the ridge the farmers in Jubbal have made trcm~ndous efforts in' Horticulture, but due to transport bottleneck this a.!:ea ha-s~laggedDehind. No dOUbt SJm~ oft-hel'rogressive farmers among them have talken the lead and they are earning quite a bit from app~e orchards. This is enough to give insentive to others.
If all goes well this will also be one of the best regions which shall undergo many changes-chan~es for the betterment and prosperity. If people take up Horticulture as their brethern have done in Jubbal, Kotkhai and Kotgarh they will soon catch up the so called pioneers.
I would like to convey my warm gratitude to all thsoe who rendered useful cooperation in bringing out this monograph.
I hope this little piece of work, like others, will come up to the expectations of the lovers of the Census publications.
Boswell, RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH Simla-5.
1. The Village
Introduction and Chaupal has attracted the covetous eyes of planters and many have acquired lands at suitable Chaupal is a small village lying at the foot of places and planted apple orchards. Some orchards Churi Chandni-a hill peak about 12000d ft. high planted early have started bearing fruits. The clearly visible from Simla towards east and co valley is reported to be well suited for apple vered with snow throughout the winter. The chau growing. Many more planters are expected to pal valley before the formation of Himachal reach Chaupal valley as soon as the road upto Pradesh formed a part of the erstwhile lubbal State. Chaupal or beyond is constructed. At present lack The tehsil headquarters of Chaupal Tehsil are of transport facilities in the Chaupal valley have located here. In spite of its being a village of to a great extent restricted horticultural activities importance and in spite of the fact that the area there although the climate and the land is reported claims rich forests, Chaupal still has the distinction to be Very favourable for this venture. of being the only tehsil headquarter in Mahasu district not yet approachable by vehicular traffic. The village gets a good snowfall in winter and The road to Chaupal from Sainj is under constru due to excessive .snowfalls the path gets usually ction since long and the vehiculai traffic has been blocked up. In the monsoons, long stretches of opened upto village Deha only as recently as path become muddy. There is a sprinkling of April 13, 1967. Nowa regular bus service from Government employees, shopkeepers and their Simla to Deha runs which is suspended in rainy ·families. Offices of the Divisional Forest Offiicer, season due to land slides on the newly constructed Block Development Officer, Tehsildar, Post Office, road .. '\ Police Station are located at Chaupal. Their buildings including that of Forest Rest House When we took up investigation of Chaupal are of modern structures, because the village has sometimes in 1962 even Sainj was hardly connected been the seat of tehsil headquarters for quite by vehicular traffic. One had to cover all the som'3time past. At one time this also used to be distance from Sainj to Chaupal 52 Kilometres on the capital of erstwhile princely state. foot or on mule back. Now the way to Chaupal from Simla runs through Theog, Chhaila and then The main castes residing h~re are Rajputs j back again to Sainj by a side road where one has Sunars, Kolis and Lohars w1th agriculture as to cross a newly constructed bridge over Giri their main occupation. To supplement their income Ganga. This bridge is called Lilooh bridge. Then some families do silversmithy, blacksmithY and there is yet another bridge over a tributary of basket-making as their subsidiary occupations. Giri-Ganga at a distance of about 2 miles from When Chaupal is linked with a good all-weather Sainj. This bridge goes by the name of Bajroli motor road, it is expected to emerge out as a big bridge. From then onwards the road up to Chau market for potatoes and apples. pal has not to cross any khad. The last lap of journey from Deha to Chaupal, about 27 kilo Origin of the Village metres, has to be traversed on foot and the road . passes through magnificent deodar forest. It is not exactly known as to when the founda Previously before the vehicular traffic the entire tions of the village were laid, or how it derived road used to hum with activity on account of its name. According to the elders, same four many mule caravans that carried good~ between centuries back, a few _families of Thakurs used Sainj and Chaupal. There were halting places for to live here. The ruler of Jubbal state defeated mules and multeeers at Sainj, Pipal bazar, Deha the overlord and annexed this territory. At one and Chambi. Now the mules are steadily being time this remained the capital of the state and pushed off the road, as goods are carried at the ruler used to live here during summer. Here cheaper rates by vehicular traffic. Sainj and Deha was a big fort till four decades back. Duirng are likely to lose importance soon when a wazir Sher Singh's time there was a fire and the through bus service between Simla and Chaupal fort was burnt down. A temple of Shirgul deity starts running. The whole valley between Sainj has been erected at the site of the fort. A beauti- 2
ful description of the Chaupal fort has been taken The village is at 7,685 feet. It lies on the 77.5°P from James Baillie Frasher's Journal of a tour longitude and 8l.0°F latitude. The nearby sur through part of the snow ranges, which is given rouding slopes are moderately steep and range in in appendix No. II elevation from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet.
So far the name of the village is considered it Beyond Chur Chandni in the South lies tehsil is believed that the word Chaupal is derived from Rainka of Sirmur District while on the east lies the Hindi term 'Choupal', meaning a meeting place the minus area of Uttar Pradesh. Sub-tehsil or a somewhat flat portion of land. The upper Kotkhai borders Chaupal in the northern direc portion of the village is somewhat flat in appear tion. A wide panoramic view of the hill ranges is ance, therefore, this place seems to have acquired seen from here. The majestic range of Chur Chan- this name. dni at 12,000 feet, is about 26 Kilometres away. This remains covered with snow for six months
Settlement History~ during winter. In some of the hidden ravines of the peak, snow is found throughout the year. Legendary version of the settlement history as Many a villager and some outsiders visit the Chur recorded in the village note book during Vikrami peak during the pleasant months of summer. 1 hey Sambat 1950 is:- pay homage to Shirgul deity whose temple is situa ted at the foot of the peak. Arrangements for the iqjT OfiSqt;f : l1T~~ ~T'RT.,;:fo Z ~~rfiT f~l1r-{ ~ pilgrims to stay are available. One passes through some of the most beautiful forests beyond village \9T"~R ;:f 0 ~ lfT'1TT ~T~T f~Tmr ~r ~ OfT~iifTiifa Sarain while going to Chu[ peak. ~Tf<:fi~ ~ Her husband went into the river in a chivalrous fall at the higher altitude with rain and hail at spirit in search of the lost ornament. The moment lower altitudes. Snow does not remain for long at he entered deep water, he 'stumbled againest the the lower portion of Chaupal. On the higher trealiure. Overpowered by temptation, he wanted reaches snow does not melt easily and may stay to get hold of a part of the hidden wealth. A voice uptil the end of March. was heard that he should not touch the wealth except the' ear-ring of his wife. The voice cautioned The change over from winter to summer is him that if he took any other object ,than his gradual. The months of March and April are wife's ornament, it would cost him his life. He, delightfully pleasant. The temperature rises therefore, came out of the water only with the gradually after the middle of April. Then come the ear-ring. rains by the end of June or the beginning of July. Occasionally a thunder and hail storm may occur Underlying rock and soil--On higher ridges granite during May and June, which are normally dry and gneiss are found. Elsewhere, schists, shale months. The monsoon lasts upto the end of Sep and slate stones are the principal rocks. The tember. The sky is invariably cast with clouds, structure of the soil is clay loam and well suited hummidity is high and the air full of fog and for tree growth. mist. Climate October and November are generally dry and there is a gradual fall in temperature. An occa The village bears a sunny aspect and the climate sional snowfall may occur during these months is bracing and vigorous with a tinge of cold. but such snowfalls are few and rare. The winter lasts from December uptil the end A rain guage has been installed in the tehsil of February and is characterised by heavy snoW- office and the rain fall data is recorded regularly. TABLE NO. 1. Temperature Data 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Month Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. Maxi. Mini. ./' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 January 46 32 47 34 44 31 48 31 60 39 47 33 47 33 41 33 February 53 36 57 40 47 33 52 31 47 34 47 33 50 32 52 34 March 63 46 60 40 53 39 65 42 60 42 58 40 60 43 60 31 April 65 43 73 50 60 45 70 46 65 47 65 43 73 46 62 43 May 68 51 83 59 70 57 80 57 77 56 81 57 81 57 68 51 June 81 162 71 59 78 56 86 51 84 56 82 62 79 57 76 56 July 75 60 76 59 74 60 80 63 82 62 76 64 76 64 August 72 60 74 59 72 59 72 60 75 64 16 63 74 59 74 59 ,September 73 56 74 58 70 55 73 58 72 60 68 58 74 54 71 59 October 62 48 61 50 65 52 66 49 64 52 65 55 63 -49 63 SO November 60 43 54 43 57 43 63 45 53 43 53 42 58 45 58 44 December 52 36 47 34 49 37 62 35 49 37 49 37 52 37 50 37 4 TABLE NO. 2. - Rainfall 00 00 00 00 (I) >, >, >, '">, >, '" 00 >, oil oil C!'l o;l oil 2 >, - '">. o;l "0 "0 "0 ;§ .... o;l - "0 "0 ;§ .... "0 -CI) .... "0 ~ '"@ '->, .... » :E 3 .... >, -'- .... ,a 0"0 ~ .... » .- "- 3 '-» 0» o Q 0c: -» 0» _c o c roO °c "@c °c '"@c °c'._ ~Q..... _ '"@=..... "@Q .....oil;::: _ o,S '"@Q .0 OIlN '.- 0';; o'.- o;! '0'; o'a Qro oro o·~ o -o;l O·t; o'a c)'a oro o'ctt Month z~ E-o~ Z~ E-o~ Z~ ~~ Z~ r-.~ Z~ t-<~ Z~ t-<~ Z~ E:-~ Z~ r-.t:::: z~ ~~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 li' 18 19 January 10 4.16 7 6.68 10 ..9.20 6 5.70 23 11.60 4 1.80 7 4.52 5 5.80 4 5.30 February 5 2.51 13 11.28 4- 2.35 3 1.12 11 4.60 2 .51 9 5.37 10 6.05 March 6 3.93 6 3.27 15 10.00 7 3.22 8 2.48 6 2.80 12 3.03 2 .45 April 6 1.77 4 2.80 .10 6 2.60 8 1.86 4 .64 6 1.21 11 2.27 May 4- 0.44 5 1.81 9 4.22 4 1.68 5 2.60 5 1.67 6 1.59 5 1.50 6 2.23 June 7 3.35 6 3.40 3 2.54 11 3.67 6 4'.45 2 1.83 8 2.00 7 2.94 9 4.22 July 17 9.62 18 10.15 11 8.79 20 14.75 13 15.20 19 15.80 22 14.88 20 7.86 17 12.43 August 13 6.74 16 9.33 21 14.52 15 7.80 II 5.43 12 4.86 15 6.93 14 8.49 15 12.17 September 6 3.37 8 11.36 12 5.72 6 2.90 10 9.91 16 13.49 11 4.38 4' 1.95 13 6.55 october 2 2.22 10 16.41 8 17.36 2 3.28 3 2.69 2 1.55 2 .35 4 'l'67 November - 4 .90 2 .45 .. 2 2.60 4 1.73 December 2 2.47 3 .60 2 .40 20 7.80 2 3.50 4 3.50 ., 2 3.17 2 1.53 ------ Wind-Wind is not much prominent in the 10ca~ the people of the village because of the long dis lity. But it occurs with some force during rainy and tance and very little quantity of water. In summer winter months and may cause some damages to it virtually dries up. The third spring is known as crops and forests by uprooting them. Bothla lying in Manjotli circle. A few households from Chaupal use this water. Cremation Ground Numerous surveys were conducted for the regu~ Swarans and Harijans have separate cremation lar supply of water. But villagers with great regret grounds. Brahmins and Rajputs being quite near to inform that none of these surveys materialised. The Nikoda stream, cremate their deads on the bank of two small perenial streams from where the water is the stream. Harijans take the deads to N och-ni~ proposed to be brought are, Sadachh and Bachla dhar, half a mile upward and quite near to the for~ nearly 12 and 5 Kilometres away. est rest house and cremate there. Children below ten years are burried. Lepers are also burried. An interesting legend is worth mentioning here. A marshy pond known as Shor lies in the village The place is known as Jorna. quite close to the school. It is said that this pond Water Sources serves as source for the two water spring-Dhadhoo nala and Takhnol. Many decades ago, the plaCe The only source of water is Dhadhoo nala, half a where the marshy pond lies, was inhabited by 18 mile down on Chaupal-Sarain path. Some water households, Once a Sadhu came to the village. gushes out of this spring. During dry months of Villagers told the sadhu that they had to face great summer the quantity of water decreases. A long difficulty in bringing water from a long distance. queue of the villagers are seen in the days of scar city. Sometimes people land into scuffles. - The Sadhu gave them a dry gourd containing some water instructing that this may be sprinkled Another natural source is the Takhnol spring at the place hear the village where they wanted a which lies in Bhodha circle. This does not benefit source. An elderly person took the gourd and kept 5 it in the cowshed at a safe place. By mistake, the Forest Office, Police Station and Recreation Club. gourd toppled to one side and the whole water Offices of the Block Development Officer, Tehsildar, came out. The whole place including 1g households Chaupal Panchayat and shops and hotels lie in submerged in water and all the people died .. A Bodhna circle. Due to shortage of residential build little pond came into existence. ings, many government employees have rented houses in two adjoining villages. As time passed the people from nearby villages began to build new houses by the side of the pond. They could not live peacefully and started dying Flora quickly. They consulted a pandit of Satak village who advised them to plant shako grass arouJd the Chaupal forests are famous for their timber. pond. The ruler of lubbal ordered the grass to be The village is surrounded by ever green deodar planted and thus the area became worth living and trees and a number of other species. Within the the lives of the people were saved. village, numerous apple and pear trees are grown. Walnut trees are also planted by a few households. According to the elders of the village, the pond Quite adjoining the office of the Divisional was very deep about 25 years back and men were Forest Officer, four suJeda trees stand in a row seen swimming across this. Now this is a small adding beauty to the village. Forest Range Officer, sized untidy looking pond where cattle are watered Chaupal has given a detailed list of species found. and bathed. The water is not fit for even washing These are given below :- clothes. Botanical Names Vernacular Names Residential Pattern Abies Pindrow Morinda The village may be divided in two parts. The Acer Caesium Kainju first part towards :Manjotli village consists of the Ahnus nitida Kunis main habitation. The second part adjoining the Artemisia Vulgaris Badhna village is composed of the government offices and their residential buildings. Arundinaria falcata RingaJ Berberis 'aristata Kashmoi All the houses in the first part have been built Berberis Lycium Chatroi in an irregular manner. In between the houses are long terraced fields. Dominated by the Scheduled Betula alnoides Kath Bhuj Castes, five households of Rajputs and Brahmins Betula utilis Bhojpptra have a separate residential site. Their houses are Buddleia paniculata Sendroi below the maiQ village about two kilometres away, These have not been built in a cluster and are Cannabis Sativa Bhang widely spread. The houses of Chamars, Lohars and Cedrus deodara Deodar Turis have come up on the three sides of the Shir~ Comus maerophypla Kagshi gul temple. The houses of each caste are closely built. Kolis own houses fifty yards below the tem~ Corylus colurna Kapasi pIe. Badhis have houses nearer to the office Cotonaster bacillaris Raunsh of the Divisional Forest Officer. Th7 houses of Cotonaster microphylla Bhedda different communities have been linked through narrow paths. Every household has its own kitchen Dalbergia Sissoo Shisham garden laid on one side of the house. There are Daphne Cannabina Dhak Chamboi invariably pear and apple trees growing close to Delphinium denudatum Main the houses. These are apart from the orchards that have been laid on commercial scale. Desmodium gangeticum ShafjJ(irani Deutzia Corymbosa Bhujroi The second part has government buildings, syste~ Dioscorea deltoidea matically constucted on both sides of the Manjot1i~ Bodhna road. Among them are the Divisional Echinops echinatus Gokhru 6 Botanical Names Vernacular Names Botanical Names Vernacular Names Euonymus tingens Bhambeli Rosa moschata Mujoi Grewia oppositifolia Biul Rubus ellipticus Hinsalu Hedera helix Mithiari Romex hastatus Chulmora Hypericum Cernuum Phiunli Salix elegans "- Chhoti Bashroi Ilex dipyrena Kanderu Sarcococca pruniformis Tlliari Indigofera pulchella Sa/dna Skimmia Laureola Kathurchara J asminum humile Shonjoi Spireea Canescens Takoi J uglana regia Ak7u at Spiraea Lindleyana Latkar Lonicera angustifolia Gyeang Staphylea emodi Chitra Lonicera arientalis Taknoi Symplocos Crataegoides Lodh, Lodra Machilus duthiei Kawala Taxus baccata Thul1es Mahonia nepaulensis Khoru Thymus Serphyllum Hasha Morus serrata Kinnu Verbascune Thapasus Gida.r Tamaku Myrsine africana Bal. IVan Viburnum cotinifolium Bhutnoi ,Olea cuspidata Kau Viscum album Chulu-ka-banda Picea morinda Roi Vitex Negundo Shimalu Pieris ovalidolia Ayar Vitis himalayana Kanadar Pinus excelsa Kai/ Vitis semicordata Kanadas Pinus longifolia Chir Wiktsroemia canescens Chambai Populus Ciliata Zanthoylum ala tum Timbur Prinsepia utilis Bhekoi Fauna Prunus armeniaca Chuli Prunus cerasoides Paja The reserved forest around are infested with a variety of wild animals. Among these, bear, ghural, Prunus Cerasus Chuli jackal leopard, langur, monkey, porcupine and Prunus Communis Alucha rabbit are the common. Among birds the crow is P~unus padus Jamoi the camm.onest type found during the whole year. Other birds found are-bat, doves, Chakor, falcon, Prunus persica Aru fowl, magpie. Monal, pigeon, sparrow and val Punic a granatum Danoi ture. Some of these may be seen on way to Chaupal Pyrus lanata Pai and others in the village. A variety of snakes and leeches varying in size and colour are found. Pyrus Matus - Sew Among domestic animals buffaloes, bulls, cows, Pyrus Pashia Kainth dogs, goats and sheep are the common. Then Quercus diIatata Moru there are some mules and ponies and many a donkey here and there. Quercus Incana Ban Quercus seme carpifolia Kharghu -Place of Public Administration and Welfare Institutions Phamnus Virgata Thanthar Rhododendron arboreum Burans - -._ The office of the Divisio:J.al Forest Officer is the Rhus cotinus Tung oldest Government institution located in the heart of the village. It has a ·beautiful building surroun Ricinus communis Erandi ded by well-planned and laid out kitchen garden Rosa macrophyl1a Bhannra Kujoi and popular trees. To one side is the office of the 7 Forest Range Officer. Forest Rest House is located In the middle of th(! village is a temple of Shirgul at the upper edge of the village boundary. / Devta. Comparatively speaking 'it is a big three The police station is at the lower boundary storeyed wooden building. The wooden carvings of the village on Chaupal-Sarain path The on the outer part stand eloquent testimony to the Civil Hospital and Government High School, close skill of crude crafts-men. At the entrance are the to each other are situated near the marshy pond. carVings of Sahayoks the guards carrying naked The office of the Assistant Engineer (P. W. D.) is swords. There are different motifs of animals and located on the other side of the Divisional Forest ornamental designs. There is a big courtyard att Officers's office. ached to the temple where the religious ceremo. nies are held. A number of other government offices are located in Bodhna circle adjoining Chaupal village. An important legend is associated with the This is due to shortage of accommodation here. temple. It is said that 'Shirgul' was the son of a Brahmin. Who originally hailed from Shaij village, The tehsil office is housed in an old pacca build now in Sirmur district. He was a great worshipper ing which was built during the state time. Office of Lord Shiva. Having been pleased with devotion of the Block Development Officer is housed in a Lord Shiva endowed him with great pOWer. During new building constructed out of their own funds. the reign of Mohammedanas,he even went to Delhi. Veterinary Dispensary, Panchayat Office, Office- of The Mohammedans eat beaf and they had made it Co-operative Societ~ and Wood Carving Centre a point to demolish temples and construct mosques (Ind.) are all located in rented buildings. at the temple sites as much as they could. Having been tired of these cruel acts, he fought with the Postal Facilities Mughal emperors Fighting even spread upto Paonta in Sirmur, where he was taken prisoner. During the state time, there was a branch Post With the help of his accult powers he broke even Office at Chaupal but subsequently, after the the iron chains with which he was screwed. Then formation of Himachal Pradesh this post office he was tied with leather -ropes. Gugga came to his was converted into Sub-Post Office. The dak is rescue and in the disguise of a rat, bit the leather distributed daily in the village. ropes. Then he set out towards the Himalayas to spend the rest of his life worshipping lord Shiva. A telephone line has been completed linking In his search for a lonely place, he reached the Chaupal with Theog and Simla. Telegrams are place where the temple stands.. now and found that also accepted. the place was encircled.. by a demon in the form of a big cobra. He fought for the temple and with Place of Worship the help of his disciple Gugga, ultimately succe eded in slaying the cobra and established himself There are five places of worship in the Village. premanentIy on the spot. It is due to the chival The first is of Launkra Bir deity. Its temple is rous deeds and helpful attitude of the Devta that situated near the rest house when one enters Chau villagers of all castes hold him in high esteem. pal. It is said that this diety protects the lives and I property of the villagers. The second small temple People nail coins of differnt values at the doors. of Shiva is at the peak known as Gadal, 2 kilo Round small or big brass vessels are offered and metres away. A small new temple is under construc nailed on the upper ridge of the roof. The villa tion. Two small temples of Narsingh Bir and Gugga gers make vows to the deity for fulfilling certain Pir deities are situated in ChaupaI. Pir is a deity of desires. When that is fulfilled, a coin or a vessel the Scheduled Castes and is held in high esteem. is offered to the deity. -- In its temple are placed iron chains and a rod. 2. The P e 0 pIe and The ir Mat e ri a 1-E qui p men t People cattle. In the social status they claim a higher position than Chamars. Mostly Hindus reside here. There are just a .... few households of Sikhs and Muslim, these are the Government officials who may be transferred any Lohars:-Two households of Lohars have 5 day. males and 5 females. These are the artisan community and carry out their ancestral Hindus are divided into eleven castes. There occupation. They get grains from each household are Brahmins, Chamars, Khatris, Kolis, Lohars, at the harvest time and plough the fields. In the social status, they an' ."~~._.1 better than Kolis Rajputs, Rehars. Sunars, Tarkhans, Turis and and Turis. Vaish. Rajputs:-The three households with 52 persons Castes are the local villagers. Two of them are the decendant of a Thakur family which settled here Brahmins:-':fwo households of Brahmins with more than a century ago. The third family has 10 males and 10 females are the old residents of migrated from Keonthal during the last generation. the village. The rest of the 16 households with 21 These are the cultivators first and last. They also persons are government servants and their families. rear up cattle. In the social ladder, they are at The two households reside about half a mile below' par with the village Brahmins. Dhodho nala. They are not priests, and concent rate on agriculture and~ till the land. They are on an equal footing with Rajputs and do not Rehars:-The two families are composed of 8 accept food from any other caste except Rajputs. males and 4 females. One of these families has migrated from Iubbal in search of livelihood. Per Chamars:-All the five households with 21 males sons from this family weaVe baskets and get grains at the time of harvests. They tiJi their small land and 22 females are the residents of the village. ,/ They are here since time immemorial. Besides holdings. The other person lias come from Uttar depending on agriculture, they work as skinner, Pradesh and works as a sweeper in the hospital. tanner and leather workers. In the caste heirarchy His social status is more or less equal to the village they occupy the lowest position. Lohars. Khatri:-Seven households of this caste com Sunars:-Out of the four families of this caste prise of government officials. These are here from one is a Government official. The three families different parts of the pradesh. with 18 males and 15 females have come from Sirmur according to Dhani Ram. They have good fields in which they have laid apple orchards. Two Kolis:-Out of six hO)Jseholds, five households families are skilled silversmiths. They get cash belong to the village. The remaining one house wages for the ornaments they make. One of the hold is a government official. Then there are 36 Sunars is the village Lamberdar, his two sons are in villagers consist of 18 males and 18 females. These service while Dhani Ram has-sent one of his sons households have migrated from Iubbal and one to the Engineering college and the ;ther has joined each from Kotkhai and Tharoch. Their ancestors the Indian Air Force. These families are quite first got the land on lease for cultivation and now well off. The third household has since left the gradually have become the owners of the land. traditional work of silver smithy and concentrates They do agricutural labour for other zamindars of on agriculture and labour. the village or in the adjoining villages, and rear ...... -- __---- _"l I lndil' \ < ~ ...... ~...... r t h" H c P"' ? t '. I I.. , [I it) 1 (_);'f-]N-\ (, p ., • \ 1 __ ___ ._ ~S~;( ~I~ ~ ~_ 10 Tarkhans:-Four households of this community climate, has its own effects. Leaving aside the / are the village carpenters. Out of these, only two Government buildings, villager's houses are made families practise their traditional occupation be, of stone and timber. No mortar is used. For the sides depending on agriculture. Making and roof, slates are used. The houses are double store repairing of agricultural implements is also a part yed or may even be three storeyed. The doors of their job. As there is no male member in the \ are low. The timber is more and frequently used rest of the two families, therefore, they only bec,ause it used to be easily and cheaply available. depend on agriculture. They rear cattle, and in the inter caste society rank above the Lohars. The Government buildings are two storeyed. A few of them have G. I. sheets and wooden planks roofing. The roofs are gabled in shape and rooms Turis:-The two families have 12 persons. Their are well ventilated. great grand-father had come from Balsan. Usu ally this caste is found either near a village temple or in the capital of a state. They do agri Recently Giaru Ram has built a four-storeyed culture and are the ~illage tailors. One of the house on a modern design. Turis beats the drums at the temple. He plays music at the time of marriages, and gets food on Material :-The materials used are stone, slates, such occasions besides a little cash and other and timber. Stone is collected from the nearby present's., In the social status, these persons are stone quarries after obtaining a permit from the placed below the Lohars. Forest Department. The mason dresses them either at the quarry or at the site. For slates too, TABLE NO. 3. permits are obtained from the Forest Department. Then these are extracted from the slate quarries located in the nearby grazing pastures. The best No.of slates in Chaupal Tehsil are found in Rupadi and ReIi- Caste house- Mattal quarries about 13 kilometres away. It gion holds Males Females Total is reported that slates from these two places are even carried to Rainka Tehsil of Sirmur District 1 2 3 4 5 6 and to villages in Uttar Pradesh. Hindu Brahmin 16 28 13 41 There is no scarcity of timber in the village. It Chamar 5 21 22 43 is available at Zamindari rates. These rates are Khatri 7 10 2 12 very cheap and a deodar tree may cost about a Koli 6 19 19 38 rupee. For obtaining the timber, villagers apply to Lohar 2 5 5 10 the Forest Department through the village Pancha Raj put 28 50 32 82 yat. Usually the number of trees recommended by the Panchayat is sanctioned by the Forest Rehar 2 8 4 12 Department. Iron bolts and nails are purchased Sunar 4 18 15 33 from local shopkeepers at exhorbitant rates. Tarkhan 4 7 13 20 Turi 2 5 7 12 Labour:-There are two ways of collecting the Vaish 2 2 2 material for the construction of a house. The tradi Islam Muslim 1 tional way is to collect the material with mutual Sikh Sikh 2 2 4 help. This is known as daroch. For it, the owner who wishes to construct a new house calls his 176 134 310 Total: 80 relatives and close neighbours. He would explain his plans of construction. The men gathered would I Volunteer to help in collecting the material like House Type stones, slates and timber. At the night, they are served with food like sidoo and ghee. A rich man Houses here are influenced by the traditional may even slaughter a goat to be served to the designs generally found in Chaupal Tehsil. Cold villagers and the workers. Wine is served. 11 The second way of collecting the material is No other specific reason could be found. Dry that the owner may engage labourers and make masonry work is carried right up to about six cash payment. Sometimes the wages are paid in seven feet. Dressed stones are used on both sides kind. The owner engages the skilled labour at of the walls and the gape is filled in with un even the slate quarry or in the jungle from where the stones. Small nitches are kept in the walls. materials are to be brought. The Stones and Stout horizontal wooden beams are placed in the slates are dressed and the trees felled. These wall after everyone foot during the construction are Sawn into beams and planks. work. The wooden beams are used to ensure the' durability of the house. These keep the house warm. When the wall reaches a hieght of about In the past, contract for the construction of the 6-7 feet, long thick wooden beams of 6 I I X Y I I are house or for each storey was given to a mason. placed over them. These beams may be projected The contract value used to be in the past between by about 6 feet from the wall to one direction for Rs. 200 and ~OO for a double storeyed house supporting the verandah. Wooden beams of about having four rooms. Or it used to be about Rs. 6-6 feet long or inserted to the other sides of the 180 for each storey with two rooms. The amount wall if the verandah is to be laid on more than could be paid either in cash or kind. But now one side. These are kept at the start of the work daily paid labour is engaged. by the owner. A on second storey, in a horizontal level with the mason or carpenter noW charges Rs. 5 per day projected long beams. and an unskilled labour is paid Rs. 3.50. The ground floor is used as a cattle shed. If The village carpenters and blacksmiths are there it has two or three rooms the spare room to assist in designing the wooden frames. The may be used to keep agricultural implements or unskilled labourers are available in Bodhna and for storing household goods. Manjotli villages. Upper Storey:-After filling the gaps in between Foundation:-The foundation of the house is laid the wooden beams, further construction of the do_wn on some auspicious day fixed by the wall is carried upto about six feet. Space for pnest. Even, the mud of the, site at which the small nitches and for wall, almirahs and windows bouse is to be built is shown to him, lest it be are kept during construction. The opposite smaller haunted by some evil spirits. Thc site is levelled walls are raised to form a gable for laying the and cleared of all the stone boulders. The founda roof. The rooms in upper storey are used as tion is dug up to about 3 feet..At the four corners kitchen and sleeping room. of the foundation, four stones are placed. The Roof laying:-On the top of the gabled smaller priest lights earthen lamps over some grains at the corners and conducts a brief worship. It is after walls, a stout long ridge beam ~'placed. After this, that the work on the foundation is started this, wooden poles are placed from the ridge beam on both the sides. Their outer ends rest on with dry masonry work. When it reaches the the gabled walls and are projected by about 4 feet. ground level, further masonry work is started The projection serves as a roof over the verandah. according to the thickness of the wall. Generally no plinth is kept. Juggery is distributed at the time Then from the ridge beam, long poles are kept of laying the fuondation, Dhani Ram informed on both sides upto edges of the longer walls. The that the foundation till its completion is watched distance between such poles are about two feet. lest anyone may throw some charmed article After laying the wooden structure in a gable shape, into it. This can harm the owner of the house or work on spreading the roof is started. It is carried his relatives. from the ends to the ridge beam. First of all two layers of slates are nailed into the wooden stru Ground Floor:-The doors of the lower storey cture. These may be of bigger sizes of about 3 are placed when the wall is about a foot high from x 4 feeL The slates in upper layers are of smaller the ground level. The doors are placed at an sizes. At the ridge, an over-lapp1Ilg -of slates from auspicious time. Jaggery is again distributed the opposite side is arranged in order to\ protect among the gathering. Generally the doors of from any leakage. Round vents are kept in the the houses are found facing towards the East or roof which operate as sky light. During rains, South depending on the sunny aspect of tee area these are closed with slate. 12 Ceiling:-Before laying the roof, horizontal Compound:-In front of the house a circular wooden beams are placed over the walls of the. compound is made. A low parapet wall is cons upper storey. The ends coincide with the outer tructed all around the platform and the floor is ends of the gabled beams. In these horizontal laid with plan stones. This serves as a barn for beams wooden planks are nailed. The planks are different agricultural operations. Social functions thick. In the corner, an inlet of about 2' X 21' are held in the compound. dimension is left for entering into the space bet ween the roof and ceiling, used for keeping Completion:-After the above stages are complete, household articles. the rooms in the upper storey are ornamented from inside. Half the walls from the bottom, are pann Floor:-The ground floor is first raised by about eUed with wooden planks. These have carvings of 6 inches by filling small bits of stones. Then a layer flowers from outside. Even the almirah flaps have of flat stones are placed to give the ground a carvings. Timber is used to keep the rooms warm finishing touch. The floor of the second storey and to impart a touch of beauty. About 1 inch is made of wooden planks after these are tho .thick mud plaster is applied to the walls from both roughly planned. At one of the cor~ers, a sides. When it gets dry a 'coat of cow-dung is rectangular entrance to the lower storey is kept. given. In the last, white washing is done. It is This can be closed. then regularly done twice a year before impor tant festivals. Doors, Windows and Nitches :-1 he doors are small but made of thick planks. The dimension There are no bath rooms. During summer, men is about 3' x 4'. Preferably one piece plank is used. bathe at the spring. Women bathe in open on one The sil of door frame is also very stout. The hooks side of their hOllses. In the verandah in front of of the door are inserted into the holes on both the kitchen, a projected platform of about 6 sides of the farme. From inside, the door can be x 4 feet is raised by 2 feet. It is used for cleaning closed by means of a latch system. A handle and utensils and children are given a bath there. chain are fixed from outside. Some houses have round brass handles, with lion's head carving. The kitchen is separate and kept very clean. These are fixed to add beauty to the house. In some The hearth is made in one corner at a little raised of the modern fashioned houses the doors are of space. There is an opening in the ceiling for smoke full size, 4' x. 6' with glass panes. . outlet. Except government buildings, the houses do not A few houses have small windows. The~e are have latrines. People go outside in the open. provided in the upper storey. Dhani Ram's house has bigger windows where glass panes have been The characteristic feature in the houses found used. here is that the floors of the second storey ang verandahs are kept very clean. Women are seen Nitches are wood pannelled. Nitches are made rubbing the floor with kanslz grass soaked in to keep the household articles. Similarly, almirahs water. Stalks of kalvni millet are used. are pannelled with wooden planks. Kothur:-This is a pucca store room for keeping grains. A few houses have separate kothars, built Verandah :-Four to five feet wide wooden adjacent to the main house. Four or more com verandah extends to two or three directions. It partments are made1in it for keeping different rests upon tne horizontal wooden beams over the grains. Some households have kothars made in a walls of the first storey. The verandah, of course, room in the lower storey. Separate grain stores is without any ceiling. are safe in case a fire breaks out in the house. The way to the upper storey is by wooden stair Housewarming:-When the house is ready the case constructed along the wall. It reaches the last ceremony of house warming takes place. The verandah which leads to rooms. The stair-case in priest performs a brief worship of the local deity. some cases has been made of a circular log of The owner throws a feast to the near and dear wood, in which nitches for steps are cut. relatives. Others are given jaggery. 13 The cost of a double storeyed house with two English Local rooms in each storey is about Rs. 4,UOO or more. H is not less than Rs. 2,000 if the material is Sleeping room Bhaithak collectively collected. 1 he timber is collected at Bartandari rates. The paints and glass panes are Sil of the door Dewad not used. Stair-case Sheid The different 'parts of the house in the local Shed near barn Khadodi dialect are:- Verandah Tong Wall Bhit English Local Almirah Labari Barn Khada In all, there are 179 rooms in 80 houses. This Ceiling Chlzandcl includes the fifty-four households of government Cow shed Obra employees with seventy five rooms. 310 persons occupying 179 rooms work out roug)1ly a room Stair-case Umad for two persons. Only four households, two each Covered verandah Budan of Sunars and Chamars with 58 persons have Door Duar more than five rooms. Eight households with 81 persons have four 'rooms each. Six households Floor Mela with twenty four persons have three rooms each. Fixed wooden seat in 38 households with 105 persons have two rooms Verandah Tadi each. 22 households with 29 persons have one Grain storage built room each. The last two categories included about above the floor Khanda 75 percent of households belonging to government Grain storage built employees. Villagers on an average have four below the floor Dobdi rooms for one house. Hearth Choolh Caste-wise households by number of rooms and Hole for smoke outlet Sandhali by number of persons occupying are given in table Kitchen R-asoi No.5. Nitches Tirah Projected space for Furniture and aousehold goods cleaning utensil Dalan The tables No.6 and 7 give an idea of house Roof Chhappar hold furniture in possession of different communi Room in middle storey Manhaj ties of the village. - Space between roof and ceiling Karwa Separate grain storage Kothar 14 .... I • o~'" 00• ::l"'O0 Z..c:..::: o..... ..... ....N .....o ..... .....00 00 o 00 ..... '" o...... N ..... o..... ...... o .... ,...... 'o~ I • o:! .'- S '" N 00 o N N N (508ot ...... " ..... 00 E-tZ~8.o o o ' N .... 00 N N N N .... ,5 § 0 .~ ... ~ 8 '"' ... l- .5 :; I- ... :q ..c: S ...... ";ij Po o:! ..c: o:! ~ o:! ~ 'C\j' ..c: § :e... ·c U ~ .d ~ '0 0 .l 15 .d rIl o,t ...... ; ...... N N N N ...... N N >- ...... N ..... N N ..... N .... N ...::s ...... I-< p ~ ...... ,.1:1 Io:t Io:t ...... N N ,IcI...... N .... ~ ...... N N ...... N 01 ..... N o,t N ..... t"'l ..... N o,t I.Q N N ::s~ ..... [f.) ...... d 0 ...... l4 .... ti5 ~ .~ ... N ..... N N ~ ] a- N ~ ~ :;:: ... C) ::s \D ' ~ 0 ~ ] .... 0 :a ... ~ 8 u 0 ::s E 01 -< rIl rIl ..d d .d >. p. ·2 B :::s '" ..... 0 0 0 t:: ., 0 0 ~ .d rIl I'd rIl ~ 0...., .... p. 0'" bIl 0 '" .d ..l4'" .... .d ·8 . 0 ... a ....l ~ u t:1 .!:J 0 ~ '0'" ~ TABLE No.7 rally use open type of pyjama of striped cloth. Old people use a type of pyjama that is narrow at Chhabi Small basket for keep the ankles and loose above. This is called Rebdar ing breads. Suthan. A jacket is also worn which is more or Chiman. Wick lamp less an imitation of Jawahar jacket. It is called Cholru Basket for keeping Sadri. In winter Sadri is made of patti cloth and wool in summer it is of cotton cloth. It has got pock ets. In summer a coat is not considered necess Chonti Big basket ary while in winter it is generally used. The mate Galol A big bow for keep rial is home made patti. This coat may be butto ing the birds away ned up or a frock coat. In severe winter or while from fields. going places a peculiar type of upper garment is Kilta Conical basket used by well-to-do people. This is called Lohia. It is made of patti cloth and long strips of cloth Hukka Hubble bubble " are sewn together in a fashion as to give it a shape Kandu Grain storage of cloak rather than a coat. Two wide and long Khaldi Skin bag sleeves are also attached to ft which are seldom used in the manner the sleeves of a cost are used. Kharcha Rug made out of These sleeves are left dangling. This Lohia goat's hair is held 'tight in front with one hand as no buttons Koti Wooden box are used. The Lohia is used as an upper garment Shee/ and Sheelawenta Stone slab and roller in the area ofTheog, Chaupal tehsils and Rainka for grinding. of Sirmur District. Elsewhere it is not used. A Lohia is generally made once in a life time and ~s Sooenta Broom soon as it shoWS signs of wear and tear at a parti Shoop Winnower cular space it is patched and a time comes when Ukhal Musal Mortar pastle the entire Lohia presents a spectacle of patch work and it is difficult to find out of what material it was originally made of. Patch work locally called Besides the above househld goods, some villa Talli lagana is very common in this area and gers have swords and old guns. For their .beddings working clothes of agriculturists are covered with the villagers use rugs, Kharcha, Khindroo and so many patches. dabli or dhod. Khindroo is a thick ru~ made out of rags. Dabli or dhoa is a double woollen blanket. On ceremonial occasions an Achkan like A few households families use pillows, guilts and garment called Choga is used but it is not a piece bed sheets. of dress that is commonly in use. The better furniture are seen in houses of Dhani People use shoes made by village cobblers. Ram, Karam 'Qass, Sunar and Jiwan Ram Turi. These shoes are called Pante. During winter when They have sofa sets, tea sets,radios, leather attache there is heavy snow shoes made of goat's hair are cases, tea-poys, hamam for heating water, chakki, also used. These shoes are warm and are known camera,rani charkha, wrist watches and clocks, as Khurshei. Yet another type of shoes are also and ,Iron. used, the upper portion is I made of goats hair Dress thread woven over a leather sole. These shoes are called Laiyao. Villagers dress up simply and mostly in home The dress of the women consists of a Dhatu made woollens in winter and cheap cotton in sum which is used as head dress. The dhatu is a squ- , mer. Children in summer generally do uw.,ay with a are piece of some bright coloured cloth. It is shirt and do not use any other garment. The male folded diagonally to give'it a triangular shape and dress consists of a cap resembling the famous Gan is tied at the back with a loose knot. This typical dhi cap and is made of any cloth that may be ava colourful and distinctive head dress is used in many ilable. The shirt commonly called Kurta may be parts of upper Mahasu. Dhatus of bright yellow with or without collars and is buttoned up to neck. and bright orange colours are much liked while The pyjama is called a Suthan. Young folk gene- ,the fancy of a women knows no colour bounds and _- 17 she may use any colour tliat appears to her. Wo wife with a variety of ornaments, Better off men of some well-to-do families also use Chad.ar women may wear gold ornaments. While silver in place of dhatu. Otherwise women use Salwar ornaments are a must with others: and Kamiz of ordinary type. The every day dress is made of cheap material whereas while going to About 10 years back, during the state regime, fairs or a marriage occasions art silk clolh is scheduled caste women were not permitted to use generally used. A peculiarity in this area is that gold ornaments. Only women of high castes could every married women feels ill at ,home so long as use them. Now, the order of the past does not she does not have a woollen over-coat. This over hold good. Women use ornaments of their coat may be used even in summer when she has to choice. attend a fair. I The two skilled silversmiths in Chaupal make Old women use Chapkan instead of the over gold or silver ornaments of old and new designs. coat. This is a Achkan like garment with a skirt They have been making new and light ornaments and bodies and goes down up to ankles but its use out of the old ornaments. New ornaments are is fading out. Jhe old women may also use Rep sometime purchased during fairs. dar pyjama instead of Sa/war and Rebdar pyjama is always made of patti cloth. By habit, most families are shy in showing their ornaments. They are kept in boxes. Some The women may use any type of shoes that times the keys are lost or misplaced or any other catches their fancy. From crepsole to sand~l and excuse is ther'e: On fairs festivals or weddings, from chappal to desr jutt; can be seen in use by one sees women wearing many ornaments. ' women of this area. Hair style-Young men and school going boys ORNAMENTS FOR THE HEAD have a close hair cut. Elderly villagers of ten Chak-This is a hollow cup-shaped silver orna remove all the hair. 1 hey get the hair cut by the ment with different floral motifs used by married barbers that come_ from Kangra. Women keep women, weighing about 100 grams. long hair. After parting the hair in the middle, they give a single plait at the neck. A black or Shangdi and Tika - A silver bend for the fore colou.red cotton jutti is ~sed. Mustard oil, ghee head holding a small silver carved disc which falls or oil of wild apricot is used as hair oil. on the forehead. The disc known as Tika has fine meenakari of blue or green colours over it. The cloth is purchased from the bazar. A few shops have a vaJiety of g09d cotton and woollen lutti-This is an ofd ornament not used comm cloth. The garments are stitched from the local only now. Made of different silver pieces - added tailors. Wages are paid in cash Tuesday, Satur day and Sunday are considered bad days for to gether and tied to the plat. purchasing the cLlth and for stitching. ORNAMENTS FOR THE EAR Change in Dress-The young men have started using tight trousers. School boys like knickers. Dandia - Th;se are small ear rings made of gold The local made shoes are only used by the elders. or silver. Used in the ear holes to be 12 or more at V-shaped ruffer chapal are becoming popular the upper portion by elderly women. among school girls. Women like sandles. Salwar is fast replacing reb dar suthan. Overcoat with kandadey-Big silver rings with silver beads. young woman and a coloured umbrella in hand has become a fashion of the day. They can- be easily Dharotu-A mango'" ~hape ring having 3-4 spotted on occasions like fairs, festivals and circular groves of~ire at the10wer end. Weighing weddings. Prints that are seen commonly in simla about 15 grams. are popular in these areas Mungri - A thin gold or silver wire is cir~led Ornaments together to about 2 inches diameter with a hook to As a rule, women wear ornaments after their fix in the earlobe. A favourite among the old marriage. The husband would like to provide his women. 18 Kantey-These are ear rings of different designs Kanthi -A silver neckl~ce having a pendant in the centre. Some meenakari may be done on the in silver or gold. pendant. Tops-A star shaped ear ring with small stones fixed in the centre mostly used by the younger Buttan-These a:c_e silver buttons on silver chains used in the shirt. girls. Bragar-This is known as tungal. Mostly made ORNAMENTS FOR THE WRISTS of silver. The better off families use gold bragar. A fairly big size ear-ring with colour pearls hooked at Dhagley-These are heavy and thick silver the lower end. Green stones are preferred. This bangles with carvings of lion's head's. I weighs about 20 grams and used on festive Choodiyan-These silver bangles are popular occaSIOns., with women. ORNAMENTS' fOR THE NOSE Band-These silver bracelets cover about the , entire fore-arm, used on ceremonial occasions. Long--A silver or gold ornament used on one side of the nose studded with tiny beads. This ORNAMENTS FOR THE FINGERS weighs about 6 grams. Guthi-A plain ring or studded with a coloured Tilli-The smallest Torm of long may have a few stone, made of silver or gold in different designs. tiny beads. Used regularly by the married women. ORNAMENTS FOR THE ANKLES Kadolu-A pendant shaped small silver or gold ornament. Worn in the central part of the nose. Paizeb-A silver band weighing about 200 grams Weighs about 20 grams. and worn round the ankle. A jungling sound is produced by the hcllow silver beads hooked to it. Nath-A big nose ring having sharp edges. Covers both the lips. Made of silver or gold this is ORNAMENTS FOR THE TOES not so common now-a-days. Poldiyan-A plain ring worn on the toes. ORNAMENTS FOR THE NECK / In the past men used to wear ornaments like Kach-A band shaped silver- ornament made of dhagley, kan-badey, murki and dosdu, but now small silver beads, tied quite close to the neck. they do not use them much. These are the changing Weighs about 150 grams. times. Hansli-Also known as tandiri, this is a silver or Fuel and Lighting a circular Kara. Old women use this ornament. Fire wood of chir, ban, dyar, kaiI, baikhad and koshmod is used in every household. Dried wood Dasdu-A necklace of silver coins having three is collected from the surrounding forests. Anyone or four chains of diffe;ent sizes. The coins are tending the cattle returns with a back load of mounted on coloured thread. This ornament covers fuel in the evening. the whole breast and was a very popular ornament in the by gone days. There is no electricity in Chaupal. For lighting kerosene lamp is very "Common. A few households Jantar-A small holI,ow rectangular silver. casket have hurricane lanterns. For moving around the having crude carving of local deities tied round village, villagers at night light thin sticks of kail the neck. trees.These a,re known as Shekha, and only resinous strips at wood are used for the purpose. The wood Haar-A big silver necklace havi.ng a large without resin is known as Sheelkha and is used number of chains. Weighing about 500 grams. as fuel. 19 The traditional way of producing fire by striking Lohati For frying iron with a white stone is also prevalent. The iron Lohdan It is used for cooking is known as Akchan while the stone in local words Sansi For holding utensils kneading flour is Shakra and the firecotton like grass which Tasla For For baking breads catches, the spark is known as Kupad. Tawa Earthen Vessels Utensils Ghodi A pitcher for storing water Hothku A small vessel for milk The utensils for cooking are known as Okhar. cogulation These are of brass, Dronze, aluniinium, iron, wood and clay, purchased from shops here or from Wooden Vessels Theog. Every household owns a wide, range of Chor A hollow wooden log for utensils such as :~ storing water Doki For serving meals NAME OF UTENSILS Gutu A big hollow vessel for washing clothes. Local Name Description Handu A longish vessel for churn~ ing curd Brass Utensils Kandadi For kneading flour Chimach Spoon , Besides, a hollow dry gourd is used for keeping Daba .Cylinderical vessel for whey. Earthen vessels along with chilam for cooking meals hukka and earthen lamps are purchased from Shapra Dehatoo For steam baking breads or and Shak villages, 13 and 19 kilometres away. vegetables Shapra is a well known place for good pottery. Gilas For drinking water Food and Drinks Karchi For serving meals Katortu For serving vegetables or In summer the staple diet of the people of diffe pulse rent communities in is wheat, rice and barley. Kanad A big vessel for kneading While maize forms the main diet during winter. flour Besides Koda, Cholai, Cheena and Kawni are con sumed. Khumbda A very big vessel for cook~ ing meals during ceremonies The villagers take meals th:t:ice a day, on an Lota For serving water average. Thali For serving meals Chihali-Is a morning meal taken at about 8 Tokni For storing water 0' clock. This usually consists of roti or chapati Toli A big pot for cooking and left overs from the previous night. Stale meals bread or sattu with whey is taken by the poor Bronze Utensils families. Bhaddoo For cooking pulse and meat Dopahar-This meal consists of fresh chapati, Kauli For serving vegetables or pulse or vegetables and Whey. This is the mid pulse day meal. Thali For serving 'meals Bayadi-This is supper. Occasionally rice and Copper Utensils 'Bulse is preferred. Daig (Dekach) A big vessel for heating Rice is boiled and taken with pulse or- vegetables. water Kawani and cheena grains are cooked as rice and Iron Utensils balls are made of it. These are greatly relished with whey. Koda and Cholai are mixed and Balti For storing water (bucket) ground to flour and roti known as chaloti is made Chimta Fire tongs of that. 20 , Pulses -Mash, masar, moong and chana are tht'! Wine -Chaupal tehsil is a dry area. Villagers kinds of pulses cooked by boiling in water. When are addicted to drinking. Locally illicit distilla the pulse is soft, Tudka is applied with a ladle full tion is common. When this does not meet the of ghee, onions and chillies. Now this is ready to requirements, Solon wine and other alcohol -are be served. smuggled into the area. During fairs, and festivals wine is, we gather,'commonly served. A few villa Vegetables~Vegetables are eaten more durin& gers from Chaupal have been convicted for illicit the monsoons when seasonal vegetables are grown. distillation of liquor". Potatoes are eaten throughout the year. Brinjal, cabbage, lady finger, tomatoes, pumpkin, gourd, r Smoking-Men and elderly women smoke the kachalu, chalai and sarson~lw~sag, kare/a, chatri hubblebubbles, which .is known as Chi/am. This and chaoon are the vegetables that grow here. is used in most of the households of the villages These are fried in mustard oil or ghee and then and is purchased from Theog or Simla. A few served. persons own bronze chiIams that are made in Nahan. Special dishes-A number of special dishes may be prepared on festive occasions. These are:~ Tea-All the households take tea atleast once a day. It is becoming aJI tbe more popuJar. Jaggery is commonly used for sweeetning tea. Sidkoo or Sidoo-This is thick fermented chapatt of wheat flour. The bread is steam baked. A Fats-Milk is converted into whey and ghee. little paste of opium seeds is added to the bread-to Only children receive their share of milk. Ghee - make it delicious. Taken with ghee, this is deli and mustard oil is used for frying vegetables cious. and pulses. Vegetable ghee is finding its way into the kitchens. This is purchased from the local Patandey-These are made out of a thin paste of ..shops. Fats are consumeCl more on festive occasions wheat flour. These chapaties are baked on Iowa than other days. and taken with ghee and jaggery. Fruits-Villagers consume fruit like apples and Poldu<-Also known as babaru this fermented pears during August, September and October. thick wheat bread is fried in mustard oil and taken Walnut and sweet kernels of wild apricot are con with pulse. Sometimes mash pulse or opium seed sumed through out the year. is put in the bread. A few tables are given here which show the food Badey -Round small cakes of paste of pulse' of habits of the people. mash with a little chilli and salt are fried in mustarCl pi!. TABLE No.8. Habit of taking Sugar Shakdi -The paste of rice flour is first steam naKed No. of Households taking sugar with monthly Income of dried and fried in mustard oil. This is specially .A.______-..., r- prepared during Shivratri. Caste Above 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 Sattu -Usually it is taken d,uring summer with 2 3 4 5 6 whey. May also be taken with water and a little Brahmin 8 6 1 1 salt or jaggery. Barley. or maize grains are firs~ Chamar 1 1 2 1 parched and then ground to make sattu. Khatri 5 2 t-oli 1 2 2 Kheer, halwa-known as prasad are preparect Lohar 2 during festive occasions. Meat known as dolki i~ Muslim taken by most of the households. 'Thisis __erepared Rajput 8 15 5 by boiling and then frying with ghee, onion, garlic: Rehar 1 Sikh 1 and other spices. Occasionally a goat is slain to Sunar 3 .. 1 which the residents subscribe and then divide the: Tarkhan 2 2 meat among themselves. Eggs and wild fowls are: Turi 1 also consumed. Vaish 2 21 TABLE No. 9. Habit of taking Tea. TABLE NO. 10. Habit 0/ taking Meal Total num- No. of Households taking tea with ber of Households taking monthly income of households ------in each Two meals Three meals Caste Above 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 Caste Caste a day a day ______1--- 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 Brahmin 8 6 1 1 Brahmin 16 14 2 Chamar 1 1 2 1 Chamar 5 2 3 Khatri 5 2 7- 7 Koli 1 2 1 2 Khatri 6 1 5 Lohar 2 KoIi 2 2 Muslim 1 Lohar 1 1 Rajput 8 15 5 Muslim 28 23 5 Rehar 1 1 Rajput 2 1 1 Sikh 1 Rehar 1 1 Sunar 3 Sikh 4 2 2 Tarkhan 2 2 Sunar 4 2 2 Turi Thrkhan 2 2 Vaish 2 Turi Vaish 2 2 TABLE No. 11. Food Habits of Lohar Family Males Females Total Total No. of Members 4 3 7 Above 50 year&... 1 2 Between 30-50 years 1 "2 Between 10-30 years Between 3-10 years 1 1 Below 3 years 2 2 Fo~d H:s'Jits in respect of each member of familY ------One time Any other Relation to the No. of (Jne time weight head of Chapaties of rice if substance Name household. Sex Age consumed consumed consumed 2 3 4 5 6 7 Masta Self M 28 4 300 gms. Whey Pana Wife F 18 3i 280 gms. Vegetable Sania Brother M 65 3 250 gms. Potate and- Sattu Kanu Sister-in-law F 69 3 250 gms. ~ 40 gms: Kamla Daughter F 3 2 Chet Ram Son M 2 t 20 gms. Dalip Singh Son M t 22 TABLE No.1:!. Food Habits of Sunar Family Males Females Total Total No. of Members If 4 8 Above 50 years Between 30-50 years 1 2 3 BetVleen 10-30 years 2 1 3 Between 3-10 years Below 3 years 1 1 2 Food habits in respect of each member offamily One time One time Relation to the No. of weight of Any other head of Chapaties rice if substance Name household Sex Age consumed consumed consumed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dhani Ram Self M 31 6 200 gms. Whey Shanti Devi Wife , F 32 5 200 gms. Sattu Shomk Vati Grand mother F 50 5 200 gms. Vegetable Chander Son M 16 5 200 gms. Millets and Potatoe Jagmohan Son M 13 4 150 gms. Ashakiran Daughter F 11 4 120 gms. Manmohan Son M 8 2 100 gms. Madhu Daughter F 6 1 80 gms. TABLE No. 13. Food Habits of Koli Family Males Females Total Total No. of members 3 5 8 Above 50 years Between 30·50 years 1 1 Between 10-30 )ears 2 2 Between 3"10 years 1 3 4 Below 3 years 1 1 Food habits in respect of each member of family One time Relation to No. of One time weight Any other the head of Chapaties of rice if substance Name household Sex Age consumed consumed consumed 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jeoalo Ram Self M 40 4 300 gm Sattu. Lachhi Wife F 25 4 300 grus. Vesetable and Budhi Wife F 25 4 300 gms. Whey Shamu Son of Budhi M 6 1 50 gms. Prima Son of Budhi -_ M 2 t 20 gms. Sarju Daughter F 7 It 60 gms. Parju Daughter F 8 Ii 60 gms. Surtu D'aughter F 4! .100 gms. 23 Birth Customs Bandejh -On the advice of the priest, the parents rbay make a promise to the family deity for the long Some of the elaborate birth customs are given life of the child. This is known as bandejh. here. Restrictions are imposed on the work to After a couple of years on an auspicious daY,hawan be done by pregnant women. She is not permitted is performed. The family deity is sometimes sent to fetch wather or fuel from the jungle. for. A grand feast is given to relations and friends. J She is always given nurishing deit like milk, Nam Karan-The child's name is ~ither given by ghee and meat and the food she likes. the family priest or by the eldest member of the family. It is usually given any day after nine Delivery -The older women of the house help months or one year. Old types of names are not in the delivery. Elderly women of the neighbour favoured now. Dhani Ram has hamed his child hood may also assist. The trained midwife is called ren Jagmohan and Asha, Karam Das has given from the hospital. The delivery takes place in the names like Ramesh and Brij Mohan. The old lower storey which is kept clean. Sometimes help types names are no longer popular. The child is from an experienced women belonging to Sche taken outside the house after about two months. duled Caste is sought. Anna Prashni-When the child iEi about 8-9 The umbilical cord is cut wit.h a sharp knife and months old, solid food is given to the child for the placenta is burried outside the house. The mother first time. Before this, the child is fed on breast and the room in which the delivery takes place and cow's milk. On this day, a hawan is performed are considered polluted for a couple of days. by the priest. The child lies in the mother's lap and with the help of one rupee silver coin kheer is If a son is born, there is great joy. Guqs are touched to the tongue. This ceremony is observed fired. Jaggery is distributed among those present by Rajputs, Brahmins and Sunars. A thread IS tied and friends. The happy news is sent to relatives. in the wrist of the male child. This is known as The midwife if engaged gets Rs. 5 and a piece of Dhali. cloth. The woman from the neighbourhood who helps in delivery is given -Re. 1 and grains. Mundan-This ceremony is held in the 1st, 3rd, 5th or 7th year. This means shaving off the head Villagers come and offer blessings. They offer of the child by the barber who is paid Re. 1. A a little bunch of doob grass and a rupee to the light feast is given to relatives and villagers. sThi father. He returns the ruppee to the individual ceremony is performed by Rajputs and Brahmins. with an additional amount and little jaggery. Some families of Sunars and Tarkhans perform this ceremony at the Chyr peak. They prepare halwa and offer cash before the deity. After delivery the child is given a warm bath and the child's ears a;e gently pulled to ensure that the child is not dumb. The birth time is noted and Janeo-Sacred thread is worn by Rajputs and communicated to the family priest. Usually no Brahmins only. The priest gives an auspicious horoscope is prepared by the priest but the time is date and a simple ceremony is held. Guru noted in his records which may be of some help at mantra is whispered. into the boy's ears when a later stage. sacred thread is worn. He begs alms. The priest is given about Rs. 5 and some grains, while a During the first fortnight the mother is given feast is given in the afternoon. very light food like wheat nishasta prepared in ghee and soonth. Milk is given in considerable Boring of ears and nose~Girls get their ears and quantity. Better off families give almonds and nose bored when they are about four years old. dry fruits. This is done with a needle or a thorn. The ears and nose of boys are bored if they' are under thn Sutak -After 21 days, the unclean period is over. influence of bad stars. The mother may be taken to the upper storey earlier. On this day, Panch Garbi hawan is per Superstitions-Barranness of a woman is due to formed and the priest is given a little case and grains. wrath of some evil spirits so say the orthodox and Am.ong the Scheduled Castes the hawan is not conservatives of Chaupal. 'They consult the oracle performed. of their family deity and perform the ceremonies 24 according to his advice. If the child cuts the upper of rebdar pyjama, turban, shirt and a choga. He teeth first this is considered as a bad omen for the puts on sehra and wears dhagley, necklace and ear maternal uncle. rings. He also holds a ·sword. The colour of the turban and pyjama is pink. Marriage Customs Bara! -After a little worship of God Ganpati Of all the celebrations, marriage is the most performed at the groom's side, the marriage party important and colourful ceremony. The marriage prepares to leave for the bride's village composing able age for boys is between 14 to 16 and for girls, close relatives and friends. Usually this consists it is from 10 to 14. years. of the fifteen persons. If a party of village orchestra is employed, the number may increase Parents start becoming anxious and start the to twenty five. Members of the party are dressed negotiations about getting their children married, in their best clothes. For the bridegroom a horse when they are passing through their adolascence. may be arranged. Generally, he walks on foot. Gradually a search is made within the community in near by villages. Once a broad selection is made On reaching the bride's house the party is well the proposal is made to the girls parents from the received by the bride's parents and villagers at the boys side, by the m'lternal uncle and other villagers. village boundary. Arrangement for their lodging The girls parents make direct enquiries about the is made. The party stays just for one night. economic means of the boys family and other Thcy are served food twice. matters in which they are interested. The family priest is consulted. He sees they do not belong t6 the same gotra and are not influenced by bad Vedi-The marriage celebration takes place in a stars. If every thing goes well a date is fixed quadrangular structure made of dyar wood poles. for the betrothal. In some cases, the girl's parents This i5 known as Vedi. The long banana stalks have a look at the boy before they finally agree. may be used instead. Within the vedi, the priest Sai -At the time of engagement, the boy's father chants sanskrit hymns and performs the sacred gives the girl the following articles;- haven. The god Ganesh is worhsipped. The bride is brought to the vedi with her face covered. The priest ties the bride's, chadar with a loose Chak I cloth or Choga of the groom and takes the Tilli ~ Ornaments in gold or silver, Long J couple seven times round the sacred fire. He keeps on chanting the mantras. And thus the One complete suit, Red jutti and Sweets. marriage is solemnised. Sweets or jaggery is distributed among those who are present at the ceremony. In return, the Dham-The villagers are also invited by the Sai party is served delicious food. On their return bride's father to the wedding feast given in honour they are given a rupee each. Cloth may b'e given of the marriage party. The feast consists of rice, to the~boy. ~- pulses, potatoes and halwa. Shallar and ghee are important items of the feast. The family priest is consulted to find an auspi cious date and time for the marriage. Once the A rich family may also slaughter a goat to enter date is fixed preparations are made for the marriage. tain the marriage party. Each household invited, The relatives are informed and start gathering three gives 50 paise or a rupee to the father of the bride or four days before. A couple of days before before taking the food. This is known as bartan. the marriage the following rituals and ceremonies It is noted down on a paper for the return hartan are observed. at the time of the marriage in that particular household. Batna--Is rubbed on the bride and bridegroom who are given a warm bath. Women sing marriage Dowry -Simple articles constitute the dowry. songs. Mehandi is applied on the - h"nnds and There may be a bed, some clothes for the bride, feet. The _. dress of the bride consists of sa/war, a tin box and a few ornaments. Ornaments are shirt, chapkan, embroidered dhathu and a big mostly of silver except a gold laung or finger ring. embroidered choga from outside. By way of ornaments, she may wear ear-rings, rings Dhag/ey On the return of the marriage party, the bride is and necklace. The dress of the bridegroom consists received by the women of the house. The bro~her 25 of the bride accompanies the bride. The couple cash presents and grains. The priest claims the enters the house at an auspicious time. The priest offerings and grain. performs the Ganpati worship. At this end the groom's father also throws a wedding feast. to. the The expenditure on biah and Jhejhdu are almost relatives and villagers. Those who are InvIted the same. The rough estimate for a marriage give barlan money to the groom's father. comes to about Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,000. Dhanoj-Normally, after about a 'Week of the Reet-This is a form of marriage in which the bride's stay in her new house, she and her husband women is already married once or more than once. come to her father's house for a brief stay. A relative On the other hand the men may also be married or friend of the groom may accompany the couple. once or more times. Both the husband or the wife After a few days stay the bride returns with her can have a change of his/her choice. A married husband. If she is a child, she stays back to woman may not like her husband. She may go return after a few years. to her parents house and subsequently -decide to get married to someone else. She conveys this 'to Jhejhda -This is common and simple type of her husband. They mutually agree to have a a marriage, celebrated without the family priest. divorce and the amount spent on the marriage is The matrimonial affairs are settled and a suitable given by the wife and ornaments given to her are girl is selected and sai ceremony takes place as returned. Before the brotherhood the new man usual. The bridegroom does not go to the bride's gives away the said amount to her husband.' This house headed by a marriage party and village is known as Chhoot. The wife gets in writing from orchestra. her first husband that the matter has been settled and nothing is due form her. This is known as On an auspicious day a party of about five men Razinawan. It is after this that she is free to marry consisting of the groom's father or brother and again as and when an auspicious day is fixed by other respectable villagers or near relatives leave the family priest. The marriage, takes place for the bride's home. This party is known as according to biah or jhejhda form. Baratoo. The head of the party takes an ornament The reet amount ranges from Rs. 100 ot Rs. and clothes for the bride. She puts on the clothes 1,000 or even more. With the common consent and ornaments. A Brief worship of Ganpati is of the people of different castes, it has been accepted performed by the elderly woman of the household. that the amount of reet should be very nomin~l. The party stays for a night there. Next day they It is now Re. 1 in most cases. With the decrease return with the bride. She walks all the way to in reet money, the number of such cases have, we her new house, accompanied by some relatives and are told, been increasing. villagers, who are known as Jha/hdoo. A feast is held at her home. On reaching her husbands' Haar-This is marriage by elopment The girl house she is well received. is whisked away by the boy with the help of his friends. The occasion for such affair is either a The bride enters her new house at an auspicious fair or when the girl has gone to attend the marriage time. The couple is taken to a room. Ganpati in the neighbourhood. is worshipped. The old lady of the house gives sweet boiled rice to the couple who exchange After the incident, the girl's parents with the help the food first and then eat it. The women sing of baradri or some elderly men of the village bring marriage songs. the boy to book. Though he does not return the girl, he is made to pay some amount ranging Rs. A wedding feast is held. A goat may be slau 100 to Rs. 500 to girl's parents for the insult ghtered. Those invited give case presents to the they received at his hand. A goal or the amount father of the groom (bartan). Merry making equal to its value is given in honour of those who continues for about two days. Guns may be fired. settle the issue. After this, the couple feads a happy life and the girl receives a11 the good treatment at The chief feature of all the marriage h'elo is that the house of her in-laws as she would have other after its conclusion, Satiyanarain-ki-Katha is wise received. always held. The family priest recites the katha. The couple offers Rs. 5 in cash besides grain. An elderly man expalined that in few families the Others sent for to hear the holy verses also offer girl's parents demand some cash money from the 26 boy's parents in lieu fo giving away their daughter. is about 7 x 3 feet. The thick wood placed This is generally prevalent among villagers having length-wIse are known as Fai and those placed low income. It also happens when the son has breadth-wise are known as Shod. The pyre is some physical defect. The amount given for such made of four layers. purpose is known as Dheri. The bier is takefrto the cremation ground, fo11o'\'. At one time polyandry was fairly prevalent, but ed by the mourning members of the family and other not so now. The reason given about polyandry villagers. The counch is blown. If an old person was that villagers favoured a joint family system. dies, coins are thrown over the bier. This is known There were less chances of quarrel in a family. as kurbani. The bier is carried by the chief mour The men were ambitious for close·knit family. So ners or near relatives first and followed by other were women. The only factor which could keep villagers. Four persons act as pall-bearers at one the brothers close was their common wife. More time. Hari-ka-nam-sat-hai and Ram-nam-sat-hai over there was less agricultural holdings which are chanted by the followers. Women and children could only feed smaller number of persons. Under do not follow. this system, the fragmentation of the holdings did not take place. At the cremation ground pinds-rice balls are offered to the soul of the deceased. As a Maha But now, polyandry is on the decline. The Brahmin is not easily available, death rites are reasons are obvious. At the time of survey there performed without him. If some one has lost was just one polyandrous family of Shankru Chamar. either of the parem!Y, he gets himself shaved at the Ten cases of polygamy were found during survey. cremation ground. Thjs is known as Shee Bhadra. Out of these, three men have three living wives to each. After this the dead body is placed over the pyre. Pieces of sandal wood are thrown over. Fuel is Death Rites again placed over the dead body. The chief mour ner wohld then lit the pyre and the body is consumed All the villagers in Chaupa] are Hindus. It IS by the flames. An act of sanctity is performed only the Government servents among whom there when the body is half consumed by the flames. is a Sikh and a Muslim. Therefore, we are just The head is touched with a long wood as a symbo giving the local customs among the Hindus. Chil lic gesture. This is known as Kapal-Kriya. After dren below ten are burried. Others are cremated. the pyre is considerably burnt, all the persons When a person breaths his/her last, he/she is made return to their houses. On thjs day no food is to lie on the ground. The ground is given a coat of cooked in the house and it is supplied by the rela cow-dung and a plain cloth sheet is spread. A tives and neighbourers. person is not made to die over the coat as it is considered inauspicious. The period of impurity is observed for 16 days. On this day, a little hawan is performed an9 family Pm:;otan-Small pieces of gold or silver or members start eating fried food. This is known as moonga, are put in the mouth of the dying person. Salsatri. The family priest will visit the house of The dead body is given a wash and wrapped in a the deceased on the 21st day and after performing piece of red cloth. This coffin is known as tala some little puja, wm further purify the house. He is or paaai. giyen a rupee and grains. Upto the 21st day in some households, Garud Puran, is read daily by the Word is sent to the relatives and villagers priest. An oil lamp is kept, burning during this who start pouring in. They offer condolences to period. Whenever a Maha Brahmin known as the family. The elders at once prepare the bier. Acharaj visits the house some belongings of the This is of two kinds. One is an ordinary type deceased are given to him. made in the shape of a ladder. This is known as Ram Shed. Another type known as Facla-ku is a decorated one made of carved wooden planks and The ashes of the deceased known as Astu are has arches. It is in the shape of palanquine. collected on the third day. Some take them to Hardwar for immersion in the Ganga while a few In the meanwhile, a party of youngmen proceed send them through registered parcel to the to the cremation ground to prepare the pyre, which Pandas 27 Bashotri-After a month and in some cases one Maha Brahmin is sent for and given a few articles year, a feast is held in the memory of deceased near of daily use like utensils and a bedding, A cot the spring. A cow may be given to a priest in may by given. charity. To the feast, all near and dear ones are invited. A little hawan is performed. Better off families set free a bull in the memory of the dece ased. This is known as Birgh. Shradh-After this the regular annual feeding of a couple of Brahmins takes place. Good "dishes Chabarkha-After four years, a feast is 'again are prepared. Invitees to this feeding are of the thrown to the Brahmins and villagers of other same sex as that of the deceased. Kalis and other castes are invited. Special food is ,prepared. The Scheduled Ca~tes do not observe this custom. j. Economy Agriculture is the main occupation here. Then ~ workers. Not only they do the domestic work, there are craftsman who make shoes do carpent but work in the fields alongwith men. 82 persons ary, black-smithy, silver-smithy and make baskets. are whollY dependent upon agriculture. About These craftsmen are keen labourers. Some young 30 per cent of workers are government servants. men work with the forest department or as labourers Two men work in a shop and one is a lawyer. in some constructional work under the Public One worked as tinsmith. Works Department. The rest of the 48 workers depend upon a,ri Workers and Non-workers culture and do subsidiary work as craftsmen. We may give here 3 tables about workers and The largest number of non- workers fall between non-workers of the village. These are classified the age group of 0-14. They are 61 males and by sex, broad age groups and occupations. 47 females out of total 132 non-workers, 69 males and 63 females. They are either infants In all there are 178 workers and 132 non-workers. children or full time school students. 6 wom~n Village women have been included in the list of are engaged only in household duties. TABLE No. 14. Workers and Non-Worker by Sex and Broad age groups Workers Non-workers ~ Total Population _____ .A.. ______, ~ ____.A.. ___, ~ _____ -A____ - __~ Ale Group Persons Males Females persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 fi 7 8 9 10 AU ates 310 175 135 178 106 72 132 69 '3 0-14 116 - 63 53 8 2 6 108 61 47 15 -34 102 62 40 90 57 33 12 5 7 35 -59 77 41 36 71 41 30 6 6 16 & over 15 9 6 9 6 3 6 3 3 TABLE No. 15. Workers Classified by Sex, Broad age-groups and Occupations. / Agriculture A,ricul ture Govt. Article's & Gov( and Agriculture Service Making Service Carpenters ~ __.A.~ ~___"_----. r---"----' ~---"---, ~ _ _A-----. Age Group P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All aKCs 82 35 47 53 49 4 1 22 10 12 9 3 (; 0-14 8 2 6 15 -34 34 14 20 35 32 3 12 6 6 4 1 3 35- 59 34 15 19 18 17 1 1 1 8 3 5 5 2 3 60 &.over 6 4 2 2 1 Agriculture Agriculture Cattle and and rearing Cobbler Cobbler Lawyer Shopkeeper Tailoring ~ __.A._-, r--_.A._----, ~_----A._, r-----"----, ,.---..A---.. r--..A-__, Age Group P M F P M F P M F P M F PM.FPMF 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 3334 All ages 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0-1<4- ...... 15-34 2 2 2 .. 1 1 .. 35 -59 1 2 1 - .. 60 &. over ...... 1 1 " ,. r 30 TABLE NO. 16. Non-worker3 by Sex, Broad age-groups and Nature of Activity Dependents, In- fant and Persons children not engaged attending Total Children only in school and Non- attending household persons perma- Age group. workers school activities nently disabled ,-_-A.__ ---, ,-----A------, ,-__A. -----, ,-_..A.._---, P M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All ages I 132 69 63 27 6 8 42 49 0-14 108 61 47 22 6 39 41 15 - 34 12 5 7 5 6 1 35 - 59 6 6 2 4 60 &. over 6 3 3 3 3 Size Possession of land The total area of the village is 178 acres, out of The average holding per family comes out 2.7 whieh 75 acres 'is under plough. I Other details acres. Brahmin, Chamar, Rajput, Sunar and are as:- Tarkhan families own bigger areas of cultivated land. Others have smaller holdings. Only the Total area 178 acres families of Brahmin, KoIi, Rajput, Rehar and Barren and unculturable land 9 acres Tarkhan have rented land. The Thakurs and Rajputs of the adjoining villages have given out the Land put to non-agriculturable use 8 acres land. Culturable waste 4 acres Permanent pasture and other grazing 70 acres Once the high castes were the sole owners of _he land agriculture land. Now, Harijan families have Current fallow 11 acres started taking over the land. Fallow land other than current fallow 1 acres Net area sown 75 acres Table No. 18 gives the possession of land by Total cropped area 107 acres households of different castes. Area sown more than once 32 acres Classification of land Agriculture Table No. 17 gives the land utilization statement Jinswar statements for Kharif and Rabi are given in respect of Chaupal for the last 13 years. No in table Nos. 19 and 20. These have been taken forest is included in the 178 acres. 42 per'cent of from the village note book. The principal crops the total area is under plough. 18 per cent of the sown in Kharif are paddy, majze, koda, cholai, total area is sown more than once in a year. Even cheena, urd and potatoes. 38.4 per cent of the total in the total cultivated area, there is no big increase area sown in 1963 Kharif was under maize, 15.4 or decrease in the acreage. ner cent of the total area was under paddy_ < 31 TABLE NO. 17. Land Utilization Statement Perma- Land under Fallow Land nent Misc. trees land put to pastures crops and other Area Barren non- and groves not than sown & Un- agricul- Culti- other included in Curr- uneurr- Net Total more Total cultura- tural vable grazing net area ent ent area cropped than Year area Forest. ble land. uses. lalld. land. sown. fallow fallow. sown area. once 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1951-52 178 9 8 5 72 8 73 85 12 1952-53 178 9 8 8 72 13 58 61 13 1953-54 178 9 8 8 70 15 68 83 15 1954-55 178 9 8 7 80 4 79 92 13 1955-56 178 9 8 8 70 22 61 75 14 1956-57 178 9 8 8 70 25 58 86 28 1957-58 178 9 8 8 70 25 58 95 37 1958-59 178 9 8 8 70 25 5a 95 37 1959-60 178 9 8 8 70 12 71 110 39 1960-61 178 9 8 -8 70 16 67 91 24 1961-62 178 9 8 4 70 20 67 115 48 1962-63 r78 9 8 4 70 11 75 Itl 36 1963-64 178 9 8 4 70 11 1 75 107 32 .__ . - TABLE No. 18. Household Owning or Possessing Land or have given Land to Others for Cultivation. 21-50 50 cents 1-2 A 2.5-2.9 5-10 10 acres Caste. Nature of interest on land. No land Cents -1 acre acres acres a-::res and above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brahmin 1. Land owned 14 2. Land held from private person Chamar 1. Land owned 1 2 2. Land held from private person Xoli 1. Land owned 2 3 .... 2. Vlnd held from private person 1 Lohar 1. Land owned - 1 2. Land held from private person RajPlIt 1. Land owned 25 1 2 2. Land held from private person 1 Rehar 1. Land owned 2 2. Land held from private person 1 Sunar 1. Land owned 2 2. Land held from private person Tarkhan 1. Land owned 2 2. Land held from private person 1 Turi 1. Land owned 2. Land held from private person 32 o o o o o o gg88g 8 8gggg N N '"..... \0 \0 °r-- gggggggg~gg co.... ....r- ,...., V"l.... N NN .....N ,...., ..... ,...., ,...., ,...., .....o ..... 00 ,...., ...... 0\OII'>M M\OO..... 0000 \Or- 33 TABLE No. 20. Jinaswar Statement " Rabi" 1953-1964 Balance lnci- correct dence of ..c: area on Total asses· ment on ~ .g Total Area which asses- 0 .... crops of Total crops ment of area of Tafseel Must· ta c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 l! 12 13 14 15 16 1953 Bakhal I 3 1 2 6 7 7 72 4/12/3 Bakhal II 4 1 6 6 6 Total 7 2 3 12 13 13 72 4/12/3 1954 Barani 24 3 4 31 4 35 35 62 2/7 1955 Barani 31 6 37 37 37 62 1/10/10 1956 Barani 32 5 38 38 38 70 1/10/1 1957 Barani 37 7 45 45 45 70 1/33 1958 Barani 40 6 2 1 52 52 52 70 1/5/6 1959 Barani 32 6 2 40 2 42 42 70 1.67 1960 Barani 9 43 53 2 55 55 70 1.27 1961 Barani 25 3 - 1 29 7 36 36 70.00 2.50 1962 Barani 43 6 50 50 50 70.00 1.40 1963 Barani 41 16 57 .. - 57 57 70.00 1.27 1964 Barani 34 7 42 42 42 70.00 1.67 In Rabi the principal crops sown are wheat and cultivation is more than in Rabi. According to the barley. About 80 per cent of the total area is farmers they keep the area fallow in Rabi to harvest occupied by wheat and barley occupies 16.6 per a rich Kharif crop for maize. cent of· total area sown in Rabi 1964. There is no marked change in the areas sown for the Rabi season. In Kharif the area for maize Rotation of crops-The crops are sown in a ro shows a slight increase. The area under Kharif tation method as shown in the following statement:- Year Khasra /' No. Area The crops sown ------.._------~------~---- 1962 B. Biswas Kharif 1091 2-10 Chalai Gair-Marosi-Abadi 2-0 tobacco 0-2 1963 Wheat Gair-MarQsi-Abadi Rabi -do- -do- l-I Barley 1-0 Fallow 0-1 1963 Maize tobacco Kharif -do- -do 1-1 0-1 fallow Gair-Marosi·Abadi 1-0 0-8 1964 Wheat Rabi -do- -do- 2-0 fallow Gair-Marosi.Abadj 0-2 0-8 34 Produce-There is no proper irrigation facility. Block Development authorities is that of wheat, A few fields below Dhodho nala receive a little maize and potatoes. Improved variety of seed is water. The produce from the fields, largely depends given at full cost. Preference is, however, given upon the rainfall. The terrain is mountaneous by the villagers to their own seed. This is kept and fields are terraced. The estimated yields per from the previous harvest. Poor farmers go to bigha as told by the elderly farmers are;-- better off households and get seed on loan. This. however, is returned after the harvest. Vegetable KHARIF seeds of cabbage, brinjal and tomatoes are liberally used by the farmers. Mds. Srs. Paddy 6-20 Manure-The traditional manure used is that of cow-dung after mixing it with dry leaves and pine , Maize 5-00 tree needles These are spread in the cowshed and Pulses 3-00 removed after a couple of days. This is dumped in Potatoes 10-00 a corner of the field. When proper decomposi Koda 4-00 tion takes place, the manure is used in the fields. Manure is not kept in pits though in the records of Millets 4-00 the block development, Chaupal, 12 such pits RABI have been dug during the last five years, which is Wheat 4-00 far too small a number. Barley 5-20 A few villagers use little fertilizers. Some farmers Mustard 2-00 have felt that this burns their crops. It is hoped Tobacco 4-00 that in the years to come this may become popular. Pulses 5-20 Agricultural implements-Villagers use their old agricultural implements. These are made by the Seeds-Farmers use improved seeds after great village carpenters and Lohars. Villagers however persuation from the Block officials. Some supply the raw materials. Craftsmen receive times their seed is got exchanged for the im wages in kind. The list of common implements proved variety of seeds. The seed supplied by the used is:- Name of Implement Price _ Time it lasts Uses 2 3 4 Years , Chikhdi (Spade) 2.50 .; for digging Dachi (Sickle) 1.50 4 for reaping Dach (A long sickle) 2.00 4 for cutting wood Dangra (Axe type tool)_ 1.50 5 for cutting wood Kharadi (Axe) 3.00 5 for cutting wood Ganu (Harrow) 2.00 5 for collecting grass and ploughing Kashla (Mattacle) 4.50 3 for digging Had (plough) &.00 6 ploughing Angshi (Fork type tool) 2.75 5 for collecting grains Budney (blinkers) 0.25 2 for keeping cattle month closed Moi (leveller) 5.00 5 for levelling fields Shamai (yoke) 5.0Q 5 Yoke for plough Pareea (skin rope used in p\ough) 0.25 2 for yoke and plough Gheela (A long basket) 2.00 2 for carrying cowdung and grains. Shakda (basket) 1.00 3 for carrying cowdung and grains 35 Agricultural diseases, weeds and pests-There increased. Farmers sleep in the fields over machan. are many diseases, weeds and pests from which the To avoid wastage by birds, a big bow is kept. It crops suffers:- can hurl big pebbles at them. It is known as galol. When crops get ready, these are harvested by men Chhoh-This is a grass which prevents the full and women'and collected in the barn. It is spread growth of potato plants. It is removed while in the barn and bullocks with their mouths muzzled hoeing the crops. up are made to thrasti it. The grains separate from and stalks. Sometimes the crops is also Nauni-This weed is harmful to wheat and is beaten. Grains are then winnowed in the air. removed while hoeing. These are stored in the house. Some of the chief agricultural operation as known Balan-Is a harmful weed and grows in paddy. in their own dialect are given here:- Loose Smut-Is the main disease of wheat. To English term Local term check this, agrasene G. N. in the dust form is Ploughing Bahana sprayed. Hoeing Neendna Manuring Bholna Maize hoeing Ghan Locusts-Sometimes the area is invaded by locusts. Winnowing Poonena Farmers with the help \ of the Agriculture Depart Harvesting Loonena ment officials fight against this menace. Invasion Shieving of grains Chhanena occurs after an interval of 3 or 4 years. Heap of grains in barn Rash Rats-These also cause enormous damage to Detailed agricultural operations of the major the crops. Zinc phosphate tablets are used to crops of Kharif and Rabi are given here:- kill them. KHARIF CROPS Crows, monkeys and bears also cause considera ble damage to crops. Farmers guard their crops Paddy-In the absence of irrigated fields,this by keeping day and night watches; crop is sown on bakhalland in the month of Chaitra. Usually this is sown on land kept fallow for one Agricultural practices:-In Chaupal one finds year. After ploughing the fieJds three times, clods terraced fields. The agricllitural practices are are broken and the fields are levelled. In between difficult. There are long and narrow fields. These the ploughing, manure is spread. When the are not only small and narrow in size, but are also fields are ready, the seed are sown in broadcast scattered. Most people do not know about the method. When the plants are '"about ten inches benefits of land reforms. Some of course welcome high, one round each of hoeing and weeding is this reform. The agricultural practices done 1D done. The harmful weeds are again removed after the village around the year are given here. about a month. Grass grown on relating walls and edges is cut. -This serves as a foauer to the livestock. Harvesting of this crop IS Gone III Asvma Before commencing any field operation, an aus and beginning of Kartika. The reaped crop IS picious day is selected by the Brahmin. One carried to barn in klltas where grains are removed household selects a day and all other follow it. by beating with sticks. Threshing is also done Farmers carry their ploughs and drive the pair of by bullocks who tread on the paddy ears. The bullocks to the fields with the advent of sowing grain is then collected. Winnowing is done by season. Women carry manure to the fields in throwing it from wicker baskets when the wind is groups. Sometimes men are seen carrying gheelas. blowing. Age old method of paddy busking with Manure is evenly spread in the fields. The edges the help of ukhal moosal is common. of the fields where the blade of the plough does not -_ reach are dug with mattacks. Sowing is usually Maize-This crop is also planted in un-irrigated done by broad cast method. Villagers felt that fields. After ploughing the fields three times with sowing by rows takes more seed and labour. manure in the intervals, these are made ready for Women are employed to remove the different weeds sowing. This begins with the broad-cast method from crops. As the crop ripens the vigjJence is in the month of Baisakha. 36 After about a month, weeding is done with a Two ploughings; gaun, a wooden implement having about eight Watering; teeth and run by a pair of bullocks. When the crop is about a month old, ploughing is done. Transplantation; care is taken so that no plant is damaged. Earth Hoeing; is heaped round these plants to give strength. The crop is ready in the month of Asvina and is Again watering is done for about 5 times. harvested. Cobs removed are put in the sun for The leaves are removed when the crop is ready. about a month to dry. The grains are then removed by beating with sticks. These are removed Vegetables-Vegetables like cabbage, brinjal, to by rub bing the cob!>, with a big tin shiever. matoes, lady fingers, pumpkin and gourd are grown from the seed supplied by the Block Development. RABI CROPS These are mostly grown in the nearly manured plots of land. A few households leave their sur Wheat-This is the main rabi crop. Villagers plus with the local Halwais who dispose these to use their own seeds and alSo of the improved variety government officials and others. supplied by the Block Development authorities. This is sown on un-irrigated land. Two plough Co-operation in Agriculture-Farmers help each ings are done in Asvina within a fortnight. In other in different agricultural operations. Imple between manure is spread. As usual sowing is ments and bullocks are borrowed if need arises. done by scattering the seeds. Weeding i~ done Table No. 21 gives an idea of the extent reciprocal afterwards. The crops are ready in the months of aid is given. Jyaistha-Asadha when harvesting is done. The usual practices of threshing and winnowing is done, Horticulture and the grains are stored. The farmers have started growing apple BarleY-The agricultural practices for this crop trees. The soil and climate is considered is almost the same as that for the wheat. ideal for growing apples and pears. Some of the apple orchards are bearing fruits. Dhani Ram, Tobacco-Sown on irrigated fields-this is grown Balak Ram and Karam '-Das are the progressive on a small field for the family consumption.- This apple growers of Chaupal. The fruit plants are is transplanted to the fields containing rich manure procured from Government nurseries at Kotkhai in the rainy months. The foHowing operations are and Iubbal. Some may get plants from private done:- ' nurseries also. TABLE No. 21. ReCiprocal Aid in Agricultural Practices. Number of House Number of house holds that borrow holds that take, No. of households that agricultural imple help of neighbourers assist neighbours and Number of house ments from others at the time of receive help at the time of holds practising at the time of sowi ng or har cultivation in the shape of Caste. agriClllture, cultivation. vesting. manual labour. 2 3 4 5 Brahmin 2 2 2 2 Chamar 4 4 4 4 Koli 6 6 6 6 Lohar 2 2 2 2 Rajput -4... 4 4 4 Rehar 2 -- 2 ·2 2 Sunar 3 3 3 3 Tarkhan 4 4 4 4 Turi 2 2 2 2 37 Price of the lond:-The table No. 22 gives in 1963-64. A Villager from Majotli village pur the price of the land sold in Panchsala period chased a small piece of land measuring 1 bigha 2 from 1959-60 to 1963-64. This has been taken biswas for constructing a house. The price per from the village note book. According to bigha comes out to Rs. 1363.60. The land is sold village Patwari this helps in calculating the amo~nt at very high prices here. Average price per bigha in granting Taccavi loans. Just one. mutat~on comes to about Rs. 1,000. took place during the last five years penod endmg TABLE No. 22. Panchsala Statement. Area No. of ---_.. _--- Gair Year cases Bigha Biswas Majroora Majroora Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1959-60 to 1962-63 1963-64 1 1-2 1-1 0-1 1500.00 Total: 1 1-2 1-1 0-1 1500.00 Price bigha Rs. 1363.60. Nautr-During the period of nine years from Every household J.weps milch cows and a pair of 1951-52 to 1960-61, only, two cases of nautor took bullocks. A few better off families have kept buffa place in the years 1954-55 and 1955-56. The area loes. Poultry birds ar,e also kept by a few. was less than a bigha in each case. The amount paid by way of land in each case. The amount In the past all the cattle of the village were driven paid by way of land price was also small that is to jungle for grazing. The grazier used to collect Rs. 51 for both the cases. A statement for the cattle in the morning and look them out for Nautor recorded from the _Village note book is grazing and bring them back in the evening. given as- Roti from each household and some cereals were given at the end of the month. But no,w this pra TABLE No. 23. Nautar Statement. ctice has been stopped and someone from each household drives the cattle to the jungle. Accord No. of ing to Dhani Ram, villagers leaves their draught Year cases Area Price cattle in the nearby pastures for three,months during --\- 1951-52 to the monsoon. A close wat~h is kept over them. 1953-54 1954-55 43/8/- Milch cows are given bran on alternate days and 1955-56 7/8/- salt is also given. Most of the cattle are of the 1956-57 to pahari breed which yield about a kilogram of milk 1960-61 at one time. A buffalo gives two to three kilo gnl'ffis at a time. A cow is milked thrice for two Total:- 2 51/-/- months in the beginning. After that two milkings are taken. Milk is collected for preparifig ghee, Mortgage-According to the village Patwari a and is genera]]y not sold. few mortgages have been registered in the revenue papers prior to 1951-52. Usually the land is mor tgaged at a lower price. From 1951-52 to 1960-61 At Cbaupal, there are no improved varieties of there have been no mortgages of land. The bulls or buffaloe for cross breeding. A red Sindhi villagers informed that sometimes poor farmers bull has been kept at Kedi eighteen- kilometres mortgage their land, house or jewellery. away. But the distance is too far. Villagers 'I. have to be content with their own bulls. The Animal Husbandry average life of a cow or a bull is about thirteen years, whereas a she buffalo lives upto about Bullocks are most useful in carrying on agricul sixteen years. A goat or sheep may live upto ten tural operation. years. 3S 00 ....0 <'l ...... o \0 <'l ...... o...... 3 0 ~z I l ....o U { • '";::! 00 o 0 Z...c: L .... .-< -.:t ...... <"I ..... N ...... c c ~ a .... ell '8 ::s I-< ...c:'" ...... 8 .... ~ 0- ~ CIS .!.'. C,) ~ ...c: '@' ..d ';:: '" I-< ..d 0 0 Q) § ~ ::s '" - 00 U ~ ~ ~ r.. I ~ ~ r.. 39 Sheep and goats are not taken to grazing pastures is applied to its feet. Elders said that targooh outside Chaupal. During the day, they are taken a cotton like ball which is found in the jungle is to nearby pastures. The sheep are sheered twice also given to cattle. Targooh is supposed to be a year. The first sheering is done in Bhadra and a broken piece of shooting star. the second in Magha.- A few households get wool thrice a year. In that case another she'ering may Phatkadna-The cattle suffers from fever and feels be done in the months of Chaitra. On an average, pain in the swollen body. To cure, the animal is a sheep gives 375 grams of wool at each sheering. charmed and sometimes hot iron rods are touched But this depends upon the age and size of the sheep. to the feet. Whenever any cattle dies, it is handed over to the Dhakonch-The. symptoms llre that blood starts village cobbler. For removing it, he receives coming with urine. There is no good local cure cereals from the owner. The cobbler skins the for this. cattle outside the village. He offers a pair of local made shoes to the owner free in lieu of the skin. Madi-Cattle suffer from continuous loose Cattle owned by different households is given in motion. There is no successful local cure for this. table No. 24. Tillie-When spleen of some cattle gets weak, A veterinary dispensary at Chaupal was opened their tails are cut. in April, 1960. The Stock Assistant and Com pounder treat contagious· and non-contagious Accidents-When a cattle meets an accident, a diseases in Chaupal and while touring. -little portion of its ~rs are chopped. A paste of clay is applied to the body. Villagers also confine to their local treatment of various contagious and non-contagious diseases. Poisoneous sects-According to some people. while grazing sometimes the cattle eat poiseneous Contagious diseases insect~ alongwith the grass which produces foams in the mouth. There is no effective local cure' Foot and mouth for it. Black Quarter Mangi Sheep and goats suffer from certain types of Haematuria diseases these are- Liver fluke Haemorrahagic Septicemia Tandi..-When sheep and goats get blisters there is no local cure. Non-contagious diseases Roz-Sheep and goats - suffer from a kind of Indigestion flea. To cure it the villagers apply 1cailon oil. Diarrhoea Colic Cattle which sufferirom mad dog bite, are treated Worms infection with anti-rabie vaccination at the Veterinary Bronchitis Dispensary. A few villagers charm their cattle. Se>me of the local names of diseases along with Craftsmen and Artisans local cures a4fe given below.- Some households in the village practise rural Khuriya-Symptoms for this disease is swoll industries and crafts. This suppliments their ing of the throat and fever. Feet begin to pain, income. The following table contains interesting To cure, onion is given to the cattle and cow urine in formation:- , 40 TABLE No. 25 No. of No. of persons Household partially depending Name of Craft Caste r-----"----'_, Total Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 Silversmithy Sunar 3 17 15 32 Carpentary Tarkhan 1 4 5 9 Koli 2 6 10 16 Basket making Rehar· 1 4 2 6 Koli 1 4 2 6 Blacksmithy Lohar 2 5 5 10 Making of tin articles Rajput 1 1 1 Shoe making Chamar 5 22 20 42 A brief note on each of the craft is given below:- The process of making ornaments depends on the type and size. First silver or gold is melted. After giving it a solid shape, it is hammered into Silversmithy-This is an old craft of the rural the required shape. Sometimes a long thin wire areas. In Chaupal,two households of Sunars make ornaments of gold and silver. Budhi Singh has sto is made before making the ornaments. The orna ment is given a lustre before it is handed over to pped this work. Dhani Ram, Karam Das ana Bali the customer. The craftsmen repair the hukka. Ram are the skilled craftsmen. They have enough The wages are generally received in kind. Some agricultural land and good apple orchards and farmers pay in cash between 25 paise to Re. 1 are very prosperous. per ten grams. Villagers do not purchase gold for making orna Carpentary-Now three households partly work ments due to the complicated procedure laid down as carpenters. Out of these, one is a Tarkhan while by the Government. They have nQw started hiding the others are Kalis. They repair old and new their gold ornaments. Ve~y few families convert wooden agricultural implements besides making old fashioned ornaments into new and latest designs. new ones. Balak Ram Tarkhan is skilled and The Sunars purchase silver from Delhi ready-made makes some furniture and butt-end of guns. He jewels and beads come from Jaipur. complained that for lack of new tools, his work could not make any progress. However, he is gene The workshops of these Sunars are in the lower rally in his work-shop attending to one work or storey. These are :well equipped workshops. the other. These men are once a While engaged Numerous tools are found hanging on the walls. in the construction of a house where they are paid The anvil is fixed on the floor. Strong wooden about Rs. 4 per day. They do not now make almirahs have been fixed to one side of the work elaborate designs on wood as was done in the past. shop. The tools used by the sunar are: hammer, tongs of different sizes, zamboor, chisel, envil of Wages are paid in kind at two harvests. Ba1ak different sizes, reja, blowing machine, zandl'i, Ram also owns a couple of lathes for giving a fini weighing scale, blower, Chimta, burma and shing touch to wooden or iron implement. bellows. Thapas or moulds ar~ of' different sizes having numerous designs engraved on it. These The industry does not require much of investment. are Pasha, Zogna and fitkada. The approximate The tools owned by a craftsman are approximately cost of all the tools with each craftsman comes to valued at Rs. 250, and are purchased from Theog about Rs. lOCO. These are purchased from Simla or Simla. The important tools seen in his work· or Delhi. shop are: hammer, tesa, saw, randa, nihan, pliers, 41 scre~ drivers. Material for the making of agricultu Blacksmithy-Masta and Man Das are the local ral Implements are supplied by the farmers. Some blacksmiths. The craftsmen prepare new agri of the articles made by carpenters are as below:- cultural tools and repair the tools for which there is demand. For making new implements, he may charge the wages on the spot in kind or cash. Approxi- approximate Name of article mate cost includ- But for repairing of iron tools, the wages are paid wages ing wages in kind at the two harvests. This depends upon the repair work done by the craftsman. On festi 1 2 3 vals. al1d marriages he receives food. These small workshops are adjacent to thier Hal 2.00 8.00 houses. The furnace is fixed to one side. The Moi 1.00 5.00 ,; iron has been fixed in the centre. Then there is a Shamai 2.00 5.00 machine for blowing the air and the bellows. The Gan 1.00 4.00 Butt of a gun 45.00 50.00 old tools are so untidily spread all over the work Gutthu 2.00 4.00 shop. These include big and small hammer,shanshi, Chaur 2.00 6.00 reti, anvil, chisel. a borer and tin cutter. Chair 15.00 25.00 Table 10.00 20.00 Besides supplying the raw material, the farmer Charpoy 8.00 18.00 sometimes assist the artisan in hammering and Almirah 10.00 20.00 _working on 'the bellows. Wooden box 3.00 6.00 The process of makIng iron agricultural tools is very simple. First the pig iron is made red hot Basket making-Two households make baskets. by putting it in the fire then beaten to give the One is a Rehar while the other is a Koli, the tehsi1 required shape. office sweeper. Baskets are made out of nagal and tung. Villagers Agricultural Implements made by Lollar always need articles like jhula, shuppa and baskets. The wages are paid in kind at the time Approxi- Approxi- Name of article mate mate of harvests. Very simple tools are made by the wages price local blacksmiths for these artisans. For that he may supply a couple of baskets or a ghee1a. 2 3 The process for making the articles is very simple. Sometimes the artisan works in the farmer's house Kassi 0.75 5.00 and is given food twjce a day. Kasaltu 0.50 3.00 Some baskets and other household goods made Chikdi 0.50 2.50 be Rehars. Darati 0.50 2.50 Darat 0.75 4.00 Time taken Appro Approxi Axe 0.60 4.50 Name of article to prepare ximate mate cost wages including Phala 0.50 2.75 wagec; Angshi 0.50 3.00 2 3 4 Making Tin articles-Kali Ram Rajput from Thana village about 5 Kilometres away has Ohee1a 1 in 2 days 0.75 2.00 rented a small shop in Chaupal. Being skilled he Small gheela 2 in 1 day 0.50 1.50 makes useful agricultural implements out of empty Basket 3 in 1 day 0.30 1.00 tins and charges wages in kine.... and cash. He Small basket 5 in 1 day 0.25 0.50 Blinkers 10 in 1 day 0.10 0.25 purchases empty tins from the shopkeepers at Karandi 2 in 1 day 0.35 1.00 the rate of one tin canaster for a ruppee. He Shoopa 2 in 1 day 0.50 1.00 makes pipes for thy Govt. buildfngs. The tin Patha 10 in 1 day 0.10 0.20 sheets are available at Simla on the permits Chabbi with lid 1 in 1 day 0.50- 2.00 issued by the Block Development Officer. As he has set up his workshop recently he has a shortage 42 of tools •and manages with hammers of different Buttoned up coats (woollen) 10.00 sizes, iron, tin cutter and tin borer. Coat (cotton) 5.00 Shirt 1.00 Pyjama 0.50 The following articles are made- Kachha 0.25 Cap 0.12 Sadri 2.00 Approxi Approxi Name of tool Description mate mate Ladies suit 2.50 wag,:s total cost Trousers (cotton and woollen) 3 to 6 _'------Apart from these craftsmen and artisans the 1 2 3 4 other persons carrying different trades are briefly mentioned here. The charges are usually paid in cash. Chhanani of Sieve for grains 50 to 2.50 4.00 different sizes Barbers-A couple of barbers from Kangra have Shoop!! Winnower 0.50 1.50 opened their shops in .Chaupal. For 3 months Bucket to store water 2/- 10 3/- 3/, to 10/- during winter, they close their bllsiness and go to Patha Grain measuring 0.25 to 0.50 0.50 to homes. Their rates for hair cuts an~ shave are- pots 1.00 English hair cut. 0.36 paise for buildings for 5 feet Down pipe 2/- Hair cut 0.25 paise Shave 0.15 paise Halwai-Om Prakash is the village halwai. Shoe making-There are five households of Cha He came here 3 years ago from Kangra. Beside mars. Paindi and Jhonku are the skilled cobblers his shop, three other halwais have opened their shops having shops in the bazar in Chaupal. Besides in the bazar in Bodhna circle. A variety of sweets making local shoes, they make modern shoes. are prepared by them. Vegetable ghee is used while Local shoes are made free for those villagers who preparing sweets. During summer, milk is supplied hand over their dead cattle. A pair of modern by Jujjars who migrate to this area from Dehradun shoes fetches Rs. 15 to Rs. 18. Raw material side. Winter months are the times of scarecity is purchased from Nerwa.16 Kilometres away. when powdered milk is used by some families. Milk Leather is purchased at the rate of Rs. 7 per kilo is sold at the rate of Re. 1 per kilo. Rates for diff gram. Crome leather is purchased at the rate of erent varieties of sweets sold are:- Rs. 1.50 per foot. Both the sobblers own a leather sewing machine. Besan , 3.00 per kilo Jalaibi 3. 00 p~r kilo Besides making new shoes, they repair old shoes. Laddoo 3 . 00 per kilo Barfi Khoya 4.-00 to The charges are very nominal. Villagers pay the 5.00 per kilo wages in kind for such repairs. Paindi charges Shakerpara 3.00 per kilo 0.15 paise for a boot polish. Pakaura 2.50 per kilo These halwais supply food to regular customers. The few tools owned by a cobbler are-Jamboor, Panchis, Rambi, Kundi, Hathodi, Mungri and kawai. Meals are c~oked in vegetable ghee. The charges Except Kawai, others are made locally. Kawai arc:- is purchased from Simla or Theog. These artisans own land and do some agriculture also.1 Vegetarian meals 30.00 monthly Vegetarian 0.75 per diet Non-vegetarian meals 45.00 monthly Tailoring-Two households of Turis and one of Non-Vegetarian 1. 25 per diet Chamar are the tailors. They all possess sewing Meat 1.00 per plate machines, and do this work to supplement their Special dish (Veget.) 0.50 per plate income. There are a couple of other tailors who CliP of tea 0.12 each have opened their shops in the main bazar. The charges for different garments are : Halwais also sell fruits and vegetables. 43 The rates for different fruits and vegetables are:- Name of article Rate Apple Rs. 1.50 to 2.00 per kilo Pears Rs. 0.50 to 1.00 per kilo Brinjal 0.50 per kilo Tomatoes 0.75 Per kilo 0.75 to 0.80 per kilo Pumpkin 0.15 per kilo Wheat flour 0.62 per kilo Cabbage 0.50 to 1.00 per kilo Maize flour Rice 1.00 to 1.50 per kilo Rs. 5.00 per kilo Shopkeepers Vegetables ghee Desi ghee Rs. 8.00 " 4.75 per 400 grams. . There are a number of shopkeepers in Bodhna Butter (tinned) 1.00 to 1.75 per pkt. cucle. Some of them are local while a few have Biscuits Match Box 0.10 each migrated from Kangra. Those migrated, have 2.50 per kilo rented buildings and live with their families. 'The Soap (washing) Sunlight soap 0.50 per cake buildings, however, belong to some local persons. Rexona soap 0.52 per cake 'The shops are being run at high scale. All articles Kerosene oil 0.75 per bottle of daily need are available with them. A Sud shop Mustard oil 4.25 per kilo keeper even has tinned eatables and some important H. lantern Rs. 5/" to 10/" each medicines. Petromax gas Rs. 100/- each Umbrella Rs. 5/- to 15/- each Some better off families of the surrounding villages_ Cotton cloth (coarce) Rs. 1/- to 2.50 per sell their surplus food grains to these shopkeepers. metre But this is not enough for the demand of the Govern Cotton cloth (medium) Rs.1.50t03.50 .. ment servants, and other peopJe. Therefore, Cotton cloth (fine) Rs. 2.50 to 5.00 .. some food grains are purchased from Simla. The Cotton cloth (superfine) Rs. 2.50 to 8.00 .. fluctuating rates at Simla have its effects at Chaupal. Woollen cL)th Rs. 20.00to 50.00" 1.37 per kilo An incident is worth mentioning here. During Pjg iron Rs. 6l.00 each August,1964, when the survey was being conducted, Belcha Jhabbal Rs. 25.00 each there was scarcity of match boxes in Simla. Con 0.50 per kilo sequently the shopkeepers at Chaupal refused to Onion Pulse (Urd) 1.19 per kilo supply the same and hid their stock. The investi Salt 0.35 " gator with difficulty could get a coloured match Aluminium utensils 0.16 per tola box with ten sticks for 25 paise. Bronze 14.50 per kilo Brass 9.00 " The food stuff and other articles are carried to Copper 15".00 " ChaupaI from Theog on mules. Upto Theog, Our 1.37 " the trucks lift the goods. The charges for carrying Sugar 1.69 " goods on a mule up to Theog are Rs. 18 per Potatoes 0.50 " quintal. During winter the charges rise upto Rs. Apples 0.75 to 1.50 " 30 per quintal. From the freightrates, one can Trunk (steel) 5.00 to 20.00 each wdl imagine, the high prices prevailing at Chaupal. Mirror 0.50 to 2.50 each 5.00 to 20.00 each The approximate profit of the shopkeeper is between Chappa\ 5.00 to 10.00 each 20 to 30 percent. Canvas shoes Paper 0.75 per quire 10.00 to 30.00 When sugar is rationed it is distributed by shop Tea set 25.00 tb 100.00 each keepers to those who have obtained a permit from Leather suit case Cigrettes (Panama) 0.80 per pkt. the Panchayat. Sugar is supplied at half a kilogram Blade (Bharat) 0.15 each per adult. But one can get more during festivals Tea 3.00 for 250 grms. or special occasions. Every shopkeeper has displayed the price list of One Tibetan had opened a tiny shop on the road all essential commodities in their shops. This has side. He h.ad come from Kharapather for a few been done under order issued under Defence of India Rules, The prices for different articles and months and was selling hair pins, pens, glass ban food stuff during August, 1964 were: gles, mirrors, combs and many similar little articles. 44, Trade and Commerce material required of different designs and size. The weaver hands over the article to the owner in Large quantity of potatoes are exported to markets his village and collects the wages usually in kind. at 1'heog and Slmla. At Cha\lpal, shQ}lkee}lers purchase potatoes from growers. When sufficient Name of article Weavers Wages quantity is collected, it is carried on mule backs Pattoo (Woollen'4t 'x 9') 5.00 each to Sainj and on to Theog. From there the bags Patti (Woollen It' wide) of potatoes are lifted in trucks. 0.50 yard Double pattoo (4t 'x 18') 10.00 each The area is becoming famous for apple growing. The local names of the' designs wooven by the In and around Chaupal, sufficient quantity of weaver are, Mais and Kashmiri rang. apples are being grown. Every year thousands of apple plants are planted. Similarly apples are Spinning-Is an important subsidiary occupation, exported to Simla. Without a good motor road done mostly during winter when it is cold outside apple growers find it difficult to carry apples to the and there is less work in the fields. The Wool is market where one can get a good price. There obtained from the sheep that the villagers have. fore, the apple growers had to suffer by way of ~hjs is washed with reetha powder. Carding is done selling their apples at lower prices. Sometimes, eIther by hands or by a small carding machine. It even the mules for carrying apple boxes to Sainj is then spun on takli. or Theog are not available in time. Shri Verma, an orchadist of Majotili village informed that in Similarly goats hair are spun and a kharcha is 1963, a young man of Bodhna collected about 50 made. This is used as a rug. apple boxes to be sent to Simla. But he could not get the mules for transportation and all the apples Bee Keeping-A few' households keep bees. The rotted at Chaupal. Again according to him he way of collecting honey is crude. A tin bob is purchased packing paper some wire and a machine made in the house wall where small bee ,hives for packing apple boxes at Simla in August. This cells are fixed. 'When the hives are fill of honey, was carried upto Sainj by bus. From there onwards, these are removed to a wide vessel. The honey is this luggage was to be carried to Majotli on mule. extracted by squeezing the hives. It is sold at the To every 'ones great surprise this had not reached rate of Rs. 4 per kilogram in the open market. the destination even in October when the investi The wax is given to village cobblers. gator revisited the village. Now there is hope of having a good motor road one day. By that time Chuli-ka-tel-Plenty of wild apricot is collected. orchards would be fruit bearing and the standard These are washed at Dadho nala and karnels are of living is expected to go up. collected after breaking the hard nut. Kernels are dried in the sun for about four days. These are Mules playa vital role iii transportation of pota then highly warmed on the fire. Then these are toes and apples from Chaupal to Sainj and Theog. taken to a gharat where oil is extracted in the Khlu. The wages are paid in kind. This is about four Gharat-There is no water flour grinding mill chhatank of oil against one seer oil extracted. in the vaillage. Villagers have to go to gharats situated far away on the banks of Nikoda, Choela I Yet there is another way of doing the work. After drying the kernels these are heated and ground to and Shanti streams about 8 Kilometres away. A villager carries about 30 kilograms of Wheat or ~orm a thin paste on a sheel-batta. The paste IS thoroughty kneaded in a parat an.d eil extract". maize to the gharat in a skin bag. In their own i'5 trade, the gfain is weighed with their measuring ed by squeezing. Whatever remains is given to the pot known as Nad. It contains about 2 kilos. catt.le as Khali. Villagers mostly use this oil in pre~ For every 16 such nads,the grinder receives one nad panng meals and use it as a hair oil. as his charges. Forests Weaving-For.,,:eavi.ng, villagers have-to depend Among the erstwhile Simla Hill States, Jubbal upon .,:,eavers hvmg m other villages. They go holds the first place of pride for the extent and value t~ ShIll, Shanoo ?nd Nar villages, 3, 11 and 8 of its forests. More than fifty per cent of wooded kIlometres away. They take their spun woollen area. contains deodar trees, In the' remaining thread to the weaver and instruct him to make the portIOn, pine, oak and other species are grown. \, 45 At present, trees are felled by the Govt. forest Lopping of icail, diar and Rai trees for fodder contractors and exported in the form of sleepers to and fuel. the plains. The sale price of timber constituted the main income of the erstwhile lubbal State. Making of Agricultural implements. Villagers get timber at bartandari rates in the Chaupal forest. Outsiders without landed property Full free grazing rights for cows, sheep and get timber at non bartandari rates. The different goats. rates of the two categories for different pieces are given below. This has been supplied by the D.F.O. Chaupal. Besides pro.curing timber at bartandari Two She-buffaloes are allowed free to graze. rates, villagers have other rjghts. These are:- Above that Rs. 8.00 per buffaloe per annum is charged. To obtain trees for cremation. To obtain fuel free. Right to cut grass for fodder. BARTANDARI RATES 36"&- 8"-12" 12"-16" 16"-20" 20"-24" 24"-28" 28"-32" 32"-36" over Species ------_ ------IV III lIA lIB fA IB Ie ID Deodar 0-4-0 0-8-0 0-12-0 1-2-0 1-1-0 2-1-0 3-8-0 3-8·0 Kail 0-2-0 0-4-0 0-6-0 0-9-0 0-12-0 0-14-0 0-1-0 0-1-0 Rai 0-2-0 0-3-0 0-5~0 0-1-0 0-8-0 0-9-0 0-10-0 0-10-0 Chir 0-2-0 0-4-0 0-6-0 0-9-0 0-10-0 0-11-'0 0-12-0 0-12-0 Oak 0-3-0 0-4-0 0-5-0 0-6-0 0-1-0 0-8-0 0-10-0 0-12-0 / GAIR BARTANDARI RATES Below 36" & 8" 8"-12" 12"-16" 16~20" 20"-24" 24"-28" 28"-32" 32"-36" above Species ------_ ---- V IV III lIA lIB fA iB .Ie ID - Deodar 4.15 11.75 35.25 117.50 211. 50 305.50 411.25 517.00 611.00 Kail 3.00 1.00 21.00 70.50 127.00 183.50 246.75 310.00 366.75 Fir 1.00 4.75 14.00 28.00 51.15 84.75 117.50 141.00 155.00 Chir 2.00 4.15 9.50 _ 33.00 70.50 113.00 160.00 202.00 202.00 Broad leaves 1.00 2.25 8.00 14.50 23.00 33.50 33.50 33.50 33.50 Rural Indebtebness villagers have run into debt owing to the following reasons. Out of 80 households,--i 8 are supposed to be in debt. These are all the residents of Chaupal. The Ordinary wants-This includes the purchase of Note- food grains, clothes, and -little ceremonies at home. A farmer may take some cereals on loan. Maples under 18" @ Rs. 18.00 each Some borrow seed at the time of sowing. Under " 18"-24" @ Rs. 30.00 each this category, nine families are under debt and the " 24" and Medical-Serious illness some.imes causes inde Local Weights and Measures btedness. Though the amount spent may be small. Similarly one family of a Rajput and another Path a is the traditional measure used for weighing of a Brahmin are in debt and the total amount of the grains. It contains one and a half seer of debt is Rs. 500. grains. The other different measures used in the village are :- House COllstruction:-Is another cause of indebt patha It seer. edness. Under this item three households of Setha 2t patha Chamar and two of Koli are under debt. The Thakri 4 patha amount is Rs. 7300. Two households of Chamar have taken loans from the government amounting Jeewni 16 patha to Rs. 3000 and 800. These amounts include Khar 20 jeewni in the total amount of indebtedness. Giaru Ram Kharsha 20 Khar Chamar has built a four storeyed big house out of the loan. Villagers purchase articles in kilograms. The word tala is however commonly heard when they Marriage-Often. leads. tQ debt,. On. man:iage an. talk of the weight of jewellery. expenditure of Rs. 500 is easily spent. Among For measuring, the following local terms are more prosperous families, the expenditure is consi common muse:- • derably more. Here a Koli has taken a loan of Rs. 700. Shon. Elbow to middle finger. Beeiat. Thumb to little finger. One more family of Rajput is indebted to the extent of Rs. 2000 due to ordinary want and house Koodiat. Thumb to 1st finger. construction. A death in a poor family may lead Ongal. Four fingers. to debts. So much has to be spent on all the Mooth Shonh. Elbow to closed fist. ceremonies. Villagers are now talking in terms of meter when they purchase cloth from shops. A few old people Tables No. 26 ;md 27 will show statement of are not fuUX conversant with the metric system and debts caste-wise and income-wise. Chamars and find little difficulty in reconciling to changed Kalis are under some debts. Five families of conditions. Chamars and Kolis each have Rs. 6450 and Rs. 2850 as debts. Three families of Rajputs and two Income Qf Brahmins have Rs. 2550 and Rs. 1'i00 as debts. One family of Rehar, Turi and Tarkhan each have The main source of income of the villagers is Rs. 200, 200 and IpO as small debts. agriculture. A few households follow crafts and this way supplement their income. With the planned i era, better communications, their economy is An interesting-feature is that the highest number gradually changing for the better. The villagers of families under sake but debt are from income are planting orchards and growing more cash group of Rs. 101 and above. This may be explained crops such as potatoes. as the changed taste in the Jiving standard of the families with the increase in their family income. Then there are better off families and have accounts Caste"wise distribution of 80 households in their in shops. These are squared off at harvest time. monthly income groups, occupation source are given in tables No. 28 and No. 29. While revealing their income, villagers are very. shy and there are Loans are raised either in the village or with at least crude figures but would give some idea of the rich families in the adjoining villages of Bodhna their economic conditions. and Majotli. Rajputs are the principal money lenders. The rate of interest as reported may be In 16 hOl._!seholds of Brahmins, 14 are Government anything between 12 to 20 per cent per annum, servants whose monthly income is above Rs. 100. or this may be more. Interest may be paid in Out of the remaining households, one falls in the cash or kind. Poor families who are unable to pay income group of Rs. 76-100 and f another below the interest, do agricultural labour in lieu of the Rs. 50. Both these households depend on agri interest. Pl1lhm' '''' their main occupation. While the one 47 with less income works as a labourer in Govern ernment officials and some tailoring work is done I ment construction work. by his family members to support the income. Ano ther household of Shanku supplements the family purse by rearing sheep and goats. He sells a piece Four householdss of Chamar have agriculture at the time of need. The fifth one has no land and as their main occupation. Two households fall in is entirely dependent upon shoe making. During monthly income group of Rs. 51-75 and two in Rs. off time he may do agricultural labour with other 100 and abovtj. Besu Chamar has a large family to villagers. He falls in the monthly income group support.He has rented out his house to some Gov- of Rs. 50 and below. TABLE No. 26-Debts Statement by Causes (Castewise) Amount No. of of Debt families Causes Brahmin Chamar 'l'arkhan Rajput Rehar Koli Turi in Debt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. ,8 9 10 Rs. Ordinary wants 1 2 1 1 2 1 2,500 9 Medical 1 500 2 Housing construction 3 2 7,300 5 Marriage & house construction 1 700 1 Ordinary wants & house construction 1 2,000 1 TABLE No. 27-Debts Statement by Income Groups (Castewise) Total No. of No. of households Caste household Rs. 25 & below Rs. 26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs. 76-100 RS.I01 & above in debt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 --- Brahmin 2 2 Chamar 1 iZ 2 5 Koli 1 2 2 5 Rajput 3 3 Rehar 1 1 Tarkhan 1 Turi 48 The Vaish households are Govt. servants in the The seven households of Khatri have a monthly income group of Rs. 100 and ahove. income of Rs. 100 and above. One is a shopkee per, another an advocate while the rest are Govt. Out of six households of Kolis one is a Govt. servants. servant and falls in the monthly income group of Rs. 76-100. Nand Ram works as a sweeper in The two households of Lohars earn less then the tehsil and adds something to his income from the Rs. 50 per month. They have little land and mostly little land he owns. He falls 4n the income group depend on blacksmithy and receive wages in o~ Rs. 100 and above. Chet Ram has no land and kind. works as a sweeper in the Forest Department. He earns about Rs. 80 per month. Two households A single household of Muslim is a compounder work as carpenters apart from being' agriculturists. in the Civil hospital and earns more than Rs. 100 One falls in the income group of Rs. 76-100 while per month. the other in the group of Rs. 51-75. Dilmi Koli washes the clothes of Govt. officials and keeps Out of 28 households, 23 fall in the monthly goats and sheep. income group of Rs. 100 and above while 5 fall in TABLE No. 28-Monthly Income Group --- Caste Total No. Rs. 50 & below Rs. 51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs. above 100 Brahmin 16 1 14 Chamar 5 1 2 2 Koli 6 2 1 2 1 Khatri 7 7 Lohar 2 2 Muslim 1 1 Raj put 28 5 23 Rehad 2 2 Sikh 1 1 Sunar 4 1 3 Tarkhan 4 2 2 Turi 2 1 1 1 Vaish 2 2 49 the monthly income of Rs. 76-100 24 are govern For making agricultural implements or repairing ment officials. Then the carpenter who comes in them farmers pay the wages in kind to the village this income group has his two sons working as craftsmen after harvest. This depends on the teachers. Another member of the household works amount of work done. The work done by the craftsman and wages received by him in kind in as a labourer. Another Rajput has a small eating local dialect is known as shigratha. nouse in Chaupal. A Rajput earns about Rs( 150 per month by making tin articles. Under food, only a few artisan communities are Two Rehar households fall in the income group reported to purchase food grains from the open of Rs. 100 and above. Both of them are employ market. Others also purchase little articles of ed as sweepers in Govt. offices. Shankru Rehar daily use against some cereals which they sell to the shop keepers. A tendency has been observed in has some land. the villagers, that they go in for the mill-made The drawing teacher in the school is a sikh and clothes. Their home spun woollen yarn, of course, is utilized to make woollen garments to be used in earns a monthly income of over Rs. 100. winter. Out of four Sunars one is a Govt. servant. Others belong to Chaupal. Three households fall Under education, only those households spend in the income group of Rs. 100 and above. The much on their children, who are receiving higher fourth is a villager who earns below Rs. 50 from - training at the technical institutions. Dhani Ram agriculture. spends about Rs. 130 on his elder son who is studying in Engineering College at Delhi. Similarly One household o'f Turi falls in the monthly income Ram Lal son of Karam Das reads in pre-univer group of Rs. 100 and above and another falls below sity class at lullundur. Rs. 50. Both have agriculture as their main occupation while tailoring is the subsidiary occu Smoking also causes little expenditure in the pation. form of cigarettes and Biddis. Expenditure on marriage is more than death. This is to keep up Three households of Tarkhans are poor and fall this social position. At the time of survey no below the monthly income group of Rs. 50. They family was reported to be involved in litigation. carryon with meagre agriculture and work as Disputes are mostly settled by Panchyat. Old labourers. The fourth household has planted an debts are repaid in kind. The process is however orchard. slow. The interest on debt is pai,9.- by agricultural labour. Expenditure In the villages except shopkeepers on one keeps Villagers do not spend much on fodder. They elaborate accounts. Therefore, the figures at table bring the grass from jungle and this meets fodder No. 30 are based on the crude information given by requirement. Villagers also spend by way ofmaldng each household. Every household has a tendency payment to tailors. and barbers. Except two to exaggerate the expenditure and show less income. three families, others spend little on travelling. . The main expenditure is on food, clothing and Negligible aniount is spent upon medicine, as there education. The miscellaneous items includes ex· being a free Govt. hospital. Practically each penditure on medical, marriage, livestock, revenue, household spends a part of his income on religious ceremonies.Govt. servants have to spend upon each travelling and CUltivation. It is difficult to assess item. Some help their dependents by sending the cost of cultivation. cash. 50 00 I ...... ...... ...... ...... eo u ....~ o C) B ::Jo tfl "> oo <) E ::i C) IIJ C) .~ o 0 0 .... f.l..c::..c:: til) ~. tfl tfl -( e::r ::i.. u ">o .~ o -( 51 ...... ('I"" ...... 00 ...... .§ 8 ~ 'S: ...10 til ..; o> e,:, 8 '~ til .... o> I;;) 52 TABLE No. 30 Rs. 101 & over Rs.26-50 Rs.51-75 ,.-_---A..Rs. 76-100__ ----., ,---_--A. ___-..." r--____"'_~--' r----__j....----, Name of "E.)Cpenoiture ~o. of Average No, of Average No. of A.elage No. of Average House- Exp. House- Exp, House- Exp. House- Exp. holds holds holds holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brahmin Food 1 31 1 50 14 4J Clothing 10 1 8 14 13 Education 1 7 1 14 14 74 Others 1 7 J Chamar Food 1 25 2 37,50 2 83 Clothing 1 2 2 1.50 2 12 Educati-on 2 1.46 2 1 Others 4 2 8.96 2 10 Vaish Food 2 41 Clothing 2 12 Education Others 2 102 -Koli Food 2 29 33.33 2 37 1 50 25 Clothing 2 ~ 1 ti,K~ 2- 12 1 Education 2 Others 2 15 n.75 2 14 1 36 Khatri Food 7 63 Clothi:J~g 7 16, Education 1 16 ,., Others , s·g Lollar Food 2 25 Clothing 2 1 Education Others 2 5 Muslim Food 1 75 Clothing 1 2S Education Others 83 Rajput Food 5 28 23 49 Clothing 5 7 23 14 Education 1 4- 3 5 OtheTs 5 40 23 65 Rebar Food 2 79 Clothing 2 20 Education 2 9 Otbers 2 30 53 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 Sikh 1 50 Food 1 15 Clothing Education 55 Others Sunar 50 1 28 3 Food 3 16 Clothing 1 4 2 10 Education 3 34 Others 6 Turi 1 16 1 83 Food 1 1 2 16 Clothing 1 4 Education 1 11 Other 14 Tarkhan 2 54 Food 2 19 2 Clothing 2 1 .. 9 1 Education 2 22 Others 2 2 CASE STUDY studying in Engineering College he has to take up different jobs. He is helped in agricultural work We have taken up two households, one of Sunar by his wife and sometimes by his married sister. and one of a Turi for a slightly more de~ailed study. His wife and grand mother attend to household These are just rough estimates. duties. One of the sons reads in the Polytechnic Delhi on whom the expenditure comes to 1100/ Sunar family-This is a well-to-do agriculturist annually. He has applied for the grant of scholar family, having 38 bighas of cultivated land and 10 ship. The other son has joined the Indian Air bighas of Ghasni. The members of family are Force. Previously he was studying in the college at Simla. The remaining children read in the Govt. Relation to the head Age Higher Secondary School, Chaupal. All these children help during agricultural operations. Head of household 37 Wife 32 Grand mother 50 Dhani Ram, head of the household was a leading goldsmith of the area. With the Gold Control Son 20 17 Orders he started taking Government contracts Son and has laid a good apple orchard. A few plants 14 Daughter have as yet reached the bearing stage. Many more Son 11 would bear fruit within a couple of _years. Duaghter 9 ·No. 1 is always very busy. He works in the The main item of expenditure is education, food, fields, makes silver ornaments and attends to P. W. and clothings. His income from his land and D. construction work, taken on contract. Being other sources and expenditure as given by him are the single working hand and to support his son reproduced below. 54 Income (Annual) Expenditure Rs. Rs. Agricultural produce Food. 700 Clothing. 200 Wheat 12t mds. 250 Housing. 27 Maize 20 mds. 300 Refreshment. 10 Potatoes 6 mds. 100 Education. 1100. Misc. grains 80 Soap. 30 Other sources Barber, 10 Silversmithy. 500 TraveIl i ng . 20 Carpentary. 1000 Religion. 50 Apples. 200 Exp. on cultivation. 20 Livestock. 35 Land revenue- 15 ---- Total :- 2430 Total:- 2217 Only the aged grand mother smokes the hukka Grand daughter. S years. and gels tobacco from the fields. Some amounts Grand daughter. 4 " are spent on travelling and entertaining guests. Grand daughter. 3 " Then there is a female buffaloe to look after. An amount of Rs. 15 is paid annually as land revenue. The old man does little work. His son is a politician and is a former M.L.A. Now he works Turi Family-This family has little land measur~ as a tailor and earns something to supplement his ing 10 bighas. The members of the family arc as:- income. The second wife and daughters in law work in the fields and thus no casual labour is emp Head of household. 66 years. loyed by them. The two grand sons work as teachers Wife (2nd) 35 " who send the savings home. A small apple orchard planted by him is about to bear fruits. The 36 Son. " household sells vegetables. During State regime Daughter in Law. 30 " the Turis used to dance during fairs, festivals Daughter in Law. 25 " and marriages and received cash. Now this pra Daughter in Law. 20 , " ctice has been stopped. Roughly the items of income Grand son 1-5 " and expenditure are as follows- _ Income (Annual): Expenditure Rs. Rs. Cereals from land. 300 Food. 1000 Vegetables and apples. 250 Clothing. 300 Tailoring. 500 Smoking. 35 Sal ary of the som. 800 Housing. 20 Refreshment. 10 Education. 50 Soap. 10 Barber. 5 Travelling. 20 Medical. 10 Religion. 25 Livestock. 15 Land revenue. 6 Total:- 1850 Total:- 1506 4. Soc i a I and C u It u r a I Life Age and Sex Distribution age group of 35-59 there are 41 males and 36 females. The age group of 60 & above consists of The population during 1951 and 1961 Censuses 10 males and 5 females. and during August 1964 was as under:- Population No. of Year H. holds Males Females Total Out of 80 households most belong to officials. The Tables 31 and 32 give the population and com position of these households. 1951 62 118 87 205 1961 83 272 112 384 August, 1964 80 176 134 310 TABLE No. 31-Area, Households and Population Area in Population The 1961 Census population shows a rise of 87 percent over the 1951 figures. This increase is due No. of P M F to ~st.ablishment of new Government offices, shops. Acres Hectacres Density households ThIS IS because certain officials have sought cheap 4 5 6 7 accommodation in the adjoini~g villages. Some 2 3 new Govt. buildings' have been built in Bodhna. 178 72.04 1114.6 80 310 176 134 A few persons were away while our survey was going on. The number of women have been always less, TABLE No. 32-Size and Composition 0/ Households than the men and the number of females for 1000 males are as:- No. of Percen members No. of tage of Total per house house house No. of No. of females hold holds hold persons Males Females per 1000 Year Males Females males 1 2 3 4 5 6 1951 118 85 720 39 48.75 39 38 1961 272 112 412 2-3 17 21.25 39 23 16 August, 1964 176 134 761 4-6 8 10.00 44 26 18 7-9 9 11.-25 70 32 38 10 and above 7 8.75 118 57 61 The age group-wise break up for the village is 134 Total:- 80 100.00 310 176 Females per _ 1000 Age-group males Males Females Total . The largest number of households are single member households.This is because ofa large number of Government officials were staying without 0-14 841 63 53 116 their families. Only, a Chamar (male) and 15-34 645 62 40 102 another Tarkhan (female) are from this 35-59 870 41 36 77 household~ group. 17 households of 2-3 members- comprise 60 & above 500 10 5 15 of 23 males and 16 females. 8 households of 4-6 761 176 134 310 Total:- members comprise of 20 males and 18 females. 9 households of 7-9 members comprise of 32 males Between the age group of 0-14 there are 63 males and 38 females. Lastly 7 households of 10 members and 53 female~. -between the age group of 15-34 and above comprise of 57 males and 61 females. there are 62 males and 40 females. Between the This group is composed of village households. The 56 largest number of persons 27 and 21 live in the house as against 2 married women, 2 widows and one holds of Ram Das Rajput and Karam Das divorced women. Sunar. The Panchayat maintains the death record of the Birth, Marriage and Death Statistics area covered by it. For Chaupal, the information has been collected from the Panchayat Register. The information in the following table on birth This relates to period from 11-5-1959 to May 1963. has been taken from the register maintained by the Chaupal Panchayat. This relates to period between 4.9.1959 to 12.12.1963. The year-wise break up Males Females Date (with age) (with age) Total Cause is as under- 11-5-59 1(9 mon 1 Fever Year with dates Males Females Total ths) 20-7-59 1(3 years) Sick since 4-9-1959 1 one month. 11-2-60 1(40 years 1 12-9-1959 1 to 1 IO-1O-1959 1 1 10-3-60 1 (28 year~) 1 Stomach pain 25-7-1960 1 12-3-60 1(1 year) 1 Fever 8-2-1961 1 1 17-6-60 27-8-1961 1(7 year) 1 12-12-1963 1 2-8-60 1(70 yea:) 1 Goitre Total :- 4 3 7 28-3-62 1(56 years) 1 27-5·62 1(70 years) 1 Some cases are immediately not reported. March. 63 1(aged) 1 April, 63 Hold age) 1 For males and females, the marhal status tables are separately given at table 33. May, 63 l(-do-) 1 Total:- 4 8 12 TABLE Ne. 33 Marital Status Unma- In most of the cases, the cause of death has not Age group rried Married Widowed Divorced Total been given in the register. Males 0-14 63 63 Inter Village Relationship 15-34 20 39 1 2 62 35-59 39 2 41 The people of Chaupal have cordial social and 60 & above 1 5 4 10 economical relationship with the people of surro Teta\ :- 84 83 5 4 176 unding villages. The important villages in a radius FemaJes of about five miles are Bhodhna, Manjotii, Khad dar,Thana, Sattka,Dhamas, Sarain, Lanjot, Newati, 0-14 53 53 Shantha, Lakhwanti, Nerwa, Rana Kayar, Peeon 15-34 1 38 1 40 thar, Jhikni Puol and Bamta. Chaupal is sand 35-59 26 8 2 36 wiched between Bhodhna on the one side and 60 & above .. 2 2 1 5 Manjotli on the other side. Both these villages are very close to Chaupal. In the age 0-14, among men and women group no one is married. Total number of unmarried Socially, the villagers may marry in all the nearby males are 63. In the age group of 15-34 villages. For marriages, a priest comes from there are 20 unmarried and 39 lllilrric:_d men against Manjotli. Even the worship in the village temple 1 unmarried and 38 women. There are '2 divorced is performed by a Brahmin from Manjotli. men and 1 divorced women. In the age group of 35~59 everyone is married. Out of these are 39 The people of Chaupal have economic ties with married men and -26 married women exclusiv'e of villagers in adjoining areas. They go to Nikoda 2 divorced men and one women and there are 8 stream, Cheela stream or Shantha stream for widows. In the age group of 60 & above, there are grinding their wheat, maize and millets. For one unmarried man, 5 married men, 4 widowers getting th;ir clothes woven, villagers. go to weavers _ 57 in ShiH and Shanoo villages, 3 and 11 kilometers A drama was staged in 1962 by the children. away. Similarly for making gold or silver orna They collected Rs. 600/-. ments, people from far fiung villages visit the two famous silversmiths of the village. A party of young children go to Chur peak for hiking every year. Education During the state regime there was a lower middle Every saturday a balsabha is held in which cultural school which was upgraded to the Middle standard programmes are given. in 1946. In 1954 this was upgraded to a High School. Education has been spreading after the The school has a Radio and a library. There are independence. After passing the Matriculation some educational ch.arts. examination at ChaupaJ, some young boys join Colleges at Simla or Delhi. Karam Das's son is in According to the headmaster, girTs are the irre a college at lullundur. liwan Ram's son has had gular attendents of the school. They have to look college education, before he join~d service. after the little children in the house and tend cattle once a while. In the local high school boys and girls read together. The children are admitted when they The percentage result of the school in Matricu are six y~ars old. The total number of boys and lation examination was, we were told ranging from girls were 259 at the time of survey. This figure 87 % in 1962-63 to 50 % in 1963-64. keeps on fluctuating because children studying in 1st form are always so irregular in their attendence. In Chaupa163 percent of the population is illite The table given here would show trends in education. rates. Out of 106 educated persons 88 are males and 18 females. The villagers have started realiz Boys Girls ing the value of education. Gradually, they have ~-~-~ ~--~--~ Class Swarans Hari,ians Swarns Harij ans Total ~tarted sending their children to school. X 14 ..2 16 The table No. 34 on education would give the IX 18 2 3 24 details of the number of persons age-wise who are literate. VITI 20 4 25 VII 23 5 3 26 VI 33 5 1 40 Boarding House :-A small boarding house has been attached to the school since 1958. The V 13 5 2 3 23 students come from the interior of the tehsil to reside IV 11 5 4 20 in the boarding house. A teacher is inch.,arge of the 1II 15 5 2 2 24 hostel. II 14 6 2 3 25 T 16 4 11 5 36 The boarders bring their cereals every month Totat:- 177 33 34 15 259 from home. The other miscellaneous items of diet are purchased from the bazar. A cook prepares meals and cleans the utensils. The staple diet The school is housed in a Govt. building const of the boarders is wheat, bhato_oru and urad-ki-daal ructed before 1947. No regular repairs are being with vegetables occasionally. Fuel is collected by carried out. the students. The school has a sanctioned staff of 17 teachers' out of which only 13 were posted at the time of Once a month, a cultural programme is held in survey. This excludes a N. C. C. teacher. Games which the boarders take part. Prayers are held like Volley ball, Foot balI, and Kabaddi or Kho-Kho every evening and attendence is taken a1' 5. P.M. are popular. The scnool nas won the inter-district The hostel fee for the boarders is very nominal. shield for the Kabaddi for three successive years, 1959-60-61. The extra carricular activities of the At the time of survey, there were boarders from school include Dramatics, treking and there is the Malath, Marog, Goli, Khadden, Bataiwali and school magazine. ~ Shateh. 58 J ..... o N 00...... \C)..... .... .... I .... ...... 00 ....o \0 ' \0 59 Immigration tennis are played here. Membership is open to all who pay Rs. 5 each as admission fee. Officials Most of the families are the original residents drawing above Rs. 200 pay Re. 1 every month. of the village, while some villagers have migrated to this place. The three Sunar families claim that their ancestors had come from Shmur. Chet Ram Beliefs and Superstitions Rehar has migrated from Uttar Pradesh. Dhasu Villagers here are full of beliefs and supersti Chamar married his daughter to Paindi of Balsan tions. They are very afraid of the evil spirits. about fifteen years ago. Soon Paindi started living with his in:laws. During the survey, it was observed that he sold the property of his father-in-law with his In agriculture the first ploughing is started from consent to payoff some debt. Government officials the direction of the moon in the sky. If it is in the who are posted here come from different areas of east, the ploughing bagins from an eastern end of the Pradesh and other parts of India. the field. In Bhadra, Sundays and Thuesdays are 'the good days for ploughing. In Chaitra, only Tues The married women here come from nearby day is considered good. If there is a bumpercrop, areas. The girls of the village are married outside a black stone is raised in the field so that the crops the Village. are not destroyed by an evil eye. This is known as Jhathawad. If one finds a ditch in a fields, it is a bad Tatooing omen. Toward off its evil effects, a goat is slaugh tered in the field in the name of the family deity. Men and women get themselves tatooed during ILa snake is killed while ploughing, it is again a fairs. But there is local way of tatooing. Women bad omen. Two cobs in.a corn plant is still consi collect some un-ripe barley and make a paste of it. dered bad. From every crop a few grains are fixed The black soot of fry-pan is mixed with the paste at the temple gate as a token offering to dei.ty. and is gradually pricked in the arms either with a needle or with a thorn of Baikhli shrub. Tatooing There are many other little but common SUpet here is known as Kazal in the local dialect. stitions. , The different parts of the body tatooed are New clothes are not stitched on a Sunday. A fore-arms, hands, forehead, chin and thigh. The word 'Om' and names are usually tatooed. Wrist corner of the cloth is cut with sdssors at home on any week days. On the sixth of each Vikrami watch flowers and birds are seen tatooed on the forearms or wrists. . months, money is not given on loan nor is any charity given to the Brahmin. If the excreta of a Leisure and Recreation crow falls on a person, that particular cloth is re moved and left there. After bathing Iluja is offered It is only during winter that vil1agers find more in the temple. time for respite. As most of the time they have to remain indoor due to snow outside, they confine to spinning wool. Smoking helps them pass their time. While constructing the walls of the house, white During other time, villagers bring fuel and stones are not used. These are not supposed to be fodder from the jungle. An elderly member or a good and may cause miseries to the family. While young child may also tend the cattle. Young men cooking if the bread bre?ks in two, it is thought are playing cards. The favourite games played are that some more guests are coming. The broom is coat piece and Chhabia played by four men with never kept in a verticIe position. The legend goes a pack of cards. At sometimes they go to shops, that, when Kansa wanted to kill Lord Krishna, he sent Sarupnakha in the giuse of a snake in a sit there and indulge in various types of gossips. broom. Sometimes, a cinema show is held by the Block. Once a while, a drama is staged by the school It is a bad omen, if accidently water falls in the children or by the staff of the Block Development hearth. After spreading over the roof, the house office. This provides recreation. owner is supposed to fulfil the wishes of the mason who may demand a bedding, or an utensil. If a For Government officials the Forest Depart jackal calls, it is thought that some one would die ment has consturcted a club. An amount of Rs. in the village. Even the untimely call of the cock 30,000 was raised. Cards, chess, carr om and table that is before mid-night is considered a bad omen. 60 If a villager is about to do a particular work and On Pather Chauth night in the month of Bhadra some one sneezes, the work is postponed. If a cat if a person sees the moon, he is sure to quarrel or or a snake crosses one's way, then this is not a good have misunderstanding or a row with near ones. omen and one does not proceed with the journey. Toward off the effect, a stone must be thrown on If two snakes are seen together, this is considered the roof of the 'neighbour and hear some abuses. a bad omen. The onlooker should atonce throw a piece of cloth over them. A journey is never taken Solar or lunar eclipse is supposed to be due to on a Saturday. When an empty pitcher is seen with Rahu and Ketu, the two prin~i~al planets out .of a women, this is an inauspicious omen. If a cat the nine. On this day villagers dIstrIbute SatnaJa, licks her body, some guests are expected. If a cat seven .types of grains mixed together, t~ Rehars. cleans the face with the paws, rains are expected. Food is served before or after the echpse. The utensils are cleaned when the eclipse is over. Some To here an owl or a crow are considered'to be persons shout names to Rahu and Ketu. The verses unlucky. If one hears the roar of the leapord and are:- the baa of the cattle it is supposed to be lucky. Red ~~ Ug~T 'i9T~ and white colours are supposed to be unlucky while aref m.ffi 'OjFf~f t~ m~ black and yellow are considered to be lucky for I all. Translation:-Oh ! Rahu leave the sun or moon. We will offer you grains like tel, urad and rice. No work is ever started during afternoons. Generally the morning is preferred to other times. Banshcera is supposed to be a headless person Burial or cremation grounds are supposed to be clothed in white dress. Usually one comes across:s unlucky places. It is said that these places are this in deep jungles when a person is alone .. It IS haunted by evil spirits. A man having big' head is supposed to sometimes shout names. If one hstens supposed to be lucky while one having big to any of the first three calls, the person's de.ath ears is considered unlucky. Such a person is not is close. It is always advised not to answer VOIces allowed to milk the cow or to be a partner in some in jungles when one is alone. An interes~ing i~cident deal or business. happened to the investigator. The lllvestJg~tor: a sorter and one Jiwan Ram Verma of MaJoth were nearing Chaupal when it ~as getting dark.Some Some dreams are supposed to be lucky while one shouted. Verma warned not to reply as he fe~t others are unlucky. To see silver, deity, cow, death this was a Bansheera chasing t4em. Actually It of someone well dressed women or to swim was the muleteer who was carrying their luggage. across a stream are all supposed to be lucky. Whereas They also beJieve in Ghosts. to see gold, marriage, dog, howling,ill clad woman, fairs and festivals,to Jaugnor dance in a dream are The ghost would change its shape; and some supposed to be unlucky. times look like an animal or a human being. Then he would ~ry to frightened the person by coming A dry plant near the house is not allowed to stand. near. Apple trees, pipal or rose plants are considered lucky for all. For getting married, or to celebrate Witch casts an evil eye on a cow, or anyone. other occasions, the "months of Vaisakha, Bhadra The child may become weak. Sometimes she is and Asvina of the Vikrami era are supposed to be supposed to eat the heart of a dead man. To check inauspicious. Even to be born in the month of its evil effects, a pandit is consulted. The Pandit KarQka is snpposed to be unlucky. For starting any possesses a die made out of eagle's bones which work or to start a journey Monday, Tuesday and he plays on a dry skin of an animal. In the form Friday are the lucky days while other days are not of a spirit the witch would go to the Pandit and preferred. re'quest for Pardon. By his magic the Pandit would atonce imprison her in a dry hollow gourd, and A person is supposed to live long if he does not nail the gourd on a tree. get afraid on seeing a buffaloe. It is said that a buffaloe is an incarnation of Yam Raj god of death. The villagers believe in black magic. This is done To be afraid of a buffaloe would indicate early by making a rough figure of the foe who is the target. death. A fast is not undertaken if there is an eclipse The Pandit performs a special type of worshjp on Puran Mashi. and chants mantras. Then the figure is put into a 61 vessel and heated with the chanting of mantras The joint famHy has shown that it is not always It is believed that these acts harm the foe. workable. Sometimes with the coming in of new wives, misunderstandings arise. Married sons and Family Structure and Inheritance of Property their wives start disobeying the head of the household. In joint families parents live with their married or unmarried sons. Every one eats from the same kitchen and shares the income. The head of the The head of the household himself does the divi family is invariably the father, known as Budha. sion of property. The sons may also divide the He is the custodian of the family purse, and directs property among themselves. other persons to do particular works. His orders are always obeyed. The type of the families found here are given in Table No. 35. Previously daughters were not given any share More than half the number of houses are of single in the property. After the marriage, daughters did member household. These are Govt. officials who not claim any thing from the father's property. are either unmarried or are residing without their But after the Hindu Law of Succession, daughters families. have a right over their father's property. TABLE No. 35-Casteand Natureo! Family Type of families living in the households r- ____.A..____ -.., Caste Total number Simple Intermediate Joint Single Member of Households I 2 3 4 5 6 Brahmin 16 4 1 11 Chamar 5 1 4 Koli 6 3 2 Khatri 7 2 5 Lohar / 2 1 1 Rajput 28 5 3 to Rehar 2 1 1 Sunar 4 2 1 Tarkhan 4 2 2 Turi 2 1 1 Vaish 2 2 Muslim 1 1 Sikh 1 The villagers have a divided opinion on this issue. infants. If they are not sent to school they look Most of the villagers feel that it leads to fragmenta after the cattle. tions. So far no daughter has claimed a portion from her father's property. The husband is the head of the household. He Boys and girls are usually sent to school when they spends for the family out of the income. During a are about 6 or 7 years old. During-the off hours financial crisis, he borrows money. The wife manages children help in household work and look after the all the household affairs and keeps the keys of the 62 kothar. She directs her children and daughters-in Inter-caste Relationship laws to do different works. In Chaupal a majority of the households are The moment she gets a daughter in-law, the Harijans. Brahmins and Rajputs do not accept cooked mother-in-law begins to give orders. She may from Harijans. Even among persons of different indulge in fault finding also. The slightest provo Scheduled Castes, they do not cat at the hands of cation leads to a useless discussion. This is a testing each other. Chamars are considered at the lowest time for the new daughter-in-law. The father-in rung of the social society because they make shoes. law may take the side of his wife while the son may A Koli does not eat at the hands of a Chamar.Simi be a silent spectator for a while. If the mother calms larly a Turi or Rehar neither eats nor smoke from down after a year or so, the family life goes on the hands of a Koli or Chamar, not to speak of happily. But if the mother-in-law does not change having any marriage. Lohar is independent of all her attitude, the son would like to live separately. these castes. A Badhi and Sunar may eat and smoke together. " The daughter-in-law is generally respectful to her elder brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law. With The different castes are concentrating on agri the younger members of the family she is fre'e. culture and horticulture but continue to take inter est in their different ~rades, common ~o their castes. Status of Women Zaildar-Used to be incharge of a Pargana comp No women here observe Purdah. Elder women rising some villages. It was a hereditary post. He are respected by oth~r persons in the household. made all the arrangments for the Ruler's visit. Womenfolk have to do all odd jobs of the house, Any disorder in his area was atonce reported to besides helping in agriculture. Men have confessed the Ruler. In return he did not pay land revenue that women work more, and if they stopped work for the little land he was given for cultivation. Now ing, the ec~nomy of the family would be shaHered. there is no post of Zaildar. A Zaildar was always of a high caste. In every season the lady of the house is rhe first person to wake up in the morning. After fetching Lumbardar-Lumbardar is incharge of a yillage. water the house is cleaned.By that time others in the His main function is to collec~ land revenue and house also get up. Fire is lit and the cow is milked. depos(t rhis in the state treasury. In lieu of this, The cow shed is cleaned. In the meanwhile others he is given five per cenr of the revenue collection. prepare tea or give milk to the infanrs. She also He assists rhe Patwari in some ways. This is not a churns the curd. After having food in)he morning hereditary post. He is liable to be removed if his she goes to the fields to help in agriculture. Some work is not satisfactory. On the appointmeRt of a times she .has to prepare food before going out to new Lumbardar, he had to pay Rs. 100 as nazrana ~he fields. After lunch she may again go to fields to the Ruler. He should be an influential man. His or to the forest to collect fuel and fodder. For two other function was to provide forced labour to ~he days in a week, she goes to the spring to wash Ruler. clothes. In the evening she would again milk the cows and fetcn water. After preparing dinner she Halbanrji:-Is not a hereditary post but a Hal provides hot water for w~shing the feet, cleans all bandi was always· a Koli. He used to collect bega the utensils and sweeps the kitchen. It is her duty ris under orders of the village Lumbardar and did to spread out the beds. When all the work is finished not pay any land revenue. she spins the wool for about an hour or more till 11.30P.M. I Daunda-used to be the lowest village servant from amongst the Kolis. His main duty was to do In a nut shell, she is the first person to get up in free service to the village functions and did not pay the morning and last to retire and is< bus~ all the land revenue. day. The village disputes were settled by a group of Women give a helping hand to members of the old respectful and influential men. Minor disputes family who are craftsmen and do quite a bit of arising among the parties of one caste were settled spinning. It is easy for the local women to have a by the elder1>, people of the same caste. While cases divorce. of theft, injury or tresspass were referred to a select 83 group.Their decision used to be final and respected. After obtaining the certificate from the Gram In the past such organisa.tion used' to play an Panchayat the applicant approached the Nayaya Pan important role in establishing harmony in the chayat on 9.5.60. Due to the absence of opposite village. party, this case could not be taken up for want of quorum. And it was again postponed for 17.6:60. In Chaupal, most of the members of such Pancha yats were of Scheduled Castes. On this day the case was taken up by the full bench of the Nyaya Panchayat. Statements of Panchayat both the parties were recorded. The opposite party admitted the claim of the applicant and agreed to The Chaupal Gram Panchayat with its head pay the amount in consideration in four equal in quarter in the village came into existence in ] 954. stalments. It covers 19 villages with an area of 5268 acres. A decree of Rs. 54.25 (Rs. 50 principal amount Out of the 17 members, 7 are Rarijans and 3 are and Rs. 2 interest and Rs. 2.25 as precess fee) women. The members from Cbaupal are 2 Harijans. against Nandu was passe"d. He was directed to pay the amount in four instalments. Activities of the Gram Panchayat cover, general cleanliness of the vHIages, rerairs of pa1hs and Case No. II-This was a similar case presented vital statistics of birth and death are kfpt. Di~putes by Hira 'Ram Rajput of village Kikkri before the are settled, arrangements are made for fairs and Gram Panchayat on 21.2.6], for recovery of Rs. festivals. There are many o1her functions as laid - 80 and Rs. 10 as interest from Nandi Harijan down in the act. (same as in case No.1). No compromise could be reached between the two parties, within 3 months. The Chaupal Nyaya Panchayat was established The Gram Panchayat issued a certificate for allowing during 1958. This covers 27 villages. There are ] 5 the ccmplainant to approach the Nyaya Panchayat. members out of which 3 are Harijans. One Harijan represents Chaupal. It was on 17.6.61 that Hira filed the case for recovery of the amount. On 3.8.61 the case came It takes up civil cases below Rs. 1CO if It is up for hearing before the Nyaya Panchayat. Only not decided within three - mon1hs by 1he Gt~m the applicant was present and the defendant did Panchayat. not come inspite of the summons. Panches to these two bodies are elected by voters The Nyaya Panchayat proceed(d exparte against of village committees known as Gram Sabhas. the defendant and directed the applicant to produce Pradhan and Up-Pradhan of Gram Panchayat his evidence on 17.8.61. are directly elected by the popular vote. Whereas, Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch of Nyaya Panchayat After recording the statements of the witnessess are elected by the Panches. produced by the applicant in support of his claim the bench of the Nyaya Panchayat passed on exparte A negotiating committee of 3 or 5 Panches is set up by the Pradhan to solve disputes referred to decree of Rs. 90 including interest and other fees against the defendant on 18.6.62. the Panchayat. If a compromis~ is not possible the case is sent on to the Nyaya Panchayat. Between 17.8.61 and 18.6.62 both dates inclusive, Two CASES the bench of the Nyaya Panchayat had a number of sittings and recorded 6 statements of the witnesses Case No. I-This was a case for the recovery of produced by the applicant. Rs. 50 and Rs. 2 as an interest filed by Shobu S/O Ram Singh Rajput of village Thooch against Nandu S/O Shanka Harijan resident of Chaupal. The villagers have begun to realjse the usefulness of the Panchayat. They are saved fronY taking dis Shobu filed an application for realising this putes to the courts. amount from Nandu before the Gram Panchayat Chaupal on 2.2.60. The parties could not have There is' a Secretary appointed to look after any compromise before the negotiating committee the office correspondence of the Panchayat. He is of the Gram Panch ayat, fOf 3 months. paid Rs. 60 p.m. 64 Co-operative Society To advance loans at cheap interest which is Rs. 9/6j-per annum. The loans are The Chaupal ~ooperative Multipurpose Credit given for house construction and for deve Society (CTD) was registered on 31-10-1951. lopment of agriculture. This covers 19 villages. The society supplies fertilizers to the farmers. The total number of the members on 30-6-1963 were 100 out of which 8 are from Chaupal. The total amount as share is Rs. 5,620. The amount Marketing of potatoes to get reasonable of loan advanced to members during 1962-63 was returns. The farmers take their potatoes Rs. 8,400. Out of tbis amount, two members from to Sainj and sell this to the depot of the Chaupal have taken Rs. 700. society. Membership is open to all. One can become a member by purchasing a share of Rs. 10 and Re. The society is becoming popular among the I as admission fee. The maximum borrowing villagers as the interest is very low. limit of the society is Rs. 15000. Chiefly its aims and objects are:- A detailed statement of receipts and disburse To raise the economic and social life of the ment of the cooperative society ending 30th June, people. 1962 is given here. in Table No. 36. 65 0 0 0 .... 0 ' .I. t;j ...0 "':' Eo< u0 ....~ o(l Q,) .... Cd ,) =S c 0. "0 Q,) Q,) ;:l I:! til .. t:l .:; ... a ..d "" 0 ...til "" Z is Q,) U 'i'i 0/) -<:: til ~ .... !:I 0/) ::,J 0 is ...= 0 ""... ,g ~ ;:I c., 'a Q 0 Eo< ;:J '-' 0 t;j M U ..:l \0 ~ rti til 0\ .... ...... o~ g 8 .,., .,., 0\ N .ct 8- e o 0 S .0 ....o A0 ~ to .9 ." t:: 8 ~ I IN I~ ...o ...... ~ ...... 8 ....o 1• & 67 \0 00 :! I ~'8 8 I~ CI\.. \0 .n .... on 01 on ..,. 00 I~ 'i I"'l \0 0"1 I) "1::1 "1::1 ~ 0 0 III ~ .:= e I'l -~ s:l 0 «I .S! I:: III .S! .. '" ~ '" 1... :3... ·s ·8 Q I) 8 ~ "1::1 41 0 p::; d I"'l < ..... a I:: 0 0 c {:. E-< ~ E-< b() .t: '"G ...~ § 11"1 c \0 VI 0 0 01 <:..> .~ r- 01 ~ I~ I 0 :3 8 <:..> III • ~ ~ 0 -0 VI .,.; .n I .... p::;~ ~ 11"1 IN -.:: ...... -~. 1 "'f". I ~ - - 1- C ~ "'c:3 § ~- ~ .I. e;.... ~ •Jl I=l ! 0 :§ Co 0 C) ] a III 0 I) i;j u :3 rIl ~ u - "'0 Qv p.; Co "'0 ~ i "d ~ .; 0 0 .; ~ 0 r.I-< "d :; r.I-< = .; -0 ::l'" Cl Cl - -< Co 0 u- .S! 8 .9= ci t:;o OIl Cl ~ <::: 0 .2 -0 '" .! .e--... fa ~ ·u ... 0= .. ·c Co 's "8 ~ .~ :a Co 8 ti'" -< ::l II) I) '" .g 0 .... Q a ~ rIl r.I-< E-< rIl -< Z 68 A Secretary has ~been appointed to look after bad days. And at the same time they get food the accounts of the society. He is a local man and stuffs at cheaper rates. paid Rs. 25 P.M. Medical and Public Heatlh Cbaupal Employees Thrift and Credit Society The dispensary at Chaupal was opened during State time in 1911~ It was upgraded to Civil Hos The government employees posted at Chaupal pital by the H. P. Government in 1961 but is often have opened a thrift and credit society since 1951. without a doctor. This has indoor wards and small This is a registered society with membership open operations are undertaken. For the major ones to employees posted in Chaupal tehsil. This society patients are sent to Snowdon Hospital Simla. is working under the presidentship of the D.F.O. The average number of out door patients who Chaupal. A fullfledged secretary is appointed at visit the hospital daily is approximately 100. a monthly salary of Rs. 140/-. The common diseases are: Any Government official can become a member Deiarrhea and Dysentery. by paying Rs. 50 as a share. The maximum number Typhoid fever. of share that one can have is of Rs. 1,000. At Pneumonia present the total capital with the society is Rs. Scabies 4,000. The total number of members registered with the society is 50. Measles, Chicken pox and V. D. Goitre. The chief aim of the society is to advance loans to its members either eight times of the share or 3 A sanitary inspector looks after the general times of the pay which ever is less. Interest is cleanliness of the village. One of his duties is charged At the rate of Rs. 9/6/-. per annum. On to trace the adultrated food stuffs. member's sudden death the amount is given to his nominee. If the Government servant is A Family Planning Cehtre has been attached to transferred his share is atonce released. the Civil Hospital. A lady health visitor is incharge. The villagers are shy of using contracep6ves. But The society has opened a shop where all types of some of the villagers realise the importance of commodities of daily u~e including food grains are having smaller families. available to members only. Its profit is divided among the members on prorata basis. The conservative would always say 'children are god's gift and god would provide them with food'. The Govt. officials are satisfied 9ver the funct Therefore there was no question oflimiting families. ioning 0 f the society. They get loans to tide over Some men do use contraceptives. TABLE No. 37-AttitudlO towards Family Planning with reference fa age the Head of the Household No. wanting more children, the age of No. wanting no more children, the. age the head of household (male) being of the head of household (male) beIng ----- Above 41-50. 31-40. 21-30. 20. or less Above 41-50. 31-40. 21-30. 20. or Caste 50. 50. less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 11 Brahmin .. . . 5 6 2 2 Chamar 2 3 " .. Koli 1 2 1 1 1 Khatri 1 2 1 3 Lohar 1 .. 1 Rajput -3 5 4 1 3 2 7 2 Rehar .. 1 .. .. 1 Sunar 1 1 1 1 Tarkhan 1 1 Turi 2 Vaish 1 1 Muslim 1 Sikh 1 1 \ 69 TABLE No. 38-Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Monthly Income No. wanting more children, having monthly income of No. wanting no more children having monthly income of ,----___------A. ,-~------"------, Above Above Caste Rs. 150 Rs. 101- Rs. 76- Rs. 51- Rs. 25 Rs. 150 Rs. 101- Rs. 76- Rs.51- below 150 100 75 Rs. 26-50 or less 150 100 75 Rs. 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brahmin 6 6 2 1 Chamar 1 1 2 1 Koli 1 1 2 Khatri 2 1 3 1 Lohar >. 1 1 Rajput 4 7 2 2 8 5 Rehar 1 Sunar 2 Tarkhan 2 Turi Vaish 1 Muslim 1 Sikh Diseases and Local Treatment The !reatment for rheumation or infiamation by extractmg dark blood is commonly known as Eye sores:-To cure eye troubles breast milk is singi-lagana. The hollow horn with a little hole dropped into the eyes. at the other end is fixed on the part and the air is sucked out. Thus the bloed c(mes out into the TOTlsil:-Fresh butter is rubbed on the head. horn. Once the ~acumin is made Singi remain Sometimes the witch doctor uses his charms. stuck for some time. Temple Management Cough:-The maize stalk is burnt and ash mixed with honey is given to the patient. Even borax The manager of the local Shirgul temple committee is given. is called the Bhandari selected and appointed by the villagers of Chaupal. The Bhandari keeps accounts Indigestion:-Azwain is given to settle indigestion. of the income and expenditure of the Devta. The diety has gold and silver ornaments in its treasury. Fever:-A fever which comes after every three These things are kept in the possession of the or four days is charmed by the witch doctor. Bhandari. Pain in Chest:-If children suffer from pain in Devta's income:-On Sankrant the first of every the chest the local cure is by charms. Vikrami month villagers go to the temple and offer cereals grown in their land and make some cash Stomach ache:-For stomach pains bhang is presents. While some villagers bring goats. These given. Bhang harvested in Bhadra is more effective. are slaughtened in the temple compound- after For boils a paste of Kali mirch and gairu are applied. these are accepted by the diety. offering of Re. A wild herb is used. For tooth ache, salt and 1 may be made to the diety. Other pilgrims chillies are rubbed near the tooth. For pain in the visit the diety and bring presents. While the Devta ear, drops of warm mustard oil are poured. visits different villages, the Bhandari collects gtains 70 and cash from each house. This is deposited in the Fesfivals:-Everyone looks forward eagrely to treasury and an account is maintaim:d. the seasonal festivals which are celebrated here with gaiety. Some of the festivals celebrated are- Amounts are spent on repairs of the building, on repairing the Devtas orchestra, and ornaments. Bichhdi:-Is celebrated on the new year's day Sometimes garments for the diety are made. of the Vikrami Sambat. People put on new clothes and prepare tasty dishes. Relatives frem nearby All the villagers are Hindus. Among the govern~ areas visit Chaupal. The village Tuds dance in the ment servants there may be Sikhs or Muslims. houses of other ca'stes,and receive cereals and food When villagers wake up in tlle morning, they per~ at night. They go from house to house. form namaskar to the rising sun. Elders read the Ramayana and Sukh Sagar. They have belief in Bishoo-ro-sajo:-This is celebrated on the first the Karma theory of life and have a popular saying of Baisakha every year. People have an early bath 'Jai Ro Bhoinlo teray lailo' As you sow so shall and go to the temple at Sarain. They offer money you reap. and cereals before the Bijat deity and in return receive food from the diety's Bhandari. For a Villagers fast on Shivratri, Puranmashi and Janam night the villagers stay at Sarain and spend the Ashtmi. On Puranmashi, they worship the moon. evening dancing to local tunes these are popular Throughout the day they just take som.e milk and. folk dances. fruits. On Shivratri, they may take meat. Chadaivadi:-This festival is held in the Shirgul diety is held in high esteem. Villagers name of Shirgul Devta or Bijat Raj. The symbol worship the diety every morning on the first of of the Devta is Chhari of silver having coloured every Vikrami month or Sankrant. They offer cloth cut pieces on the head. The Brahmin of grains and cash on different festivals. village Majhotli on their mutual understanding worship the diety turn by turn. There are two When anyone is not cured by allopathic temples one of Shirgul and another of his guard treatment, villagers bring the village deity who named Pear. The temple has wood carving work visits the house accompanied by a party of Turis and paintings with silver, brass coins nailed in the who play the orchestra and a few other men. A door and so many Ka/ash made of brass and gold grand feast is arranged and a goat is slaughtered. polished are put on the top of the roof. On the fair The orcale of the deity is consulted and -whatever day people gather in front of the temple during the is demanded by him in the name of the deity is night with Masals in their hands and go about sing atonce given. During the night members of the ing a song/particularly meant for the occasion.They house keep awake and sing d_evotional songs. The go round the temple thrice. The priest of the temple devta is carried on a palanquin. worship the diety every morning and evening as usual with Dhaners (a brass cup with handles) in Festivals and Fairs which is burnt the incerust and fragrent tree leaves named Paza. According to Shri Trivedi, Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat "Fairs and Festivals The fair is held on the first night of 1st Bhadra are as old as mankind. They arise from man's at Chaupal and on the other two days at village innate desire to congregate and divert himself from Bodhna. The Manager or Kardar of the deity ~he humdrum routine of life. This universal fact hails from this village. Those who come to the fair which has a deep psychological basis, has been stay in the neighbouring villages of Chaupal with aptly described by the great poet Kalidas, when he I their relatives. Mostly the villagers of surround says," "~mqf>nH: lSf~1U1T" "Men are, by their ing villages and local official visits the fair. About very nature, fond of festivals." Periods of activity one thousand visitors attend this every year. and hard work require to be alternated-by periods of leisure and diversion, '\Vhich make mind and The villagers gather to pay their homage to the body fresh and invogorated for renewed ·activity. diety. No trade is done during the fair. It is the institution of fairs and festivals which provides such occasions by supplying this essential Puhara and romantic songs are sung and the need in human existence and by moulding the social, villagers dance in their own folk fore with mashals cultural and religious life of the people." in their hands and the musical instrument known 71 as Hurkis (a bigger size of damroo) are usually night, worship of the deity is done in which the used on that occasion. entire gathering participates. They make offerings of cash and kind to the diety. After that folk dances There is plenty of singers and dancing. take place. PeopJe revealed that those invitt:d are Charsyoli: This is a festival of fire which in local well looked after and served with delicious food. term is known as Chiras the name of fair is Char Maghi:-This festival is celebrated on the first syoli after chiras. On this day the people through of Magha. People keep fast. They serve food to out the Tehsil burn Chiras in the villages around unmarried girls and Brahmins. Close relatives their houses and temple and every family prepares are sent for. Alms are given to the poor. Some Pakvans and worship these Chiras. These chiras well off persons go to Hardwar where they spend on made of rich resinous sticks are lit throughout thc performing religious ceremonies and having a holy month and the aim of celebrating this fair seems dip. to protect the crops from insects as these chiras are lit during the rainy season when the crops are Shivratri:-This is a popular festival. Fast is badly attacked by the insects. kept and at night good dishes are taken. The same are also distributed among relatives. In Dussera:-On this day the villagers put on new the night family members sing devotional songs. or clean clothes and worship the village diety. A rich food is taken. The'C. D. Block sometimes Big wheat breads which may weigh upto 10 shows documentary films. Kilos are prepared. These are decorated with red vermillion. In the corner all such breads and Diwali:-This festival is celebrated on the same -fried j)oldu and Bhallas are kept. The image of day as in the other parts of the country. People Shiva is made of leaves of Paja tree all made into put on neat and clean clothes and prepare goed the shape of a garland. In local dialect this is dishes. known as Mahadev. Then the worship starts in which all the members of the family take part. Earthen Deepaks are lighted in the evening. After the worship fast is broken. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Children lit a fire after collectjng fuel from each household. A few Holi:-In Phalguna:-This is a gay festival person fast. There may be-a few fire works. when coloured water or Gulal is sprinkled on each other. This is the same as in other parts of Googhavadi:-This festival is celebrated on Himachal Pradesh. Fire wood is collected frem the day of Gugga naumi in the month of Bhadra. each household and lit up at night. There is gaiety After bathing and putting on neat clothes people ending with singing at night. Delicious food is assemble before the temple of Gugga diety. They served at night. Some may have Bhang. prepara worship the diety and the diety'S oracle performs tions in the day. dances. In the night good dishes are prepared. Some of the families exchange the food. Kolis are Fairs:-Most of the fairs held in Baisakha are given food. known as Bishoo. These fairs are the source of merry making and entertainment, and occasions Teohar:-This festival is celebrated during winter for social gatherings. between15th and 20th Posh.Almost every household The different fairs held in and around Chaupal slaughters a goat. The meat is then dried for are:- consuming in the rest of winter. Delicious foed is prepared ~nd close relatives are invited to stay Bishoo of P.ouria:-This fair is held at Poud for a couple of days. village about 11 miles away in the name of Mahasu deity on the 1st of Baisakha. This was started by On every 3rd year, Shant is held. People of the Ruler of lubbal many decades ago. The the pargna are invited on this day. The Te1l).ple arrangements for the fair was conducted by the Committee of the Shirgul diety chalks out the details viUagers of Tharoch. About, 2,CeO peqple gather of the programme. Donations in the name of the in colourful dresses. Folk dances and songs deity are collected from the villagers of the surround are the main features of the fair. Some shops are ing areas. set up. Many goats are slaughtered to be served to 1.he Mashran Bishoo fair:-Mashran Bishoo is held people gathered. Free food is served. In the en the 3rd Bai~akha every year, 72 The Devta at Mashran is named Maheshwar Raj was found where the lightening fell down on (Shiva) and the image is made of Asht Dhat-eight the ground. The Devta's name is after lightening or metal. This was found in an excavation about Bijli. The Devta's priests are the Brahmins which there is a legend. Once upon a time a man was of village Khedar, Puraun, who worship the deity imprisoned. When he was released, two persons in turn. The temple is a five storeyed building. met him in the way one was from Shak Pujarli There are other buildings in the compound. The and another from Shilla in erstwhile Tharoch Murti is in the 5th storey. To approach the murti State to whom he related a dream about the hidden one has to go up the single plank stair. In the deities at a particular place. Both the person dug third storey fire in an utensil is kept ever burning. the earth and took two Mohras and established This fire was brought from Badri Nath, it is said. them one at Pujarli and another at Mashran. The temple is a place of pilgrimage for the villa The deities are now called brothers. The devtas' gers of Jubbal, Sirmur, Tharoch and Jaunsar Bawar. worship is shared between Brahmins of Bajhol There are many gold necklaces around the and Mashran are given every morning and evening neck of the murtj, These are elaborate ornaments. for a period of one week in turns. No special Then there are coins and horns of domestic goats rituals are observed on the occasion of the fair. and sheep nailed on the front of the gate and doors, The temple is a three storeyed building with a ground besides there are Kalashs of Brass and gold plated in fornt. There are wood carvings and paintings kept on the top of the roof. with silver, coins and horns of domestic goats and Arrangements for the Sarain fair are made by the wild animal nailed on the frame of the main door Bhandari and the temple committee. The visitors and has many kalash_ofbrass metal and,one golden stay in Sarain and surrounding villages. They are plated on the top of the roof. provided free food by the villagers with whom they The fair takes place at Mashran and the Bhandari stay. of the deity manages the fair in consultation with The people gather simply to pay their homage to the temple managing committee. The visitors the deity daily and no particular dresses are put on stay in Mashran and its surrounding villages. except the people who participates in Thoha. The managing committee calculates the strength This is a sort of religious gathering when people of the visitors and then divides the number to the besides paying, homage to the Bijat Raj also indulge inhabitant of village Mashran and surrounding in sodal affairs. villages. Even strangers are welcome to stay with the lQcal inhabitants. No amounts are Deha Bishufair:-This fair is held in Deha village charged. This arrangement is known as Thila. about 15 miles away on the 17th and 18th Baisakha. The fair is held in honour of Shirgul deity of Ghala. The people simply pay their homage to the deity and no particular dresses are put on except' those The symbol of the Devta is Chhari of silver having who participates in Thoda. flaps of coloured cloth (cut pieces) at the top. Its priests are Brahmins, who worship the deity turn Dry fruits and other sweets are sold by the villa by turn in the temple and no special rituals are gers but outside hawkers seldom bring their wares. observed on the occasion of the fair. The local men and others who are invited by them enter the fair ground and dance with sword, sticks The fair is managed by a member of Pajnail and guns to the b~at of drums. Singing goes on. family and fair committee of village Deha. The temple is two storeyed building with silver, brass No other arrangement for the recreation of people coins nailed on the frame of the main door. Besides are made except dancing, singing and playing this there are horns of goat and kalash of metal Thoda. A couple of Hindolas are put up. on the top of the roof. In fact this fair is held to revive the chivalry The people who visits the fair stay with the people and to creat enthusiasm between themsdves. ofDeha and in surrounding villages on ThUa system (dividing the number of persons according to the Bishoo at Sarain:-This fair is held at Sarain, number of families) as· decided by the managing 12 miles away on the 9th of Baisakha. committee. The Bishu fair is held in the name of Devta The people of the area where the fair is to be Bijat Raj. It is said that the idol of Devta Bijat held invite the people of other areas; by putting '73 fencing of thorn around their water sources. They Shirgul Devta. The people of Dhantha and Bateori inform others by crying at the top of ridge regarding came from gharwal, it is said and they took the their misdeed. If the man who puts the fence IS deity with them. The people of both the villages caught red handed, than there will be no compulw arrange the festival, in which they dance with the sion of attending the fair. If not, the people of palk,i of the deity. that area have to attend the fair. Shawni lair at Pundar:-- This fair is held on the The villagers generally gather to pay their 15th and 16th Sravana in Jaili village near Pundar homage to the deity and no particular dresses are about 15 miles away. This fair is celebrated put on except the.parties who participate in Thoda. in the name of Nag Devta whose image of Asth Both the hosts and guests play Thoda to amuse Dhat was established by Pandvas, it is said. The themselves. temple is of five storeyed building. The image of the Devta is on the third storey of the temple. The No particular recreation programme is there main gates is decorated with horns of goats and except the dancing singing, open air firing and sheep, coins and silver and brass metals are nailed Thoda playing. Near about 1500 people visit the and wood carving work is there. On the top roof fair. Kalash of Brass, iron and silver are nailed. The Dhamas fair:-This fair is held on 12w14 Baisaw Brahmins of Putara worship the deity 'turn by turn. When there is mourning in their families, the kha near village Dhamas before the temple of Dundi priests of Jaili take their turn. deity six miles away. This is also celebrated in honour of Bijat deity. About 1000 people in co]w The fair takes place on the Purnima when the ourfu] dresses gather. A sweet shop or two are deity gives Darshan to all the gentry and the people run by the local people. Folk dances are h::lJd and place their Sukhna to the deity. It was a custom some songs are sung. The fair is held on every third years back to dance on the occasion of the fair years. with special dress. But this sort of thing is now not' w in vague. When the deity comes out of the temple, Jhodnafair:-A similar fair is held on 13th Baisa the women of Turi Caste perform dance in fJont kha in Village Jhodna about 15 miles away. It is of it. The fair goes on for two days and on the third held to honour the Bijat deity. Other particulars day the people perform folk dance around the are similar to that of Dhamas fair. temple building. Kuffai fair:-This is a fairly big sized fair held The fair is not managed by any local organisation. in Kuffai village about 16 miles away. Even people The date is fixed on Sravana, Purnima and the day from Sirmur district come to participate in the fair. is called Harsha.Even i\ there is a death in these About half a dozen of sweet shops and dry fruits villages the fair is held. It is due to'this fact that are opened by the local men. A couple of merry iIlaqa of Pundar was transferred to Keonthal State go rounds are put up. ' Folk singing and dancing continues day and night. by Jubbal State because on that date the ruler of the Jubbal State passed away and there was Ahnog jair:ww This bisho-fair takes place on the mourning throughout the Jubbal State but the 16th and 17th Baisakha about 17 miles away in people of Pundar celebrated this fair not with honour of Bijat deity. The people numbering about standing the death of their ruler. When the new 1000 gather and enjoy folk songs and dances. ruler came to throne and attack~d the illaqa, the people revolted and defeated the ruler, who in Bishoo of Chandna Dhar:-- This fair is held in turn transferred this area to Keonthal State. Near memory of Mahasu deity on the 9th of Jaiyastha about 2500 people enjoy the fair yearly. every year. The deity was brought from Nahol in Jhonsar Bawar of U. P. State by the people of On the occasion of the fair, people generally Chandna Dhar Pargna who were settled in this take fruit which are sold by local men. Hawkers pargna. The Bishu fair is also celebrated in the who come from adjoining vi11age~ install various same manner as in the Tehsil Chaupal. The people stalls and sell tea, food and bangles. "Dbring 1964 play Thoda and the visitor stays in the surrounr a party of jugglars visited the fair and by their ding villages on Thila system. feats earned a bit. Khila Bharoch fair at Beteori:--The fair is held on 15th August at Chaupal:-- The National Inde 15th and 16th Kar~ika at Bateori.There is a tempI of pendence day has been turned into a local fair at 74 Chaupal. After unfurling the National flag at the people were not so cooperative. But now they have Tehsil compound, the people start dancing. Folk realized that the various development activities songs are sung. The C. D. Block arranges a fruits initiated by the Block are for their benefit and for and vegetables show. Many entries are received them. Now there is a growing awareness among and the winners are given prizes in kind. An exhi the villagers. They have developed a respect for bition depicting improved seeds and agricultural the C.D. Block. The Block has appointed Gram implements and fertilizers is staged. In the night sewak, who resides in Chaupal. He briefs villagers documentary reels are shown. About 1000 people about various programmes of the Block. in Chaupal gather to witness the ceremony. These are from nearby villages. In the field of agriculture, improved wheat, maize The school children make the occasion more and potato seeds are distributed to the growers. colourful and pleasant by participating in different Sometimes, these improved seeds are exchanged. items. Matches in Kabaddi and Volley ball are Vegetable seeds are distributed. Farmers use the held. About half a dozen teams take part. The fertilizers supplied by the Block though preference teams stay for a couple of nights. They are given is for their farm yard mannure. During the last cash prizes enough to cover their food for about five years, 3 Maruti foot pump sprayers, 3 Chaff two days. The expenditure is 'met from the Block cutters and one Lion plough was distributed, at fund. In the evening men disperse and return to subsidized rates. their villages. On this day there is great hustle and bustle in the Village. A few pit laterines have been dug now. A small Jagra:-- Is a night festival and is held in many bowaIi has been constructed near the tehsil building. villages of the tehsi1. In Peeonthra village, 15 miles away Turis play the village orchestra. But at Sarain, 12 miles away village Badhis play the orchestra. This is held in the month of Bhadra in honour of To inprove the breed of livestock, about 100 local deity. bulls and rams were castrated by the Gram sewak. At Chaupal, people of surrounding villages gather. At about 8.00 P. M. priest worships the On the social and recreational side, a small library deity. He Iits the fire on a raised stone platform. has been opened since 1959. Villagers borrow books This is known as Chida. After a brief worship by the from the Gram sewak. A youth club started in priest, men begin to dance with sticks in their hands. 1962 and one dra.matic club organised in 1963,could This in due course takes t!!e shap~ of mad dance. not be run because villagers did not cooperate. The oracle of the deity also dances in trl.\nce. While These were established for organising cultural all ceremonies go on, village orchestra is kept programmes. beating. Folk songs are sung. The village Turi is supposed to dance at the head of the mad dance. Free meals are given to people from the temple Six sweeing machines were supplied by the Block store who need it. The fire on Chida is kept burn to the deserving families at subsidized rates, on the ing till dawn. Throughout the night singing and recommendation of the Panchayat. dancing goes on. The dance concludes in the morn ing when people return to their villages. About 500 men gather to celebrate the occasion. Apart from these activities many foot paths are, widened and new ones have constructed. A state Community Development and Other ment showing the development work undertaken ActivitieS by Chaupal Block from its inception till 20.8.64 is given in table No. 39. All agricultural activities in The village is covered by Development Block Chaupal Block from its inception upto 1963-64 are Chaupal since 2nd October, 1956.In the beginning, given in table no. 40. 75 ...... .._, ..... <.l to 0'1 i:: 00 ~ N ~- O;! o. ...,.. "@ .... IX! .; 0'1 , , , , , , , ~ , , -!...... _ ~'O ...... -.. ...!... ---l- , V ~ \0 '0 co 0 1.0-- o- l- t- ~--- ~-- 0 c:i M gU'" t- t---- ~ '" '" ..,., 00 .... ocd<2! l:"- r:2 ('l 0- N r'l M 0 cq '" .....' ",' ", vi t3 S1l 0 '" N .t' <.~ '" ~ -lo! i:: .~ ,...., , ~ .... , , I :::l , , 0 , , I , -... ;:; ...... __ -!... -...... 0\ co \0 o.q N <'I ~ ..... 00 co-- ..... (j~.... .". .0 I/') M ~ ._ 0'1 (3-- ....-- '" \0 I:"- ao ' ., ...... o~ c; cd §o sg ..... ~&! a 76 TABLE No. 40-Agricultural Activities in Development Block, Chaupal Upto 1963-1964 Sl. No. Particulars of Items 1953 to 1961 to 62 1962 to 63 1963 to 64 Total 60-61 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distribution of improved seeds 1. Improved wheat seed distributed 29.29 Kg. 19.96 Kg. 33.23 Kg. 23.12 Kg. 10,560 Kg. 2. Hybrid Maize 1.03 Kg. 0.15 Kg. .78 Kg. .11 Kg. 27 Kg. 3. Vegetable Seed 68.00 Kg. 30.00 Kg. 29.00 Kg. 23.00 Kg. 150 Kg. 4. Vegetable seedling 48.00Nos. 10,900Nos. 15,700 Nos. 28.600Nos. 5. Improved paddy seed 457. Kg. 457 Kg. 6. Sun hemp Seed 1.12 Kg. 73 Kg. 60 Kg. 245 Kg. 7. Sun Flower Seed .14 Kg. 1.04 Kg. US.I00gms. 8. Berseem seed 36 Kg. 37 Kg. 40 Kg. 111 Kg. 9. Sars~)ll Seed 11 Kg. 10 Kg. 21 Kg. 10. Exchange of Wheat 14, 920Kg. 1,679 Kg. 4,625 Kg. 7,386 Kg. 28,610 Kg. II. Exchange of improved paddy seed 1.200Kg. 2,233 Kg. 3,433 Kg. 12. Procurement Qf improved Wheat seed 3, 767Kg. 933 Kg. 97,067. Kg. 13. Potato Up-to-date 50 Qunt 50 Qnt. Horticultural work 1. No. of Basins Prepared 13, 634Nos. 28 .124Nos. 4L758Nos. "2. No. of Kitchen Garden Started 250 Nos. 138Nos. 334 Nos. 722Nos. 3. Orchards layout 40 Nos. 82Nos. 92 Nos. 214Nos. 4. Apple Nurseries layout 25Nos. 13Nos. 38Nos. 5. Pruning and Training of Fruit Plants 5,OOONos. 19.428Nos. 27, 199Nos. 51, 627Nos. 6. Top working and graftini of fruit plants 10,075Nos .. 4,500Nos. 8, 699Nos. 9,959Nos' 7. Rainy season Fruit Plants Distributed 255 423Nos. 678Nos. 8. Delicious Fruit Plants Distributed 29,684 1,555Nos. 22,226Nos. 10.465Nos. 63,930Nos. Plant protection work" " 1. Anp Rat compaign 21,OOOAC. 456AC. 39AC. 57OlAC. 29,109tAC. 2. Treatment of Crops & Vegetables 200AC. 502AC. 39AC. 3.tAC . 740!AC. 3. Spraying of Fruit plants 60AC. 250AC. 25AC. 335AC. 4. Area Treated against Epilechnabeetu 50AC. 500AC. 51AC. 154AC. 775AC. 5. Contirol of late blight of potato 1.5AC. 1.50AC. 6. Contirol of Root Borer 130Plants. 130Plants 7. Seed treatment 6,853Kg. 2,462Kg. 2,515Kg. 11,630Kg. 8. Control of Locust Swarms 20AC. 20AC. Manures and fertilizers 1. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Distributed 187 Kg. .. 3 ton 9 Qt. 29Kg. 8, 367Kg. 12,483Kg. 2. Ammonium Sulphate 6.136 Kg. 1, 977Kg. 897Kg. 9,OlOKg. 3. Super phospha te 4,498 Kg. 1,977Kg. 3034Kg. 10.506Kg. 20,015Kg. 4. Compost pits dug 517Nos. 590Nos. 499Nos. 1,606Nos. 5. Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate 300Kg. 500Kg. 800Kg. 6. Compost Pi ts refilled 2,435Nos. 1.513Nos. 312Nos. 4,278Nos. 7. Compost production 7,102ton. 5,100ton. 1,615!ton. 13,817!ton. 8. Compost tiwzed 438ton. 9. Night Soil compost prepared 600kg. 600Kg. 10. Single seated Trench Laterins constructed 15Nos. lONos. 2SNos. 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Improved agriculture practices L Line sowing 230AC. 123AC. 299AC. 552AC 2. Mixed cropping 195AC. 144 .. 367 " 706 " 3. Area under Seed 315AC. 50 " 146 " 511 " 4. Roughing of Crops 50AC. 59 " 109 " 5. Hoeing and weeding 25AC. 58 " 188 .. 271 . 6. Demonstration Trials laid out 40Nos. 85Nos. 43Nos. 168Nos. 7. Area under Green Manuring 133AC. 115A~. 248AC. Distribution of improved agricultural implements 1. Maruti Foot sprayers 20Nos. 30Nos. 15Nos. 2. Horticultural sets 23Nos. 37Nos. 3. Meston and Hin plough.~ 19Nos. 4Nos. INos. 24Nos. 4. Ghaff Cutters 8Nos. 3Nos. lINos. 5. Seed Dressing Drums 10Nos. 2Nos. 12Nos. 6. Hand compression sprayers 2Nos. 6Nos. 8Nos. 7. Maize corn shellers 7Nos. 7Nos. 8. H.R. Ouster 26Nos. 26Nos. 9. Ganesh sprayer 2Nos. 2Nos. Miscellaneous 1. Soil conservation and land reclamation 104AC. 120AC. 224AC. 2. Agriculture exhibition displayed 2Nos. INos. 3Nos. 3. Crop cutting experiments 6Nos. 6Nos. 4. Observation of van mahot~ava 13,093Nos. 5.160Nos. 1,080Nos. 19,323Nos. Craft and Training Centre:-- The' Industries for making furniture and building work are impa Department has opened a craft cum-tailoring center rted to the students. Certificates are awarded to the at Majotli village. During the survey, there were students after the successful training by them. The 14 stipend holders of which two were from Chaupal. stipend granted by the department ~re at the rates of A trained teacher has been appointed to impart -1st four months-Rs. 30/-P.M. /~nd their wages. training to the women. The Industries Depart~ 2.nd four months"Rs. 20/:'Jl. M. and their wages. ment has equipped the center with 14 sewing 3rd four months-Rs. 15/- ~. M. and their wages. machines and other articles like wool and cloth, Wood working centre:-- During 1961 a wood According to the officer incharge the centre has carving centre was opened here by the Industries been supplying furniture to the variol1S Govt. offices Department. This is a one year's training course, located at Chaupal. _This center was going to be At the time of survey, there were just 8 trainees converted into a production centre if an annual including two Harijan boys from Chaupal. Training demand above Rs. 7000 was received by it. 5. C oneI usion Chaupal is a picturesque town and Tehsil head road map. With the opening of direct road to Chau quarters. It is perhaps the only tehsil headquarters pal the economy is bound to be effected. The in District Mahasu which has not yet been linked prices are sure to fall and the marketable agricu by motor road. But being the tehsil headquarters lture produce e. g., potato~s and apples will bring and headquarters of the D. F. 0., Chaupal range more income for the people of Chaupal and the general pattern of life in the village is more near about areas. The area has attracted the atten urban than rural. Even though there is no direct tion of orchardists and apple orchards are being road link with Simla, the shops are well stocked planted in large numbers. There is a conunon and everything is available. The prices, of course, belief that in the near future the area may well are higher due to transport charges. The people attain the position of one of the main apple pro have the facilities of having a high school, a dis ducing areas of Himachal. If this dream realises :'1 ~ pensary and block headquarters at Chaupal. The general pattern of living and the standard of i .' only demand of the people is that a road link should are bound to go immense changes. A few people be developed'as soon as possible. The road up to are already earning some income from apple tro Deha has become motorable and a piece of 13 to _ wing. 14 miles when constructed will put Chaupal on Appendices APPENDIX I Extracts from journal of a tour through part of demur, and the threat being held out, that the the snowy ranges of the Himalaya Mountains and garrison should be abandoned to the rage of the to the source of the rivers Jumna and the Ganges. inhabitants who thirsted for their blood;and having By James Baillie Fraser-I820. only a provision of water for four days, he surrend ered with his party, and they were received into F,J.tract No. I-A retreat to the northward, British pay, according to capitulation. into Ioobul or Bi.,chur, would have placed the British in an awakward predicament; for it would A force of 100 irregulars was left here in the mean have been exceedingly difficult to have followed to occupy the fort, as the detachment was now them with baggage and provisions; or even light obliged to return to camp, in consequence of the artillery, with its ammunition; whilst the carriage resumption of active measures against Iytock. I of heavy guns would have almost amounted to an impossibility; yet there were none to prevent the The force to act in Ioobul was then increased to enemy from adopting such a measure. 700 or 800 irregulars; and the Ioobulians them selves were raised by Danges in considerable It was, however, an object of some consequence numbers ;the whole was directed to act against the to become acquainted with the real sentiments of petty forts of the enemy in the north,in concert with the inhabitants of the 111.ore northern districts; the troops of the Rajah of Coolce,who had roused particularly of those of Ioobul : and for this purpose, during this inacti\e periC'd, the gentleman who himself, and commenced operations against the accompanied the army as political agent undertook invaders. a journey towards that quarter. Extract No. II:-The troops of the Rajah of He was accompanied by about 400 or 500 irregular Cooloo were sent across the Sutlej to cooperate troops.and a young office of engineers volunteered with those of Bischur and Joobul in the above to accompany him . measures, and it was judged proper that a British office should accompany and command the troops They left the camp upon the 3rd of March, and, now to be detached; who might have power to nego crossing the mOl.:ntains of Sine and Chhor, deep tiate as well as to direct their efforts. at that time in snow, they reached the \illr.ge of Serai, in Ioobul, on the 12th. Mr. William Fraser, the political agent attending The two chief men of the State, Dangee (The the army, had collected much information relative Wuzzcer) and Preemoo,joined their camp that night to the country and its chiefs; the positions of the in secret. The satisfaction of the people at the enemy, and their resources; and had already pene approach ofthi" party was very evident and universal trated into Ioobul, as has been mentioned and and it had the effect of fixing the wavering successfully negotiated with its chiefs, at the same resolutions of the Dangee and Preemoo. time gaining over by capitulation the Ghoorkha fortress of Choupal. He therefore received the Hatred to the enemy was a strongly apparent orders of government to depart on this service. sentiment; and the men of Poonur Purgunnah, learning the advance of a Brjti~h Officer and deta On this occasion I was fortunate enough to chmen, collected a few days before their arrival accompany him; and subsequent occurrences, which at Serai, and surrounded the small fort of Chaupal, will be related in their places; occasioned a much one of the strong holds of Joobul, garrisoned by longer extension of our tour than at first was about 100 Ghoorkhas; approaching so near that contemplated. one of them was killed by a shot from its walls. From the 1st to the 5th May,1915 preparations A negotiation was opened by the British party were made for the march. At this period it was with the Commander of this fort; and after some not thought expendient to detach any of the regular 82 troops from the sewice round Jytock; irregulars, us; they ''i'ere surrounded, it was understood, by therefore, alone formed the force tllat accompanied the troops of Biscflur and J oobu1; ,and from ~he us; and they were rather a motley assemblage, loose accounts that alone had been Intherto obtalll ,consisting of partles from various and distant ed, we were led to fear that treachery was employed countrl es of the East. to induce them to give themselves up. A party of about 600 men was formed of me. We were also informed that the chief part of waWes, Goujers, Siklls, and soldiers of fortune Ummar Singh's army had deserted him. a~d come from different parts of the plains; they were aU over to the British, in consequence of hlS made armed with swords and matchlooks, but thejr resistance after the fatal defeat of Buchtee ~hap~a; various garb and dress gave them an appearance and the severity of his measures, and of thelr pnva whicJl held unifomlity to scorn, and many of them tiom. were '1001, old End ngged. The loss of that beloved :eader, iOo, hll(J great To these were ad:led between 80 and lOO Patans share in disheartening them; Ilnd as.he 11 ad alon.e, from Afghanistan similarly armed with the rest, for a long time) been the means of retaining the but more soldierly and imposing in their appearance, troops in tbeir fidelity to Vmmar Singh, with whom many of tbese with red hair, blue eyes, and clear they were disgusted, the moment that bond become florid complexions. gcneral1y tinging the eyelids dossolved by Buchtee's death, they fled, or came vjdtb antimony. Tbeir dress was better and more over almost in a body. uniform, and every five men had. a large flag upon a speer, which at least gave a gay air to the march. It was farther said, iliat Ununar Singb, had offered to surrender himself and Malown,which ~ext in detail were the Ghoorkha garrison of place had been cIa sely invested. Cbaupal, who had capitulated on condition of being received jnto the BrWsh servjce, and who from A beavy hailstrom, with a drizzling rain, fell 100, of which number they originally consisted~ this day, and made the air e:xeedingly cold. At had been augmented by desertiom from the garrison the top of a hill above the valley, where :\'e ~scended of Jytock to nearly d auble. Tn these was perhaps to take some observations, it was so plercmg as to to be placed as much coniidence as in any troops benumb the fingers, and during the night it was felt we had; fOf, like other Asiatics, they figbt for pay, severely in camp. and whose brend they eat,his cause they wiU defend against country, friends, and reIations. Choor bad been plentifully sprinkled with snow. The Ghoorkhas ex.hibited a more tattered appear. May J2-Having determined on the march, we ance than the otlJ,ers, for they had not as yet bad the rose early, but, as usual, could DOt expedite all mans of supplying themselves with necessaries. necessary business till seven O'dock, when we commenced our route, pursuing a course up the E,'ery m:J:.n stG.ck in hi~ waist the national weapon, tte cookree each lud likewise. a sword, a weapon Bughetoo glen somewhat to the souib-east. th:':y Gan weU l.:.se; ana they also 1;arried the old and We passed several Yinage~, whic:::: were pleasantly almost useless :nuskets, WhLCh they Ls-ed in the situated, with many fine walnut-trees ar()uu(: them; service of Nepal, some of which were manufactured but these villages were in a state of dec.ay. There by themselve;s, and others Were obtained, pre~iously wasvhowever, a good deal of cultivation. to the war, in trade with Cakutta; such as Were totally unserviceable were exchanged for match~ To our left appeared a most wild. rocky, but locks. short glen, whence a stream joins the Bughetoo. Extract No. lII:- May ll-Want of grains We kept our course up the latter for nearly four miles, ascending very greatly, though very gradually detained us this day also, but as the s.ituation is not till about a mile further on. a convenient one, was detennined the :next day to commence our march for the fort of Chaupal in Being high above the stream, we turned quite loobuL to our left in a north-eastern direction, and A continuation of the defeat and surrender of proc.eeded, mounting by path along a ridge covered the enemy's force under Kirtee Rana this day reached with lacbes, and very rough. 83 The wind was piercing cold,and short showers Our march was ten miles, the first seven of whieh fell, and drifted past. Chaar was for a while enve were a continual ascent, and the later three as loped in them, and when it appeared again, was continued and precipitous a descent. covered with fresh fallen snow. The face of the country during this day's march Still ascending, we entered a forest of oak, holly, exhibited a far greater variety, and a much more rhododendron, and. larch, and held a more easter interesting wildness than we had yet witnessed. ly course alone the lofty ridge we had reached, and high above the glen below to a pass or ghat, where It led, indeed, over the remoter parts of the a descent commenced; here we halted a little, heights surrounding the great mountain Choor, and then immerged into a deep hollow, proceeding and was consequently more shaggy and rugged. like the rest from Choor,and covered with a noble This mountain is a most noble and conspicuous forest of firs, oaks and hollies. That fir, which object in every way; it is the highest peak between was most abundant, recombles the silver fir- jn the Sutlej and Jumna, short of the Snowy Moun colour and figur~ but growing generally in forests, tains and their immediate shoulders. Indeed and thickly the trunk attains an immense height, there is no hil1 as far as the alacnunda that whilst the blanches, circumscribed in their growth nearly approaches it in height. Observations by want of room, are small and short, and bear subsequent to this tour have fixed it at 10,688 feet no proportion to the stem. above the plains; it is seen at a great distance from every quarter, and forms an excellent point Larch was almost equally plantiful, and of this for..observ~tion; it is moreover, the nucleus whence another species attracted our attention this day, all the hills around radiate as from a centre. differing in colour and in the tufted appearance of Streams are sent from its face in every direction, its leaves; but the tree retained the character. which swell the Giree or Pabur rivers; standing on a height near it (for we did not ascend it), the Holly was abundant, and attained a great size; line of every ridge was plainly perceived diverging its leaf perfectly resemble that of the conunon from or connecting with it,as far as the sight extended. English holly. Many other trees added their beauties to the In the sequal (where a sketch of the general face foliage of the forest, for which I can give no name; of the country is given to illustrate the map), a and the underwood was as various. more particular notice will be taken of this vast and majestic mountain, whose figure well accords The vegetation under these was formed of wild with its importance, and commands respect. strawberries, butter-cups, columbines, forns, and ~ thousands of other lovely flowers that sprang in The nature of the forests and_ vegetable produc~ rich confusion all around. tions has been already noticed. A new species of oak was observed,in addition to the trees already Through this noble forest we marched for a con enumerated; its leaves are very bright, and serrated siderable space, till emerging on _a clear height we preserving a roundish oval shape. We also saw saw the glen below; its upper parts wild and woody, while lower down it appeared bare, but spotted a new species of the raspherry, completely resem with cultivation. bling that of the wild sorL at home; also two di fferent sorts of strawberry quite distinct from the Chaar frowned hoary with snow above all,send which grows nearer to the plains. All these, ing a fine diver~ity of bare peaks and woody ridges however, were barely in blossom; some had not to the glen beneath. even advanced so far, and thus no judgement could , be fanned or what they might be at maturity. From hence we began to descend very rapidly, The variety of the trees and shrubs and smaller and at last so precipitously that the path was a mere herbs was astonishing. At each step -sollle new zigzag cut on the ridge's edge, till we gained the bed plant attracted the eye; and many of those meadow of the torrent, which rolls rapidly over blocks of flowers which are commori in Europe were hailed various stones, the ruins of the mountain above. with great satisfaction. -The ferns were very beauti On a very small ledge on the banks of this our ful,and even the humble buttercup gave rise to a little tent was pitched. pleasing recollection,for,in wild and remote regions 84 the rememberance of early days and youthful plea when a very rude and difficult path lay before us, sures recurs, even when excited by trifles, with leading right up the race of the hill through a shaggy redoubled interest. and various forest, in which, on every side, rough sharp peaks appeared, and bold projecting crags, The soil and rocks have evinced no change during that strewed the pass and the deep valley below the day's journey; the former only varies in colour, with their ruins. and in some places seemed quite black,as of a coaly nature, but no reason could be discovered for this, It required the application of both hands and except that the rock was darker, of a more moulder feet frequently to get on,and the exertion continued • ing quality, and strongly tinctured with iron. a long time, so that when we reached the groge of the pass at half past twelve O'clock,the people were The rock preserve their slaty composition and quite exhusted, though it was only four miles and a laminous texture, having a great tendency to mould half from our night's station. It was certainly a very erway, and being frequently mixed considerably savage place, and required the limbs of mountai with sand. neers to attain it with any facility. The roughness and darkness of the wood upon the south side, and In the bed of the nullah, where we encamped, the towering and irregular variety Of the craigs as well as of that which we left, there were large that frowned ~ll around, gave a very singular blocks of stone, hard, and of different sorts; some character to ~he scene. a sort of plum-pudding stone, and some, I belive, of a species of granite; but the variety was consi When we reached the highest part, the view, as dered and all were rounded by violent attrition in might be expected, was magnificent, for the height the bed of the torrent. we had reached was probably not 1500 feet below Choor itself. Our camp was pitched at the influence of two very wild streams, which rise in Choor and here Several ranges of long and lofty hills running into form the Bisharee Nullah, which falls into the Girree each other, and divided only by ravines like charms about ten cos from hence, at a village called Bhotog, in a rock, with every variety of form and feature, in the petty state of Bulsum. in some places covered with noble pine forests, in others studded with villages and there, in storm The Bisharee Nullah here forms the boundary and cloud, a peak of the snowy range might be between Sirmore and 100bul. The banks are so seen, while in front of a deep forest of old pines very rocky and steep to the water's edge that was rose from the dell below, hiding its rocky masses, hardly room for the people to rest ~pon. or only allowing them to appear to contrast with their dark foliage. The cold at night, though at the bottom of the valley, was so great that double covering was ab A rich carpet was under our feet, and it was solutely necessary. pleasant to rest us after our labours. The name of the pass, taken from that of the two peaks on either Extract No. IV:-The extep.t of this steep rocky side, was that of Choghat and Bughat. pull is nearly a mile; beyond it the ascent conti nues somewhat more easy, but is still very toil As usual, after a long time a descent was to be some, along the face of a green ridge, from the top looked for we commenced by entering a pine forest of which we enjoyed a noble view of the valleys even more deep and venerable than that of yester and ridges diverging from Chaar. day. along a good path, with a gently declivity. Through the comfortable shade of this forest we To the north-west we described aportion of the passed for a g~od while, and then emerged, as Snowy Mountains at a great distance, probably on yesterday, upon a steep grassy slope, down which the other side of the Rauvee;- .they appeared we wound, sometimes on the ridge, and sometimes lofty and large, but were chiefly lost ill cloud, on the side; the path good but slippery. The soil and soon were quite hid from view. We seems to lie thick and rich, and the grass and other proceeded from hence to the northward, along a vegetation was wonderfully luxuriant and verdant. ridge projecting from that we were to cross, genera The latter part of this descent was very steep and lly ascending till we reached the main mountain; toutuous, again entering the forest, and it ended 85 in the bottom of a glen exceedingly dark and Extract No. v.:--That the quantity of cultivation romantic. The torrent had made for itself a deep seen during the two last marches should be far less and narrow dell in the rocks, clothed with the than in the country we have quitted is not surpri finest old pine trees and richest underwood, and sing, bacause the country is less susceptible of it; rushes down its craggy bed in darkest obscurity but both in the Bughetto valley, along which we till met by the waters of a similar glen from the passed the first part of yesterday, and in the course left. of our march to-day, particularly in the latter part, great traces of ruin and of desolation were discer The chasm formed by these seems not to admit nible; much cultivation had ~een abandoned, and of agress, and this can only be obtained by follow the villages were frequently little better than a heap ing the united stream down its still more dangerous of ruins. From the ascent of this day, however, we and ragged course, which we accordingly effected, saw several ~hat were to all appearance more pro over rocks and fallen trees all coverect" with spersous, and surrounded by a more extensive the loveliest, verdure. Roses, jasmines, raspherries, cultivation, situated on very high peak and pro strawberries, ferns and thousands of beautiful jecting subordinate ridges from Choor and Buhro and fragrant plants, the usual undistrubed occupiers que. The wheat which we saw near Choupal was of these scenes, combined to delight us, and, with still green and very bad; the barley was fully, but the immense pine-trees, threw a deep shade over hot ripe. our party but creating a chill almost to a painful degree. We continued in the bed of the steam, The predominating, rock this day was schistus till, at the juncti.on of a similar one form the west, of several sorts; dark and micaceous, reddish and six miles and a half from our last nigh'd camp, we grey. A ~onsiderable quantity of sandstone was crossed the united waters framing the Shashalles observed among the smaller masses near the top Khola,and ascended the left face of the glen, slant of our ascent fallen from above, and the crags that ing on ridges of abandoned cultivation, passing top the ridge, at the end of which Choupal is situa through the ruined village of Khunga, where there ted, appeared by their fallen ruin to consist of fine is a neat temple, and some particularly fine old grained sandstone, and hard and various schistus. larch trees. We made our way along the southern The soil presented an appearance very similar face of the mountain, now forming the boundary of to that which we have for some days observed. On tqe valley, following the deep indentings on its the north side of the ridge there was a very great brown and barren side. The opposite or northern admixture of vegetable mould. exposure is woody, and better cultivated. Extract No. VI:--The fort of eh.oupal, close Several other half ruined villages lay in our way, to which we Were encamped, is situated on the and at about six O'-Clack in the evening we reached Gudhala ridge, which is a projection from a greater the fort of Choupal the same which,in my borther's one that connects Choor with a large mountain to former expedition of Joobul, capitulated to the party the north called Urructa, and it forms the northern under his charge. side of the valley we came down, through which runs the Shashal Nullah. Our tents were placed on a gently declivity near The fort is placed on a ledge overlooking the to the fort, and were met by a set of singing women, valley, and behind it stretches a gentLe activity, who came to welcome us to the place. One set which ends is a short but steep ascent to the crest of these at least in maintained in every district of of the ridge; thus is commanded even by musque the hills, to contribute their professional assistance try from many points. It obtains all its water from at marriages and merry makings; and they no a hollow or tank, which is formed on the hill side doubt expected to be well rewarded for the zeal above it, distant about a gunshot, and which may of their intentions, but we were toomuch fatigued be cut off from the approach of the.garrison with to entertain ourselves long with their music, and little trouble, so that it is by no means calculated dismissed them. They were yellow, but ruddy to stand a siege in any point of view indeed, it is and fresh looking women, of the middly size. Their probable that it was not originaly intended for the dress was far from rich, although they wore some purposes in which it was now employed, andthat thing resembling shawls, as doputtas; nor did it was merely the house of a,chief, who thought it their voices appear to be of any considerable exce sufficient if it was able to repel the desultory attack llence. of arauding party: for even in the rudest state S6 of warfare it must be apparent that a garrison from the dread of famine and of certain destru cannot subsist without a supply of water. ction to his troops, must be painful,however blame less he deems himself, and the soubahdar showed, The Ghoorkhas, probably seeing -the value of the that he felt them so. . ... situation, took hold in the first building that presen ted itself as sufficient for shelter, and trusted to the But, as he observed, what must be done at last fear their name had inspired for preventing a serious had better be done with a good grace at first. He or continued attack, and in all likelihood would had no means of resisting the overpowering force at a future period have erected a more sufficient that sprang up against him, nor any hope to assist fortress on a better situation,for they usually choose ance, nor the means of subsistence till such could such with great judgement. arrive. The present fort is a square building of no great He pointed out the corn he had sowed never to . extent, with a tower at three of its corners, and enclo reap, and the improvement he meditated but could sing a court of about twenty feet square. The not complete, with some what of a bitter smile. largest tower was occupied as a temple by the He was a steady, determined, and zealous officer; divinity only, and this is ornamented with conside and it is pleasing to think, that in his change of rable neatness. A second contained the apartments service he has been so far fortunate as to lose nothing of the commandant, a soubahdar . in emolument or respect and that while with us he met with all proper regard and attention. The whole is three sfories high: in the lower eon cattle of all sorts were stored : probably in time It is well known that in the East no obloquy of siege, these gave room to stores of different sorts. attaches to a man who changes his side, and fights In the second and third the garrison was lodged. against the cause he once contended for, especially - A great part consists of open verandah; but the if the train of original service has once been broken; soldiers of the East are not nice with respect of and although the point of honour seems to be their accommodations, generally stretchirg them tenaciously kept by the Ghoorkhas, and their selves in their rosais wherever there is room, with attachment to their country is perhaps greater then little care about the apartment. Still Ie ss do the among other eastern people, it does not appear to Ghoorkhas or hill men care where they Jay thdr be considered a dishonourable act, if. when forced wearied limbs. by an enemy to surrender prisoner, and officer of theirs should enter the service of that enemy. About the court-yard lay several large pieces of firtrees, hollowed to hold water, which" had been In this way, RlInjeet Singh, the Sikh chief, the done by the soubahdar wheff preparing to resist deadly enemy of the Ghoorkha government, has the attack he saw approaching : they would no~ enlisted a considerable body of the Ghoorkhas and have held more than four or five day's consumption others; and the deserters from the forts of Malown for the garrison, which consisted of 100 men. and Jytock, when forced by famine to leave their Around the building they had planted a good garrisons, enlisted with the armies attacking these stockade, not more then six feet frem the walls,which places. was a formidable defence, and would have preve There is no town in Joobul which can claim a nted such troops as were likely to oppose them from preference over the rest to such degree as to be an assault; and the walls were bored into loopholes considered its capital. for musquetry in all directions. The house of the Rana is in the valley of Deyra h. The troops were all under cover; but as there whither we were to bend our course, but Choup.al, was. no room for them to move aboutiI!, they would from its centrical situation, and the importance have been forced to remain continually'motionless in their rooms,which would of itself have been no it asserts as being a fortness, is considered that trifling inconvenience. point in the state which suggests the idea nearest to that of a capital town. Near to it are the villages The soubahdar who had commanded it was with of the chief people, Dangee and Preemoo, and me at the place he once commanded in, and which around it there is a good deal of cultivation, and a he has been forced to yield up without fighting, tole rably populous country. Nevertheless althougth 87 the feelings of the people in our favour were suffici boy. The man himself was dark, and I thought ently proved to be of the warmest nature, we found him so fine a figure, and so far,yet so favourable a that they, as usual,hung back when called upon for specimen of the hill-chiefs, that I took a sketch of grain and supplies for the party, and after various him and his little brother; he went only by the shifting excuses it was at last found necessary to name ofPreemoo Ka Bhaee (or Preemoo's brother), have recourse to strong measures, and parties were and I could obtain no other for him. detached to search for grain in the neighbourhood, and to bring what was found into camp. Choupal itself formed a subject for a drawing After breakfast several of the neighbouring seanas, worth taking, having in its distance the venerable and most persons of any rank, came and paid their mountain Choor in a new point of view; and as respects;among them a brother of Preemoo's, who we were unabjle to march this day, from the delay brought with him his brother, a boy of eleven or of procuring supplies,l had sufficient time to accomp twelve years of age, as fair, I think, as any English lish the undertaking. APPENDIX II Extract from "A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N. W.F.P." by H.A.Rose. THE STO~Y OF SRI GUL DEOTA OF CHURl DHAR IN JUBBAL In the Jubbal State, which lies to the north and abode on the hill, and learnt from him that Siva, east of the Chuar Peak, a variant of the Shrigul whose dwelling it was, had directed him to do so. legened is current. This variant is of special inter Hearing this, Sri Gul begged Chuhru for this was est, and it appears worth recording in full:- the name of Siva's devotee-to wait his return, as he t09 intended to live there. He then went to Shadga In the Dwapar Yuga Krishna manifested him and would have made his kingdom to Chandesh self, and after killing the rakshasas, disappeared. war, but for the remonstrances of his minister, who Some of them, however, begged for pardon, and so advised him to only give his brother Nahula village, Krishna forgave them and bade them dwell in the i.e., only a part of his kingdom and not the whole, northern hills, without molesting god or man. This because if he did so, his subjects would certainly order they all obeyed, except one who dwelt at revolt. To this Sri Gul assented, inaking Devi Chawkhat, some seven miles north of Churi Dhar. Ram regent of Shadga during his own absence. In the beginning of the present age, the Kali Yuga, he harassed both men and cattle, while another Sri Gul then set out for Delhi, there he arrived , and put up at a Bhabra's shop. The city was then demon, Neshira, also plundered the subjects of under Muhammadan rule, and once when Sri Bhokru*, chief of Shadga, in the State of Sirmur Gul went to bethe in the Jamna, a butcher passed The former asur also raided the States of Jubbal, by driving a cow to slaughter. Shri Gul remons Taroch, Balsan, Theog, Ghond etc. The people trated with the man but in vain, and so he cut him of these places invoked divine protection while in two. Bhokru himself was compelled to flee to Kashmir and being without heirs, he made over his kingdom The emperor sent to arrest him, but Sri Gul to his minister Devi ram. For twelve years Bhokru killed all the soldiers sent to take him, and at length and his queen devoted themselves to religious medi the emperor himself went to see a man of such tation, and then, directed by a celestial voice, daring. When the emperor saw him he kissed his they returned home and performed the aswamedha, feet, promised never again to kill a cow in the or great horse sacrifice. The voice ~lso promised presence of a Hindu. So Sri Gul forgave him. Bhokru two sons who should extirpate the demons, He was about to return to the shop when he heard the elder becoming as mighty as Siva, and the from Chuhru that a demon was about to pollute Younger like Chandeshwar and saving all men the Chur Peak,so that it could not become the abode from suffering. Ten months after their return, of a god. Sri GuI there upon created a horse, named Bhokru's queen gave birth to a son,who was named Shanalwi, and, mounted on it, set, out for Churi Sri Gul. Two years later Chandeshwart was chandni. In the evening he reached Buriya, near born. When the boys were aged 12 and 91, respe Jagadhri, next day at noon Sirmur,and in the even ctively, the Raja resolved to spend the evening of ing Shadga, his capital. On the following day he his life in pilgrimage and went to Hardwar. On arrived at his destination by way of Bhil-Khari, his way back he fell sick and died,his queen succumb where he whetted his sword on a rock whi ch ing to her grief, at his loss, three days later. Sri still bears the marks. Thence he rode through Gul proceeded to hardwar to perform his father's Bhairog in Jubbal, and halting at Kalabagh, a place funeral rites, and crossed the Churi Dhar, the north of Churi Choti, he took some grains of rice, lofty ranges of which made a great impression on and,reciting incantations, threw them on the hores's his mind, so much so that he resolvecfto'make over back, thereby turning it into a stone, which to this his kingdom to his younger brother and take up his day stands on the spot. Sri Gul then went out 110 The Bhokru of the Sirmur vesion. Shadga and Shaya would appear to be one and the same place. t The Chandesar of the Sirmur variant. 89 to Churi Choti and there he heard of the demon's descendants should take witb them his image wher doings. Next morning the demon came with a ever they went and to whatever State they might cow's tail in his hand to pollute the Peak, but found, and tbere instal it in a temple. With these Chuhru saw him and told Sri Gul, who killed him instructions the dismissed the ministers and their on the spot with a stone. The stone fell in an subjects. After a reign of 150 years, Sri Gul dis erect postion, so the place is called Auripotli* to appeared with Chuhru, who become known as this day. It lies eight miles from the Chur Peak. Chuhru Bir, while Sri Gul was called Sri Gul After the demon had been killed, the remainder of Deota. his army advanced from Chawkhat, to attack Sri GuI, but he destroyed them all. Then he told Two centuries later, when the descendants of Chuhru to choose a place for both of them to live Rabbu and Chinu had greatly multiplied, those of in, and he chose a spot between Churi Choti and them who held Jorna migrated to Mana] in the Kalabagh. Sri Gul then sent for Devi Ram and his Bharmaur ilaqa, where they built a temple for Sri minister's two sons from Shadga, and divided his Gul's image. The Raja of Sirmur assigned half kingdom among them, thus:- the land of the pargana for its maintenance. Some of Chinu's descendants settled in Deona" a village To Devi Ram he gave, i.e., assigned, the State in Sirmur: where they, too, built a temple. with the village of Karli**;to the elder son Rabbu he gave Jorna, the Pargana of Bhahal, Jalkholi in According to this quasi-bistori6allegend Sri Jubbal State, Balsan, Theog, Ghond and Ratesh Gul was a king. who was, we may conjecture, States, and pargana Pajnota in Sirmur, and to Chinu, supplanted in his kingdom by his chief ministers' the younger son, he alloted Sarahan with the follow family. This minister's sons divided the kingdom ing parganas: Hamil, Chhatta, Chandlog, Chan into three parts, each of them ruling one part precisely what happened about a century ago in dna, Satot, Panotra, Newal, Shak, Chanju, Bargaon. Suntha in Jubbal State, and Taroch, with Lada and State of Bashahr. The old capitals of Jorna,'" Kangra, in the Sirmur State, as far as that part of Sarahant (in Jubbal state), and shadga (apparently Jaunsar which is now British territory. Devi Ram in Sirmur) are with Deana, to this day the centres and his two sons built a temple to Sri Gul between at which the grain collected on behalf of the god is Choti Churi and Kalabagh; which is still in exis stored. A pathatt is collected from every house. tence, and the younger brother also built a baoli, r Every year the descendants of Rabbu and Chinu which held no water until Sri Gul filled it. who settle in Sirmut take the god's image from When the three new rulers had finished building Sarahan or Jorna in lubbal to their own villages, their raj-dhanist Sri Gul sent for them and bade in which temples have been built t6 him. Some them govern their territories well, and he made '\ 50 kardars (Officials) and begaris (corvee labourers) the people swear allegiance to them. On Devi accompany the god, and each house offers him Re. 1 Ram's death, his third son, by his second wife and a patha of grain, but if anyone desires to offer succeeded to his State. Sri Gul bade the three a gold coin, he must give the kardars, musicians rulers instal, when he should have disappeared, an and pujaris Rs. 6/-, Rs. 12 , or even Rs. 25. Any image of himself in the temple at each of their capi one who refuses to make a dhiankra or offering will, tals, and side by side with them to erect smaller it is believed, meet with ill luck. temples to Chubru. He also directed that their The cult of Bijat:-The legend of Bijat, the lightn ing god, which is connected with that of Shrigul, * Aurf means an erect stone, potli, the hide of a relates that when the Asur Agyasur, the great demons cow or buffalo. It is also said that the cow's who were hostile to the gods, assailed the Cbur hide which the demon had in his hand, as well as the stone which Sri Gul threw at him, are still to be seen on the spot. * The god in Jorna is called Voganu, fr{lm gon, 'sky' in the pabari dialect. He bas one eye ** Should probably read:-To Devi Ram he assign ed his own State of Shadga with the addition of turned towards the sky, and hence is so named. Karli; to Rabbu, Jorua as his capital, with Bbahal t The god in Sarahan is called Bijat. etc., and to Chhinu Sarahan as his capital. tt The patha is a basket like measure made of iron t Royal residence or capital. or brass and bolding some two seers of grain. 90 Peak and the temple Shirigul thereon, the god fell sprinkled over the temple. For a jaga the idol is upon them in the form of lightning, whence an t~ken to a worshipper's house where a he-goat is image fell to earth at Sarah an in Jubbal and at that killed ~nd the flesh distributed among those present. place a temple was built for the image, which was The ntual resembles that of Shirigul. placed with other images in it. From Sarahan a Closely connected with the cult of Bijat is that of Dewa, the ancestor of the present Dewas of Deons, brought a stone idol of Bijat to Deona and this is the g?ddes~ Chatriali*, who has a temple at Panja now the principal image in the temple and is consi han tn Ramka tehsil, similar to that of Bijat at dered to possess the most power*. There are 27 Batrol. The ritual is also the same and no fair is other images, all of brass. held. The legend regarding this temple avers that a .certain Kanet chieftain, Bija by name The stone idol is to the left of all the minor images of T~thwa vIllage, once sallied forth with eighteen and is never clothed or ornamented. Of the rest of hIS followers to attack his enemies in Dahar. four are covered with old silk (masru) and have W?en t~e assailants reached Dahar they were pieces of wollen stuff round their necks, studded seIzed WIth a sudden panic and fled homeward with 80 rupees and 15 gold mohars. The remain but on reaching Bholna, a mile from Dahar, the; ing 23 have no clothes or ornamentS. All have met some women bearing pitchers. On asking who human faces. they were, they. were told that the women belonged to Jamlog, a VIllage at which a jaga in honour of The fair of Bijat is held oh any three days between Bijat was being celebrated and that they had come Baisakha 1st and the end of Jyaistha. It is called, could to fetch water. Bija asked if he and his com Bisu because it is usually held in Baisakha and is pansions see the jaga, and was told that they could held annually in Deona and every third or fourth .come and see it, but must show no fear of what they year in Chokar, Sanej and Andheri villages. It saw even when offered seats of serpents and scor resembles the fair at Manal and the thoda game is pions by the people of Jam-log. played. The women also said that if they were desired to The temple of Bijat at Bandal was founded in take the image to their house for the celebration this wise. The Dewas at Deona multiplied and so of a jaga, they should seize it and flee with it but one of them came to Bandal with a brass image of must ~n no account look back. Accordingly Bija Bijat from the temple, there, and built a separate and hIS men went to Jam-log where they found temple. There are noW 52 images of Bijat in the three images being worshipped with great pomp and Bandal temple. All are of brass with.... human faces. were told that the finest image to which the only the five primary images are clc{thed anti these greatest reverence was paid was that of Bijat, the have garments studded with rupe'd and gold mohars. second that of Baija and the third that of Ghatriali. They are considered to possess marc power than ~ija, on the pretence that he desired to worship the the remaining 47 and the principal of them, the one Im.ages, was allowed to draw near with his compa brought from Deona, is placed in the centre'11nd nSlOns and they then seized the images and fled. reposes in a silver chauki. The men of Jain-log pursued them without SUCcess , but Bija's eighteen companions looked back and Bijai, as a goddess, has a temple, seven storeys perished. Bija, however, reached his house in safety high, at Batroli where the image is of brass and has and concealed the image in his granary which was a woman's face. It is clothed in silk and ornament nearly empty. When he opened the granary in the ed. The Bhats, but not the Kanets, serve as pujaris. A pilgrim to the temple is fed once on behalf of the morning it was full to overflowing. Bija fell sense god. When a he-goat is sacrificed the blood is less at this portent and was only revived by the sacrifice of eighteen he-goats over him. Then of the three gods took possession of a man, who began * Precedence of deities in a temple: The presiding to nod his head saying he was Bijat, the god, and image is that which is the most powerful and could not remain in Tathwa, as it was not becoming is placed in the centre, the others being placed' for him to live with his sisters, so the image of on either side o:Vit in the order of their powers, Bijat was sent to Sarah an in Jubbal where it still the more powerful being seated near the presi ding image, and the others further from it. Dependants occupy lower seats in fornt. All * In Dhami Ghatialu is a ghost : see page 217 the images face to the west on the high hills. supra. ~1 remains. The people of Tathwa then separated, home; she passed the place where Bhur Singh lay dividing their property some going to settle in dead and stricken with grief threw herself from her Kandi and the others remaining in Tathwa. The doli over the cliff. The brother and sister are now image of the goddess Bijai fell to the men of Kandi worshipped together as Bhur Singh. There are two and is now at Batrol ofDasakna Bhoj, while Ghatri temples, one at Pejarli, the other on Bhats, one for ali remained at Tathwa and her temple was establi Bhur Singh and one for Debi, and at the fair, on shed at Panjahan in Thakri bhoj. the Katik sudi ikadshi, no one dances save the pujari of Debi, and he dances by night in the temple Every year Bijat gives his sister Bijai a rupee for so that the people may not see him, and at midnight sweetmeats and whenever either of them goes to coming out of the shrine leaps 'on to a great rock, visit the other, the host entertains the guest with above a high cliff. Standing there for a few mome a he-goat and gives him or her a rupee. Bijat always nts he gives one oracle, and no more, in answer to gives Bijai twice as much as she gives him. a question. On returning to the temple he swoons, but is speedily and completely revived ber rUbbing. It is not expressly stated that Bijat and Bijai Meanwhile, when the secret dancing begins the men are twin deities, but there is a similar pair in Bhur of the Panal family for a line across the door of Singh and his sister and Bhur Singh appears to be the temple and those of the Kathar Temple rushing indentifiable with Bure Singh and ~huri Singh the upon them with great violence break the line and twin of Kali Singh. enter the temple, but leave it again after touching The twin-god Bhur Singh:-- At Pejarli in Sirmur the idol. is a temple dedicated to Bhur Singh and his sister - Debi (Devi), the children of a Bhat of Panwah village. When their mother died the, Bhat married As Bhur Singh is known to live on nothing but milk, animals are never sacrificed. again and their step-mother during his absence from home used to treat them harshly: Once she sent Bhur Singh to tend cattle in the forest and ,s In Kamal and Ambala Jaur Singh is 'Worshipped on his return home in the evening one of the calves with Gugga, Nar Singh, Kala Singh and Bure Singh. was missing, she sent him back to find it by hook He is said to be Raja Jemal, the usual name of or by crook. When the Bhafreached home he found Gugga's father, but the twinjora brothers of Gugga, his son had not returned and in going to search Arjan and Surjan, are also worshipped as Jaur. for him found him and the lost calf both lying dead at the spot where the shrine now stands. Meanwhile Kali Singh and Bhuri Singh sometime have twin Devi, who had been given in marriage to a one shrines and Nar Singh is said to be another name eyed man, was, in her mortification, returning for one or both of them. /' ApPENDIX IIt Relationship Father Son Mother Daughter Grand father or mother's father ~~ Husband Grand mother or mother's mother ~" IT Wife Great grand father or mother's grand +rr+rT Mother's brother father. 1 tola. -t2 grams 1 pound 0.45 kilogram 1 chhatank 58 grams 1 ewt. 50. 8 kilogram 4 chhatanks 233 grams 1 yard 0.914 metre 8 chhatanks 467 grams 640 acres 1 Sq. mile 12 chhatanks 700 grams 1 metre 1.09 yards 1 s~er 930 grams 1 Kilometre 0.621 mile 1 maund 37.374 K. gms. 1 Sq. kilo metre 0.386 Sq. miles 1 ounce 28.350 grams 1 Sq. mile 2.58 Sq. K. metres APPENDIX V Names of Vikrami Months Local name Vikranii lnontb Local name Vikrami month Chaiter Chaitra (March-April) Suoj Asvina (September-October) Baishawo Vaisakha (April-May) Kati Kartika (October-November) Jaith Jyaistha (May-June) Maghshar Agrahayana (November- December) Shad Asadha (June-July) Posh Pausa (December-January) Shawan Sravana (July-August) Magh Magha (January-February) Bhaj Bhadra (August-September) Faugun Phalguna (February-March) APPENDIX VI Numericals Cardinal NumericaIs Cardinal One Q;'f> 1 Forty ';mft~ 40 Two ~f 2 Fifty I:f'9W 50 Three ' Numericals Ordinal Half arm I One fourth ~ t Three fourth qllJ'fT i One and a half ~ Ii Two and a half ~r:r 2~ 1 Three and a half m~ :q);:; 3 2 First q-~r 1 Second f~~ 2 APPENDIX VIII Directions Right side ~~ ~T~ Left side ~ ~~ Down 'Cp 1nside Outside Right hand Left hand East West North South Time Today Tomorrw Yesterday Day after tomorrow Day before yesterday ApPENl)IX IX Puzzles .~ . liT~ ~ e11cr¥ rcrr~, q'T[it m~ q)~ ~i~ +fOr... ~T 3fWT 'fiio) ~T rr aTiOf,~ ~ . ~mT ~ ~3i ~3i ~ ~~ 311 "( ifR"T afTilY 'iiT~r 'TIH rrmr fCfil1r ~~ o?ir~ ~ ~... ~ .i\7 ",~ .~. <'3'T ;;r1~ ~<: ~i ~(i) 'Tir". tf~C'I' ~T ~. ~ lf1'or) ~ aTt ~Oj'~ ~ -q7 ;:rrd~ c'lTt ". 1:;. ~~r Y5T Oil. 'i9~'fiT Y5r'Jlt ~'fir ;:rr;;r rr li~r fi:rGJt 1:';jf ~frit "f)t' 9;' ~rft ~ ~ n. 3lRT ;;IT CfliF'f qr;ft Y5T+~ '1 tq Y5ft VH~LAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS District Chamba Bata), Arki Tehsil Chitrari, Chamba Tehsil (Price Rs. 2.45) (Price Rs. 3.60) Shathala, Kumharsain sub-Tehsil Devi Kothi, Chaurah Tehsil (Price Rs. 5.50) ( Price Rs. 3.10) Delath, Rampur TeJ1sjl Maingal, Chamba Tehsil Chergaon, Rohru Tehsil Lakkar Mandi, Bhattiyat Tehsil (Price Rs. 4.65) HatH, Bhattiyat Tehsil GiJ'ari, Theog Tehsil (Price Rs. 3.15) ( Price Rs. 2.45 ) Brahmaur, Brahmaur &ub-Tehsil Chaunri, Kasumpti Tehsil (Price Rs. 4.20) ( Price Rs. 2.40) Kupha, Parmas, Malet and Karoti Basal, Solon Tehsil (Price Rs. 4.10) (Thamoh )Pangi Sub-Tehsil (Prke Rs. 4.40) ChaupaL Chaupal Tehsil (Present) District Mandi District Sirmur Chauntra, Jogindarnagar Tehsil Rajana, Rainka Tehsil (Price Rs. 3.25 ) (Price Rs. 5.75) Bir, Mandi Sadar Tehsil Moginand, Nahan Tehsil (Price Rs, 2.45) (Price Rs. 3.75) Panjain, Chichot Tehsil Kolar, Paonta Tehsil Nalag, Sundarnagar Tehsil (Price Rs. 3.45) (Price Rs. 1.00) Kamrao, Paonta Tehsil Pangna, Karsog Tehsil ( Price Rs. 3.20) (Price Rs. 2.95) District Bilaspur District Kinnaur Dabhla and Dari, Ghamarwin Tehsil Kothi, Kalpa Sub-Division (Price Rs. 2.50) (Price Rs. 3.55) Deoli, Bilaspur Sadar Tehsil Nachar, Nachar Sub-Division District Mabasu (Price Rs. 4.05 ) Shakrori, Seoni Sub-Tehsil Kanum, Poo Sub-Division (Price Rs. 3.00) (Price Rs. 8.70) CENTRAL GoVERNMBNT PUBLICATIONS 1961 Census Report, Volume XX-Himachal Pradesh, will be in the following parts:- I-A General Report (Price Ordy. 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District Hand book Sirmur Newell (Price &.s. 2.90) District Hand book Kinnaur Price Rs. 4.go, Cbaupal in pictures A village girl ..... ! _-_,_ Wrinkles of age and e~periellce ._ ~ #~". / A village belle-attends School ) The baby's swing- PaIno Feeding the 'l.qby- - Drum bealer at the temple gate - --;--- - - Another village damsel busy in her fields Harvesting of paddy crop Potatoes being dug olll il1 Sara;'! o -.-_ .. ____ - • . ~- r--- r o o - V} "" Inside of temple at Sa/'ain (Chal/pal) ~....., .... :-,~ r, ," , :7· / ~- , DUl1dl f'pmpte Wood carving Villa (! DL V!r:. Another view of Challpal .f!, ,~ I . ~ 'f~.,,~ . -:: - ""', ~"&- . " The village pond and gram sewak's hut .;:: ..::: s:::'"' t:l ~ \J c ...... ~ \ j ~'I ~ -s::...... ~ t , cu bO -....s?.... ::. ""I .....<. ~"" V"") A village house Household utensils LOl-ver portion of Chaupal vii/age A distant view of Chaupal village Toda players performil1g~Toda Dance A crobates giving shows Agricultural implements Local breed of bulls - __. --- Folk dane bv sc}zoo! childrells