Craniate Relationships Biology of Fishes 9.13.2012

Overview

 Review

 Morphology

 Classification

 Phylogenetics Assignment

 Craniate Relationships

Review

 Basic Fish Morphology

 Classification

 Rank-based system (Linnaean)

 Evolutionary history-based system (Phylogenetics)

 Phylogenetics

 Apomorphies, synapomorphies, plesiomorphies

 Monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly Basic Fish Morphology Classification

 Rank-based (Linnaean system, traditional)

 Kingdom - Animalia

 Phylum - Chordata

 Class - Actinopterygii

 Order - Perciformes

 Family - Percidae

 Genus - Perca Yellow Perch  Species - flavescens Phylogenetics Assignment

 Construct a cladogram that includes the following groups:

 Holostei (Gars & Bowfins)

 Chondrostei (Sturgeons & Paddlefishes)

 Dipnoi (Lungfishes, tetrapods)

 Teleosts (“modern” bony fishes)

 Cladistia (Bichirs)

 Actinistia (Coelacanths)

Phylogenetics Assignment A B C D E F

SARCOPTERYGII ACTINOPTERYGII Craniate Relationships

 Characteristics

 Possess a braincase (differentiates from tunicates and cephalochordates)

 Other synapomorphies

 Neural crest

 Complex sense organs & cranial nerves

 Muscularized gut wall, differentiated digestive organs

 Respiratory gills, heart, and hemoglobin

 Muscles to draw in water for feeding & respiration

Craniate Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes (Myxiniformes)

 Most “primitive” of living or fossil craniates

 Sister group of all other craniates

 ~50 species, all marine

 No larval stage

 Benthic scavengers, lack jaws

 Possess 1 semi-circular canal

 Lack paired fins & vertebrae

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Vertebrates

 Possess vertebrae

 At least 2 semi-circular canals

 Radial fin muscles

Craniate Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes)

 ~40 species described

 Found in marine & freshwater

 Larval stage (ammocoete) filter-feeds from sediments in streams (~3 years)

 Most species parasitic as adults (use of rasping tongue); other species do not feed as adults

 Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Gnathostomes (Gr., gnathos = jaw + stoma = mouth)

 Possess jaws

 3 semi-circular canals

 2 sets of paired fins

 Paired nostrils

 5 gill slits

 Gill arches

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships

 Chondrichthyes (Gr., chondros = cartilage + ichthyos = fish)

 Calcified cartilaginous skeleton (calcium salts form prismatic plates – tesserae Latin “tile”)

 Placoid scales – tooth-like with dentine and enamel or enamel-like covering

 Males possess claspers; inserted into cloaca of female for internal fertilization

 Teeth continuously replaced or bony plates grow continuously

Chondrichthyes

 Elasmobranchii (Gr., elasmos = thin plate + branchia = gills)

 Includes sharks, skates, and rays

 ~800 species

 Mostly marine, some truly freshwater

 Smallest – dwarf lantern shark, largest – whale shark

 Thin plates of connective tissue that bear the gills

 Rays separated from sharks by their enlarged pectoral fins; grow forward and fuse to head during ontogeny

Chondrichthyes

 Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and skates) cookie-cutter shark dwarf lantern shark

sawfish

giant stingray bull shark Chondrichthyes

 Holocephali (Gr., holos = whole + kephale = head)

 Chimaeras or ratfish

 ~30 speceis

 Marine, mostly deepwater

 Single gill opening

 Males have a spiny clasper-like organ on head to grab female during copulation

 Venomous predorsal spine

Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) TELEOSTOMI Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

 Teleostomi (Gr., teleos = terminal + stome = mouth)

 Includes Acanthodi (extinct) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

 Terminal mouth

 Bony operculum

 Branchiostegal rays

 Osteichthyes (Gr., osteon = bone + ichthyes = fishes)

 The bony fishes

 ~29,000 species

 Well-ossified (bony) skeleton

 Lungs (eventually gas/swim bladder)

Osteichthyes Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Craniate Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (Gr., sarkodes = fleshy + pteryg = wing or fin)

 Fleshy or lobe fin fishes

 Includes living and extinct fish-like forms and the terrestrial vertebrates

 Marine and freshwater forms

 Lobe fins – supported by bones and muscle outside body

 Enamel on teeth

Sarcopterygii

 Coelacanths (Actinistia)

 One genus Latimeria (2 species)

 Strictly marine, inhabits depths 500-2300 feet

 Intracranial joint – joint in head that increases gape

 Believed to have been extinct until one was discovered in 1938 of east coast of South Africa

 Multiple morphologies in fossil record

 “Living fossil” current form ~400 mya

Sarcopterygii

 Coelacanths (Actinistia)

Rebellatrix sp. Latimeria chalumnae Sarcopterygii

 Lungfishes (Dipnoi)

 Once classified as amphibians – tetrapods?

 Freshwater tropical* rivers and lakes

 Swim or crawl on bottom with lobed fins

 Tooth plates for crushing food

 African lungfish (Protopterus, 4 species)

 South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa)

 Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri)

Sarcopterygii

 Lungfishes (Dipnoi)

 African lungfishes

 Order: Lepidosireniformes

 Family: Protopteridae

 Genus: Protopterus

Sarcopterygii

 Lungfishes (Dipnoi)

 South American lungfish

 Order: Lepidosireniformes

 Family: Lepidosirenidae

 Species: Lepidosiren paradoxa

Sarcopterygii

 Lungfishes (Dipnoi)

 Australian lungfish

 Order: Ceratodontiformes

 Family: Ceratodontidae

 Species: Neoceratodus forsteri

Summary

 Craniate Relationships

 Evolution of various apomorphies

 General group characteristics

 Adaptations to various environments

Actinopterygian Relationships I Biology of Fishes 9.25.2012

Overview

 Group Projects

 Review (Craniate Relationships)

 Actinopterygian Relationships I

Group Projects

 Four General Categories (choose topic within 1 category)

 Evolutionary Patterns (evolution of specific species or group; prehistoric fishes)

 Biology (morphology, form and function, physiology)

 Ecology (life history strategies, adaptations, behavior)

 Conservation (historical issues, overfishing, invasive species, biodiversity loss, conservation methods)

 Include an example of current research in that area

Group Projects

 4-5 people per group

 ~15 min presentation, written paper

 Sort into groups Thursday (9.27)

 Select topic by week of October 8

Review:

Craniate Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Review: Craniate Relationships

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Review: Craniate Relationships

 Characteristics

 Possess a braincase (differentiates from tunicates and cephalochordates)

 Other synapomorphies

 Neural crest

 Complex sense organs & cranial nerves

 Muscularized gut wall, differentiated digestive organs

 Respiratory gills, heart, and hemoglobin

 Muscles to draw in water for feeding & respiration

Actinopterygian Relationships

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Actinopterygii (Gr., aktin = ray + pteryg = wing or fin)

 Fins supported by flexible rays (muscle & bone inside)

 Teeth with enamel-like cap

 Scales covered by enamel-like tissue, ganoine (primitive forms)

 Single dorsal fin

 Swim bladder connected to gut – can breathe air

 Spiral valve – aids in digestion

 Electroreception

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Cladistia (Polypteriformes; bichirs, ropefish/reedfish)

 ~13 species

 Freshwater lakes, streams, swamps; tropical Africa

 Lobe-like base of pectoral fins, ganoid scales

 Obligate air-breather, two lungs

 Maxilla fused to head

 Long dorsal fin divided into finlets, each with a spine

 Electroreception

Cladistia (Polypteriformes)

ropefish/reedfish bichir

bichir Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefishes)

 Largely cartilaginous skeleton

 Fusion of jaw bones – maxilla, premaxilla, dermopalatine

 Loss of ganoid scales

 Electroreceptors paddlefish

sturgeon

Chondrostei

 Sturgeons (Acipenseriformes)

 ~25 species

 Distribution restricted to northern hemisphere

 Some marine and some freshwater – lakes and large rivers

 All migrate into freshwater rivers to spawn

 Lake sturgeon (largest species in Great Lakes)

 4 barbels, ventral sucking mouth, 5 rows of bony scutes

 Valuable caviar – Beluga sturgeon worth over $100,000

Sturgeons (Acipenseriformes) Chondrostei

 Paddlefishes (Acipenseriformes)

 2 species – North American, Chinese

 Freshwater, large rivers – extirpated from Great Lakes

 Large paddle with electroreceptors

 Filter zooplankton from water column

 Chinese paddlefish different morphology, larger, and most endangered fish in China (likely extinct)

Paddlefishes (Acipenseriformes)

Chinese paddlefish American paddlefish Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Neopterygii

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships

 Neopterygii (Holostei and Teleostei)

 Single independent skeletal support for each fin ray (dorsal and anal fins); allows fins to be collapsed and spread more easily

 Specialized musculature allows fins to move side to side

 Reduced heterocercal caudal fin

 Loss of electroreceptors (eventually re-evolved)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Holostei (gars and bowfins)

 Debate of placement

 Halecostomi

 Holostei

 Group “resurrected” based on new fossil evidence (Grande 2010)

Holostei

 Gars (Lepisosteiformes)

 7 species

 North American distribution

 Primarily freshwater but can tolerate brackish and marine

 Elongated snout (ethmoid region), numerous teeth (piscivorous)

 Thick ganoid scales

 Air-breathers

 Toxic eggs

 Largest freshwater fish in N.America

Gars (Lepisosteiformes)

tropical gar

alligator gar Gars (Lepisosteiformes)

Human vs Gar vs Teleost Genomes Gars (Lepisosteiformes)

spotted gar Holostei

 Bowfins (Amiiformes)

 Single species (Amia calva)

 Eastern North America

 Freshwater lakes and rivers

 Highly carnivorous; gular plate

 Males construct nest & guard young

 Long undulating dorsal fin, ocellus on tail

 Cycloid scales

 Air-breathers

Bowfins (Amiiformes) Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Teleostei (“modern fishes”)

 Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal

 Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes

 Scales reduced – more flexible body

 Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities

 Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes 10.2.2012

Overview

 Group Projects

 Exam I (10.9.2012)

 Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I)

 Actinopterygian Relationships II

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Teleostei (“modern fishes”)

 Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal

 Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes

 Scales reduced – more flexible body

 Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities

 Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) Teleostei -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

 Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts)

 Leptocephalus larvae

 Primarily marine

 Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels leptocephalus

Elopomorpha tarpon moray eel

American eel gulper eel Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

 Formerly most “primitive” teleosts

 Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa

 Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species)

 Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof

 Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids

Osteoglossomorpha

arowana

aba aba mooneye

arapaima

Old World knifefish Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives)

 Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders

 80% marine, large distribution

 Important commercial group

 Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance

 Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity)

 Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats

Clupeomorpha

alewife

herring sardines anchovies Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Ostariophysi

 64% of all freshwater fishes

 Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy

 Produce and respond to alarm substance

 Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi

milkfish (Gonorynchiformes) Actinopterygian Relationships

 Otophysi

 Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound

 Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives)

 Characiformes (characins, relatives)

 Siluriformes (catfishes)

 Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes)

Otophysi Cypriniformes

goldfish roseline “shark” bighead carp (aka “Asian carp”) giant carp Otophysi Characiformes Congo tetra

neon tetra

piranha

African tigerfish Otophysi Siluriformes goonch catfish candiru catfish

algae eater

flathead catfish Mekong giant catfish Otophysi Gymnotiformes electric eel

New World knifefishes Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei

Euteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

 95% of all teleosts

 Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth

 Protacanthopterygii

 Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids)

 Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish)

 Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows)

 Neoteleosts

Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes

lake whitefish salmon

taimen salamanderfish

smelt Protacanthopterygii Esociformes northern pike muskellunge

grass pickerel

Amur pike mudminnow Actinopterygian Relationships

 Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

 Protacanthopterygii

 Neoteleosts

 Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws

 Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws

 Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward

 Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha

 Primarily deep-sea marine fishes

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships opah  Acanthomorpha

 Spiny-rayed teleosts

 Spines in dorsal and anal fins

 Lampridioformes

 Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

 marine

 Paracanthopterygii oarfish

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthomorpha

 Spiny-rayed teleosts

 Spines in dorsal and anal fins

 Lampridioformes

 Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

 marine

 Paracanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

pirate perch  Paracanthopterygii

 Mostly benthic marine fishes

 20 freshwater species

 Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes cod

anglerfish

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Neoteleostei

 Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes) Acanthomorpha - Acanthopterygii tuna

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

grouper  Acanthopterygii butterfly fish

lionfish

yellow perch

sunfish cichlids Actinopterygian Relationships III Biology of Fishes 10.4.2012

Overview

 Review (Actinopterygian Relationships II)

 Actinopterygian Relationships III : Acanthopterygii

 Exam I Review

Actinopterygian Relationships III

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Teleostei -Protacanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha -Paracanthopterygii

Euteleostei -Acanthopterygii Neoteleostei Actinopterygian Relationships Actinopterygian Relationships

 Neoteleostei

 Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes) Acanthomorpha - Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Acanthopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

 Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species

 Two major synapomorphies

 Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla

 Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based on new muscle and bone attachments

 Ctenoid scales

 Physoclistous gas bladder

 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed)

 Pelvic and anal fin spines

 Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

Acanthopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes)

 Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive habitats of marine and many freshwater environments

 Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers, and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Mugilomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships

 Mugilomorpha (mullets)

 Nearshore, catadromous; ~80 species

 “primitive” acanthopterygians (cycloid or intermediate cycloid-ctenoid scales); no pelvic girdle attachment

 Detritivores, feed on organic silt

 Important food fish

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

Atherinomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships

 Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and relatives)

 Surface-dwellers, marine and freshwater, ~1500 species

 Unique protruding upper jaw, superior mouths

 Internal fertilization and live-bearing in many species

 Some unisexual (all female) species

Atherinomorpha

flying fish rainbowfish needlefish

silversides guppy Actinopterygian Relationships

 Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

pumpkinseed sunfish

Actinopterygian Relationships Actinopterygian Relationships

 Percomorpha (“perch-shaped” fishes)

 Most advanced clade of fishes

 ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful freshwater

 Primary synapomorphy is anteriorly placed pelvic girdle attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament

 Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

Percomorpha (basal groups)

 Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes)

 Beryciformes (squirrelfishes)

 Zeiformes (dories)

 Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses)

 Synbranchiformes (swamp eels)

 Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

Percomorpha (advanced groups)

 Perciformes (perch-like fishes)

 Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes)

 Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

Percomorpha Percomorpha (basal groups)

whalefishes

dories squirrelfishes

swamp eels seahorses, sticklebacks scorpionfishes, sculpins Percomorpha (advanced groups)

Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes

triggerfish yellow perch

parrotfish flounders & halibuts ocean sunfish Exam I Review

 Exam Format (multiple choice, short answer, short essay)

 Phylogenetic Relationships

 Terms (monophyletic, synapomorphy, catadromous)

 Examples of major concepts, relationships & groups

 “salmon are anadromous…”

 “two major factors that have contributed to the success of teleosts”

 “mobile maxilla is important because…”

 Journal Articles

Exam I Review

 Phylogeny

 Complete Craniate Phylogeny

 Know common and scientific names*

 Start at Hagfishes (Myxiniformes*)

 End at Percomorpha* (Perch-shaped fishes)

 Know some examples of component groups

 Group Project topics due Thursday 10.11.2012

Complete Phylogeny

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Complete Phylogeny

 Hagfishes

 Vertebrates

 Lampreys

 Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Complete Phylogeny

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Complete Phylogeny

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Teleostei -Protacanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha -Paracanthopterygii

Euteleostei -Acanthopterygii Neoteleostei Complete Phylogeny

 Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives)

 Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)