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Lobe-Finned Fishes) Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)

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Lobe-Finned Fishes) Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes) Craniate Relationships Biology of Fishes 9.13.2012 Overview Review Morphology Classification Phylogenetics Assignment Craniate Relationships Review Basic Fish Morphology Classification Rank-based system (Linnaean) Evolutionary history-based system (Phylogenetics) Phylogenetics Apomorphies, synapomorphies, plesiomorphies Monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly Basic Fish Morphology Classification Rank-based (Linnaean system, traditional) Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Actinopterygii Order - Perciformes Family - Percidae Genus - Perca Yellow Perch Species - flavescens Phylogenetics Assignment Construct a cladogram that includes the following groups: Holostei (Gars & Bowfins) Chondrostei (Sturgeons & Paddlefishes) Dipnoi (Lungfishes, tetrapods) Teleosts (“modern” bony fishes) Cladistia (Bichirs) Actinistia (Coelacanths) Phylogenetics Assignment A B C D E F SARCOPTERYGII ACTINOPTERYGII Craniate Relationships Characteristics Possess a braincase (differentiates from tunicates and cephalochordates) Other synapomorphies Neural crest Complex sense organs & cranial nerves Muscularized gut wall, differentiated digestive organs Respiratory gills, heart, and hemoglobin Muscles to draw in water for feeding & respiration Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Hagfishes (Myxiniformes) Most “primitive” of living or fossil craniates Sister group of all other craniates ~50 species, all marine No larval stage Benthic scavengers, lack jaws Possess 1 semi-circular canal Lack paired fins & vertebrae Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Vertebrates Possess vertebrae At least 2 semi-circular canals Radial fin muscles Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) ~40 species described Found in marine & freshwater Larval stage (ammocoete) filter-feeds from sediments in streams (~3 years) Most species parasitic as adults (use of rasping tongue); other species do not feed as adults Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Gnathostomes (Gr., gnathos = jaw + stoma = mouth) Possess jaws 3 semi-circular canals 2 sets of paired fins Paired nostrils 5 gill slits Gill arches Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes (Gr., chondros = cartilage + ichthyos = fish) Calcified cartilaginous skeleton (calcium salts form prismatic plates – tesserae Latin “tile”) Placoid scales – tooth-like with dentine and enamel or enamel-like covering Males possess claspers; inserted into cloaca of female for internal fertilization Teeth continuously replaced or bony plates grow continuously Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii (Gr., elasmos = thin plate + branchia = gills) Includes sharks, skates, and rays ~800 species Mostly marine, some truly freshwater Smallest – dwarf lantern shark, largest – whale shark Thin plates of connective tissue that bear the gills Rays separated from sharks by their enlarged pectoral fins; grow forward and fuse to head during ontogeny Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and skates) cookie-cutter shark dwarf lantern shark sawfish giant stingray bull shark Chondrichthyes Holocephali (Gr., holos = whole + kephale = head) Chimaeras or ratfish ~30 speceis Marine, mostly deepwater Single gill opening Males have a spiny clasper-like organ on head to grab female during copulation Venomous predorsal spine Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) TELEOSTOMI Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Teleostomi (Gr., teleos = terminal + stome = mouth) Includes Acanthodi (extinct) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Terminal mouth Bony operculum Branchiostegal rays Osteichthyes (Gr., osteon = bone + ichthyes = fishes) The bony fishes ~29,000 species Well-ossified (bony) skeleton Lungs (eventually gas/swim bladder) Osteichthyes Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Craniate Relationships Sarcopterygii (Gr., sarkodes = fleshy + pteryg = wing or fin) Fleshy or lobe fin fishes Includes living and extinct fish-like forms and the terrestrial vertebrates Marine and freshwater forms Lobe fins – supported by bones and muscle outside body Enamel on teeth Sarcopterygii Coelacanths (Actinistia) One genus Latimeria (2 species) Strictly marine, inhabits depths 500-2300 feet Intracranial joint – joint in head that increases gape Believed to have been extinct until one was discovered in 1938 of east coast of South Africa Multiple morphologies in fossil record “Living fossil” current form ~400 mya Sarcopterygii Coelacanths (Actinistia) Rebellatrix sp. Latimeria chalumnae Sarcopterygii Lungfishes (Dipnoi) Once classified as amphibians – tetrapods? Freshwater tropical* rivers and lakes Swim or crawl on bottom with lobed fins Tooth plates for crushing food African lungfish (Protopterus, 4 species) South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) Sarcopterygii Lungfishes (Dipnoi) African lungfishes Order: Lepidosireniformes Family: Protopteridae Genus: Protopterus Sarcopterygii Lungfishes (Dipnoi) South American lungfish Order: Lepidosireniformes Family: Lepidosirenidae Species: Lepidosiren paradoxa Sarcopterygii Lungfishes (Dipnoi) Australian lungfish Order: Ceratodontiformes Family: Ceratodontidae Species: Neoceratodus forsteri Summary Craniate Relationships Evolution of various apomorphies General group characteristics Adaptations to various environments Actinopterygian Relationships I Biology of Fishes 9.25.2012 Overview Group Projects Review (Craniate Relationships) Actinopterygian Relationships I Group Projects Four General Categories (choose topic within 1 category) Evolutionary Patterns (evolution of specific species or group; prehistoric fishes) Biology (morphology, form and function, physiology) Ecology (life history strategies, adaptations, behavior) Conservation (historical issues, overfishing, invasive species, biodiversity loss, conservation methods) Include an example of current research in that area Group Projects 4-5 people per group ~15 min presentation, written paper Sort into groups Thursday (9.27) Select topic by week of October 8 Review: Craniate Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Review: Craniate Relationships Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Review: Craniate Relationships Characteristics Possess a braincase (differentiates from tunicates and cephalochordates) Other synapomorphies Neural crest Complex sense organs & cranial nerves Muscularized gut wall, differentiated digestive organs Respiratory gills, heart, and hemoglobin Muscles to draw in water for feeding & respiration Actinopterygian Relationships Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships Sarcopterygii (lobe fins) Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”) Actinopterygian Relationships Actinopterygii (Gr., aktin = ray + pteryg = wing or fin) Fins supported by flexible rays (muscle & bone inside) Teeth with enamel-like cap Scales covered by enamel-like tissue, ganoine (primitive forms) Single dorsal fin Swim bladder connected to gut – can breathe air Spiral valve – aids in digestion Electroreception Actinopterygian Relationships Sarcopterygii
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