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1 Appendices for Covert Regime Change Appendices for Covert Regime Change: America’s Secret Cold War Appendix I: U.S.-backed Covert Regime Change Attempts during the Cold War………………2 Appendix II: U.S.-backed Overt Regime Change Attempts during the Cold War………………65 Appendix III: Additional alleged U.S. Covert Cases……………………………………………66 Note to readers: Appendix 1 contains at least 3 sources for each of the alleged regime change attempts conducted by the United States during the Cold War. As time permits, I have been updating the appendices with additional sources and hyperlinks to collections of operational files. Additional sources are available in the footnotes of Chapters 5-8 of the book. Feel free to contact me at [email protected] if you have any additional questions. (Last updated September 2019.) 1 Appendix I: U.S. Covert Regime Change during the Cold War Target State: Italy Dates: 1947-1968 Tactics: Covert – Election influence, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Preventive Regime Replaced: Yes Examples of Primary Sources: • Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, September 15, 1951, “Analysis of the Power of the Communist Parties of France and Italy and of Measures to Counter Them,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP80R01731R003200020013-5. • National Security Council, “National Security Council Report: Position of the United States with Respect to Italy in Light of the Possible Communist Participation in Government by Legal Means,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP78-01617A003100010001-5 • Central Intelligence Agency, February 1948, “The Current Situation in Italy,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. 0000008669 • National Security Council, March 8, 1948, “National Security Council Report: Position of the United States with Respect to Italy in Light of the Possible Communist Participation in Government by Legal Means,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP78-01617A003100010001-5 • Summary for Secretary Marshall, May 26, 1947, “Italian and French Struggle Against Communism,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/EXK.pdf • Summary for Secretary Marshall, September 15, 1947, “Communist Threat in Italy,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/EXK.pdf • Summary for Secretary Marshall, November 24, 1947, “Communist Violence in Italy and France,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/EXK.pdf • Department of State, February 12, 1948, Letter from Bonner to Undersecretary of State Lovett, NARA, RG 59, Dec. File, 1945–1959, Box6915A • Summary for Secretary Marshall, January 19, 1948, “Position of Italian Communists,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/ • Psychological Strategy Board, August 1, 1952, “Status Report on the National Psychological Effort and First Progress Report of the Psychological Strategy Board,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. RDP80-01065A000500070007-9. • Department of State, September 12, 1966, “Subject: 303 Committee Consideration of the Italian Covert Action Program,” FRUS, 1964–1968, Vol. XII, Western Europe, ed. James E. Miller (Washington, DC: US GPO, 2001), Doc. 125 • Department of State, June 28, 1965, “Subject: Minutes of the Meeting of the 303 Committee, Covert Action Program in Italy for FY1966,” FRUS, Vol. 1964–1968, Vol. XII, Western Europe, Doc., 113 • Memorandum from Bundy to Johnson, August 4, 1965, “Subject: Italian Covert Political Assistance,” FRUS, 1964–1968, Vol. XII, Western Europe, Doc. 116 2 Target State: France Dates: 1947-1952 (No firm end date determined) Tactics: Covert – Election influence, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Preventive Regime Replaced: Yes Primary Source Documents: • Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, September 15, 1951, “Analysis of the Power of the Communist Parties of France and Italy and of Measures to Counter Them,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP80R01731R003200020013-5. • Department of State, October 24, 1947, Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Souers) to Secretary of Defense (Forrestal), FRUS, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Doc. 245 • Central Intelligence Agency, November 16, 1948, “Memorandum for the File, Subject: Relationship and Proposed Course of Dealing with OPA and ECA,” FRUS, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Doc. 307 • Summary for Secretary Marshall, May 26, 1947, “Italian and French Struggle Against Communism,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/EXK.pdf • Central Intelligence Agency, December 31, 1947, “The Current Situation in France,” CIA- FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP78-01617A003000240001-1 • Summary for Secretary Marshall, November 24, 1947, “Communist Violence in Italy and France,” NSA, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/EXK.pdf • Psychological Strategy Board, August 1, 1952, “Status Report on the National Psychological Effort and First Progress Report of the Psychological Strategy Board,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. RDP80-01065A000500070007-9. • Psychological Strategy Board, March 5, 1953, “Third Report to the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board with Regard to the Implementation of PSB D-14c, ‘Psychological Operations Plan for the Reduction of Communist Power in France," CIA- FOIA, Doc. CIA-RDP80-01065A000200120004-9 3 Target State: United Soviet Socialist Republic – Ukrainian SSR Dates: 1949-1956 (less aggressive operations continued) Tactics: Covert – Dissidents, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Offensive Regime Replaced: No Primary Source Documents: • Central Intelligence Agency, May 8, 1952, “The History, Development, and Organization of the Ukrainian Resistance Movement, including the OUN, the UPA, and the UHVR,” CIA- FOIA Doc. CIA-RDP83-00415R010100150006-6 • Central Intelligence Agency, December 18, 1953, “DD/P Project Approval Sheet” CIA- FOIA Doc. 519a2b77993294098d50f7a7 • Central Intelligence Agency, 1998, “Cold War Allies: The Origins of CIA’s Relationships with Ukrainian Nationalists,” 19, CIA-FOIA Doc. 519697e8993294098d50c281. • Central Intelligence Agency, December 27, 1946, “Country: Ukraine, Subject: Operation Belladonna,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. 519a2b75993294098d50f11d. • Central Intelligence Agency, December 12, 1950, “Joint OSO-OSP Report on the Ukrainian National Resistance Movement,” NARA. • Central Intelligence Agency, January 4, 1951, “Memorandum from Wisner to Director of Central Intelligence, Joint OSO/OPC Report on the Ukrainian Resistance Movement,” NARA, RG. 263, Entry ZZ-19 Subject Files (2nd Release), Box 9, Aerodynamic Vol. 9. • Central Intelligence Agency, December 22, 1950, “Subject: Project PBCRUET-Aero- Dynamic,” CIA-FOIA, Doc. 519a2b75993294098d50f142. • Central Intelligence Agency, April 23, 1951, “Subject: Ukrainian Position Paper,” NARA, https://archive.org/details/AERODYNAMICVOL9DEVELOPMENTANDPLANS-0039 • Central Intelligence Agency, March 1951, “Specific arrangements suggested for inclusion in operational framework for coordinated U.S.-British operations with Russian émigré groups,” NARA, RG. 263, Entry ZZ-19, Box 9, Vol. 9. • National Security Council (October 5, 1949) “NSC-58 on Policy Toward Eastern Europe,” link. Link to 131 QRPLUMB Documents (1970-1991) Link to 3,348 AERODYNAMIC Documents (1949-1970) 4 Target State: United Soviet Socialist Republic – Belorussian SSR Dates: Approximately 1949- 1956 (Less aggressive operations continued, AEQUOR: 1951-62) Tactics: Covert – Dissidents, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Offensive Regime Replaced: No Primary Source Documents: • Central Intelligence Agency (July 2, 1951) “Subject: Redbird/Operational, Specific: Mission Outline-Campsanto 1”, link. • Central Intelligence Agency (October 8, 1951) “Summary of Byelorussian Project”, CIA- FOIA Doc. 5197c269993294098d50ecbb. • Central Intelligence Agency (July 6, 1951) “SMUT: REBBIRD/WEWOR/CAMBISTA II ,N PROPOSALS,” link. • Central Intelligence Agency (August 30, 1951) “Project AEQUOR,” link. • National Security Council (October 5, 1949) “NSC-58 on Policy Toward Eastern Europe,” link. Link to 196 AEQUOR Files Link to 10 AEPRIMER Files 5 Target State: United Soviet Socialist Republic – Estonian SSR Dates: Approximately 1949-1956 (Less aggressive operations continued) Tactics: Covert – Dissidents, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Offensive Regime Replaced: No Primary Source Documents: • National Security Council (October 5, 1949) “NSC-58 on Policy Toward Eastern Europe,” link. • Central Intelligence Agency (October 16, 1952) “Project Outline: AEBasin,” link. • Central Intelligence Agency (October 25, 1954) “Notification of Approval, Project AEBasin (SR-2/Estonia),” CIA-FOIA Doc. 5197c264993294098d50e174. • Central Intelligence Agency (March 17, 1953), “Memorandum for the Chief of Foreign Intelligence,” CIA-FOIA Doc. 5197c269993294098d50ed99. • Central Intelligence Agency (August 23, 1954) “Cover Division Comments on AEBASIN,” link. Link to 64 AEROOT/AEBASIN files Link to 54 AEFREEMAN files 6 Target State: United Soviet Socialist Republic – Latvian SSR Dates: Approximately 1949-1956 (less aggressive operations continued) Tactics: Covert – Dissidents, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Offensive Regime Replaced: No Primary Source Documents: • National Security Council (October 5, 1949) “NSC-58 on Policy Toward Eastern Europe,” link. • Central Intelligence Agency (1957) “Description Project AEFlag,” link. • Central Intelligence Agency ( ) “Project Outline ZRLYNCH,” link. Link to 13 AEFLAG Files Link to 54 AEFREEMAN files Link to 150 AECOB/ZRLYNCH Files 7 Target State: United Soviet Socialist Republic – Lithuanian SSR Dates: Approximately 1949-1956 (less aggressive operations continued) Tactics: Covert – Dissidents, psychological warfare Type of Operation: Offensive
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