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Thai Temples and Ruins, Sukhothai Historical Park and Associated Sites

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Thai Temples and Ruins, Sukhothai Historical Park and Associated Sites AESTHETICS OF WORLD HERITAGE : THAI TEMPLES AND RUINS, SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK AND ASSOCIATED SITES By Supot Chittasutthiyan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2009 AESTHETICS OF WORLD HERITAGE : THAI TEMPLES AND RUINS, SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK AND ASSOCIATED SITES By Supot Chittasutthiyan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2009 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Aesthetics of World Heritage : Thai Temples and Ruins, Sukhothai Historical Park and Associated Sites” submitted by Mr.Supot Chittasutthiyan as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism …........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor Professor William Chapman, Ph.D The Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasompop Ph.D) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor William Chapman Ph.D) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor Prasert Na Nagara Ph.D) ............/......................../.............. 48056959 : MAJOR : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD : AESTHETICS, WORLD HERITAGE, SUKHOTHAI SUPOT CHITTASUTTHIYAN : AESTHETICS OF WORLD HERITAGE : THAI TEMPLES AND RUINS, SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK AND ASSOCIATED SITES. THESIS ADVISOR : PROF.WILLIAM CHAPMAN Ph.D. 297 pp. The aim of this study is to establish a suitable aesthetic category model of World Heritage, especially for Sukhothai Historical Park and other heritage sites, that will enable the visitors of the heritage sites to meet the objectives of creating enjoyment, appreciating a heritage property, bringing prosperity and creating local pride in the community. The author used the qualitative research method in this study to gain in depth information of the subject being examined. Content analysis was used to ascertain historical and art information of the khmer art and its architectural influence in Thailand. The author visited, observed and discussed with the director of Sukhothai National Museum at the heritage site. The study further examined the feedback of the visitors at heritage site for developing the services of heritage site. To enable the Fine Arts Department to be more value -oriented, the author suggested the Fine Arts department to push the aesthetic study of cultural heritage sites into the national philosophy of education. The author examined the Buddhist Art which influenced from Buddhism, The Khmer art and architecture which have had influenced to the Sukhothai Historical Park and associated sites. The author found that eventhough the architecture of Sukhothai Historical Park, World Heritage, was influenced by the Khmer architecture but the architects of Sukhothai can created the masterpice of the stupas, Sukhothai Stupa, in the individual style that absolutely difference from the Khmer architecture. The conclusion of the study recommended that the aesthetics of World Heritage is based on the pleasure of ruins. This concept can be used at all the cultural heritage sites in Thailand to benefit all stakeholders. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2009 Student's signature ........................................ Thesis Advisor's signature ........................................ c Acknowledgements This dissertation has been a challenge to the aesthetic categories for the cultural heritage, especially for the World Heritage of Sukhothai Historical Park and Associated Sites. The aesthetics of World Heritage should be the aesthetic concept for all heritage sites. I would like to use this opportunity to show my appreciation and heartfelt thanks to all those who contributed and supported me in the completion of this dissertation First of all, my supervisor, Professor William Chapman, who supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. His valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated his understanding during the period of my problems and my illness. He is generally being a good professor as well as a supervisor. My Advisor, Professor Trungjai Buranasompob for starting this programme and guiding me for the topic of the study, Professor Dr. Prasert Na Nagara for supporting and recommending me in studying this programme. I would like to thank the director, Sukhothai National Museum, Khun Amara Srisuchat at that time, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. I would like to thank Ajarn Paphasaun Thianpanya who suggested me many text books that valuable for my study, Khun Danai Wasuwat, my friend, who helped me in taking the photographs of Wat Mahathat and Sukhothai Historical Park, Khun Rattana Deeraksa who helped me in typing the dissertation, Khun Yaowapha Nilphandh who helped me in scanning the photos, and Khun Nisha Ray Chandhuri for her help proof reading and editing the final English verion. I would like to thank the Siam Commercial Foundation for giving me the opportunity and the scholarship for my study. Also special thanks to my boss, Khun Maleeratna Plumchitchom who supported me, thanks to my colleagues and friends for being understanding and giving me support. And finally, my thanks go to Ajarn Anchana Chittasutthiyan, my wife, who supported me always by encouraging me throughout my work. If there are other persons whom are not mentioned here that helped me as well, I would like to say d thank you for all your contributions. I do hope that this research will help gain more knowledge for further study in aesthetics of cultural heritage. e Contents page Abstract c Acknowledgments d List of Figures i Figures reference r Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Overview 1 Literature review 4 Methodology 5 2 Ruins as the Aesthetic Category 6 Ruins as matter 6 Ruins as form 6 Ruins as function 7 Ruins as incongruity 7 Ruins as site 8 Ruins as symbol 8 Ruins as Aesthetic Experience 9 3 Aesthetics and Values 12 Aesthetics 12 Philosophy of Western Art and Thai Art : Beauty and sublime 12 Background of Aesthetics : Thai 24 Buddhism 24 Hinduism 27 Khmer art 35 Khmer art and architecture in Thailand 37 Thai (Siam) architecture 63 Symbols in architecture 82 Values 87 Intrinsic value 88 f Chapter page Extrinsic value 88 Cultural values 88 Interpretive value 90 Associative value 91 Aesthetic value 91 Historical value 92 Artistic value 92 “ Emotional” and “ Use value” 93 4 A Brief history of Sukhothai 97 Early settlement 97 Sukhothai Historical Park 99 Historic Monuments inside the Town Wall 102 Historic Monuments outside the Town Wall 116 History of Conservation and Restoration of Sukhothai 141 5 Influences of Theravada Buddhism and Khmer Art on Wat Mahathat and the Sukhothai Architectural Heritage 148 The Impact of Religion and Art on Wat Mahathat Sukhothai 157 Heritage and Its Components 158 World Heritage Status 160 Beliefs 160 Art and Architecture : Ornaments and Decoratives 163 Stucco Motive of Buddha's Birth 165 Stucco Motive of Buddha's Death 167 Buddha's disciples 168 Others Stucco Motif 169 Identity in style 175 Sukhothai art as a classic period of Thai art 187 Buddha Image : Four attitudes 193 Sitting 195 Standing 200 g Chapter page Walking 202 Reclining 206 6 Architectures and Ruins 208 Architectures and Ruins 208 Castle – Topped Chedis 208 Ceylonese Bell-Shaped Chedis 210 Mandapa 212 Chedis with Lotus Bud-Tops 213 Mahathat Chedi 215 The Five-Spired Chedi 215 Crypt 216 Mandapa of a Standing Buddha Image 216 Viharn Luang 218 Planing of Wat Mahathat 219 Transformation of Khmer art to Sukhothai art and architecture 233 Process and development 233 Influences of Kbach Angkor in Wat Mahathat Sukhothai 255 Timelines of History 261 7 Conclusions and Suggestions 268 Thai Idea of Beauty 268 Concept of Aesthetics of Wat Mahathat Sukhothai 271 Influences of Aesthetic concept of Wat Mahathat Sukhothai to the Philosophy of Education on Thai Youth 276 Application of Aesthetic Values of Wat Mahathat Sukhothai on the Philosophy of Education for Thai Study 276 Bibliography 278 h Chapter page Appendices 281 - Sukhothai Historical Park : Income & Visitor 282 - Map of Sukhothai Historical Park 286 - Folder of Historical Park, Sukhothai 287 - Folder of the Cultural World Heritage Sites 288 - Booklet of Historical Park 290 - Sukhothai, The City of Phra Ruang 293 - Wat Mahathat Sukhothai 294 - King Ramkamhaeng Inscription No. 1 295 Biography 296 i List of Figures Figure page th 1 Lintel dating from the 7 century, Sambor Prei Kuk style 38 2 The southern lintel (top) and the northern lintel (bottom) Sambor Prei Kuk style 39 3 The makaras of earlier periods,new Prei Kmeng style 39 4 Prasat Non Ku 40 5 Lintel showing Vishnu Vamanavatara, Koh Ker style, c.940 CE. 41 6 Prasat Khao Phra Viharn 42 7 The Middle door from the southern facade of Gopura III 43 8 The
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