Registre Des Deliberations Du Conseil Municipal De La Commune De Saint
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The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography......................................... -
Assessing ETA's Strategies of Terrorism
Small Wars & Insurgencies ISSN: 0959-2318 (Print) 1743-9558 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney To cite this article: Charles W. Mahoney (2018) End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29:5-6, 916-940 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 Published online: 07 Mar 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fswi20 SMALL WARS & INSURGENCIES 2018, VOL. 29, NOS. 5–6, 916–940 https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney Department of Political Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA ABSTRACT In May 2018, the Basque insurgent group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded after a 60-year struggle. This inquiry assesses ETA’s violent cam- paigns using recent conceptual and theoretical advancements from the field of terrorism studies. Three conclusions concerning the group’s strategies of terrorism are advanced. First, ETA regularly targeted civilians to achieve goals other than coercing the Government of Spain; these objectives included out- bidding rival separatist groups and spoiling negotiation processes. Second, ETA’s most rapid period of organizational growth occurred as the result of an aggressive terrorist campaign, demonstrating that civilian targeting can serve as a stimulus to rebel group recruitment. Finally, while terrorism did not advance ETA’s primary political objective of creating an independent Basque state, it did enable the group to assume a leading position within the radical Basque separatist movement, helping extend ETA’s lifespan and making the group an embedded actor within the contentious political processes surround- ing the question of Basque self-determination. -
Bilbao, Basque Country & La Rioja
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Bilbao, Basque Country & La Rioja Includes ¨ Why Go? Basque Country .....401 The jade hills and drizzle-filled skies of this pocket of Spain Bilbao ..............401 are quite a contrast to the popular image of the country. The San Sebastián .......417 Basques, the people who inhabit this corner, also consider Oñati ...............431 themselves different. They claim to be the oldest Europeans and to speak the original European language. Whether or Vitoria ............. 432 not this is actually the case remains unproven, but what is Navarra ........... 436 beyond doubt is that they live in a land of exceptional beauty Pamplona. 436 and diversity. There are mountains watched over by almost Southern Navarra ... 444 forgotten gods, cultural museums and art galleries, street La Rioja ........... 448 parties a million people strong and, arguably, the best food in Spain. Logroño ........... 448 Leave the rugged north behind and feel the temperature La Rioja rise as you hit the open, classically Spanish plains south of Wine Region ....... 452 Pamplona. Here you enter the world of Navarra and La Rio- ja. It’s a region awash with glorious wine, sunburst colours, dreamy landscapes, medieval monasteries and enticing wine towns. Best Places to Eat ¨ Arzak (p424) ¨ La Cuchara de San Telmo When to Go (p425) Mina Restaurante Bilbao (p413) La Fábrica (p423) °C/°F Te mp Rainfall Inches/mm 40/104 8/200 ¨ Bar Torrecilla (p450) 30/86 6/150 20/68 4/100 Best Places to Sleep 10/50 2/50 ¨ Hotel Marqués de Riscal 0/32 0 J FDM A M J J A S O N (p455) ¨ Hotel Zubieta (p416) May Spring brings Jul–Sep Lively Sep Harvest ¨ Miró Hotel (p408) crowds, and a San Sebastián at festivals bring bustling modern its best and, un- festivity and ¨ Pensión Aida (p422) art scene, in the less you’re skiing, free-flowing wine ¨ La Casa de los Arquillos museums and gal- the best time to to the villages of (p434) leries of Bilbao. -
Incommunicado Detention and Torture
Incommunicado detention and torture Assessments using the Istanbul protocol ARGITUZ, AEN, Ekimen Elkartea, GAC, Jaiki-Hadi, OME, OSALDE, Departamento de Psicología Social (UPV/EHU) Incommunicado detention and torture Assessments using the Istanbul protocol ARGITUZ, Human Rights Associations Spanish Association of Neuropsychiatry (AEN). Mental Health Professionals Ekimen Elkartea, Association for Social Problems Study GAC, Community Action Group Resource Centre on Mental Health and Human Rights Jaiki-Hadi, Prebentzio eta Asistentziarako Elkartea. Prevention and Assistance Association OME, Osasun Mentalaren Elkartea. Mental Health and Community Psychiatry Association OSALDE, Asociación por el Derecho a la Salud. Health’s Right Association. Department of Social Psychology, Basque Country University (UPV/EHU) Incomunicado detention and torture. Assessments using the Istanbul protocol Copyright Authors Copyright ARGITUZ, AEN, Ekimen Elkartea, GAC, Jaiki-Hadi, OME, OSALDE, Dpto. de Psicología Social (UPV/EHU) Author of the cover painting: Cveto Marsic ISBN: D.L.: Design and graphic design: Printed by: 3 Areas and working groups n Coordination Team, composed of Participating Group members Olatz Barrenetxea Larrondo Zubiok and OME-AEN Iñaki Markez Alonso OME-AEN and Osalde Benito Morentin Campillo IML-PV. ARGITUZ Gabriela Lopez Neyra GAC Oihana Barrios Salinas Jaiki Hadi Andrés Krakenberger Larsson ARGITUZ. n Technical Coordination of Protocols and Analysis Pau Pérez Sales GAC and AEN. n Case psychological and psychiatric expert reporting Clinical Area Management: Olatz Barrenetxea Larrondo. Technical Area Management: Gabriela López Neyra. Researchers and experts Albi Gascó, Inmaculada Psychiatrist. Valencia Health Service. Gandía (Valencian Country) Andueza García, Oihana Psychologist. Donosti Barrenetxea Larrondo, Olatz Clinical Psychologist. Zubiok, Basque Institute of Psychotherapy. OME / OSALDE, Bilbao. Barrios Salinas, Oihana Psychologist. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Intractability of the Basque Conflict
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTRACTABILITY OF THE BASQUE CONFLICT A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Graham M. Stubbs, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 2012 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTRACTABILITY OF THE BASQUE CONFLICT Graham M. Stubbs B.A. Joseph P. Smaldone Phd. ABSTRACT Since the regime of dictator General Franco (1939-1975), the Spanish government has repressed or banned virtually all expressions of the Basque national identity and political expression. This failure to recognize the Basque culture within Spanish society has created a void in which the Basques have felt self-confined for generations. The conflict between the Basques and Spain has never found clear resolution, has often been punctuated by armed resistance, and has become virtually intractable. Spanish nationalism has prevailed over the indigenous group in the region, leaving resentment and frustration for those seeking to practice their traditions and cultural distinctions. The Spanish blend of fascist, traditionalist, and militarist responses has reinforced the deep- felt resentment of the Basque people in their pursuit of the civil liberties granted to all other citizens of the Spanish state. The existence of the Basques has been problematic to the Spanish because cultural differences challenged Franco’s ideal of a unified Catholic state. Catholicism was the essence of the ‘nation’ and Castile was its ‘ethnic core,’ thus leaving little room for any opposing ideology and principles. -
A Three-Sided Mirror. the Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict and Memory in the ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: a Tridimensional Mirror
Oñati Socio-legal Series, v. 7, n. 6 (2017) – Investigations – Investigaciones – Ikerlanak ISSN: 2079-5971 Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror LORENA ORTUOSTE IBARZABAL∗ Ortuoste Ibarzabal, L., 2015. Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The Spanish Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror. Oñati Socio-legal Series [online], 7 (6), 1308-1342. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3041222 Abstract The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the post- war and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s. Key words Basque Country-Spain; collective identity; collective memory; conflict; living law; positive law; Basque; Euskara; literature; ETA; Twist; tradition; transition Resumen El objetivo de esta tesis es mostrar cómo los conflictos identitarios de la cultura vasca se reflejan en la literatura, y cómo sus acciones, comportamiento, tradiciones, cultura, memoria, lengua, etc., lo definen como comunidad o minoría. -
Iparretarrak. Historia De Una Organización Política Armada
maketa Iparretarrak-4:maketa el gran arte-2.0 27/05/11 12:29 Página 3 Iparretarrak. Historia de una organización política armada 3 maketa Iparretarrak-4:maketa el gran arte-2.0 27/05/11 12:29 Página 5 Eneko Bidegain iparretarrak historia de una organización política armada 5 maketa Iparretarrak-4:maketa el gran arte-2.0 27/05/11 12:29 Página 6 título original diseño de colección y cubierta Iparretarrak. Erakunde politiko armatu Esteban Montorio baten historia Gatuzain, Larresoro, 2007 maquetación Monti traducción Garikoitz Zulueta impresión Gráficas Lizarra primera edición de txalaparta Ctra. Estella-Tafalla km. 1 Mayo de 2011 31132 Villatuerta navarra © de la edición: Txalaparta isbn © del texto: Eneko Bidegain 978-84-8136-617-4 © de la traducción: Garikoitz Zulueta © fotografías: Daniel Velez, depósito legal © fotografías: Bob Edme na. 1.795-2011 editorial txalaparta s.l.l. San Isidro 35-1a Apartado 78 31300 Tafalla nafarroa Tfno. 948 703 934 Fax 948 704 072 [email protected] www.txalaparta.com txalaparta 6 maketa Iparretarrak-4:maketa el gran arte-2.0 27/05/11 12:29 Página 7 prólogo Geroztik ari nauzu hauts zaharrak astintzen aiton-amon guztien ipuiak jasotzen herriaren pitxiak magalean biltzen ez baita hil gure herria zutitu gaitezen «mi felicidad hoy no es completa». Esas fueron las primeras pala- bras de Filipe Bidart al salir de la prisión de Clairvaux el 14 de febrero de 2007. El histórico militante de Iparretarrak había per- manecido preso diecinueve años. Era el último preso de ik. «Gora ik!», gritó cuando lo detuvieron. «Gora ik!», gritó al salir del cau- tiverio. -
11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo
168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner. The Burgos 16, court-martialed I and found guilty, had little or no access to attorneys. Six of the accused were sentenced to death by firing squad. The case drew global notori - ety, calling attention to the larger issues of independence for the Basque Country and the disregard for civil liberties and human rights under the rule of General Francisco Franco. In Idaho, many Basques protested, urging the commutation of Franco’s sentences. For many Boise Basques, this was the latest chapter in a centuries-old cycle of repression and cultural subjugation. The Basque Country ( Euskal Herria ) today is a region with three lan - guages, two sovereign states and seven provinces. Approximately three mil - lion people make the region their home, most of whom live in Spain, with the remainder in France. Since the Middle Ages, French and Spanish kings agreed to a set of laws ( foruak ) that gave the Basques local control over tax - Ward Hooper’s Basque tribute recalls the Deco prints of the 1920s. 168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner. -
Los Jóvenes Vascos Ante La Violencia De Eta Y Otras Manifestaciones Ilegítimas De Violencia De Signo Político
LOS JÓVENES VASCOS ANTE LA VIOLENCIA DE ETA Y OTRAS MANIFESTACIONES ILEGÍTIMAS DE VIOLENCIA DE SIGNO POLÍTICO. (1986-2012) “THE BASQUE YOUTH BEFORE ETA´S VIOLENCE AND OTHER ILEGITIMATE MANIFESTATIONS OF VIOLENCE AS A POLITICAL STATEMENT. 1986-2012”. Javier Elzo Imaz (Universidad de Deusto) RESUMEN ABSTRACT ETA es, a la vez, vanguardia y componente de un movimiento ETA is at the same time vanguard and component of a más amplio que, en razón del momento en que surge, recibe larger movement that, due to the moment in which it arose, el nombre del Movimiento Vasco de Liberación Nacional receives the name of Movimiento Vasco de Liberación (MVLN). ETA, en dos fases de su historia de cincuenta años Nacional (MVLN). ETA, in two phases of its 50-year history decide, unilateralmente, el uso de la violencia, bajo las formas decides, unilaterally, the use of violence under the forms of de terrorismo, intimidación, secuestro y extorsión. Dentro del terrorism, intimidation, kidnapping and extortion. Inside the MVLV la clase obrera en particular y el eufemístico Pueblo MVLN, the working class in particular and the euphemistic Trabajador Vasco más en general, así como la juventud, Pueblo Trabajador Vasco more in general, as well as the conforman dos elementos centrales de su particular ideología. youth, conform two central elements of their particular En este trabajo pretendemos, en un primer momento, estudiar ideology. In this work we pretend, first of all, to study the hasta qué punto la juventud vasca ha apoyado los extent to which the Basque youth has supported the propósitos de ETA. En segundo lugar ofreceremos las purposes of ETA. -
The ETA: Spain Fights Europe's Last Active Terrorist Group
The ETA: Spain Fights Europe’s Last Active Terrorist Group William S. Shepard One week after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pen- tagon on 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush marshaled the American people and allies of good will everywhere to a new course through his speech to Congress. In it, he resolutely condemned the attacks and promised sustained retribution. “It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated,” he announced. The world knows that he was speaking of Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network, but shortly thereafter, media commentators posed the ques- tion whether all nations on the list that the United States says sponsor ter- rorism, including Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Syria, were potential targets. Others wondered whether all organizations that the United States has officially con- demned as terrorist, including Shining Path in Peru and the Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) in Spain and France, were included in the president’s announcement.1 The ETA had again been designated a foreign terrorist organization by the secretary of state on 5 October 2001. One way to move away from the terrorist label is to negotiate. It may be coincidental, but it struck me that on 26 September, just two weeks after the attacks, Palestinian chairman Yasser Arafat sat down for preliminary talks with Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres. Furthermore, at least one well- known group took quick pains to disassociate itself from America’s potential 1. Sally Buzbee, “Nations Debate Who Terrorists Are,” Associated Press, 23 September 2001. -
El Terrorismo En España 2 EL TERRORISMO EN ESPAÑA
GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA | 4º ESO El terrorismo en España 2 EL TERRORISMO EN ESPAÑA PROYECTO EDUCATIVO “MEMORIA Y Este material se presenta como un resumen de la unidad didáctica que PREVENCIÓN DEL TERRORISMO”. los Ministerios de Interior y de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, el Centro UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA Nº 1 para la Memoria de las Víctimas del Terrorismo y la Fundación Víctimas del Terrorismo, han elaborado para facilitar la labor de los docentes al explicar las materias relacionadas con el terrorismo, que se incluyen en la ŝ asignatura de Geografía e Historia de 4ª de la ESO. EDITA Este resumen está dirigido a los centros escolares que participan en la experiencia piloto desarrollada en la Comunidad de Madrid, en colabo- Dirección General de Apoyo a Víctimas ración con su Consejería de Educación, de llevar el testimonio directo de del Terrorismo. Ministerio del Interior las víctimas del terrorismo en las aulas, consistente en escuchar de viva voz a una víctima del terrorismo relatar su experiencia personal y poste- Centro Nacional de Innovación e Investigación riormente dialogar con los asistentes sobre su vivencia. Educativa. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Con carácter previo a realizar la citada actividad, se aconseja que los Centro Memorial de las Víctimas del Terrorismo alumnos conozcan los aspectos fundamentales del terrorismo en Espa- ña. Con tal objetivo se ofrece este material. Fundación Víctimas del Terrorismo DISEÑO INTRODUCCIÓN Dr. Drumen El terrorismo ha marcado la historia reciente de España, desde los años sesenta del siglo XX. En esta introducción se analiza en que consiste tal fenómeno y, después, nos adentraremos en su evolución durante tres fases diferentes: FOTOGRAFÍAS Agencia Efe LA DICTADDURA FRANQQUISTA El País LA TRANSICIÓÓN A LA DEMOOCRACIA EL PERIODDO DEMOCRRÁTICO El terrorismo incide sobre diferentes áreas: La política: el terrorismo viola los principios democráticos, generan- do un miedo que reduce las posibilidades de participación política libre e igual.