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Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington NOTEBOOK ON NOMINATIONS AMERICAN FOREIGN February was a month of milestones for many reasons, but two were of special SERVICE ASSOCIATION interest and concern to Foreign Service people. One of these was the nomination Governing Board President: THEODORE S. WILKINSON of Assistant Secretary of State Raymond Seitz to be ambassador to the United King¬ State Vice President: RICHARD MILTON dom. The other was the sad loss on February 23 of former Ambassador William AID Vice President: PAULA BRYAN VSIA Vice President: VANCE PACE H. Taft III. Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ Ambassador Taft was unique as a non-career appointee who became a Foreign Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA Service officer only after a tour as ambassador. Son of Senate Majority Leader Robert State Representatives: PURNELL DELI.Y Taft and father of the current U.S. ambassador to NATO, Taft was nominated to DAVID T. JONES THOMAS MILLER be ambassador in Dublin in 1953 and served there until 1957. In 1959 he joined SANDRA ODOR the career Foreign Service and served nearly 20 more years before retiring, including HARRY GALLAGHER AID Representatives: HELENE KAUFMAN a tour as consul general in Lorenco Marques, but never again as an ambassador. USIA Representative. BERNARD HENSGEN A modest and scholarly man, Taft lit a path that few have followed by showing Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER L. BRUCE LAINGEN more interest in the foreign relations of the United States than in personal or political DAVID SCHNEIDER advancement. Staff As has been widely remarked, Ray Seitz will be the first of 65 American am¬ Executive Director: SABINE SISK bassadors to the Court of St. James to be chosen from the ranks of career Foreign Business Department Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Service officers. (For the pedants who point out that there wasn’t any career service Executive Assistants. BARBARA THOMPSON, in the time of John Adams, there have still been 21 U.S. ambassadors to the United SANDRA DOUGLAS Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL Kingdom since the Rogers Act of 1924.) We have it on good authority that President Legal Services General Counsel: TURNA R. LEWIS Bush chose to break precedent in making this nomination as a sign of his own Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH high regard for the career service. Seitz has served in London twice before. The Law Clerks: ELLEN THORBURN CHRISTIE E-LOON WOO nomination thus also shows a refreshing recognition of expertise-a criterion that Member Services has seldom been given much weight in the past in the selection of our nominees Director: CHRIS BAZAR for London. Representative: CATHERINE SCHMITZ DEBORAH M. LEAHY Nor should we let pass without comment other recently reported nominations. Membership Services Director: JANET L. HEDRICK China expert Stapleton Roy will be only the second career officer to serve as am¬ Assistant: IRENE LOWY bassador in Beijing since the restoration of diplomatic relations. Experienced For¬ Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON eign Service officers are expected to replace fellow career officers soon in Pakistan, Congressional Liaison: ROBERT M. BEERS Chile, Thailand, Colombia and a number of smaller countries. RICK WEISS Other positive elements in the administration’s record of nominations include Scholarship Programs: GAIL VOLK Outreach Program keeping a promise to maintain a ratio of at least two career appointees for every Director CHARLES SCHMITZ non-career ambassador; leaving career appointees (in most cases) in place for three Outreach Coordinator JEFF NEIL Outreach Assistant: CHRISTOPH DHEIN years; and of course the expected (and now proven) benefits of putting experienced The American Foreign Service Association, founded professionals in such key posts as the UN, Japan, Mexico, and India. in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign Still to watch, however, is the administration’s willingness to stand by its own Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms decisions and face down Senator Jesse Helms’ capricious and unfounded opposi¬ of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired tion to three career nominees: John Bushnell (Costa Rica), George Jones (Guyana), membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ and Melissa Wells (Zaire). Even the most strenuous administration lobbying, how¬ ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual ever, will be unavailing unless members of both parties in the Senate For¬ dues: Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members— $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members eign Relations Committee are willing to overrule Helms on procedure. When are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note. and if the nominees are put to a vote in a business meeting, it’s doubtful that AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business anyone other than Helms would cast a negative vote, but because of the North expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as Carolina senator’s mastery of procedural delay, all three have been waiting in the charitable contributions. wings for nearly a year. We understand that Bushnell’s destination may be changed; AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street NW. Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ if so, this distinguished officer should promptly be renominated. bership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Also to be watched is selection of a nominee for Moscow. A number of excellent Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ career candidates were said to be under consideration a year ago to replace Am- sel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 647-8160. . FAX: (202) 338-6820 . Continued on page 63 Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 APRIL 1991 VOL. 68, NO. 4

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE DANIEL NELSON ROBERT A. POLLARD HANS N. TUCH Cuba Policy 22 Scandal In Old Washington 39 THEODORE S. WILKINSON

“The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service” Speaking Out: Mexico and Oil Diplomacy 13 Editor THEODORE S. WILKINSON ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager From the Field: Tales of a Wandering Recruiter 16 JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Editorial Assistant: TERRY JONES DEREK TERRELL Design: MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS FOCUS: A NEW APPROACH

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Managing Change in Central America 19 Association, a private non-profit organization. CRESENCIO ARCOS Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries A Pragmatic Cuba Policy 22 are invited. WAYNE S. SMITH JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Members— included in annual dues; others, $25. Overseas subscriptions (except Canada ). $35 per year. Airmail The Demise of the Reagan Doctrine 26 not available. GEORGE GEDDA Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmaster: Send address changes to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Books 30 Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 Jerrold Keilson on cold warriors; Andrew Steigman on the Canadian to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information service; Robert Pollard on EC 1992; Thomas Shannon on Chico Mendes Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply AFSA endorsement of the services or goods Postcards from Abroad: Hungary 35 offered. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 • Telephone: (202) FRED GOOSEY 338-4045 or 338-4054.

American Foreign Service Association, 1991 Diplomats in History: The Source of the Nile 37 ISSN 0015-7279 April 1991, Vol. 68, no.4 Journal: Diplomatic Scandal in Washington 39 CHARLES MAF.CHI.ING JR.

Cover: DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 AFSA News 57 Daniel Ortega bestows Letters 4 Marketplace 50 the sash of office on Clippings 6 Realtors 53 Violeta Chamorro, 1990. 50 Years Ago 11 Classified 48 AP/Wide World Photos. Foreign Service Quiz 11 Ad Index 50

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 THE GULF CRISIS To THE EDITOR: Do We Need?”) raises some interesting I was pleased to see from Norman points and deserves a response. He fo¬ To THE EDITOR: Hannah’s letter in the January FSJ that the cuses his criticism on long-term language The excellent articles on the evolution legend of Gordon Paddock is not only and professional training, citing a lack of of Iraq toward war in the January issue do alive and well but has been expanded to objective evaluation, and relevancy to the nothing to enhance the reputation of the include the consul’s (and the bareback needs of the Foreign Service. He also State Department. No matter how you rider’s) eventual assignment to Paris. expresses concern with what he per¬ slice it, cut it, butter it, or otherwise try to Whatever became of them after their ceives as an attitude in the personnel cover it up, we do not come out well. sojourn in the French wilderness is the system which advocates training as a What were our skilled and experienced requirement for advancement in the ser¬ Arabists doing, as the situation drifted vice. To set the record straight, the depart¬ into the present crisis? Most of them were FSI’s courses are continually ment has never taken the position that tending their gardens, making money in training is needed to obtain a good job, the private sector, or relaxing in the sun, subjected to needs tests, objec¬ but rather that the training contributes to for the brightest and best had—willingly tive evaluation, outside scru¬ the employee’s ability to do the job. or kicking and screaming—gone into As the author notes, long-term training retirement. The new generation may be tiny, and input from course does involves significant costs. If the good in Arabic, Middle East area studies, participants, instructors, and training is relevant and of high quality, and Washington bureaucratic infighting, however, it is not a misallocation of but these officers lack the depth of OIG inspections. The change in resources. The Foreign Service Institute knowledge of Arab personalities, culture, (FSI) is strengthening its evaluation pro¬ and history of the old Arabists. Most of FSI’s approach to mid-level cesses; as a result, courses are modified or the older Arabists attended the Foreign training, from a five-month dropped if they are not meeting course Service language school in Beirut in the objectives and department needs. FSI’s 1950s and 1960s, spoke excellent Ara¬ course to a series of shorter courses are continually subjected to needs bic, lived and served in several Arab courses, supports Jeffrey’s tests, objective evaluation, outside scru¬ countries, and knew many of their leaders tiny, and input from course participants, over many years. Although possibly tilt¬ contention that “Good instructors, and OIG inspections. The ing against Israel, they know the Arab change in FSI’s approach to mid-level programs will survive, world well, and, in retirement, can voice training, from a five-month course to a freely their views on how to advance U.S. the bad will not. ” series of shorter courses, supports Jeffrey’s interests without endangering their ca¬ contention that “Good programs will sur¬ reers. vive, the bad will not.” This sad situation strengthens the case inevitable next question. Perhaps some Jeffrey’s assertion that other govern¬ for the creation and—most important— researcher of the files will one day be ment agencies “often prefer” commercial utilization of a Foreign Service Reserve inspired to find the answer. language training is misleading. FSI is the Corps, which could draw on the talents Incidentally, your coverage of the Iraq- preferred institution for the United States and experience of our retired, skilled Kuwait crisis in the same issue is a useful Information Agency (USIA), providing colleagues. One way to do this would be supplement for those of us who know between two-thirds and three-fourths of to create informal policy review groups only what we read in the papers. Con¬ all language training to USIA employees. for critical areas such as the Middle East, gratulations. Commercial schools are used by other Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, China, Henry S. Villard agencies when FSI does not offer the and South Africa. The writer is a retired U.S. ambassador. specific language, the timing of FSI’s Regarding Henry Precht’s contribution, training does not correspond with the I would like to add that Jim Hoagland, as THE IMPORTANCE OF employee’s need, internal budget prac¬ well as William Safire, was warning us of TRAINING tices favor use of a facility other than FSI, Saddam Hussein early on. or a student requires a tutorial. Alan Logan To THE EDITOR: Jeffrey laments recent cutbacks in “low- The writer is a retired Foreign Service Mr. Jeffrey’s article on training in the cost, high-return” post language programs. officer. August 1990 FSJ ("How Much Training With a few exceptions, FSI’s experience

4 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRI11991 with the post language programs is that The real issues, unstated in Jeffrey’s our agenda and approach to foreign they are not an effective means of devel¬ article, are the department’s approach policy. Interdisciplinary and multilateral oping language skills. Intensive language to recruitment and the value we place issues such as trade, debt, international training away from the workplace is the on opinions and insights from sources drug trafficking, terrorism, the environ¬ proven route to achieving language pro¬ outside the narrow confines of the ment, conflict resolution, refugees, and ficiency. The intermittent training typical workplace. We do not, unlike many economic development have assumed a of many post language programs usually services, recruit exclusively from a small greater role in relations among and be¬ adds little to the development of lan¬ number of elite schools or rely on the tween countries. Multifunctional officers guage skills. Responsibility for funding seconding of functional specialists from of the future must have access to oppor¬ these programs was recently transferred other agencies in order to meet our tunities throughout their careers to de¬ to geographic bureaus, and each over¬ staffing needs. We have, instead, cho¬ velop not only specialized skills, but also seas post will now have the opportunity sen to take advantage of and represent the professionally broadening experience to develop a language program specifi¬ the diversity of our country through a provided by a detail to another agency, a cally designed to meet local needs. The competitive selection process. We then year at the National Defense University, quality of FSI’s language training is good. supplement the knowledge and skills another university, or the department’s This fact was confirmed most recently by brought by new employees to the ser¬ Senior Seminar. We owe it to our person¬ former Ambassador Monteagle Steams in vice with in-service training at FSI and nel to make available to them as many his commission’s review of hard-language other institutions to enhance their abil¬ and as varied such opportunities as re¬ proficiency in the Foreign Service. Em¬ ity to do their job. Regrettably, from sources permit. Repeated studies have ployees who achieve the 3-level profi¬ 1980 to 1990, the number of fellowships demonstrated the benefits of the strong ciency are able to communicate at the and university training positions avail¬ emphasis that the business community expected minimum level of proficiency able to department personnel has and military place on such training. Ours in that language. FSI, in cooperation with dropped by 50 percent. Instead, given is not a static world. We can do no less. the Bureau of Personnel and the regional the power of education to inspire inno¬ bureaus, is experimenting with means of vation and problem-solving, we should developing language training beyond the be creating more opportunities for Jacques Paul Klein 3 level. There are, however, resource and training. The writer is chief of the training and other implications associated with train¬ The “new era in international rela¬ liaison staff, Office of Foreign Service Career ing to the 4 level, including the availability tions” heralded by Deputy Secretary Development and Assignments, Personnel, of language training for a wider audience. Eagleburger has implications for both at the State Department, m

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PICTURE OF A FLAILING forces of reform he’s unleashed. So the THE WASHINGTON POST, MARCH 6, FROM WIRE

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Previous wars in the Middle East have THE WASHINGTON MONTHLY, MARCH 1991, BY . . . Some examiners routinely refused frequently been followed by a terrorist CHARLES PETERS to provide competent translators (in Hai¬ aftermath.” Federal employees are up in arms tian Creole and Spanish) for the crucial about a prohibition of moonlighting in the applicant interviews. They violated their KENYA ACCUSES US. OF Ethics Reform Act. The prohibition is a bit agency’s own rules by refusing to hear the MEDDLING excessive, but that it is aimed at a real applicants’ witnesses. They disallowed THE WASHINGTON TIMES, MARCH 5, FROM WIRE problem is made clear by the letter a civil employment evidence from certain con¬

REPORTS servant wrote to Mike Causey of The tractors they suspected of fraud but kept Nairobi, Kenya - Kenyan authorities Washington Post-. the blacklist secret from the applicants yesterday accused the United States of “In my agency so many grade 14 and until lawyers for the workers discovered interfering in the due process of law in 15 types teach at the local college there is it in litigation. Kenya and disregarding diplomatic norms never any audiovisual equipment or sup¬ in dealings with Kenya. plies for our training. Movie projectors, SHITTE THREAT NOT On Sunday, the U.S. Embassy released slide and overhead projectors, etc. are LETHAL to the media a statement protesting the either at the college or [in] the trunk[s] of THE WASHINGTON TIMES, MARCH 5, BY WARREN arrest of an opposition lawyer and jour¬ the moonlighting teachers’ cars. Photo¬ STROBEL nalist, Gitobu Imanyara. copying machines are in almost constant The spreading rebellion of fundamen¬ A government statement issued through use cranking out course outlines, notes, talist Shi’ite Muslims in southern Iraq adds the official Kenya News Agency said the exams, and the like.” to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs “has learned A second problem, illustrated by an¬ troubles but does not yet threaten his with profound dismay of the simulta¬ other civil servant’s letter, might be called survival, Bush administration officials said neous release of a press statement by the “daylighting”: yesterday. U.S. government in Washington and in “I work in an office where half the U.S. analysts are watching the unrest in Nairobi on March 1, 1991, condemning people are engaged in other things while Basra and outlying towns closely, con¬ the arrest of a Kenyan citizen Gitobu supposedly working for the government. cerned that it might lead to further desta¬ Imanyara. . . . This action by the U.S. A couple sell household cleaning prod¬ bilization or civil war in Iraq. government is strange in that it ignored ucts to coworkers (which is an imposition While allied troops control part of the normal diplomatic channels of com¬ and time consuming) and also sell to southern Iraq, the officials said their infor¬ munication between two friendly govern¬ outsiders by phone. mation was limited and they were relying ments.” “The biggest abusers are those who for tire most part on media accounts of sell real estate from the office. Some of growing anti-Saddam demonstrations in EC GIVES $1 BILLION TO them spend half their time working on more than a half-dozen southern cities. THE USSR nonfederal jobs. I would go to the boss, . . . The overthrow of Saddam and his

THE WASHINGTON Tams, MARCH 6, FROM WIRE but he (and his wife) have a sideline too.” Ba’ath Arab Socialist Party “doesn’t look

REPORTS real likely right now,” a U.S. official said. Brussels, Belgium - The European JUSTICE FOR ALIENS The official said, however, the revolt Community formally approved $1 billion THE NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 5, EDITORIAL undercuts Saddam’s attempts to show he in food grants and credit guarantees for Amnesty for undocumented aliens was is fully in control despite Iraq’s defeat. the Soviet Union yesterday. a humane and vital part of the Immigra¬ “It adds to the pot,” a State Department The $355 million in emergency food tion Reform and Control Act of 1986. The official said. “The pot is boiling.” ■

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL1991 Executive

cjCodc^incj, —dllterna ti ued Interim Accommodations for Home Leave at Government Expense for American Foreign Service The Corporate and Government Employees-^Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Markets the FSJ, April 1941 c/f-fiaxtwzEnti. Mr. Johnson: As I understand it, under existing law career officers can be given +

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orget for a moment the eu¬ heavy on the production side and too ment the FTA in other ways; e.g., for F phoria of victory in Iraq. By light on the conservation side. Among the expensive improvements to the low now it may be wearing off production features are proposals for Mexican environmental standards that anyway. America’s first Middle added stimuli or reduced constraints on opponents of an agreement have seized East War wasn’t cost-free. There was the domestic production, and calls for an upon. administration’s $55 billion bill to Con¬ increasing share of U.S. imports to come A closer energy relationship may re¬ gress—even if we managed to syndicate from outside the Gulf, in particular from quire overcoming some pre-Columbian 75 percent of it. The United States and its the Western Hemisphere. shibboleths that traditionally cloud the coalition partners suffered blessedly few Do our postwar diplomatic goals and vision of otheiwise lucid Mexican intel¬ casualties; but the Iraqis and humanity as our new energy strategy fit together? At lects of the left. One is the vintage, self- a whole weren’t so lucky. The impact of first glance, the answer seems to be yes. imposed PRI rule that no more than 50 the war on the environment invites a Putting more reliance on Western Hemi- percent of Mexican oil should be ex¬ paraphrase of King Midas’ moral. In this ported to any single consumer (read, to case, he who covets oil may end up An even more troublesome the United States); i.e., the mirror image of our concern about being overly depen¬ drowning in it. article of Mexican faith is From the political standpoint, it’s prob¬ dent on any single supplier. It’s a rule ably too early even to sketch out whether embedded in a Lazaro that’s been honored in the breach in our enhanced stature in the Middle East recent years and could only make sense will outweigh the polarization of Arab Cardenas-em amendment to the if Mexico’s economy were not already inextricably bound with our own in ways sentiments caused by the war. Shifting Mexican constitution, which is allegiances bring new enemies as well as that are independent of petroleum. It new friends, and fresh, acute enmities interpreted to preclude foreign deserves a decent burial. don’t mix well with diplomacy. An even more troublesome article of The one thing that’s safe to say is that involvement in exploration by Mexican faith is embedded in a Lazaro Cardenas-era amendment to the Mexican nobody wants to do it again, and that our Pemex, the national collective efforts should attack both the constitution, which is interpreted to pre¬ political and economic causes of the war. oil monopoly. clude foreign involvement in exploration One of the five post-war objectives iden¬ by Pemex, the national oil monopoly. tified by Secretary Baker is to reduce our Pemex is a world-class company these dependence on others for energy. “That sphere oil won’t eliminate our depen¬ days, no longer in danger of being a strategy should involve energy conserva¬ dence on imports, but it should at last Cinderella to the seven sisters. Inadequate tion and efficency, increased develop¬ reduce our addiction to the Gulf varieties. exploration is said to have cost Mexico ment, strengthened stockpiles and re¬ And it can scarcely harm our steadily considerable oil revenue because it could serves, and greater use of alternative improving relationship with our next- not expand supply quickly to take advan¬ fuels,” proposed the secretary on Febru¬ door neighbor to the south. Replenishing tage of recent surges in demand (and ary 6. our strategic reserve at a guaranteed price prices). The Salinas government is no Almost coincidentally, the administra¬ throughout the 1980s certainly helped the doubt concerned about giving Cardenas’ tion forwarded its long-awaited energy Mexicans in the past, at the peak of their son Cuahtemoc a new cause to rally strategy to Congress, at the end of an financial crisis. For the Mexicans, the opposition on the left, but some way excruciating two-year birth process that assurance of augmented petroleum expoit needs to be found to set aside an archaic nearly exhausted the Department of En¬ income from the United States in the nationalist doctrine that is costing Mexico ergy. The strategy contains the same future would be a neat complement to a money. elements as the secretary’s skeleton pro¬ free trade agreement (FTA). Some of the In all likelihood, we will hear some posal, but the balance among them is augmented income could even be ear¬ new thoughts on these dilemmas at AFSA’s already under sharp attack for being too marked for efforts that would comple¬ April 4-5 conference on the converging

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APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 15 FROM THE FIELD TERRY JONES Thoughts of a Wandering Recruiter

Editor’s Note: The following is the first in the FSJ’s “From the Field” series of personal reflections on career, training, and management issues. In this column, TerryJones, currently on sabbaticalfrom the Foreign Service as an Una Chapman CoxfeUow, looks at recruiting. Submissions are welcomefor future From the Field columns.

had more than 600 miles of nomically, technologically, and politi¬ I driving and thinking time on cally, by the day. The budget deficit will my Foreign Service recruiting ensure that we will have to do more run through Pennsylvania. In with even less—so we will need even three days, I talked myself hoarse at better people in our future Foreign Penn State, Bucknell, and the Univer¬ Service. the vagaries of the assignment system, sity of Pennsylvania. It was a bit hum¬ It was great meeting and talking to so and the up-and-mostly-out career pat¬ bling to think that I was playing a minor many bright young people. It was no tern didn’t even make a dent in the role in the Foreign Service of the future. trick to reach women or minorities— enthusiasm. It won’t be the Foreign Service I they were there in force. There was There is no shortage of great think¬ entered in 1974—which had just al¬ overwhelming interest in diplomacy as ers in academia, but we are the doers. lowed women officers to stay even if a survival tool for the United States. At Just as we need to be alert to their new they had married and were women; the same time, it was sad to think of ideas, they need to know and under¬ Hispanic, African, or Asian Americans how few of these young people had a stand the art and practice of diplomacy. were rare indeed. We are now looking chance to make it into the Foreign Furthermore, we need to support “world at a future service which will represent Service. There are too few positions affairs” literacy at all levels, beginning and prove the success of a diverse and democratic society. At the same time, the need for excellence is even greater It was great meeting and talking to so many bright young people. It than before. As we enter the 21st cen¬ was no trick to reach women or minorities—they were there in force. tury, we are facing a multipolar, inter¬ dependent world where no single bloc There was overwhelming interest in diplomacy as a survival tool for or country will have an overwhelming effect. We can no longer afford to just the United States. At the same time, it was sad to think of how few of throw money at problems. The issues these young people had a chance to make it into the Foreign Service. are as often global as bilateral. We can’t solve global environmental, oceans, resources, or trade issues on a “just between us big powers” basis anymore. and too many contenders (even if you in elementary school. One or two re¬ Global problems require concerted, only count the thousand or so who cruiting runs a year at colleges won’t do multilateral, global action for their so¬ normally pass both the written and it. The State Department Outreach lution. Today’s world is becoming follow-up oral exams). My descriptions Speakers Program can do only as much multipolar and more complex, eco¬ of life on the front lines of the service, as its budget allows, and that isn’t

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WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME FORD MOTOR COMPANY P.O. Box 600 28801 Wixom Rd. Wixom, MI 48393-0600 PHONE NO. Tel: (800) 338-5759 or area code (313) 344-6578 FAX/TELEX NO. J l area code FROM THE FIELD much. The Diplomats in Residence pro¬ State cannot fund speakers, it might still I hope that both AFSA and the State gram has been successful, but again is be able to fund teleconferences or even Department will support more exten¬ limited in funds and numbers. As the conference calls to allow question-and- sive efforts at public diplomacy. Re¬ budget squeeze continues, we are likely answer sessions. Public Affairs has an cruitment should not be a once-a-year to have even less funding and fewer enormous amount of material available speaking frenzy. It should instead be people available. We need more effi¬ on every country in the world and on part of an overall State effort to improve cient ways to reach our “constituency”-— every major issue, even esoteric ones “world affairs literacy” and thus help and to develop one (some of our con¬ such as driftnet negotiations to stop the meet our national goal of competitive¬ stituency may be in sixth grade now). deaths of sea turtles and dolphins in ness through better education. And let’s Retired Foreign Service officers can huge trawler nets, and global change. make sure that we don’t lose the appli¬ prove an invaluable resource. There are These publications are short, well writ¬ cants who don’t make it into the For¬ a large number of experienced diplo¬ ten, and timely. They would be useful eign Service. They will affect State, mats who can share their expertise and supplements to any texts. Although because they will be the informed citi¬ experiences with young people (from most major colleges are probably aware zens, the activists, and the future lead¬ kindergarten through PhD programs). I of this resource, it might be worthwhile ers of our society. hope that the Foreign Service retirees to use professional school librarian as¬ If we succeed in improving the un¬ will consider sharing their knowledge sociations and journals to pass the word derstanding of even a small percentage with local schools and colleges. It might that they are equally available to all of our citizens, we will have set the be worthwhile for AFSA to contact its schools. Having gone to the expense of scene for more effective foreign policy counterparts in the National Education producing these publications, it pays to in the future. Furthermore, we will have Association.to brainstorm on a mutually make them part of a coherent, wide¬ added to the pool from which we will beneficial collaboration. spread public diplomacy campaign by draw the best and brightest as our Technology can cut costs. Where State. future diplomats. ■

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18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 Adjusting to a more modest U.5. presence

The victory of Violeta Chamorro in the Febru¬ ary 1990 Nicaraguan elections was a water¬ shed, not only because it spelled the apparent end of Nicaragua's civil Central war, but also because it produced a dramatic shift in U.S. policy toward Central America. America For 10 years, U.S. policy focused on the contain¬ ment of Soviet/Cuban- backed subversion and the consolidation of democratically Soviet policy it reflected, have had a lasting impact on my elected governments. To meet these goals, the U.S. govern¬ tour in Honduras. In the past, our single-minded focus on ment channeled more than $5 billion in economic and mili¬ external security threats often led us to overlook various tary assistance to the region, established a large government governments’ mismanagement of economic, social, and presence, and raised its military and intelligence profiles. environmental policies. As Soviet policies have changed Much of this activity centered on supporting the anti-Sandin- and U.S. security concerns receded, these failings are being ista “contra” forces, deterring Sandinista aggression, and laid bare. In the years ahead, governments that tolerate backing the government of El Salvador against the FMLN human rights abuse, reject sustainable economic and envi¬ (Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional) guerrillas. ronmental policies, or permit gross inefficiency and corruption With the electoral defeat of the Sandinistas and the may find themselves simply cut off from U.S. assistance. dramatic changes in the Soviet Bloc during 1989 and 1990, Likewise, Washington will be much less patient in channel¬ the justification for the previous decade’s high level of U.S. ing resources to countries or sectors—such as the judiciary, involvement in Central America is fading. Although deep armed forces, or agriculture—where past U.S. assistance has social divisions persist in the region and much remains to failed to produce significant improvements. be done to help the five countries develop and grow, These shifts in U.S. policy are in turn forcing change in Central America during the coming decade will not com¬ Central America, as governments and societies come to mand the extraordinary levels of U.S. attention that it did understand the implications of reduced resources and during the 1980s. tighter conditions. Fundamental issues of national security, The challenge that falls to me as U.S. ambassador to regional integration, environmental protection, and social Honduras is to help manage the change from an era policy are now being addressed, and in the process the stage characterized by a high U.S. profile and very high levels of is being set for the next phase of relations between the assistance to one of more modest U.S. involvement in United States and Central America. Central America. On December 8, 1989, the day I was sworn in as Swollen militaries ambassador, the world was rocked by news that the Berlin Surely, the most immediate effects of change in the Wall was coming down. That event, and the sea change in Central American security environment will be felt by the

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *19 ing, nevertheless, to reduce the heavy burden of military expenditures on these poor Central American countries. In the face of tight budgets and diminishing resources, they simply have no other choice. This imperative will become even more clear as the expenses of Operation Desert Storm and the reconstruction of Kuwait force further reductions in U.S. military assistance lev¬ els. The most useful assistance the U.S. govern¬ ment can offer is to help the anned forces of Central America redefine their role in a less conflictive era. We can accomplish this through our military assistance, through civilian training programs, and by stressing constantly the impor¬ tance of civilian control of armed forces. One way to accomplish this is to channel military assistance through civilian authorities, rather than relying on military-to-military relationships, as we have in the past. Relying on the market Perhaps the most dramatic change occurring in Central America today is the trend toward outward-oriented market economies. In several countries of the isthmus, fundamental economic disequilibria were allowed to fester during the 1980s, in part because donor (not just U.S.) priorities lay elsewhere, and in part because struggling new democracies were unable or unwilling to implement the macroeconomic and structural adjustments required for broad-based economic growth. With the coming decline in region’s anned forces. During a decade of war and confron¬ foreign assistance levels, the need to shift to more self- tation, Central America’s militaries swelled to a size that is sustaining economies is now being recognized, albeit simply unsustainable over the long term. The Sandinista slowly. At the same time, a new generation of leaders has security forces in Nicaragua grew from about 20,000 in 1980 emerged in Central America, one that seems to be set on to some 85,000 in 1989. The Honduran armed forces during modernization and committed to more market-oriented the same period grew from about 16,000 to 24,000, while policies. Salvadoran military strength increased from 15,000 to more Central American leaders are taking clear steps to than 50,000. Now that trend must be reversed, scaling down promote market mechanisms. First, to reward efficiency and military expenditures to levels that are affordable in the stimulate trade, tariffs and regulatory barriers are being absence of large assistance programs. reduced throughout Cential America. At the presidents’ Secretary of State James Baker’s 1990 statement in December 1990 summit in Costa Rica, all five countries Antigua outlined U.S. policy goals in Central America, committed themselves to implementing a common 20 including demilitarization of the region. Despite its rhetori¬ percent tariff by 1993. Second, inefficient state enterprises cal appeal, however, the issue of military reductions is a are being sold, persistent budget deficits are being ad¬ difficult one for these societies to address openly. In dressed, and public spending priorities are being reassessed. Nicaragua, for example, President Chamorro felt compelled Finally, all five presidents have pledged to end corruption to strike down a 25 percent defense budget cut proposed and fat-cat politics. In short, they have recognized that by her congress in late 1990. In Honduras, the armed forces Central America has no alternative but to respect the same have made no secret of their discomfort with President economic rules of the road that are accepted among the Callejas’s demand that defense spending be included in world’s successful developing economies. across-the-board budget cuts. Post-settlement El Salvador The challenge now is to help these reform-inclined will probably prove equally difficult. In part, this reflects the governments stay the course, continuing the adjustment historical deference to military authority in Latin societies. process despite public opposition long enough for them to Also important, however, are the vested interests that have reap positive results and, thus, public acceptance. emerged among the officer corps and civilian groups that For the tiny economies of Central America, the success benefit from large military institutions. Momentum is grow¬ of this outward-oriented economic model depends, in large

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 part, on better access to foreign markets. Since the United cient, corrupt, and abusive of power; there is little apprecia¬ States buys over 40 percent of Central America’s exports, tion that they are supposed to serve the people, not vice increasing the openness of the huge U.S. market is vital. If versa. Political parties are more vehicles for personal the United States succumbs to the temptation of protection¬ ambition and gain than channels for exercising the popular ist economic policies, or if Central American goods are kept will. And, in all the Central American countries save Costa out of a future North American market composed of Canada, Rica, the armed forces and police are still not wholly the United States, and Mexico, prospects for long-term subordinate to civilian authority. growth in the isthmus will be poor. Indeed, this is one reason We have seen the effectiveness of strong sanctions on why the governments of Central America have moved so violators of human rights. The U.S. government also has quickly to sign trade liberalization “framework agreements” successful programs of training and technical assistance to under President Bush’s Enterprise for the Americas Initia¬ help countries deepen and strengthen these various mea¬ tive. Similarly, the Central Americans’ recent decision to seek sures of democracy. The recently established Partnership free-trade agreements with Mexico forms part of an effort to for Development and Democracy (PDD) will help us to buy in to a possible North American economic bloc. marshal both regional and donor-country energies in support of democratic government. However, the most Sharing in the good times important assistance we can provide is to demonstrate the If they are to prosper in the long term, in addition to positive aspects of our own democratic society, with its improving macroeconomic policies, Central American gov¬ unbreakable links among personal freedom, social progress, ernments must do more to ensure that the poorest rungs of and economic development. society benefit from increased prosperity. This will require, Closely related to these problems of democratic institution¬ for example, the reversal of agricultural policies that have building is judicial reform. In too many of the Central American favored urban consumers over rural farmers by setting food countries, judicial systems are ineffective, corrupt, and prices at artificially low levels. Also necessary is an evolution mistrusted. In my view, the judicial branch must hold these in the attitudes of those in the private sector who have been developing societies together. Where judiciary systems are content to pay an absolute minimum wage while sheltering ineffective, defense of individual liberties is uncertain, and abroad as much of their earnings as possible. If Central protection of human rights is more difficult. Moreover, if foreign America is to escape its cycle of poverty and unrest, business investors cannot rely on judges to protect their legitimate communities must become more willing to invest their interests, investment will suffer. earnings in productive enterprises in their own countries. The region also must take a more long-term view of Unfinished business environmental protection, if economic growth is to be In sum, the United States is faced with a broad agenda sustained. Understandably, poorly educated people living of unfinished business in Central America. In this era of on the edge of poverty are reluctant to invest in conserva¬ shrinking resources and growing domestic demands, some tion that may pay rewards only to future generations. This argue that we have spent too much in Central America and short-term mentality condones wasteful slash-and-burn should now turn our attention elsewhere. Like it or not, that agriculture and the chronic over-exploitation of resources is impossible. Central America is inextricably linked to the such as water, forests, and fisheries. Central America is United States by geography, commerce, and, increasingly, rapidly reaching the limits of its “environmental frontier,” by the mixture of our cultures. We also must Share in finding and may soon find that wasteful practices have depleted solutions for the problems confronting these desperately much of the resource base on which future development poor and overpopulated Societies as increasing numbers depends. The responsibility for protecting natural re¬ migrate north or turn to activities like street crime or sources and countering the short-term mentality of over- narcotics trafficking. exploitation falls squarely on the leaders of Central America. No doubt, there will be changes in the nature of Our The United States is ready to help with technical assistance partnership with Central America. With the Cold War and programs like the environmental trust fund under behind us, there will be no more arguing that “national President Bush’s Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. The security concerns” prevent the full achievement of demo¬ hard work of changing attitudes and confronting vested cratic freedoms or tire adoption of sensible economic interests, however, rests entirely with the region’s govern¬ policies. And the reduction in U.S. foreign assistance ments and political elites. resources implies that we will have to be more selective in choosing the areas of priority focus. Nonetheless, I am hopeful Fragile democracies that the 1990s can be a decade of democratic consolidation in The most positive legacy of the 1980s in Central America Central America, accompanied by social and economic devel¬ is the achievement of free democratic elections in the four opment, increased opportunities for self-government, and countries where military rule was previously the norm. It is strengthening of democratic institutions. In our own self- impossible to exaggerate the significance of this achieve¬ interest, the United States must remain involved in the mutual ment or the importance of continued democratic rule to effort to create the conditions for progress and human happiness Central America. Nonetheless, in much of Central America in this poor and struggling region. ■ the institutions and culture of democracy are fragile and Cresencio S. Arcos is U.S. ambassador to Honduras. often superficial. Public institutions still tend to be ineffi¬ The views expressed are his and not necessarily those of the U.S. government. Looking beyond the standoff A

“articular U.5. objectives in Cuba, and conditions Pragmatic for improving relations, have shifted over the years with changing cir¬ cumstances. Dut for al¬ most three decades, the Cuba objectives have focused on Cuba's foreign policy (or, more specifically, its entanglements abroad) and human rights. Policy During the 1960s, our

stated preconditions for WAYNE S. SMITH

reengagement with Cuba, first articulated in response to a majority in the Organization of American States in 1975 to 1964 offer from Castro to negotiate, were twofold: 1) that lift the multilateral sanctions against Cuba (thus leaving it up Cuba stop supporting subversion in the rest of Latin to each member government to decide for itself whether or America, and 2) that it sever ties with the Soviet Union. As not to maintain relations with Cuba), and holding confiden¬ was often pointed out at the time, demanding that it cut ties tial talks with the Cubans to explore the possibilities of with Moscow before reaching some accommodation with rapprochement. Before the effort was well launched, Washington was a non-starter. No nation is likely to however, new problems emerged when Cuba decided to forswear the protection of an ally without prior assurances send troops to support one faction in the Angolan civil war, from its principal enemy. The United States government the Marxist-led Popular Movement for the Liberation of understood that. In fact, the conditions were so phrased as Angola (MPLA), against invading South African forces. to cut off further discussion. The U.S. response was simply Thus, by the time the Carter Administration came to a way of saying no in such a way as to put the onus back office in 1977, Africa had been added to Latin America as an on Castro. The government was probably right to have so area in which Cuban actions conflicted with the U.S. policy handled it. At the time, there was no evidence of any objectives. And the Carter Administration brought with it a moderation in Castro’s policies. And there was a sense that deep commitment to human rights. Hence, from 1977 the revolutionary fervor in Cuba had still to burn down and forward, the principal U.S. conditions for improving bilat¬ that Castro had to be bloodied by the realities of the world. eral relations were: 1) that Cuba begin to remove its troops By the first half of the 1970s, those conditions obtained. from Africa; 2) that it not support efforts to overthrow other Castro had found that even Soviet support did not guarantee governments in this hemisphere; 3) that it reduce its ties, and the success of his economic programs at home, and in Latin especially those of a military nature, with the Soviet Union; America, his efforts to promote revolution had failed. He and 4) that it show greater respect for human rights—most thus began to change course, reaching out to establish specifically by releasing political prisoners. diplomatic relations with the same governments he had once vowed to overthrow and signaling his readiness to Proper ends, unwise means reach an understanding with the United States. The quintessential U.S. concern, of course, had to do The United States responded cautiously, voting with the with Cuba’s close relationship with the Soviet Union, and

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 rightly so. So long as we lived in a world in which the two fighting between the National Security Council and the State superpowers confronted one another on a global scale, Department, managed to introduce no such correlation into constantly jockeying for political and military advantage, the U.S.-Cuban relations. Quite the contrary, it continued to United States could only regard the projection of Soviet make unilateral demands, often without any thought of a influence so close to its own guns as potentially threatening. quid pro quo. it complained of Cuban actions in Africa but The Havana-Moscow alliance not only impeded normal never once tried to discuss the matter with the Cubans or to relations between Washington and Havana, it colored try multilateral diplomacy to defuse the conflict. It urged the Washington’s reactions to Cuban initiatives elsewhere. Had release of Cuban political prisoners, but then in 1978 Cuba not been the ally of the Soviet Union, the United States responded to Cuba’s accession not with a positive step of might have been more relaxed about the former’s actions in its own but by holding air and naval maneuvers off the Latin America and then in Africa. As it was, those actions Cuban coast, as though to penalize them for acceding to our were assessed in the context of Washington’s global com¬ request—and did so just at the moment we were asking for petition with Moscow. the release of four American prisoners. Not surprisingly, the From 1977 forward, U.S. objectives with respect to Cuba four Americans had to wait another year for their release. were, in my judgment, eminently sensible. How we pur¬ If, by and large, the Carter Administration’s style was to sued those objectives, however, was usually not—not eschew negotiations in favor of unilateral demands, that has sensible and certainly not effective. Even the Carter also been the style of all subsequent administrations. All Administration’s much-ballyhooed “opening” to Cuba turned administrations over the past 15 years have regarded out not to be much of an opening at all. It agreed to the negotiations with Cuba as an absolute last resort. U.S. establishment of Interests Sections in one another’s capitals officials have usually tried to rationalize this by expressing so that the two sides could have direct communications with doubts as to Cuban sincerity. As one State Department officer one another, but could not then break the habits of the past, put it years back when discussing the question of emigration which discouraged any meaningful communications. from Cuba: “We have no reason to believe Fidel Castro would What was needed was a systematic negotiating process negotiate the issue in good faith, and therefore we do not intend in which U.S. and Cuban concerns were taken up on an to enter into negotiations with him on this subject.” issue-by-issue basis and providing a clear correlation be¬ And yet, demonstrably, when they were tried, negotia¬ tween Cuban moves to accommodate U.S. concerns and tions worked. On every occasion in which the United States U.S. responses. Effective diplomacy, after all, involves a finally agreed to sit down to serious bargaining, the Cubans carefully calculated mix of penalties and inducements. responded in good faith and agreement was reached. There are rewards for the adversary if he addresses your When, in 1978, for example, the Carter Administration concerns, penalties if he does not. The Carter Administra¬ discussed the release of political prisoners with the Cuban tion, probably because of domestic problems and the in¬ government and agreed to process for entry into the United

Passengers on a bus in Havana. MARICE COHN BAND/THE MIAMI HERALD

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 States any who did not wish to remain in Cuba, the result economy, second, hold fully democratic, internationally was the release of most political prisoners held at that time— supervised elections, and third, reduce its armed forces. some 5,000 in all. The cause of human rights, in short, was advanced more by those discussions than by anything tried The USSR's wane by previous or subsequent administrations. The new conditions reflected a profound change in the The Cubans had indicated from early 1981 forward their international environment—a change that cut two ways as readiness to continue the negotiations begun in 1980 and to far as U.S.-Cuban relations were concerned. The end of the sign a migration agreement. The United States demurred on Cold War, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, grounds that the Cubans weren’t serious. Yet, when finally and growing accommodation between the United States in 1984 the United States brought itself to sit down at the and the Soviet Union have all rendered obsolete the old negotiating table, it found the Cubans indeed serious. An view that a potential threat to U;S. security resided in the agreement was signed in December of that year. very bones of the Soviet-Cuban relationship. If the Soviets And while for four years the United States had issued have respected the Kennedy-Khmschev understanding all unilateral demands that Cuban troops withdraw from Africa, these years, certainly they will do so now. Eurther, with the this had never had the slightest effect. It was not until 1988, world revolution now officially declared over, the threat of when the United States, thanks to the perseverance of Soviet encroachments in the rest of Latin America has also former Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Chester Crocker, dissipated. Thus, the Soviet factor in the equation has been brokered serious negotiations among Angola, Cuba, and rendered benign and need no longer be at the core of U.S. South Africa—negotiations that took into account the concerns—and demands—with respect to Cuba. security concerns of all sides—that progress was made. That in itself might improve the prospects for a U.S.- Cuban accommodation, except that the end of the Cold War No reciprocity cuts also in the opposite direction. A few years ago it might Not that any of that resulted in some slight improvement have been enough for Cuba to address the foreign policy in bilateral relations. The United States had long said the issues. But now, with the collapse of communism elsewhere withdrawal of Cuban troops from Africa was one of its four and the sense that the Castro Revolution itself may soon major objectives. By the end of 1988, that was on the way follow, foreign policy issues, at least for the moment, are no to accomplishment. There had also been progress on the longer enough. Understandably, analysts in the United human rights front. More prisoners had been released, States now want the whole loaf of bread, i.e., the end of Castro international human rights monitoring groups were being and of socialism in Cuba. That is not an irrational reaction. The allowed to inspect Cuban prisons, and the government was Castro government is at a crossroads. It must adjust to the even grudgingly tolerating the existence of several small changed world around it. Hence, the new calculation is Cuban human rights organizations. The State Department’s doubtless that all the United States need do is wait. own human rights report for 1988 acknowledged that the Our choices, however, are not likely to be quite so facile. situation had improved in Cuba. While change must come in Cuba, that may not include the Longstanding U.S. concerns over Cuban support for replacement of Fidel Castro for a considerable period of revolution in this hemisphere, moreover, had essentially time: he is perfectly capable of making sufficient adjust¬ come down to one country: El Salvador. And even there, ments to survive for years to come. The Soviets, meanwhile, Cuba was signaling its willingness to talk and its preference are unlikely simply to abandon him, and certainly not for a negotiated settlement between the warring parties. without a reduction in U.S.-Cuban tensions. As Ambassador The newly inaugurated Bush Administration nonethe¬ Valery Nikolayenko, the director of the Latin American less ruled out the possibility of any thaw with Cuba, and in a Department in the Soviet Foreign Ministry, put it during a March 1989 State Department memorandum to all diplomatic conference at the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced posts explained that this was because there had been no change International Studies last November: “ . . . [T]he nature and in Cuba’s conduct on which to base such a thaw. Human rights scope of our military assistance to Havana will depend on leaders in Cuba such as Elizardo Sanchez and Yndamiro Restano the degree to which this threat will decrease, on whether the were appalled and predicted the gains of 1988 on the human normalization of Cuban-American relations will begin.” rights front would soon be reversed. They were right. A Further, even if Castro refuses to make the necessary crackdown replaced greater government tolerance. adjustments and eventually finds himself facing serious One might have accused the U.S. government of moving opposition at home, he will not go easily. Rather, he is likely the goalposts. Now that certain of its longtime concerns to fight to the end, and with a deeply polarized society and were being addressed, it would simply put up new ones. the armed forces divided, the results of that would almost And, indeed, the new conditions for improving relations certainly be an appalling bloodbath. enunciated by President Bush in March of 1990 were markedly different from the traditional four listed above. Watchful waiting The Soviet-Cuban link was not mentioned, nor did foreign What would seem to be in the interest of the United States policy issues any longer hold pride of place. Rather, the new is a peaceful transition in Cuba, not a bloodbath. The United conditions all focused on Cuba’s internal arrangements. States, of course, sees no advantage in beginning negotia¬ Before there could be any re-engagement between the two tions with Castro if he is indeed on the ropes. Increased countries, it was said, Cuba must first, have a market tensions, on the other hand, may encourage intransigence

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 Havana cityscape. rather than moderation, and thus, in the final analysis, be appropriate for bilateral discussion. hamper peaceful transition. The United States would lose nothing by trying engagement. This is a time of conflicting cun'ents and great uncer¬ If the government is genuinely interested in promoting change tainty. Thus, our best option may be a period of watchful in Cuba and in seeking to resolve basic disagreements, it should waiting, during which the United States refrains from new deal at least as pragmatically with Cuba as it does with various pressure tactics and takes no major initiatives. If, in a year other states around the world that suffer from some of the same or two, the Castro government is still in power and is defects as does Cuba. If the United States can continue to work showing itself to be more amenable to change and to the with the People’s Republic of China after Tiananmen Square, accommodation of U.S. concerns, the time might be right to why can we not try the same approach in Cuba? If we can try consider a cautious process of engagement aimed at constructive engagement in South Africa (until recently, a virtual resolving conflicts of interests between the two countries pariah state), why can we not try something along the same lines and encouraging liberalizing change in Cuba itself. in Cuba5 This would not be a matter of “saving” Castro. The Should the Castro government collapse of its own weight embargo would not be lifted, nor would any other positive over the next year or two, then the whole question becomes step be taken immediately on the U.S. side. Rather, the moot. But if it does not, surely the time will have come to United States would at first do no more than indicate its take a new look at a very old policy, a policy more attuned willingness to begin an issue-by-issue negotiating process. to the depths of the Cold War than to this remarkably Only as satisfactory progress was made in these negotia¬ changed world in which we live today. ■ tions might the United States begin to dismantle the embargo. “Progress” would have to include clear Cuban Wayne S. Smith is director of Cuban Studies at the support for a negotiated settlement in El Salvador (if one has Johns Hopkins University’s SchoolofAdvanced Inter¬ not been achieved by then). Obviously, we would also want national Studies and the author of Close Enemies: A to see the revsersal of the present internal crackdown, Personal and Diplomatic Account of U.S.-Cuban Rela¬ including the freeing of political prisoners, renewed accom¬ tions Since 1957.He is a retired Foreign Service offi¬ modation between church and state, and movement toward cer whose last post was chief of the U.S. Interests a more open political system—though none of that would Section in Cuba, 1979-1982.

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 Almost unnoticed dur¬ ing the confrontation in the Persian Gulf was the The Demise effort by Congress to strip away one of those Cold War legacies that pro¬ of the duced many a memo¬ rable hawk-dove clash during the previous decade. After a five- year run, the Reagan Reagan Doctrine appears headed for oblivion. President Bush is doing his best to keep the cause olive, albeit under Doctrine changed circumstances,

but in vote after vote lost GEORGE GEDDA

fall, Congress left the clear impression that they do not spawned by their prior hostility seem to carry less weight believe it makes sense to lavish aid on anti-Communist than before. In geostrategic terms, does it really matter groups when there is nothing left of the Soviet bloc. whether Jonas Savimbi and his UNITA allies in Angola The public record about the activities carried out under prevail over Jose Eduardo Santos and his MPLA cohorts? the Reagan Doctrine—which supports rebel groups against If the United States was troubled by Soviet penetration of leftist governments—is fairly skimpy. One reason is that southern Africa beforehand, is it rational for Washington U.S. funding for the rebel groups, with the exception of to continue propping up UNITA, when the Soviets have the Nicaraguan Contras, has been carried out covertly. given up on expansionism? The administration has made its wishes known to the The administration agrees that the Soviets have be¬ congressional intelligence committees, which generally come almost irrelevant. The focus now, it says, should be have gone along with the administration’s funding re¬ on devising a way to achieve a peaceful settlement in quests. That changed, however, this past fall with the those countries. Only through continued U.S. aid will the passage of the Senate Intelligence Authorization Bill. leftist governments opposed by the U.S.-backed insurgents None of these groups escaped unscathed. All continue to have the incentive to negotiate peace. Peter Rodman, a receive U.S. assistance, but not on the scale or under the former National Security Council aide, says U.S. support conditions the administration wanted. should continue. “Our strategy ought to be to complete the process,” Rodman says. “Don’t leave them [the rebel Battle-scarred proxies groups] in the lurch. The next phase is political accommo¬ Even though the Cold War is widely proclaimed to dation. It makes no sense to penalize our side.” have been relegated to history’s dustbin, the leftovers can Representative Henry Hyde (R-IL) believes Congress is still be found in the wretched battlefields of Afghanistan, too eager to shelve the Reagan Doctrine. Soviet President Angola, and Cambodia. Nicaragua was such a battlefield Mikhail Gorbachev may have won the Nobel Peace Prize, until recently. Hyde says, “but he is still pouring $650 million into Angola, In each country, rival armies fight on, using super¬ and Soviet advisers are still very active there.” (Recent power weaponry. Now that civility has become a hallmark official estimates indicate that Soviet military aid to Angola of the Moscow-Washington connection, the struggles dropped from about $1.4 billion in 1988 to between $400

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOUENAL • APRIL 1991 Daniel Ortega places the sash on newly inaugurated Nicaraguan President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. and $500 million in 1990.) In die same vein, the admin¬ • Would halt, among other restrictions, $60 million in istration also points out that despite the Soviet troop U.S. aid to Angola’s UNITA rebels, if the leftist govern¬ withdrawal from Afghanistan, completed in February ment agrees to a free election within a reasonable 1989, there has been no letup in Soviet aid for the Afghan timetable, and the Soviets halt weapons shipments to regime—an estimated $250 million a month since then, the Angolan armed forces. The two sides have had according to official U.S. estimates. Because of the several rounds of peace talks in Portugal, and some are continued Soviet military role, the Bush Administration optimistic a settlement is within reach. One sign of the has continued to seek funding for the Afghan Mujahedeen. more conciliatory mood was an unprecedented meet¬ But Representative Dante Fascell (D-FL), chairman of ing in Washington in December between former Soviet the House Foreign Affairs Committee, says it is logical for Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and Savimbi, the United States to begin loosening its ties to the anti¬ the UNITA leader. communist insurgencies. “The Soviets have cut back on • Suspends a $13 million covert aid program to anti¬ funding of their ‘clients’ around the world, and we are communist rebels in Cambodia, a move that resulted responding accordingly,” he says. “The Soviets are out of partly from congressional concern that some of the Afghanistan, the Contras won in Nicaragua, and peace money may have been reaching the infamous Khmer talks are in progress in Angola.” Fascell might also have Rouge rebels. The covert aid program has been re¬ pointed out that there have been major strides toward a placed by a humanitarian aid program. Sensing wide¬ peace settlement in Cambodia. Under the plan, approved spread hostility to his policy, Secretary of State James by the five permanent members of the UN Security A. Baker III has been disassociating the United States Council last November, the United Nations would admin¬ from the rebel coalition and encouraging a larger ister Cambodia during an interim period leading to free Vietnamese role in the negotiating process In effect, elections. It also calls for a ceasefire and the disarming of with the Soviets no longer considered a menace in all parties to the conflict. Southeast Asia, Baker sees Vietnam as less of an evil The bill containing funding for the “freedom fighters” than the Khmer Rouge. in the remaining Reagan Doctrine countries, approved • Cuts back aid to the Afghan resistance to $250 million, last fall by the Congress: $50 million less than the administration had requested.

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 precisely eight months after a Si00 million allocation for the rebels began flowing. It was the last military aid the Contras ever received and, as it turned out, the last one they needed. An additional remnant of the Cold War is the continuing struggle in El Salvador, where, in¬ stead of backing an anti-Communist insurgency, the United States has been supporting a conser¬ vative government against a Cuban-backed rebel movement. As such, El Salvador is not a Reagan Doctrine country, but the policy there might be described as a first cousin of that doctrine. The rationale for U.S. involvement there was the same as it was elsewhere: stop the Soviets. To some, that argument has been wearing thin lately, particularly since the Soviets have been calling for a negotiated settlement in the 10-year-old conflict in El Salvador. But counter¬ ing administration insistence on continued full backing for the Salvadoran government, the Congress slashed an $85 million military aid proposal in half and threatened to cancel the program altogether if the Salvadoran govern¬ ment refuses to negotiate in good faith a peace settlement with the FMLN rebels. The Salva¬ doran government squandered much of its good will by leaving the impression that it had little interest in bringing to justice the killers of six Jesuit priests in November 1989. As many as 50,000 civilians have been the victims of politically motivated killings carried The Bush Administration recently reinstated $42.5 million in aid to the Salvadoran out by either the Salvadoran military/security military that Congress had cut. forces or by death squads linked to the military. Some in Congress think it appalling that the United States be identified with such brutality. Moscow and Washington have been trying without The administration, of course, sees its Salvador policy not much success to promote a settlement. They have so much as supporting the Salvadoran government but differing opinions as to the proper role for Afghan rather as opposing an FMLN takeover. The fear is that the President Najibullah in a transition process. brutality of the government would seem tame next to the Bush vetoed the legislation because of provisions that FMLN’s if the latter ever obtained power. he said put excessive restrictions on the administration’s In January, President Bush decided to reinstate to the ability to carry out covert operations. But through a bit of Salvadoran military the $42.5 million that Congress had cut budgetary sleight-of-hand, the administration, over some last fall. The legislation gave Bush that authority in the congressional objections, has found a backroom agree¬ event the FMLN stepped up military activities and targeted ment that will keep money flowing to the rebel groups. non-combattants, and the president clearly believed the rebels had exceeded those limits. Ragged remains Congress’ eagerness to give the administration less than Backing the rebels it wanted in each case may have been influenced by the The Reagan Doctrine put a new twist on decades of U.S. lesson of Nicaragua. In February 1988, Congress put an opposition to Communist insurgent movements. During end once and for all to military aid to the Contra rebels— the 1960s and 1970s, virtually the only guerilla fighters and the eventual outcome caught everyone by surprise. were those operating in non-Communist countries, and Precisely two years after Congress axed the Contras, the United States consistently opposed these movements, Nicaragua’s voters axed the Sandinistas, achieving at the supporting the established governments, which were ballot box what years of Reagan Doctrine aid could not do. often rightist military dictatorships. Reagan delighted Supporters of Contra aid insist that the Sandinistas never conservatives when he instead decided to support “free¬ would have agreed to free and fair elections, were it not dom fighters” opposed to leftist governments, starting for the threat posed to the regime by the insurgency. The with Nicaragua in 1981 (Some of his aides thought he had Sandinistas pledged a fair election process in August 1987, gone too far when he called the Nicaraguan Contras “the

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 moral equivalents of the founding fathers.” That phrase was slipped into a Reagan speech, unbeknownst to the State Department, by the top aide for Latin America at the National Security Council, Constantine Menges. State was outraged, sensing that the phrasing was excessive.) Reagan appears to have stumbled into the doctrine that bears his name. The doctrine was never enunciated in any Reagan speech. Ref¬ erences to it appear to trace back to the period in 1986 when aid to the Contra rebels reached a zenith and covert funding for the UNITA insurgents began. (Aid to the Afghan rebels dates back to the Carter years.) Conservatives liked the overall policy of supporting anti-Communist rebels, because it constituted an American answerto the Brezhnev Doctrine, which, in effect, asserted that once a country had become Communist, there was no turning back. Burton Yale Pines, a vice presi¬ dent of the conservative think tank, the Heri¬ tage Foundation, believes the Reagan Doctrine was misguided to begin with, because some of the groups receiving U.S. support were actu¬ ally undemocratic, having sprung from au¬ thoritarian traditions. Beyond that, he says the Reagan Administration consistently oversold the dangers to the United States of leftist rule, and it also involved Washington in regions where no vital U.S. interests were at stake. Defenders of the policy reply that the Reagan A Contra unloads supplies on the Rio Bocay in Nicaragua, 1987. Two years after Doctrine raised the costs to the Soviets of Congress stopped funding the Contras, the Sandinista government suffered a crushing electoral defeat. maintaining their empire and hastened the Soviet decision to curtail its overseas ambitions. One major plus resulting from the demise of the Doctrine has been applied has been very great. A recently Sandinistas in Nicaragua is that it has given a shot in the released book published by the Overseas Development arm to U.S. relations with the rest of Latin America. The Council and titled After the Wars puts the combined death Latins were never enthusiastic about U.S. support for the toll from the wars in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Angola, and Contras, and the Reagan Administration efforts to win Cambodia at 1.16 million. More than 6.7 million have been them over were almost uniformly futile. The Latins are forced to flee to other countries. The principal author of delighted that when American emissaries come to talk to the book, Anthony Lake, says all these conflicts have them now, the subject matter consists of trade expansion indigenous roots, but that the superpowers have done and debt relief instead of the need to support the Contras. much to expand and intensify them by injecting ideologi¬ President Bush’s December visit to South America focused cal and strategic considerations. on economic issues, and it was probably one of the most The tragedy now is that the fighting goes on even successful journeys to Latin America ever undertaken by though the ideological rationale, so far as the superpowers an American president. One reason was the relative are concerned, has long since disappeared. The main absence of divisive political issues, such as the Contras. objective should be to end these conflicts as quickly as possible, and Congress should be encouraged to continue Human costs its policy of pushing the administration as far in that How will history judge the Reagan Doctrine? Were direction as possible. ■ these U.S. interventions justifiable based on legal, politi¬ cal, and strategic considerations? Did the Reagan Doctrine George Gedda, a correspondent with the Associated contribute to Soviet retrenchment, or would that have Press in Washington, is a frequent contributor to happened without it? National Public Radio and the Associated Press It will take time before history passes judgment on Radio Network. He has visited Cuba 20 times and, these questions, but on one point there is little room for most recently, traveled to Latin America with Presi¬ debate: the human cost in the countries where the Reagan dent Bush in December.

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 Cold Warriors

DANGEROUS CAPABILITIES: PAUL NITZE AND THE COLD WAR. By David Callahan, Edward Burlingame/ Harper Collins, 1990, $24.95 hardcover FROM HIROSHIMA TO GLASNOST: AT THE CENTER OF DECISION. By Paul Nitze, Grove Weidenfeld, 1989, $25 hardcover GEORGE F. KENNAN: COLD WAR ICONOCLAST By Walter Hixson, Columbia University Press, 1989, $35 hardcover

Reviewed by Jerrold Keilson

With the Cold War perhaps over, scholars are taking a closer look at both its causes and its development. In addi¬ tion to economic, strategic, political, and bureaucratic factors, there is general agreement that two key policy-makers, Paul Nitze George F. Kennan Paul Nitze and George Kennan, were crucial in shaping and defining the Cold War. This is reflected by the number of links with conventional readiness, bilities, not their intentions or motiva¬ recently published books about them. Callahan enables the reader to under¬ tions. Thus, when Nitze drafted NSC-68, David Callahan’s Dangerous Capa¬ stand that the 40-year debate over arms he called for military containment of the bilities fakes an interesting tack in stress¬ control concerned approaches and allo¬ Soviet Union. For the next 40 years, he ing Paul Nitze’s impact on the bureau¬ cations of resources, not basic prin¬ continued to emphasize the need for the cratic struggle within competing govern¬ ciples. Both right and left, conservative United States to respond to Soviet capa¬ ment agencies to shape a coherent arms and liberal agreed on the central prin¬ bilities. control policy. Callahan writes that key ciple of a strong America. If Dangerous Capabilities had set out negotiations occurred more frequently Callahan does a good job of portray¬ to be a portrait of Paul Nitze, it would with other government agencies than ing Nitze as a dedicated professional and have been an unqualified success. How¬ with other governments. The struggle a typical representative of the business¬ ever, Callahan states at the outset that he among the Defense Department, the man turned public servant. Nitze studied wanted to use his study of Nitze’s career State Department, ACDA, the president, at Haivard, and worked for 10 years as a to illustrate the history of arms control. and Congress for dominance over defense successful financier. He first came to He concludes that the arms buildup was and arms control policy is told with wit Washington at the behest of James a waste of resources and effort, that it and vigor. Forrestal, his boss and president of Dillon, ultimately weakened the United States, A virtue of Callahan’s book is the Read. Nitze was primarily an organizer and that Nitze was a key culprit in clarity with which he describes and and doer; shortly after World War II focusing on Soviet capability to attack defines the changes inU.S.nuclearpolicy Dean Acheson dismissed Nitze as a Wall the United States rather than on its inten¬ and arms control positions. By explain¬ Street operator, not a strategic policy tion to do so. Callahan concentrates his ing the relative merits and drawbacks of thinker. Given his bias toward action, it energies on Nitze’s personality and ne¬ massive retaliation, mutual assured de¬ is not surprising that Nitze’s analysis of glects to analyze in any detail the domes¬ struction, first strike capability, and their the Soviet Union focused on their capa- tic impact of defense spending, so that

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRE 1991 the argument ultimately does not sup¬ moral principle and intellectual strength veloped to meet these changing circum¬ port his conclusion. This does not mean such as Paul Nitze and George Kennan. stances. that the arms buildup was not a waste of As we chart the post-Cold War world, Americans tend to forget that Canada’s resources; simply that it can not be laid these books help us understand how path to a distinctive foreign policy was at Nitze’s door. important professionalism and principle long and sometimes arduous. While the David Callahan does bring Paul Nitze are in shaping and implementing a wise British North America Act of 1867 gave to life, however. Callahan interviewed and effective foreign policy. Canada domestic autonomy, it left foreign Nitze extensively for his book, and there affairs to the crown. More than four are few areas in which it disagrees with JerroIdKeilson, aformer Foreign Service decades passed before Canada estab¬ Nitze’s autobiography, From Hiroshima officer, works with Delphi International lished its own Department of External to Glasnost. Callahan is generally more consultants in Washington, D.C Affairs, in 1909, yet even then it took the effective in placing Nitze’s career into its assent of both the governor general and historical context, and his book reads the king to bring it into existence. better. During the 37-year period chronicled George Kennan, like Paul Nitze, is a How the here, successive Canadian governments seminal figure of the Cold War. Nitze Canadians Do It chipped away at imperial dominance in wrote NSC-68; Kennan, the famous 1947 the field of foreign policy, and it proved “Mr. X” article, calling for containment of to be a slow process. Hilliker tells of communism. Nitze was interested in CANADA’S DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL Canada’s gradually expanding overseas Soviet capabilities, Kennan in Soviet in¬ AFFAIRS. VOLUME I: representation, initially in the trade and tentions. Nitze was a technocrat, con¬ THE EARLY YEARS, 1909-1946. cultural fields, and, after 1927, in a hand¬ cerned with facts and numbers. Kennan By John Hilliker, McGill-Queen’s ful of diplomatic missions as well. In was a humanist, a mystic who wanted to University Press, 1990, $19.95 softcover. order to take on these new responsibili¬ understand the Soviet psyche. Nitze was ties, the country had to devote increased committed to working within the system resources to its Department of External to make it support his position. Kennan Reviewed by Andrew L. Steigman Affairs and its young foreign service— was eager to wash his hands of the and this constitutes the second thread in bureaucracy at the first sign of opposi¬ This volume will be a very pleasant Hilliker’s narrative. tion. surprise for anyone who expects the The department had two advantages Walter Hixson, in George F. Kennan: official history of a foreign ministry to be in competing for the resources it needed. Cold War Iconoclast, has written a thor¬ a dull book. John Hilliker, who heads the One was that the prime minister also ough, detailed account of George acted as minister of external affairs, Kennan’s life. Hixson portrays Kennan The operational problems of assuring the department ready access to as an outsider by temperament, suggest¬ External Affairs and our own the seat of power. (There was a down ing that fundamental personality flaws side as well, since prime ministers, like made him unable to be anything else. State Department have been our own National Security Council, oc¬ Hixson emphasizes Kennan’s preference remarkably similar despite casionally raided the department for for working outside the policy-making personnel to work on other programs.) system, arguing that Kennan was elitist differences in their size and in In addition, the department benefited and did not understand the importance the environments within from remarkable continuity in its leader¬ of domestic politics for foreign policy. ship. In its first 32 years, External Affairs Hixson is not persuasive, however. In which each operates. For had only two under secretaries at its fact, Kennan seems to have changed his readers familiar with the helm, Sir Joseph Pope and O.D. Skelton, position on containment in response to both of whom enjoyed the confidence of political change and to the way contain¬ history of the U.S. Foreign the prime ministers they served. They ment was implemented during the Service, parts of Hilliker’s were thus well placed to advance the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. interests of the department and to insulate Kennan eventually renounced the mili¬ account will strike an eerily it from changing political winds. tary applications of his article. In the familiar chord. The operational problems of External mid-1950s, he resigned from the Foreign Affairs and our own State Department Service and began preaching arms con¬ have been remarkably similar despite trol, a position he has retained since Historical Section of Canada’s Depart¬ differences in their size and in the envi¬ then. ment of External Affairs, skillfully inter¬ ronments within which each operates. For One thing on which all the works weaves two stories into a single, fascinat¬ readers familiar with the history of the agree is that policy is set, shaped, and ing narrative. The first story recounts the U.S. Foreign Service, parts of Hilliker’s influenced by a confluence of factors, maturing of Canada’s relationship with account will strike an eerily familiar not least of which is individual officials. the United Kingdom and its growing role chord. It took External Affairs until 1927 The United States was fortunate during on the world stage. The second tells how to introduce competitive examinations the Cold War period that it had people of the Department of External Affairs de¬ for appointment, for example, and there

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 BOOKS

ATTENTION... was a continuing struggle to have ca¬ of External Affairs and highly profes¬ PEOPLE on die reer officers appointed as chiefs of sional foreign service were firmly in mission. Similarly, the effort to persuade place. This book on their early years is a MOVE.. . a reluctant government to buy, rather model of its kind. The promised second than rent, office and residential volume, bringing the story down to the property abroad stretched over two present day, should be well worth wait¬ decades and was a source of continuing ing for. frustration to under secretaries and Cathie Gill, inc. diplomats alike. Andrew L. Steigman, a retired Foreign By the end of World War II, where Service officer, is assistant dean of this first volume leaves off, the founda¬ Georgetown University’s School of Opens Doors tions of today’s full-fledged Department Foreign Service.

We specialize in sales and property Europtimism alization of financial services is stimu¬ management in the lating calls for reform of the Glass- EUROPE 1992: Steagall and McFadden acts, which Metropolitan Washington preclude universal banking in the United AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE. area. States. Hufbauer concludes that EC Edited by Gary Hufbauer, Brookings 1992 will, on balance, benefit the U.S. Institution, 1990, $31-95 hardcover, economy, and that Washington and $12.95 softcover. Our name means Brussels will become closer economic Personal Attention, partners than ever before. The other Reviewed by Robert Pollard contributors are also reasonably confi¬ Service, and Results. dent that EC policies on banking, auto¬ Euphoria has replaced Euro-pessi- mobiles, telecommunications, semi¬ mism, as Europe appears poised for its conductors, and competition (subsi¬ greatest boom since the 1960s. The suc¬ dies and antitrust) will not seriously cess of the EC 1992 program is largely disadvantage U.S. interests, with one responsible for the European key exception. EC subsidies and pro¬ Community’s rapid recovery from the tection to ailing “critical” industries, Eurosclerosis of the early 1980s, most such as autos, and “leading edge” sec¬ commentators agree. tors, such as semi¬ Although fears of a conductors, the fortress Europe have This book offers one of the better authors believe, largely subsided, studies of the single market will remain high in from Washington’s the 1990s. CathieCML me. program. The success orfailure perspective, the de¬ The book suf¬ REALTORS ® gree to which Brus¬ of EC policies, the authors fers from a few sels opens or closes flaws. Much of the trade and investment predict, could strongly influ¬ text consists of 4801 Massachusetts to third parties re¬ ence American attitudes to¬ highly specialized Avenue, NW mains of great con¬ sectoral analyses ward everything from banking Suite 400 cern. that will put off the This book offers to industrial policy. . . casual reader (the Washington, DC 20016 one of the better chapter on autos is (202) 364-3066 studies of the single a happy excep¬ market program. The success or failure tion). Some of the authors’ judgments of EC policies, the authors predict, could already seem dated. Hufbauer, who is Serving Washington, DC, strongly influence American attitudes professor of international financial di¬ Maryland & Virginia toward everything from banking to in¬ plomacy at Georgetown University, pre¬ dustrial policy; already, the EC’s liber¬ dicts (a half year before the United States

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 BOOKS

and the EC locked horns over farm issues studies EC 1992for the State Bureau of intent on saving the Amazon’s tropical at the Brussels Ministerial in December Economic and Business Affairs. rain forest. This astute maneuver, aided 1990) that “agricultural battles are by environmentalists who saw in Mendes largely yesterday’s story in the transat¬ and his tappers the human face of the lantic dialogue.” Worse, Joseph rain forest, saved the seringueiros from Greenwald makes a number of recom¬ The Burning Season: economic extinction. It also cost Mendes mendations on U.S. negotiating strategy his life. The international outrage pro¬ that either were already implemented THE MURDER OF CHICO MENDES voked by the murder helped focus well before the date of publication (cre¬ AND THE FIGHT FOR THE AMAZON RAIN world attention on the pillage of the Amazon. It also accomplished what ation of a senior U.S. government task FOREST. many observers thought impossible: force on EC 1992) or are unrealistic, if not By Andrew Revkin, Houghton Mifflin Co., the conviction and sentencing of unwelcome (weekly administration 1990, $19-95 softcover. briefings of congressional staffers on Mendes’s murderers. trade policy). Several of the chapters, Andrew Revkin’s fast-paced account notably Greenwald’s, which focuses on Reviewed by Thomas A. Shannon of Mendes’s life and death is an admiring the Uruguay Round and says little about testimonial to a man who knowingly EC 1992 itself, tend to wander off the Chico Mendes is an environmentalist’s risked all to protect the rubber tapper’s reservation. That said, Europe 1992 martyr. Shot dead by ranchers for resist¬ way of life. Its weaknesses are manifold. contains a wealth of information on the ing efforts to clear pastureland from Revkin spends too much time trying to single market program and belongs on jungle, Mendes was an unschooled rub¬ chart Mendes’s ideological development. the shelf of the serious student of the ber tapper (seringueiro) and failed lo¬ Whatever Mendes’s political leanings, European Community. cal politician who rose to international his primary motivation was to create prominence when he linked his rubber “extractive reserves” where seringueiros Robert Pollard, a Foreign Service officer, tapper union to environmental groups could live uninterrupted by ranchers

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most and timber poachers. Further, Revkin doubt that its preservation is essential to attempts to set the stage of his story with our well-being. Secondly, Revkin accu¬ a quick and insipid history of Brazil’s rately sketches the convergence, for the important political develop¬ first time, of human ment that does little The international outrage rights and environ¬ justice to reality. provoked by the murder helped mental concerns. investment Revkin’s need to This is a new politi¬ point a conspirato¬ focus world attention on the cal phenomenon that rial finger at forces pillage of the Amazon. It also worked well in the With the beyond the local Amazon. We should ranchers who killed accomplished what many expect to see more Mendes also detracts observers thought impossible: of it, especially in from his credibility. Third World coun¬ management Revkin’s book is the conviction tries where the ex¬ worth reading, how¬ and sentencing of Mendes’s ploitation of natural ever, for two reasons. resources such as professionals First, Revkin expertly murderers. forests directly describes what a rain threatens the habitats forest is and why the Amazon rain forest and ways of life of indigenous groups you trust. is so important. His description of the and other people. ■ varied human life and industry native to Rental and Management the forest, its unparalleled biodiversity, nomas A. Shannon is special assistant and its crucial climatic role leaves no to the U.S. ambassador to Brazil of Tine ‘Properties in Northwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, Pethesda and Potomac Ev Taylor, retired Department of State Foreign Service Officer, is now with Money Concepts International. This financial planning organization offers a full range of financial products and services including: • Mutual Funds* • Limited Partnerships* • Stocks and Bonds* • Variable Annuities* • Hard Assets • Life Insurance • Educational Seminars We will provide you with a personal, comprehensive financial Executive Housing Everard S. Taylor Consultants, Inc. plan that will match your investment objectives and risk For more information or an appointment: tolerance level with specific 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Contact Ev: recommendations geared toward 1523 King Street Suite 1020 East reaching those goals. Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Alexandria, VA 22314 Special attention given to: (703) 684-1277 301/951-4111 ✓Retirement Planning ✓Minimizing Tax Liabilities “We care jor your home ✓ Portfolio Diversification MONEY CONCEPTS ✓Balanced Capital Accumulation INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK as if it Were our oWn. ” • Equity products marketed through International Financial Services Capital Corp., member firm NASD. MONEY CONCEPTS FINANCIAL PLANNING CENTER

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • APRIL 1991 Springtime Comes to hoped would not come for a long time— street was being restored to Andrassy ut, certainly not within my lifetime. while the infamous headquarters of the Budapest I was wrong. Last June, after an ab¬ political police that once stood there was

FRED GODSEY sence of 40 years, I celebrated springtime now occupied by the Ministry of Agricul¬ in Budapest. ture. Tire apartments at Bathory utca 20, In October 1945, together with several As I walked the streets of Budapest where several members of the American other officers of the recently opened again, I could not resist an occasional legation, including myself, were quar¬ American legation and consulate, I at¬ glance over my shoulder to see if I could tered after World War II, is now a min. tended a performance at a small variety spot the AVO (Communist political po¬ Someone has placed a tattered piece of theater in Budapest. War damage to the lice) agent following me. No one was cardboard bearing the number 20 above theater had not been entirely repaired, tailing me, but old habits die slowly. the CRimbling doorway to mark the ad¬ and the audience, wrapped in heavy The people seem determined to re¬ dress, but no one lives there. The old sweaters and coats, sat on boxes and move every reminder of the Communist “Bauxite Building" facing the Danube on wooden benches, taking occasional sips presence in Budapest. Streets that had the Pest side, near the Parliament, was from bottles of plum brandy to stave off been given Communist-inspired names home for many Americans employed by the cold. The hit of the show that evening under the Soviet occupation were having the consulate during the post-World War was a singer who sang, “When Springtime their original names restored—“May First II years. It is still standing, though black¬ Comes Again.” We Americans were a bit Street” would again become Stefania ut, I ened by coal soot and in need of repair. puzzled at the standing ovation, until a was assured, and “People’s Republic” Budapest has again become a center Hungarian friend explained that we must substitute the word “freedom” for “springtime. ”1 couldn’t overcome my sad¬ There Is Only One Place ness when we left the theater that evening, for I had reason to believe that the To Stay In Washington “springtime” for which the Hungarians

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APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 for international commerce. German is of the waitresses might leave a pink in front of the American Embassy. Gen¬ the lingua franca, and most of the hotel calling card bearing her name and tele¬ eral Bandholtz saved the museum in rooms, especially in the big, international phone number on the table along with the Budapest from vandals immediately after hotels, are filled with German business¬ World War I. The statue was removed men. Hotel service ranges from good to from the park by the Communists when perfect. One evening at a hotel in Pest, my Budapest has again become a they came to power after World War II. In wife ordered a sherbet. A good half hour 1985, American Ambassador Nicolas Salgo center for international com¬ later, the waiter brought it, but the sherbet took the statue out of the cellar of a had completely melted. When we pointed merce. German is the lingua museum in Budapest, where it had been this out, he said, “I’m truly sorry, madam. hidden by Communists, and set it up in You see, we had no sherbet here, so we franca, and most of the hotel the garden of his official residence. In July sent a waiter to another hotel to bring it.” 1989, Hungarians and officials of the rooms, especially in the big, The coffee houses and restaurants of American Embassy, with appropriate cer¬ Budapest, many providing Gypsy music, international hotels, are filled emony, restored the statue to the park. In are filled daily, and the stores on Vaci utca addition, a bronze plaque acknowledg¬ carry the same luxury brands as their with German businessmen. ing the refuge given to Cardinal Mindszenty counterparts in Paris, London, and New in the embassy was mounted on the front York. Well-dressed ladies of the evening of the embassy building in November and dapper, oily haired gigolos make piece of Dobos cake. 1989. ■ their evening rounds of the bars in the Old timers will be happy to know that leading hotels, and if a coffeehouse cus¬ the statue of American General Harry Hill Fred Godsey is a retired Foreign Service tomer happens to be male and alone, one Bandholtz has been returned to the park officer. THE BEAUTY CENTER BEAUTY SUPPLIES & SERVICE HUNDREDS OF MAJOR BRANDS TO CHOOSE FROM... AT DISCOUNT PRICES! NEXXUS, PAUL MITCHELL, SEBASTIAN/SYSTEM A, REDKEN, GOLDWELL, KMS, AVEDA, SUKESHA, JOICO, SCRUPLES, OPTIMUM, WAVE NOUVEAU, LEISURE CURL, CREAM OF NATURE, GENTILLE, HAWAIIAN SILKY, AFFIRM, DONNIES, SOF-N-FREE, ISOPLUS, B&B, POSNER, LOTTABODY, REVLON, LUSTERS, SOFT SHEEN, TCB, NEW ERA, CLAIROL, APHOGEE, LOREAL, KENRA, TRESSEME, LA COUPE, FERMODYL, ZOTOS, ALL WAYS, LE KAIR, PRECISE, SUPERNAIL, IBD, ORLY, OPI, ALPHA 9, GENA, PRE-CON, OSTER, WAHL, ANDIS, BELSON, PLIMATIC, ETC... LARGE SELECTION OF HAIR ACCESSORIES • perm rods • plastic caps • curling/straightening iron • gloves • blow dryers • crimpers/deep wavers • clippers/trimmers • hair color • synthetic/100% human hair available Immediate delivery to APO & FPO Addresses To place an order or for a free catalog CREDIT CARD, CERTIFIED CHECK send name and address to: OR MONEY ORDERS ACCEPTED The Beauty Center of Rockville Credit Card orders-call collect Department FOR between 10am-7:30pm E.S.T. 835-E Rockville Pike (301) 251-8644 Rockville, MD 20852 Fax (301) 499-8717 24hrs.

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36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL1991 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: I 1 WILLIAM S. THAYER AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ® ELECTRIC

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passes. Nyanza had been discovered by CO -Q Speke on his former expedition, but it was not until the present voyage that it was

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1861. WILLIAM S. THAYER The Viceroy, immediately on hearing

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FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER, 3918 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031 JOURNAL CHARLES MAECHUNG JR. Diplomatic Scandal in Washington: The Craufurd-Stuart Affair

eventy years ago, in the fever¬ Brothers fame. nard Baruch, the immensely rich Wall S ish atmosphere of World War This Washington had no swollen fed¬ Street speculator whom President Wilson I, the Craufurd-Stuart affair was eral bureaucracy, no swanns of young had recently appointed chairman of the the hottest item of gossip in lawyers and social scientists in law firms War Industries Board and de facto czar of wartime Washington. The scandal had all and think-tanks, no scientific establishment the war mobilization effort. A tall, imposing the requisite ingredients—sex, possible except for a few agronomists and geolo¬ man of great dignity and charm, Baruch espionage, social transgressions, and dip¬ gists, no influential congressional staff consorted with tycoons and politicians in lomatic repercussions in the Oval Office. corps, and, above all, no aggressive and the daytime and Washington society la¬ Less apparent at the time was the effect of the affair on President Wilson’s relations with the British government. The scandal may have helped tip the scales against America’s entry into the League of Na¬ tions—nonparticipation in which facili¬ tated the rise of Europe’s pre-World War II dictators. Washington in 1918 was a much differ¬ ent city from what it is today. Despite an influx of clerical labor, munitions contrac¬ tors, and lobbyists, the capital was still a small southern city divided into three societies—a black community, poor and largely employed in the service trades; a large white population of civil servants and their dependents, drawn from the small towns of America and earning mod¬ est salaries; and the top drawer of official Washington, consisting of congressmen, political appointees, senior Army, Navy, and Foreign Service officers, the judiciary, ubiquitous media. The working press, dies at night. the diplomatic corps, and a few old largely from the sticks, was poorly paid Another recent arrival in Washington families and rich ex-office-holders. This and kept in its place by two or three big was a young New York society beauty closed circle was in many respects a proprietors like Edward B. McLean of the named Eugenie Marie (May) Ladenburg. governmental extension of the plutocratic Washington Post and Cissie Patterson of In her late twenties, still unmarried, she “high society” of New York and Newport. the Herald who were part of the estab¬ was the daughter of the late Adolf Stevens Within it, everyone knew everyone else, lishment. With the press effectively Ladenburg of the German-American at least by name. Official social life was muzzled, party gossip was the prime banking firm Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co. confined to the circle and was dominated medium for social communication; the The heir of a $6 million fortune, May had by political hostesses who entertained scandal did not make the national press come to Washington to do “war work” lavishly and who in diction, dress, and until much later. andrentedthesecondfloorofa townhouse regal bearing were soon to be stunningly One exotic new arrival in this WASP at 1831 M Street (now the premises of a parodied by Margaret Dumont of Marx world of power and privilege was Ber¬ beauty salon) as an apartment. May im-

APRIL1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 mediately became part of the capital’s inner circle, escorted around town by a number of real and temporary bachelors; she was also doing some entertaining herself on a small and tasteful scale. One of her admirers, and a frequent guest at her small teas and cocktails, was Bernard Baruch, who never allowed his marital status to interfere with after-hours relax¬ ation. Enter the storm-center of the affair, Major Charles Kennedy-Craufurd-Stuart, late of the Indian Army and now, after shrapnel in the jaw and other wounds at Gallipoli, an assistant military attache at CRC. the British embassy. Craufurd-Stuart was a personable offi¬ A Compound Rate cer in his early forties. He had arrived in February, and his duties were largely social, mostly involving assisting Lady Contract Annuity Reading, the ambassador’s wife (who was issued by deaf), in entertaining innumerable allied delegations. Hartford Life Insurance Company Craufurd-Stuart was “a pleasant fel¬ The offering is made only by the Prospectus low” and “a man of many talents,” ac¬ cording to Sir Arthur Willert, the longstanding correspondent of the Lon¬ don Times now acting as the British embassy’s public relations man. He played polo, had exhibited his own photographs, and perfonned on the piano. As a single 7#0 diplomat in the suite of the most presti¬ GUARANTEED FOR 5 YEARS! ITT HARTFORD gious ambassador in Washington, ‘‘‘Rates are current as of 3119191 and subject to change Craufurd-Stuart was automatically part of every other Tuesday under normal conditions. the cocktail circuit and had been show¬ ered with invitations from the moment of For more information call his arrival. At this point there was no Susan Leonard at reason to believe that the dashing major, (202) 887-6073 or (800) 444-8979. who appeared at social functions gor¬ Or mail this coupon. geously attired in dress regimentals with purple trousers, would not remain a popular, if minor, figure for the duration «M PaineWfebber...» of his stay. 4 Indiscretions ^ Susan Leonard, PaineWebber In the spring of 1918 Craufurd-Stuart 1120 20th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 became infatuated with May Ladenburg ■ (202) 887-6073 (800)444-8979 and was often seen in her company. He U Please send me more information including a Prospectus on Compound ■ Rate Contract Annuities for more details including charges and expens- seems to have proposed marriage, or at _ es. I will read it carefully before investing or sending money. least hinted at it, but his feelings were not reciprocated. At the same time, May (Please Print) was being privately pursued by Bernard Address Baruch. These flirtations would have City State ZIP occasioned nothing more than passing Home Bus. Phone Phone gossip had not the British embassy re¬ Member SIPC ceived information from a confidential +*■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■* source that a certain “Marie von ^Currently offered rate of interest, compounded annually. This announcement is Ladenburg,” who consorted with under no circumstances to be construed as an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy any of these securities. This offering is made only by the Prospectus. prominent men, was a security risk who

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 might be passing informa¬ with the quip: “Alt well, I tion to the Germans. The suppose it’s because I’m tip was passed on to both middle class myself.” The British counter-intelligence last British ambassador, Sir in London and the Military Cecil Spring-Rice had got¬ Intelligence Division of the ten into hot water only a War Department by none few months before by cap¬ other than Major Craufurd- ping a remark about Presi¬ Stuart. dent Wilson’s being the Whether Major Craufurd- shepherd of the Democratic Stuart merely relayed this flock with the retort: “Yes, item as a routine part of his and McAdoo (secretary of attache duties or in some the Treasury and Wilson’s way originated it has never son-in-law) is his crook.” been established. In any The next incident was event, his transmittal memo more serious. At a dinner speculated whether the party in early November suspect was “ouryoung and 1918, while seated next to beautiful friend, May Mrs. George Thomas Ladenburg”—-as if the name were as sures of war industry information “in Marye, wife of a former American ambas¬ common as Smith—while qualifying the between sounds of kissing, so to speak” sador to Russia, Craufurd-Stuart was al¬ suggestion with the comment “this hardly on one cylinder. She also claimed to have leged to have commented disparagingly seems possible.” heard May’s voice quizzing Baruch about about President Wilson’s lack of foreign When the report reached Brigadier the number of American locomotives to experience, at least in comparison with General Marlborough Churchill, the chief be shipped to Romania—surely Alice’s British statesmen like Lloyd George and of U.S. Army intelligence, he immediately invention, since that country was then Balfour. He was also reported to have mounted a counter-intelligence opera¬ under enemy occupation. suggested that it might be better if Wilson tion at May Ladenburg’s M Street resi¬ did not attend the forthcoming peace dence. He brought Alice Roosevelt Cocktail chatter conference in person—a prescient com¬ Longworth and her cousin Franklin D. Thanks to the wagging tongues of ment, if authentic. The major always Roosevelt, the 32-year-old assistant sec¬ Alice Longworth and her friends—and to maintained that he said no such thing, and retary of the Navy, into the act, enlisting the intense disapproval of Eleanor amplified this assertion in a later affidavit Alice Longworth’s help in planning the Roosevelt—the details of this outrageous filed when the affair had erupted into a location of bugs that he proposed to plant caper made the rounds of the cocktail major crisis. in May’s apartment. circuit. Baruch’s reputation as a philan¬ What finally aroused the wrath of the The bugs were planted by military derer was enhanced. Alice Roosevelt president himself, was a report that the intelligence operatives after an illegal entry Longworth’s reputation as a false friend major was either responsible for, or had apparently engineered by Craufurd-Stuart. and malicious busybody was confirmed. publicly repeated, the riddle then making He appeared on May’s doorstep on a day Craufurd-Stuart emerged as an ambigu¬ the rounds of the social circuit. The sub¬ when she was in New York and told the ous figure, although the full extent of his ject of the riddle was the president’s maid that he had forgotten his swagger- involvement was not known. As for May second wife, the former Ethel Bolling stick the afternoon before. He had the flat Ladenburg, to her mystification—for she Galt, widow of a prosperous Washington to himself just long enough to allow a was the last to know—she was suddenly jeweler. It went like this: (Q) “What did technician to step inside and conceal dropped by some hostesses and given a Mrs. Galt do when Woodrow Wilson himself until the maid left for the night. In cool reception by others. proposed to her?” (A) “She was so sur¬ one of the earliest uses of an automatic By autumn, however, the story had prised that she fell out of bed.” recording device in an intelligence opera¬ run its course. There was not a shred of tion, wires were run to a dictograph in an evidence to implicate May Ladenburg as Persona non grata adjoining stable, where an army sergeant a German spy, and Craufurd-Stuart had President Wilson was notoriously sen¬ sat with earphones ready to start a record¬ lapsed back into his customary role of sitive to criticism of his second marriage, ing cylinder as soon as he heard voices. embassy factotum. The matter would have and Mrs. Wilson even more so. She had The upshot of the affair, as recounted ended in the cocktail circuit where it already been instrumental in alienating afterward by Alice Longworth, was that began had not Craufurd-Stuart developed the president from his closest foreign not only the feds but Alice and cousin a reputation as a wit of the sort least affairs adviser, the sagacious and self- Franklin took turns listening to the appreciated by Americans. effacing Col, Edward M. House, for hav¬ dictograph recordings, once or twice in This trait first manifested itself shortly ing supposedly advised Wilson to delay the stable itself. What they heard, again after his arrival when he responded to a his wedding until after the November according to Alice, was the voice of pretentious dowager’s comment about 1916 election, though the final break Bernard Baruch making indiscreet disclo¬ his easy adaptation to Washington society came only later over policy differences at

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 the Paris peace conference. To the Wilson season. Then, on November 1, the war Woodrow Wilson’s shoulders when he inner circle, who shared the president’s ended. Christmas came and went, and met with the allied leaders in Paris in June code of strict puritanism in sexual mat¬ official Washington plunged into prepa¬ 1919 to dictate peace terms and remake ters, this lame witticism was a slur on the rations for the forthcoming peace con¬ the map of Europe would have obliter¬ first lady that verged on high treason. ference. Secretary Lansing and his aides ated Craufurd-Stuart and his scurrilous Major Craufurd- were unwilling to disrupt Anglo-Ameri¬ riddle from the presidential mind. But Stuart’s name was even before leav¬ expunged from the It now appeared that Craufurd-Stuart's social transgressions had ing Washington, social lists of the Wilson had or¬ White House and caught up with him and that he would be sent home in disgrace. dered Secretary of State Department. Lord Reading was a fair man, however, and skeptical of hear¬ War Newton D. Secretary of State Baker to take Robert Lansing sent say. Too busy to look, into the matter himself, he turned it over to charge of the May a personal message Ladenburg file and to Lord Reading re¬ the deputy chief of mission, Colville Barclay, who took his time, keep it under lock questing the major’s knowing that Lady Reading did not want to lose the major and key. In Paris immediate recall. he at least once It now appeared during the holiday season. expressed outrage that Craufurd- over the incident Stuart’s social to a member of his transgressions had caught up with him and can relations by pressing the British over staff and inquired as to what disciplinary that he would be sent home in disgrace. this trivial issue. In 1919, Lord Reading action had been taken. However, by the Lord Reading was a fair man, however, bade farewell to his Washington post. time he sailed for home in August, his and skeptical of hearsay. Too busy to Before leaving with him, Craufurd-Stuart, entire consciousness was taken up with look into the matter himself, he turned it with Lansing’s tacit consent, was given a getting the Versailles treaty and its pro¬ over to the deputy chief of mission, verbal reprimand and cautioned to be visions for a League of Nations approved Colville Barclay, who took his time, more discreet in the future. by the senate. With Craufurd-Stuart back knowing that Lady Reading did not want One might suppose that the monu¬ in the corrupt and cynical Old World, the to lose the major during the holiday mental responsibilities weighing on episode seemed to be closed.

Obstacles to the treaty We concentrate on As is well known, Wilson faced formi¬ only ONE thing ... dable opposition to the treaty by the Republican-dominated Senate, led by Managing your property. Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the PROFESSIONAL chairman of the Foreign Relations Com¬ mittee. Lodge and his colleagues pro¬ PROPERTY posed 14 reservations as a condition of MANAGEMENT ratification, two of them addressed to OF NORTHERN Article X of the League Covenant, which VIRGINIA INC. pledged collective resistance to an ag¬ gressor. Wilson was adamant in rejecting Join our growing number of any reservation that would, in his view, owners from Athens to Zaire weaken the U.S. commitment to the new ; who trust the management of world order. The British, on the whole, their properties to PPM. Pro¬ were less concerned with the effect of fessional sen/ice with a per¬ Senate reservations than with the need to sonal touch. lock the United States into the peace Discounts on appliances settlement. and more! Monthly comput- Accordingly, the British cabinet de¬ gji erized statements. cided not to fill immediately the vacancy in the Washington embassy and instead to 5105K Backtick Rd. send a special ambassador to assess the Annandale, VA 22003 703/642-3010 simation, talk to the parties on both sides 11325 Seven Locks Road of die treaty issue, and bring British Suite 217 influence to bear in working out a com¬ Potomac, MD 20854 301/983-2323 promise. On the advice of Colonel Ed¬ We also service Montgomery County Maryland ward M. House and others, Lloyd George , chose for this task Lord Grey of Fallodon,

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 the long-time foreign secretary, now in treaty. presence on Grey’s staff of Craufurd- retirement, and one of Britain’s most Lord Grey could have been of enor¬ Stuart. respected senior statesmen. (Lord Grey mous help in resolving the impasse. He Almost from the moment of the Grey was author of the famous words on the was admired and respected by both mission’s arrival, the White House had fateful eve of Britain’s declaration of war: Wilson and Lodge. He liked Americans taken steps to inform Grey that Craufurd- “The lamps are going out all over Eu¬ and was free of the patronizing attitude Stuart was persona non grata. The task rope—we shall not see them lit again in toward the United States prevalent in the was turned over to Secretary of State our lifetime.”) Grey represented the same British governing class. He understood Lansing, who, in turn, delegated it to forces of liberal internationalism as Wil¬ the isolationist pressures in American William Phillips, a senior Foreign Service son, who liked and admired him, as political life and the constitutional con¬ officer and future ambassador. Phillips indeed did Lodge. straints on the executive in making for¬ chose not to approach Grey directly but Grey arrived in Washington in late eign commitments. He might have soft¬ to raise the matter with Sir William Tyrell, September 1919 under an unlucky star. ened Wilson’s obstinacy on the reserva¬ the top civil servant of the Foreign Of¬ To begin with, his arrival coincided al¬ tions issue by pointing out that the allied fice—a functionary far more powerful most exactly with the disabling stroke that governments, with far more at stake, than any American equivalent—who had felled President Wilson during his whirl¬ were willing to live with them if that been sent along as Grey’s “minder.” wind railroad tour of the western United would bring the United States into the Phillips placed the grounds for the re¬ States to sell the League of Nations to the League. He was in a position to swing quest on Craufurd-Stuart's alleged re¬ American people. Then, to the stupefac¬ the British government, and with it, the marks to Mrs. Maiye the year before, and tion of the White House, who should French, behind a compromise. other, unspecified indiscretions. appear at Lord Grey’s side, again in the But Lord Grey was given no opportu¬ Grey himself, when briefed by Tyrell, capacity of private secretary, but the af¬ nity to present his views to the only man was both mystified and annoyed. He fable, imperturbable Charles Kennedy- who mattered, the president. In the could not believe that during a crisis of Craufurd-Stuart, personally recommended beginning, this was understandable, for this magnitude an American secretary of to Lord Grey by Lord Reading. The the president was seeing no one and was State, on behalf of the White House, Craufurd-Stuart affair now erupted with a incapable of conducting business. But as would concern himself with such trivia. vengeance. weeks turned into months, it became He refused to disturb the status of his apparent that the real obstacle to Grey’s affable and attentive aide, let alone send The regency era reception by President Wilson was the him home, without convincing evidence of The month of October 1919 was among the most bizarre in American political history. During the first two weeks of the NATIONAL WINNER-INN OF THE YEAR month, President Wilson lay immured in a White House sick room, barely con¬ SUBWAY TO STATE DEPARTMENT scious. Thereafter, as he slowly recuper¬ ated, he saw almost no one except his ARLINGTON wife; his personal physician, Rear Admiral VIRGINIA Cary Grayson of the Navy Medical Corps; his secretary, Joseph Tumulty, and the nurses. Access to the sick room was at all Comfort Inn times tightly controlled by Mrs. Wilson Ballston and Dr. Grayson. 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APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 a serious breach of diplomatic protocol. In a statement filed with Jusserand, now could and did confer with Secretary of Tyrell began to sense a direct connec¬ in the State Department archives, Craufurd- State Lansing, but Lansing was no substitute tion between Grey’s inability to see Wil¬ Stuart flatly denied any derogatory din¬ for Wilson on the League matter, and was son and his refusal to dismiss the major. ner-party comments and insisted that he known to be on his way out. A pedantic To cut through the impasse—for Grey had spent the latter part of the evening legal formalist, Lansing had been in dis¬ was more immovable than ever, now that playing piano accompaniments to a song favor since the peace conference for not Craufurd-Stuart had stoutly maintained recital by an Italian diplomat. sharing the president’s internationalist his innocence—Tyrell arranged for the An additional complication now arose outlook and was now in Mrs. Wilson’s dean of the diplomatic corps, French in the person of May Ladenburg, almost bad graces for not pressing for Craufurd- Ambassador Jules Jusserand, to carry out forgotten in this second and more critical Stuart’s expulsion. (Lansing would ulti¬ a private inquiry. phase of the scandal. She was now more mately be fired for calling Cabinet meet¬ Jusserand’s “private” inquiry flushed or less back in the good graces of the ings without first getting the president’s— out all the old accusations against Craufurd- hostess brigade and, with the aid of i.e. Mrs. Wilson’s—consent.) Stuart and one or two new ones. In friends, had been putting together the The Craufurd-Stuart imbroglio was now addition to the scurrilous riddle and the pieces of the puzzle. Still not knowing the seen as an important roadblock to the dinner remarks to Mrs. Marye, Craufurd- full story, May was convinced that the success of Grey’s mission. Grey was Sriiart was alleged to have commented sinister hand of the British secret service incensed and cabled the foreign secre¬ publicly that one reason why President was responsible for her surveillance, and tary, Lord Curzon, that he had not come Wilson had been persuaded to attend the that the archvillain was Craufurd-Stuart, out of retirement “to put up with this peace conference in person was so Mrs. who was revenging himself for being indignity and nonsense.” The most that Wilson could meet the crowned heads of rejected as a suitor. In a high state of Grey would do would be to remove the Europe, who were otherwise beyond her indignation, she telephoned Sir William major’s name from the embassy roster social ken. Tyrell at the embassy and demanded and diplomatic list; he would not dismiss redress for her maligned reputation. Tact¬ him or change his functions, and come Hurt feelings? ful as ever, he invited her to lunch, and what may, would not sacrifice the career The normally unflappable major now offered to assist her in suing the British of a British officer to the priggish sensitivi¬ was gravely wonied about the effect of government. She never mentioned the ties of an emotionally disturbed and dis¬ these accusations on Grey’s mission and matter again. abled president and his domineering wife. his own standing with his beloved chief. Grey’s mission was in trouble. Grey On November 19 the Senate killed the Versailles treaty and, with it, Wilson’s dream of a League of Nations. There were two votes, one on the treaty in its original form and one on the Lodge reservations, and on each vote neither side could get the requisite two-thirds majority. UNWIND WITH THE WIND Major Craufurd-Stuart stayed on, de¬ prived of official status but continuing his duties as a member of Lord Grey’s “house¬ Sail a tranquil For your free hold" where he was immune from further harassment. But the major was now a sea of turquoise to Great Adventure pariah in Washington official and social treasure islands Brochure write: circles, and the ladies who in 1918 wel¬ rich with emerald Windjammer comed him so effusively now called him trees and falls of Barefoot Cruises, a “bounder” and a “crazy.” diamonds. Sail a P.0. Box 120, Lord Grey never did see President tall ship, and let the Dept. Wilson. He and Sir William Tyrell spent winds take you and Miami Beach, a happy Christmas Day at the home of cares forsake you. FL 33119. the young Franklin D. Roosevelts, but, in 6 & 13 Day Or call toll free: their entire four-month stay, were never Cruises from $675. 1-800-327-2601. once invited to the White House by Mrs. Wilson. On October 30, 1919, the king janunev and queen of the Belgians came by the Barefoot Cruises White House for a courtesy call and were admitted to the presidential sickroom for a few minutes to pay their respects. On November 13, the young prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII, was also invited to pay a brief call, but, in an unprec¬ edented and gratuitous slight, the invita-

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 tion was so couched as to leave out the Grey, who went blind, and poor President special ambassador. Sailing serenely Wilson, who never recovered from his home with Grey on January 3, 1920, this stroke and died in 1924. time neverto return, wentCharlesKennedy- Major CraufUrd-Stuart received several Craufurd-Stuart. additional decorations on his return to So ended the Craufurd-Stuart affair. England, including one for services in The political effects were incalculable, for America. In 1921 he was re-employed by historians agree that if Lord Grey had Lord Reading as military secretary when been able to confer with President Wilson the latter was named Viceroy of India and in the critical weeks before the Senate remained in the Indian Army until his vote, when the effects of the stroke had retirement in 1927 with the rank of lieu¬ worn off, he might have been able to tenant-colonel. Craufurd-Stuart never soften the president’s opposition to the married and died in a German air raid on reservations with compromise wording. Folkestone in 1942. After returning to London, Grey made no May Ladenburg spent the first months public comment of any kind about his of 1920 in a plucky attempt to clear her discourteous reception in Washington. name and managed to extract letters From retirement, however, he did send a exonerating her from any suspicion of carefully worded letter to the London Times espionage from General Marlborough urging the allies to give a sympathetic Churchill and Secretary of War Newton D. response to the Senate’s action and to Baker. She then returned to New York— welcome the adherence of the United no doubt disillusioned by her exposure to leave to your family, the States to the League of Nations at some haute politique in wartime Washington. most precious is the gift of future date on the basis of the reserva¬ In due course, she married a prominent, life. Your bequest to the tions. This statesman-like gesture, ad¬ older iawyer, and became a leading so¬ American Heart Association dressed entirely to allied governments, ciety figure and right-wing Republican assures that priceless legacy fundraiser. Needless to say, she was a provoked a paranoiac reaction ih Presi¬ by supporting research into dent Wilson. He interpreted the letter as fierce isolationist before World War II. an indirect endorsement of Senator Lodge She had no children and died in 1975 in heart disease prevention. and the Republican senators and dictated her mid-eighties. a bitter three-line memorandum for trans¬ Bernard Baruch shook off with scarcely To learn more about the mittal to the British government, asserting a shiver whatever opprobrium attached to Planned Giving Program, that if Grey had written the letter while still in him from the Craufurd-Stuart affair and call us today. It’s the first went on with his distinguished career as the United States it would have been grounds step in making a memory for requesting his recall. It seems never financial gum to the mighty and adviser to actually to have been sent. presidents. He ended his days genially that lasts beyond a lifetime. With the return of the United States to dispensing wisdom to well-wishers from peacetime, the Craufurd-Stuart affair a park bench in Lafayette Square and died passed into history. However, it was still in I960, loaded with years and honors. the principal topic of gossip when the Alice Longworth Roosevelt remained in new British ambassador, Sir Maurice Washington, gradually evolving from the Peterson, arrived in mid-summer, and it role of enfant terrible into a sharp-tongued figures prominently in the diaries and critic of modern life and venomous en¬ papers of prominent Washington insiders emy of her ousin Franklin. She died in like Col. EdwardM. House, Sir ArthurWillert, 1987 at the age of 96 adulated by syco¬ and Edith Galt Wilson. Then, in the summer phants in the Georgetown set and regu¬ of 1920, several American papers published larly invited to the White House by similar accounts, obviously emanating from presidents as diverse as John F. Kennedy a White House source, which blamed and Ronald Reagan. Cousin Franklin Craufurd-Stuart for slandering the president went on to become governor of New and Mrs. Wilson, and Lord Grey for not York and four-term president of the having punished him for such a gross breach United States, presiding over the greatest of “diplomatic tradition.” war effort in American history. ■ American Heart Postscript Charles Maechlingjr, an interna¬ Association The reader may be curious about what tional lawyer and former State happened to this cast of characters after Department official, ran across they passed off center stage. All seemed to this historical vignette while a This space provided as a public service. have turned out well, except for Lord fellow at Cambridge University, 1985-1988. APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 Avoid capital gains tax. Support the American Heart Association.

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(703) 524- Travis. Three 18 hole golf FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: (nights & weekends) (703) 644- 0482 or (703) 276-1200. Chil¬ courses, world of tennis center, Professional, residential, prop¬ 5872. dren welcomed. Pets on ap¬ 400 slip marina, 4000 ft. air¬ erty management service for BLOWING ROCK, N.C. proval. strip: contact Roy & Associates Northern Virginia properties. Cool Mountain Air, 2 bedroom BACK FOR TRAINING? for information, 2300 Lohmarts Expertise and personal atten¬ time share chalet sleeps six. HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, TX tion to detail are the hallmarks August 17th to September 14th. We are The Washington Metro 78734 (512) 263-2181. of our established firm. Refer¬ $400/wk. or $1050 3 2wks. Area Short-Term Rental Special¬ TOWNHOUSE TO SHARE. ences provided. JIM FAHEY, (904) 241-9106. ists. Excellent locations. Wide Short or long term. Large bed¬ 9520B Lee Highway, Fairfax, HOME LEAVE in rural New price range. In Virginia walk to room, private bath available for VA 22031 (703) 691-2006, FAX Hampshire. Completely fur¬ FSI. In D.C. and Maryland walk professional person. Share (703) 691-2009. nished home-linens, china, to Metro. Large selection of remainder of house with single, WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ utensils, etc. 5 bedrooms, 2'U furnished and equipped effi¬ male State Department officer. MENT SERVICES: Residential baths, 2-car garage, canoe, 7 ciencies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bed¬ Utilities, phone, TV included. property management is our wooded acres near three lakes. rooms and some furnished Reasonable rates. One block only business. Call, write or fax Children welcome., July 1991, houses. Many welcome pets. from FSI and two blocks from Mary Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. $1600 plus utilities. James For brochures & info: EXECU¬ Rossyln Metro. Contact Bernard NW, Washington, D.C. 20009- Curran, Hancock, NH 03449. TIVE HOUSING CONSULT¬ Salvo (703) 243-8835, 1606 Key Tel (202) 462-7212, FAX (202) (603) 525-6672. ANTS, INC., Short Term Rental, Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 or 332-0798. FOR SALE BY OWNER. 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Suite Lee Mason (State/DS/STD). MANOR SERVICES: Former Arlington/Rosslyn Luxury 1020 East, Bethesda, MD 20814. federal law enforcement agent Condo in the Belvedere- 2 BR - (301) 951-4111. Reserve early! TAX RETURNS letting hislO-year residential 2 bath, 11th floor balcony with Avoid disappointment! management company expand views over Potomac. Pool, WILL YOU NEED A FULLY TAX PLANNING & prepara¬ upon retirement. Best tenant tennis, workout room, garage. FURNISHED apartment five tion 15 years experience. Vir¬ screening. Frequent property Close to metro. $224,900. minutes’ walk from FSI and ginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 inspection. Mortgages paid. Phone (703) 525-6591. Rosslyn subway? We have first Brittlewood Ave., Las Vegas, Repairs. Close personal atten¬ REMARKABLE INVEST¬ class efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, NV 89120. tion. We’re small but very MENT HOUSING OPPORTU¬ and some 2 bedrooms and FREE TAX CONSULTATION effective. FS and military refer¬ NITY; Beautiful income pro¬ penthouses in River Place. for overseas personnel. We ences. Lowest fates, Best ser¬ ducing home. Realize guaran¬ They are completely furnished process returns as received, vice. Tersh Norton, Box 42429, teed income and appreciation including CATV, all utilities, without delay. Preparation and Washington, D.C. 20015, (202) in Rock Creek Hills, Maryland. telephone, linens, etc. Short representation by enrolled 363-2990. By owner. (804) 565-3058. term leases of 2+ months avail¬ agents, avg. fee $195 includes PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CONDO, Parklike grounds, able. Write Foreign Service return and TAX Trax, unique With a Personal Touch. Your Pentagon City Metro, great Associates, P.O. Box 12855, mini-financial planning review biggest investment deserves the location, excellent schools, FSO Arlington, VA 22209-8855. Call with recommendations. Full best care. My program of prop¬ must sell, $194,500, Sandy 521- or FAX 1-703-636-7606. planning available. Milton E. erty management insures 8226. Children welcome. Please send Carb, E.A., and Barry B. De proper protection of that in¬ WASHINGTON, D.C. AR¬ us dates. Marr, E.A.CFP, FINANCIAL vestment. The program in¬ LINGTON, VA. Personalized EXECUTIVE CLUB FORECASTS, metro location cludes: Rent collection and relocation, short or long term. ARLINGTON AND OLD TOWN 933 N. Kenmore St. #217 Ar¬ depositing of funds, mainte¬ We specialize in walk-to-Metro ALEXANDRIA. Immaculate and lington, VA 22201(703) 841- nance and upkeep manage¬ sales and furnished rentals. beautifully furnished apart¬ 1040. ment, semi-annual inspections, Arlington Villas, 1-1/2 blocks ments with full hotel services. AFSA TAX COUNSELING: twenty-four hour availability. If from Metro, luxurious studio, One-two bedrooms, some with Problems of Tax and Finance: interested in seeing your home 1, 2, 3 bedroom. Fully furnished. dens, all with equipped kitchens. Never a charge to AFSA mem-

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 bers for telephone guidance. cash flow analyses, financial R.N. Bob Dussell (ex-AID) planning. Kathy Jatras, CFP, enrolled since 1973 to Tax 3209 North Nottingham Street, Practice. At tax work since 1937 Arlington, VA 22207, (703) 237- and now still in practice solely 5592. to assist Foreign Service em¬ ployees and their families. Also ART WANTED lecture on Taxes monthly at FSI in Rosslyn, VA. Office located JAPANESE WOODBLOCK across from Virginia Square BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! Divorce, Pensions, Real Estate, PRINTS purchased. (Antique Metro Station, 3601 N. Fairfax We have thousands in stock, Wills and other matters. 51 and modern, including Paul Dr., Arlington, VA 22201. (703) do special-orders daily, search Monroe Street, Suite #1400, Jacoulet). Contact: Jeff Inman, 841-0158. for out-of-print books. “Free Rockville, Maryland 20850. 10710 Anita Drive, Lorton, VA ATTORNEYS specializing in book reviews.” Visa, Discover Telephone: (301) 294-6100, 22079. (703) 339-6455. tax planning and return prepa¬ or MasterCard. The Vermont Fax: (301) 738-8802. ration for the Foreign Service Book Shop, 38 Main Street, WILLS ESTATE PLANNING AUTO PARTS/ETC. Community available for con¬ Middlebury 05753- by attorney who is a former sultation on the tax implica¬ BOOKSELLER specializing Foreign Service officer. Have AUTOMOTIVE PARTS & tions of investment decisions, in supplying scholarly and your will reviewed and up¬ ACCESSORIES: Original business related deductions, reference material to libraries dated, or a new one prepared. equipment and aftermarket for separate maintenance allow¬ and research scholars will No charge for initial consulta¬ most makes. Servicing FSO’s ances, real estate purchases purchase small or large collec¬ tion. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN, and embassies A.S.A.P. AUTO and rentals, home leave deduc¬ tions and individual valuable BORING, PARROTT & FOUST, PARTS, DIVISION OF HUMCO, tions, audits, etc. Contact Susan books in the following subject P.C., Suite D, 307 Maple Av¬ INC. (301) 327-7909. FAX: (301) Sanders or Paul Clifford- areas: History, travel, biogra¬ enue, West, Vienna, VA 22180. 327-7909 Clifford, Farha & Sanders 1606 phy, folklore, military history, Tel. (703) 281-2161, FAX (703) AUTOMOBILE STORAGE: New Hampshire Ave., NW, exploration, sociology and 281-9464. Controlled, indoor heated, Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) ethnography. Please contact SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ insured, high security. Long¬ 667-5111, FAX: (202) 265-1474. W.B. O'Neill, P.O. Box 2275, ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ term/short term, TSR or ATTORNEY, FORMER Reston, Virginia 22090, or call FICERS AND THEIR FAMI- private. AUTO-VAULT, FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER: (703) 860-0872, or FAX: (703) LDES-Our firm can assist you in DIVISION OF HUMCO, INC. Extensive experience with tax 620-0153. drafting wills and powers of (301) 327-4000 FAX: (301) 327- problems peculiar to the For¬ EARN CASH with writing attorney, administering estates, 7909. eign Service. Available for skills! Details: EARS, Box 1664 establishing conservatorships consultation, tax planning, and Manassas, VA 22110 and guardianships and provid¬ PET MOVING SERVICES preparation of returns. No YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ ing advice on real estate mat¬ charge for telephone advice. M. STORE AWAY FROM HOME: ters. Prompt response to your AIR ANIMAL, "The pet BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING Order any U.S. book in print. inquiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & movers” an LATA air freight PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., Suite Store credit available. Salma¬ SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire forwarder USA origin pet D, 307 Maple Avenue, West, gundi Books Ltd. 66 Main Ave., N.W. Washington, shipping services 4120 W. Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) Street, Cold Spring,NY 10516. D.C.20009 FAX: (202) 265-1474 Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. 281-2161, FAX: (703) 281-9464. Tel: (202) 667-5111. Voice (813) 879-3210. FAX: ATTORNEYS/WILLS 874-6722. USA/CANADA 1-800- MAIL ORDER FINANCIAL PLANNING 635-3448. Contact Dr. Woolf- FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ Veterinarian. ■ AVON for free catalog VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA, mailed to you, write: Stephanie TICING LAW in D.C./Maryland, has worked overseas and is Hughes, 7f3 Grandview Drive, general practice, estate plan¬ familiar with foreign service Alexandria, VA 22305. ning, real estate, domestic. and contract employee situa¬ Gregory V. Powell, Furey, tions, computerized tax ser¬ BOOKS Doolan & Abell, 8401 Connecti¬ vices, financial planning, mem¬ cut Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, ber AICPA, Tax Division and FAR EAST Out-of-print MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. Personal Financial Mgmt. Divi¬ travel, history, art, scholarly REX R. KRAKAUER, sion. (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box books about Asia bought and ESQUIRE Providing representa¬ 1144 Vienna, VA. sold, catalogue available. Tama¬ tion for the special legal prob¬ ORGANIZED FINANCES rind Books, P.O. Box 49217, lems of Foreign Service Person¬ UNLIMITED. Bill paying, per¬ Greensboro, NC 27419-9217. nel and Staff living abroad. sonal budgeting, net worth and

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 Advertising Index

AFSPA page 10 Executive Housing page 45 Mercersburg Academy page 51 Allied Realty page 55 Executive Lodging page 11 MGMB page 54 American Int’l Exports page 15 Export Electronics page 50 Mooney, Carolyn page 53 The Beauty Center page 36 Fales, Jean page 53 Morgan Pharmacy page 50 Blue Hawk International page 52 FARA page 67 Mt. Vernon Town Prop. page 53 Book Call page 51 Ford page 17 Murchie, Anita page 56 Capital Assets Planning page 52 General Electronics page 37 Neill Mullenholtz Shaw page 51 Century 21 Real Estate page 56 Georgetown Mews page 51 Paine Webber page 40 Chase at Ballston page 5 Gill, Cathie page 32 Perkins, Mary page 56 Chrysler cover 4 General Motors page 14 Prime Inc. page 54 Clements & Co. page 1 Hirshorn/Chubb page 9 Professional Prop. Mgmt. page 42 Coldwell Banker page 33 Horsey & Thorpe page 15 Property Specialists page 53 Colonial Storage pages 6 & 7 Huntington T. Block page 18 Sandoz and Lamberton page 51 Columbia Plaza RX page 51 Interstate cover 2 Security Storage page 60 Comfort Inn page 43 Jannette page 8 Swierczek Patricia page 55 Cotterman page 38 JKJ Lincoln Mercury page 67 The Towers Inn page 46 D.B. Volvo page 52 Kengla Flag Co. page 51 TLC page 5 Diplomat Properties page 54 Mark Tracz Real Estate page 55 Victory Van Lines cover 3 Euromotor cars page 46 Martens Volvo page 51 Watson, Evelyn page 50 Everard Taylor page 34 MCG Financial Planning page 52 Executive Club page 12 McGrath Mgmt. Corp. page 55

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN Export DRUG STORE BY MAIL! An ice cream soda is one of the Electronics, few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries Inc. o FAX 202-686-9552 mailed to every coun¬ PHONE 202-686-9551 try in the world. We • Transformers maintain permanent "Merci, Gracias, Thanks" $65 • Washers/Dryers "The PolpOUni"-Lotion and Potions $45 family prescription • Dishwashers "The Chocoholic" $40 records. SEND NO "The Student Care Package" $45 MONEY — pay only after satis¬ • Refrigerators SONY "Get-Well-Soon" $50 PHILIPS "Tea for Two” or "Coffee Break $45 factory receipt of order. • Air Conditioners PANASONIC "Baby Shower" (boy or girl) $45 • Freezers AIWA SPECTRE SPECIAL • Ranges TOSHIBA Easter and ^.other's Day Baskets • TVs/VCRs GRUNDIG $45 16 0 175 3 • Small appliances AKAI FREE DELIVERY IN THE SHARP CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES • Audio Equipment SANSUI Send a to"! Name I Street City. . Zip. I Message Morgan Pharmacy™ I enclose my check for S _____ 110/220 Volt Stereo 50/50 hz - Video - T.V. - Appliances Mail to: "Forget-me-not" Gift Baskets 3001 P Street, N.W. 1719 Connecticut Ave., N.W. (Near Dupont Ctr.) 3389 Stephenson Place NW Washington, D.C. 20007 Washington, D.C. 20009 Washington DC 20015 FAX: (202) 337-4102 Phone (202) 232-2244 FAX (202) 265-2435 EORGETOWN MEWS " Call EORGETOWN fflaiSottl MEWS

FURNISHED SUITES for any in the heart of U.S. STATE*FOREIGN book GEORGETOWN POLES & ACCESSORIES • Immediate shipment Washington’s worldwide • Credit cards or FINEST LOCATION check • Ask about our overnight gift delivery • • • • nationwide • Free monthly adjacent to world class CUSTOM MADE FLAGS FOR new title forecast • Mail restaurants and shops GOVERNMEMT orders welcome • Open 24 INSTITUTIONS hours every day • Free • FULLY EQUIPPED KITCHENS ORGANIZATIONS holiday gift catalog • FREE LOCAL TELEPHONE CALLS SCHOOLS 1^800^255^2665 • OPTIONAL MAID SERVICE • FREE CABLE TV In CT or Worldwide (203)966-5470 • PARKING AVAILABLE FAX 1-203-966-4329 I Daily, Weekly & 202-363-1610 Monthly Rates 1-800-899-1610 from $48.00 per day FAX # 202-363-1866 59 Elm Street (30 DAY MINIMUM) New Canaan, CT 06840 Call (202) 298-7731 4708 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 1111 30th St., N.W. WASH DC 20007

COLUMBIA PLAZA MERCERSBURG PHARMACY VOLVO ACADEMY 516 23rd St. NW. Washington. D.C. 20037 Telephone (202) 331-5800 U.S.A.’s Largest Located in South FAX (202) 452-7820 Diplomatic Dealer Central Pennsylvania less than two hours easy drive from Washington, D.C., Mercersburg offers an excellent academic pro¬ gram in a friendly and supportive Diplomatic Discounts environment. A diverse student body and faculty, small classes, a beautiful Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats, campus, and numerous athletic Members of International Organizations and extracurricular activities pro¬ & Military Personnel vide a wonderful setting for a rich Contact: Dana Martens and rewarding experience for boys Diplomatic Sales Director and girls grades 9-12. For more information write or call:

DIRECTOR OF ADMISSIONS MARTENS Mercersburg Academy VOLVO OF WASHINGTON Mercersburg, PA 17236 (717) 328-2151 4810 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. FAX: (717) 328-2151-9072 Washington. D.C. 20016 (202) 537-3000 L Brace Laingen, Executive Director Fax: (202) 537-1826 National Commission on the Public Service (202) 6384)307 At Last! WALK TO STATE MCG A n opportunity perfectly suited to make all those overseas moves FINANCIAL and contacts finally pay off Short Term Rentals in a most lucrative way! PLANNING Remington Condominium Excellent answer for FSO, spouses Former State Department and/or dependents, and retirees 24th & G Streets NW Employee Stationed Overseas seeking added income to family budget Fully furnished and accessorized Understands Unique Financial (part-time) or your own international with balconies. Situation of Foreign Service business organization (full-time). Included in each unit are: Services Include: Business growth limited to imagination Weekly housekeeping services, Retirement Planning whether you live in USA or Timbuktu. washer and dryer, full kitchen Tax Preparation and Strategies Former Foreign Service employee, Analysis: Insurance and with overseas assignments only, IV2 blocks to Investments will train and assist in every the Foggy Botton Metro Lump Sum Retirement Options way to get you started. Low rates and no deposits for MARY CORNELIA GINN No experience necessary. Foreign Service Personnel small pets accepted 4550 Montgomery Avenue Contact directly or on next home visit. Remington Associates, Inc. Suite 820N (2 blocks down Oak Street from FSI). 601 24th Street NW, #106 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 (301) 656-3791 BLUE HAWK INTERNATIONAL Washington, D.C. 20037 Fax: (301)652-2183 1600 N orth Oak Street #1601 (202) 466-7367 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 USA Fax (202) 659-8520 Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis (703) 525-1390 Securities, Inc. Member NASD & SIPC

NEILL, MULLENHOLZ VOLVO cap & SHAW Factory-Set Discounts PLANNING. INC- U To Diplomats Posted REGISTERED ATTORNEYS AT LAW INVESTMENT ADVISOR Stateside and Abroad 1980 GALLOWS ROAD, SUITE 240 VIENNA, VIRGINIA 22182 GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT PHONE: 703-442-0505 LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN U.S., U.K., European, or FAX: 703-442-7544 SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD Overseas Specs ACTIONS * SECURITY Overseas and Domestic Connie Dupras CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO Certified Financial Planner * TAXATION AND TAX PLANNING Deliveries Certified Public Accountant * ESTATE PLANNING, WILLS AND TRUSTS * GOVERNMENT • Planning, Investments, Insurance RELATIONS JERRY GRIFFIN Tax Preparation DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST • Fee/Commission Offset G. JERRY SHAW or Fee Only WILLIAM L. BRANSEORD dbDon Beyer Volvo THOMAS J. O'ROURKE 1231 W. Broad Street • 11 Years Overseas Experience 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Falls Church, VA 22046 Suite 800 • Tysons Corner Location Washington, D.C. 20006 (703) 237-5020 near Dunn Loring Metro (202) 463-8400 FAX: (202) 833-8082 DERAND/PENNINGTON/BASS, Inc. FAX: (703) 237-5028 Registered Broker Dealer-Member SIPC, NASD jean fales associate broker lie. va & dc

Property Specialists, Inc. your real estate needs A professional and personal service tailored are my speciality to meet your needs in: • Property Management • Sales and Rentals • Multiple Listings • Real Estate Investment Counseling

Our staff includes: Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri Donna Linton Bill Struck RE/MAX Rick Brown Randy Reed properties of distinction, inc. Gerry Addison Terry Barker 4600-c lee highway All presently or formerly associated with the Foreign Service. arlington va 22207 703/522-1940 fax 703/564-0466 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

Coming Home? — Let Me Help You!

Let me help you find what you’re looking for anywhere in Northern Virginia!

CAROLYN MOONEY Linda Wilson Hurley, GRI LIFETIME MEMBER, NVAR Linda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 years, MILLION DOLLAR SALES CLUB has first-hand knowledge about Foreign Service 14 YEARS EXPERIENCE relocations. She is a member of the Chairman’s IN REAL ESTATE Club, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million SPOUSE OF FORMER Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” She is also licensed in Virginia and is a Graduate of Write for my Real Estate Information Package! the REALTOR^ Institute. Carolyn Mooney c/o McEnearney Associates, Inc. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 ® Mount Vernon 703-790-9090 or 800-548-9080 INTOWN PROPERTIES, INC. Name: 5008 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Address: Washington, D.C. 20008 Office: (202) 364-8200 Residence: (202) 363-9337 I will Q will not Q need temporary housing. Fax#: (202)364-1194 Sales, Rentals, Investments PROFESSIONAL Property Management REALTY D.C., Maryland, and Virginia INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT Among Our 36 Agents The Following Are Foreign Service Affiliated ENTERPRISES

402 Maple Avenue, West John Baker Vienna, Virginia 22180 John Clunan Christina Griffin Josephine Holliday PRIME is a specialized company and we Marietta Lehfeldt pride ourselves in providing a wide range of Lynn Moffley Magruder services including: John Y. Millar • Residential & Investment Sales Janice J. Lyon Millar • Property Management & Rentals Lynn Oglesby Joanne Pernick • Tax Deferred Exchange and Investment Robert Skiff Counseling Expertise John Turner Call, write or FAX us for ALL of your real estate needs!

MGMB Inc. Realtors Residential/Investment Sales 255-1566 Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 Property Management 255-9522 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 FAX 938-7225 Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit! tfi*

SAND0Z & LAMBERT0N INCORPORATED

Overseas? fr<,[*rfc WE SPECIALIZE IN PERSONALIZED PROPERTY MANAGEMENT! • Rental Market Analysis • Monthly Statements • Tenant Screening • Mortgage Payments • Rent Collection • Year-End Tax Statements Specializing in the rental and care of fine residential proper¬ • Property Inspections • Property Maintenance ty throughout the metropolitan area. Sandoz & Lamberton offers personalized service including: Returning to Washington? • detailed status reports Write Anne Gomez • frequent inspections for a Free Welcome Kit • monthly statements with No Obligation! • in house maintenance For more details please contact John Countryman DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, Inc. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SINCE 1921 3900 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 204 1720 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Arlington, VA 22203 Washington, DC 20007 (Near Virginia Square Metro) FAX 202-333-1468 Tel. 202-363-9800 (703) 522-5900 FAX: (703) 525-4713 Patricia W. Swierczek We've seen the future. Foreign Service Staff Officer (Ret) The present holds pain, suffering and, often, 35 years Foreign Service experience plus the little hope for children with catastrophic diseases. 25 years brokerage experience of QUALITY HOMES Inc. But St. Jude continues to press on for a future add up to an unbeatable QUALITY team! Whether you when no child will succumb to cancer or other are returning to the U.S., retiring in Alaska or Australia, diseases. or going out on assignment, all of your real estate needs Improved treatments, new drugs, genetic re¬ are given our QUALITY care. search — all hold the promise of a bright future for our children. Sales/Rentals • Property Management • Relocation Service Support St. Jude. Write P.O. Box 3704, Office: (703) 780-5100 • FAX: (703) 971-0340 • Res: (703) 971-9251 Memphis, TN 38103, or call 1 -800-877-5833.

Xi ST. JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL JUALITY HOMES REALTY, INC Danny Thomas, Founder * Experience the Quality Commitment! Potomac Square • 8403-J Richmond Highway • Alexandria, VA 22309

McGrath Management Corporation 13100 Worldgate Drive, Suite 120, Herndon, VA 22070 • (703) 709-2264 • Fax: (703) 709-5230 Experienced Staff Providing Personalized Service Specializing in the NORTHERN VIRGINIA AREA

/^CALLUS * Property Management l DAY OR NIGHT * Residential Sales "If we don’t sell your house, ERA will buy itl” * Investment Properties

Dedicated to professional service. Consultant in residential property and investment Property Management (703) 709-2264 property. Former Foreign Service and Foreign Service spouse. Residential Sales (703) 938-5050 Fax Machine # (703) 709-5230 Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts

Highest rental value Staff of trained agents Qualified, responsible tenants Monthly computerized statements Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

AARON DODEK, CPM Property Manager /Allied THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. Associate Broker /V Realty J CORP

7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase. Ml) 20815 (301) 657-8440 656-8600 «• FAX 907-4766 50 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area buying a home inL MARY PERKINS REALTOR®, GRI Foreign Service spouse and "Real Estate Advisor" in DC? ? Virginia. Contact Mary for her newsletter or real estate assis¬ Larry Kamins tance tailored to your needs. is the expert you want to call! i LONG & FOSTER' 202/546-3899 REALTORS* 1113 Chainbridge Road Office: (703)790-1990 McLean, VA 22101 Home: (703) 356-6544

Photo by Martha Tabor

LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors We manage Results since 1956 your For over 30 years we have professionally MANAGED AND LEASED investment thousands of residential & condominium properties. property. Our experience—Personal Inspections, Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING If you are considering renting your HOME OR APARTMENT -pk Call Dawn Jenets today for more information (202) 244-1000 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 iMmPBMDHVW OWNED AND OPERATED. „ „ , , Washington, D.C. 20016 PAUL NORWOOD (202) 333-7157 Excellent references upon request ® 1-800-234-8884

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Oil and foreign affairs in the 1990s U.S. foreign policy in the 1990s secretary for international affairs at fields outside the Middle East-in the will be deeply affected by the out¬ the Department of Energy during the Soviet Union, Mexico, and Venezu¬ look for international oil flows, ac¬ Reagan Administration. ela, for example, not to mention still cording to several experts at the Bearing in mind these circum¬ unknown reserves in other countries- AFSA Symposium on Oil and Foreign stances, the symposium focused atten¬ will be accelerated to the extent that Affairs in the 1990s, which was held tion on the elements a foreign policy oil prices rise (e.g., it costs a great in the Department of State on Febru¬ designed to ensure stable oil sup¬ deal to refine Venezuela’s heavy ary 7 and was attended by about 150 plies and prices during the coming crude petroleum or to explore and representatives of business, govern¬ decade must take into account. develop virgin but geologically prom¬ ment, and the press. The symposium’s keynote ising areas that lack modern infra¬ The United States and other oil-im¬ speaker, Assistant Secretary of Energy structure, especially in light of porting countries simply cannot get John J. Easton Jr., underscored the increasing ecological imperatives). by without imported oil, nor without critical importance of international co¬ The U.S. government ostensibly fa¬ oil from the Persian Gulf, the experts operation in dealing with energy is¬ vors vigorous entrepreneurship by agreed, even assuming the most opti¬ sues, noting that “at the outbreak of U.S. oil companies that seek to mistic projections for the develop¬ hostilities, oil prices did not soar, as broaden their foreign sources of sup¬ ment of alternative sources of so many had forecast,” because an ef¬ ply; but industry spokesmen say the energy, increased efficiency in en¬ fective contingency plan was devel¬ government does not always ade¬ ergy utilization, and conservation. oped through the International quately support its overseas activities. “The central role of oil in the Pers¬ Energy Agency in Paris before the Meanwhile, the panel considered the ian Gulf tragedy-as cause, prize, outbreak of hostilities “aimed at con¬ U.S. strategic petroleum reserve a via¬ weapon, and casualty of war-has vincing both oil companies and gov¬ ble if not indispensable insurance pol¬ prompted a reexamination” of all as¬ ernments that the world’s oil icy against temporary disruptions in pects of the world oil situation, supplies are safe from serious disrup¬ oil supplies. Edward Morse, pub¬ Henry M. Schuler of the Center for tion and adequate to meet lisher of Petroleum Intelligence Strategic and International Studies consumers’ needs, if hoarding and Weekly, said oil-consuming and pro¬ told the symposium. panic buying can be avoided.” ducing countries should try to de¬ But despite all the reassessments, The symposium’s four discussion velop a new and better set of Schuler continued, little can be done panels dealt with questions relating relationships, a goal he captioned a in the short term to rectify the situa¬ to oil and national security, the out¬ “new world order.” tion. “Technological breakthroughs look for stable access to Middle East The second panel agreed that the [may] ultimately provide commer¬ oil, the potential for the Soviet Union Middle East, because of its geological cially viable alternatives,” he said, to become a major and reliable oil good fortune, will have the potential- “but the prerequisite laboratory re¬ exporter by the year 2000, and the or the option-of remaining the search, engineering demonstrations, probable effects of higher oil prices world’s major oil supplier. The assembly lines, infrastructure addi¬ and rising energy consumption in the United States, albeit to a lesser de¬ tions, and public education will con¬ non-OPEC Third World. gree than Europe or Japan, will inevi¬ sume many years.” The first panel envisaged geo¬ tably remain dependent on oil from David Waller, moderator of the graphical diversification of oil sup¬ the Middle East and may even in¬ final plenary, put it this way: “Regard¬ plies as the most promising crease its dependence on that sup¬ less of well-meaning policy options, longer-term escape from excessive de¬ ply, but the panelists did not for the foreseeable future at least, pendence upon a particular source- construe that as a cause for panic. the world is going to run on oil.” an objective that will be realistic, They also agreed that the Middle Waller is vice president for govern¬ assuming an auspicious political, eco¬ East should not be allowed to fall ment relations of the Williams Com¬ nomic, and legal environment. Dis¬ under the hegemony of a single panies and was formerly assistant covery and development of new oil country and that the political evolu-

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • F S N E S

tion of the area could critically affect years as its national economy has de¬ have had adverse impact on the eco¬ access to its oil. Ambassador Richard teriorated. Obminsky said the Soviet nomic reform program of the Aquino Murphy, the panel moderator and a Union recognizes that optimal extrac¬ government-“and this after a very de¬ former assistant secretary of State for tion and refining of its enormous pe¬ structive earthquake, floods, and ty¬ Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, troleum reserves will require the phoons,” he said. Nevertheless, he suggested that the United States infusion of capital and technology insisted, his government will not be might find it desirable to practice from foreign oil companies, and that deterred from its commitment to re¬ more vigorous diplomacy in encour¬ this will occur only with continuing moving economic controls and elimi¬ aging greater democratization and ef¬ radical reform and liberalization of nating monopolies. fective arms control in the the Soviet economy-“an irreversible region-and, therefore, greater stabil- process,” he assured the symposium. Congress ity-than it has in the past. The other members of the panel Ernest Obminsky, Soviet deputy agreed with the minister that the So¬ reconsiders minister of foreign affairs, told the viet Union could be a major and re¬ honoraria ban symposium that a meeting of Mikhail sponsible oil exporter by the year Mark W. Smith Gorbachev with his cabinet of minis¬ 2000 if—but only if-the requisite re¬ Legal Assistant ters on January 28 assigned very forms are effected, especially free high priority to the comprehensive ruble convertibility, privatization of The Ethics Reform Act of 1989, no development of the Soviet oil and producing enterprises, and profit re¬ torious for its sweeping ban on hono¬ gas industry, looking toward a signifi¬ patriation for investors from other raria for employees in every branch cant increase in oil exports. The So¬ countries. They also noted that these of the federal government, except viet Union is, in fact, the world’s are precisely the reforms that would, the Senate, is facing repeated court largest oil producer, although its out¬ in any event, contribute to major im¬ challenges. With the failure of efforts put has declined over the last few provements in the well-being of So¬ to obtain an injunction, members of viet citizens and full participation by Congress have introduced bills that the Soviet Union in a better world would limit the ban to those in the order. New faces upper ranks of federal service. Other conferees did not agree on A consolidated lawsuit challenging In February AFSA welcomed how questions pertaining to oil will the ban on constitutional grounds aboard two new staff members, Jeff affect the Third World in the coming has met with no success. Neither the Neil, outreach coordinator, and San¬ decade. Ted Eck, moderator of one D.C. District Court, the D.C Appeals dra Douglas, executive assistant in panel and chief economist for a Court, nor the U.S. Supreme Court the labor-management office. Former major U.S. oil company, anticipates would agree to halt the ban while its Executive Assistant Deborah M. rising oil prices, which, he believes, merits are being considered by the Leahy was promoted to Member Ser¬ will trigger a substantial search for D.C. Court of Appeals. vices representative. new oil reserves throughout the The civic watchdog group Com¬ An Iowan, Sandi received her Third World. “That’s where the excit¬ mon Cause defends the ban, arguing B.A. in Spanish, Russian studies, and ing discoveries will be made,” he that it precludes payment for speech religion from Cornell College and said. Also, he suggested, a higher but not speech itself. If eliminating completed her master’s of interna¬ rate of economic development in honoraria is found in effect to pre¬ tional management at the University some developing countries-emulating vent free speech, however, the ban of Denver. the achievements of the “four tigers” would be ruled unconstitutional. Oral Jeff, recently returned from a year of Asia in the 1980s-will stimulate a argument in the Appeals Court took at the Hebrew University of Jerusa¬ sharp increase in total energy con¬ place January 29, and a decision is lem, earned his master’s degree at sumption, despite improved effi¬ expected in the spring. Georgetown University’s School of ciency and conservation, which will, If the lawsuit fails, several bills Foreign Service. He was previously in turn, produce large economic ben¬ now pending in the House and Sen¬ employed in Washington organizing efits. In contrast, representatives of ate would eliminate the ban for fed¬ delegation visits for Combustion Engi¬ A.I.D. and the World Bank saw eral employees below the executive neering Inc., and he recently coordi¬ higher energy costs as exercising level (GS-15 and below). nated a conference on human rights downward pressures on economic Among other arguments, oppo¬ in Moscow. growth for many developing coun¬ nents of the ban have maintained AFSA members are already famil¬ tries, particularly the poorer ones. that it interferes with work done for iar with Deborah Leahy, who wrote Philippine Ambassador Emmanuel civic, religious, or personal develop¬ AFSA’s 1990 Tax Guide. Pelaez explained how difficulties ment reasons as well as for financial stemming from the Persian Gulf crisis ones.

58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIU991 Legislative Watch Rick Weiss counted as an “outlay” and accounts for Inter-American Development Bank Congressional Liaison the major part of the difference be¬ and $310 million in debt reduction During March, State, A.I.D., and tween “authority” and proposed “out¬ for Latin America. USIA congressional committees were lays.” United Nations. Another $1.3 bil¬ to begin hearings on the FY 1992- State Department buildings. lion is proposed for UN programs. 1993 authorization and FY 1992 ap¬ Some $570 million in budget author¬ This request includes $824 million propriations bills. AFSA was to ity is proposed for buildings abroad, for fiscal year 1992 assessments and present testimony on March 11 (Sen¬ representing a 150 percent increase $503 million for all remaining arrear¬ ate) and March 14 (House). Congres¬ over the fiscal year 1991 level. The ages. Of the $503 million, the admin¬ sional oversight hearings were to be request increases funding for em¬ istration would pay only $131 million conducted separately on the A.I.D. re¬ bassy security and includes funds for in arrearages in fiscal year 1992 and organization plan. Highlights were: new embassy facilities in Bangkok hold the remaining $372 million for Function 150. The “Function 150” and Bogota. It also includes $130 mil¬ future years. (international affairs), as presented in lion for the initial construction ex¬ Refugee assistance. Refugee as¬ the president’s FY 1992 budget, re¬ penses of a new Moscow embassy sistance programs would receive quests $36 billion in budget author¬ (reduced from a larger request that $511 million in budget authority. ity and over $20 billion in outlays. was not funded last year). This is a $10 million decrease from (Function 150 includes programs for Eastern Europe. The budget pro¬ the fiscal year 1991 level. the conduct of foreign affairs, foreign poses $400 million for aid to Eastern International narcotics. The humanitarian and development pro¬ Europe-a slight increase over the fis¬ president’s budget proposes $611 mil¬ grams, security assistance, foreign mil¬ cal year 1991 level. In addition, the lion overall for International Narcot¬ itary sales, U.S. participation in budget request includes the second ics Control Assistance, nearly a 34 international organizations and finan¬ of five $70 million installments for percent increase over the fiscal year cial institutions, and the export-financ¬ the European Bank for Reconstruc¬ 1991 level. ing programs of the U.S. tion and Development, which sup¬ A refreshing COLA. The presi¬ Export-Import Bank.) ports market-oriented economic dent in his budget has determined Some $8 billion is requested for se¬ reforms in Eastern Europe. that the COLA adjustment for January curity assistance; $7.9 billion is Enterprise for the Americas Ini¬ 1992 will be a full 4.2 percent for all sought for international development tiative. The budget proposes $410 government employees, and there and humanitarian assistance; and million in budget authority for spe¬ has been no attempt to date to cut $4.1 billion for State and USIA. The cial assistance to Latin America. This federal costs unfairly at the expense budget proposes a $12.2 billion in¬ request includes $100 million for an of employees. crease in IMF funding, which is not investment fund managed by the

News Briefs

MFL open season - The Bureau of Personnel is preparing for the next open season for qualified officers to apply for the multifunctional skill code (MFL). An announcement is on the way describing the requirements and ap¬ plication process. Officers at the 03 level and higher are eligible to apply. In the last promotion cycle, 109 promo¬ tions were multifunctional. Questions should be directed to the appropriate career development officer.

Foreign Affairs Assistance Corps - The recently formed Foreign Affairs Assistance Corps, a group of former Foreign Service officers and private entrepreneurs, is organizing a corps of skilled people willing to make them¬ selves available to aid former command economies in the transition to using free-market mechanisms. The corps will initially provide skilled labor in finance, planning, media, and technology transfer to countries- principally the Soviet Union and nations in Eastern Europe-under current government and corporate programs. For more information, contact: Eugene Bird, 3133 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 702, Washington, D.C. 20008. Tel: 202/745-0701.

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 Now America’s most experienced overseas mover is an approved Department of State contractor.

In 1927, Security introduced the first all-steel shipping containers and spearheaded the first network of overseas agents. In 1932 (shown above), Security shipped the household goods and art collection of Andrew Mellon, the U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. fames. Move with Security. You’ll belongings—in-transit or at enjoy expert planning and your residence outside the U.S. packing-for shipment to all Now, you can choose posts abroad. to move, store and insure Store with Security. You with Security, backed by over can store household goods left 100 years’ experience. Call in Washington-at Government (202) 234-5600 for information. expense. Also, when approved, temperature-controlled storage is available for your art, rugs, furs and clothing. Security began moving Presidents into Insure with Security. Our theWhite House in 1897. And. the Government Service Policy tradition continues to this day. offers special low rates for your Our 2nd Century of Quality Service.

1701 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-2697 Telephone: (202) 234-5600 N E S "Neighborly relations": a Soviet view of the new diplomacy

Richard S. nomic relations at the Ministry of For¬ there and the extent to the area will Thompson eign Affairs, noted that the Soviet be included in Western Europe’s eco¬ Professional role depends to a large extent on its nomic integration. Issues domestic affairs, particularly the In response to questions, Bugrov Coordinator noted the importance of a strong cur¬ rency in keeping a country together Soviet Ministry and attributed ethnic and nationalist clashes in the Soviet Union in large of Foreign Affairs “Neighborly relations official Andrei measure to economic difficulties. The Bugrov spoke frankly of the Soviet cannot be built on weap¬ recent ruble exchange was a start, Union’s desire to integrate itself with ons or on blood, but on but the Soviet economy needs to the world community in a talk at the mutual interests and move toward freer prices and Foreign Service Club February 8 in freedom of choice. ” privatization. Bugrov argued there the series “New Diplomacy for a would be no reversion in the Soviet New Era.” Union to pre-1985 patterns of govern¬ Bugrov accepted President Bush’s ment, because the new generation definition of a New World Order as a would not let it happen. Problems in revitalized United Nations with effec¬ the Baltics must not be solved by force, but the West must recognize tive peacekeeping functions, and health of its economy. that there are serious conflicts within stated that a successful conclusion to In the international economic these societies. He admitted Soviet as¬ the Gulf crisis would contribute sphere, the globalization of the sistance to Third World countries was greatly to a better world. world economy weakens control greatly reduced, based on the princi¬ Bugrov declared that Soviet for¬ over major economic actors. Interna¬ ple of self-interest over ideology, but eign policy in recent years has refo¬ tional economic institutions must de¬ suggested Soviet policies on arms re¬ cused on national interests rather velop mechanisms to permit ductions, human rights and resolu¬ than ideology. “Neighborly relations enhanced coordination of national tion of regional conflicts are cannot be built on weapons or on macroeconomic policies. beneficial to the lesser-developed blood, but on mutual interests and Eastern Europe remains a question countries. freedom of choice,” he said, express¬ mark, both as to the effectiveness of ing regret that the Soviet Union had the economic reforms under way lost the opportunity to integrate itself into the world economy when it re¬ jected the Bretton Woods agreements Answers to the Foreign Service Quiz following World War II. The Soviet (Questions appear on page 11.) Union must now deal with the changes in Eastern Europe, the unifi¬ cation of Germany, and the strength¬ 1. 1792 ening of the Conference on Security 2. Edward R. Murrow and Cooperation in Europe. These 3. James Buchanan. Once engaged to Ann Caroline Cole¬ achievements are pillars of the “new man, he withdrew his proposal under accusations of fortune world order,” and there will be close hunting from his fiancee’s disapproving family. Coleman com¬ relations between the Soviet Union and Germany as they cooperate in mitted suicide, and Buchanan never married. His niece Har¬ the interests of Europe and the riet Lane served as mistress of the White House. world. Bugrov rejected the criticism 4. 1894 of those in the USSR who regretted 5. 1905 the “escape” of Eastern Europe. Bugrov, who is deputy director of the department of international eco¬

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 61 President’s Page Theodore S. and price increases, but partly also the Senior Executive Service or to Se¬ Wilkinson for 300 new positions (232 for im¬ nior Foreign Service officers. AFSA migration reform, plus significant will press to have this arbitrary de¬ Money numbers also for expanded functions nial revised in 1992. for Foreign in Eastern Europe). The Moscow im¬ Starting in 1994, employees in passe would be resolved by building every locality where federal salaries Affairs . . . two secure floors on top of the exist¬ are more than 5 percent below sala¬ The first six ing (bugged) structure, at a cost of ries for comparable private sector months of fiscal $130 million (half of what was pro¬ jobs - including we assume in Wash¬ 1991 brought no good budgetary posed for Moscow last year). State ington, D.C. - will begin receiving an¬ news. Rather than replay the monoto¬ should at least be able to maintain nual catchup increments. nous liturgy of federal foreign affairs services abroad at current levels if agency austerity (e.g., foreign-ex¬ State Authorization Bill the 1992 OMB budget proposal sur¬ change losses, new immigration and Authorization bills are submitted vives congressional review without refugee responsibilities with no ap¬ every two years, and are often vehi¬ major surgery. propriations to pay for them, un¬ cles for changes in regulatory legisla¬ funded pay raises for personnel, . . . And for Foreign tion like the Foreign Service Act. evacuations, etc.) we have just kept Service Salaries State has just submitted an extensive silence. Another bit of surprisingly good list of proposals for the 1992-93 au¬ Now, however, there are a few news was that the Administration pro¬ thorization bill, nearly all of which faint signs of an April thaw. The “se¬ poses to pay a full 4.2 percent in¬ AFSA can support. Particularly desir¬ questration” of funds that resulted crease to all Federal employees on able are technical improvements to from congressional accountants’ book¬ January 1, 1992, rather than to trim give greater organizational authority keeping errors last fall is about to be the budget by shortchanging the to the secretary; to rationalize certain repealed. State and AID may soon workforce, as has happened all too allowances; and to allow career also receive a $50 million supplemen¬ often before. The 4.2 percent figure chiefs of mission to remain under the tal appropriation to pay for the ex¬ is objectively derived; it comes from Foreign Service system for pay and al¬ traordinary costs of evacuating lowances purposes. Where AFSA and There are a few signs of and/or protecting personnel through¬ management part company signifi¬ out the Moslem world in 1990-91. thaw. State and A.I.D. may cantly is on a proposal to eliminate For the moment, these do little soon receive a $50 million the authority of the Foreign Service Grievance Board to grant “prescrip¬ more than allow State to keep its supplemental appropriation tive relief” to Foreign Service person¬ head above water. These two interim to pay for evacuating actions do not, for instance, resolve nel; i.e., to keep employed those the forced stretchout of construction and/or protecting personnel with grievances about impending sep¬ at the new Foreign Service Institute throughout the Moslem arations in pay status until their cases at Arlington Hall, or for the impasse world. are adjudicated. Management would prefer to separate them first, then re¬ about what building should house the “employment cost index” com¬ Embassy Moscow. store pay and allowances retroac¬ piled by the Bureau of Labor Statis¬ tively if the Grievance Board decided What is slightly more auspicious is tics, and represents the increase in the administration’s budget request in the employee’s favor. The princi¬ average private sector pay from the for 1992. Although foreign affairs pal management argument is parallel¬ last full year-measured September (function 150) spending will be ism with Civil Service procedures, 1989 through September 1990. but the management argument ig¬ capped overall at only 2.5 percent Under the new pay provisions, more than in 1991, OMB in its re¬ nores two unique Foreign Service vul¬ most employees at the U.S. Mission nerabilities: the difficulty of view of State’s proposals has given to the UN received an additional 8 greater recognition to overseas needs defending oneself while assigned percent “locality pay” increase in Jan¬ abroad, and the sensitivity of a rank- than a year ago, and sent forward to uary 1991 above the government Congress a request for $4.1 billion in-person system with time-in-class wide 1991 increase of 4.1 percent. limitations to errors or distortions in (which includes contributions to inter¬ “Locality pay” for now is limited by national organizations). Salaries and one’s personnel file. AFSA intends to law to New York, San Francisco, and oppose vehemently any change in expenses would be raised 10 percent Los Angeles, and was not extended to $2.05 billion, partly to cover wage the “prescriptive relief’ system as it even in those cities to members of exists now.

62 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 F S N E S

AFSA Views continued Finally, the administration will nominees a year later, after the elec¬ soon be facing a dilemma only dimly tions. bassador Jack Matlock, who was fin¬ foreseen at the outset in 1989- A We hope the administration will ishing his third year. Then the pro¬ three-year policy on ambassadorial follow a rule of reason and treat cess stopped suddenly and appointments means that about 45 each case on its merits. We would mysteriously, and Matlock was asked non-career incumbents will be due like to see the best non-career ambas¬ to stay on a year. Now there are un¬ for rotation in mid-1992. If they are sadors recognized with extended settling rumors that a non-career extended for another year until after terms. Those who have not done so nominee may be sought. There are the 1993 inauguration, the administra¬ well would be replaced in 1992. Can still just as many first-rate career offi¬ tion will be leaving very few vacan¬ there be any harm in injecting an ele¬ cers available with both knowledge cies for new career service ment of competition among non-ca¬ of the Soviet Union and the requisite appointments. On the other hand, it reer ambassadors, similar to what management skills, and the post would make no sense to make nu¬ their career colleagues have experi¬ should be assigned to a non-career merous non-career nominations only enced? person only if there is an overshad¬ months before the elections; and fill¬ owing logic that is not apparent to us. ing all the vacancies with FSO’s would leave no room for non-career

Contact Deborah Leahy at (202) 647- no dependents had departed the “au¬ AFSA tax update 8160 with any questions. thorized departure” post to which Deborah M. Leahy she was traveling. Another employee Member Services Evacuation on direct transfer was stranded in Washington without household ef¬ AFSA continues to receive ques¬ aftermath fects when her destination post was tions about the deadline for filing fed¬ State Standing Committee closed. She was told she was entitled eral tax returns. Foreign Service to neither temporary duty per diem employees serving overseas are As AFSA pursues issues affecting (because you can be “en route” only granted an automatic extension-with- the 400-plus Foreign Service employ¬ 10 days) nor the special evacuation out filing an extension form-until ees recently evacuated from Africa, allowance while she waited in a June 15. Those filing after April 15 the Middle East, and South Asia, it Washington hotel. are liable, however, for interest on has become clear that a major over¬ Many more such cases have been any money owed. haul of procedures, and preparation brought to AFSA’s attention, partly In other tax news, AFSA and For¬ of a comprehensive manual, is the result of volume, since the depart¬ eign Service retirees have obtained needed. In many instances, regula¬ ment has had difficulty disbursing so an exemption in Alabama for retire¬ tions simply do not fit the circum¬ many special allowances. ment benefits of the Foreign Service stances. AFSA has addressed a few cases Retirement and Disability Fund. AFSA One employee finished FSI train¬ by intervening with management, but had long fought to secure modifica¬ ing, sold her car, and rented her by early March State had not yet re¬ tion of an inequity in the state’s tax house, while her husband left his job sponded to the comprehensive list of code whereby Civil Service annuities to accompany her to post. Then, short- and long-term issues compiled were exempted, but not those of For¬ only 10 days before departure, she at our February 11 public meeting eign Service retirees. was told her husband could not ac¬ with evacuees and submitted to the Another update on AFSA’s 1990 company her to post-even though department February 15. Tax Guide (see AFSA News, Febru¬ ary 1991) will have impact on annu¬ itants from the state of Wisconsin. CALENDAR Foreign Service Retirement and Dis¬ April 4-5: AFSA conference on business opportunities with Mexico ability Fund annuities are exempted April 9: AAFSW monthly meeting in the State Department in Wisconsin if the taxpayer was in May 3: Foreign Service Day the Foreign Service before 1964 and June 13: AFSA conference on the pharmaceutical industiy employed as of December 31, 1963. September 23 AFSA conference on Asia’s “four tigers”

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 63 SCHOLARSHIP APPEAL

Gail Volk Sorab K. Modi, husband of the arts and, failing that, for the humani¬ Scholarship Coordinator late Susan Lowe Modi ties.” Cameron H. Sanders Jr., regu¬ The AFSA Scholarship Program Sorab Modi and in-laws estab¬ lar contributor to AFSA Scholar¬ has grown through individual gener¬ lished a perpetual scholarship in the ship Fund osity. Below, a few donors explain memory of his late wife. why they give to us. “All her success in her years with “The idea of public service is USIA, Susan strongly believed, was what brought so many of us to the Mary Parker England, Foreign due to the education that she had re¬ Foreign Service in the first place. Join¬ Service, Retired ceived. It was this long-standing be¬ ing the Foreign Service requires finan¬ Mary Parker England has estab¬ lief in education and what it can do cial sacrifice. Contributing to the lished the new “Isaac and Isaac for this country that, on her return to Scholarship Fund provides a wonder¬ Duke Parker Memorial Scholarship” Washington in 1980, got her involved ful opportunity for us to help For¬ as a tribute to her great grandfather, with AFSA’s scholarship program. eign Service families.” Isaac Duke Parker, and grandfather, She served with enthusiasm and com¬ Over the last decade regulatory Isaac Parker, for the role they played mitment as the USIA representative changes have made many middle-in- in creating and implementing Texas’ on the AFSA Committee on Educa¬ come families ineligible for federally first law to organize free public tion. sponsored financial aid. Conse¬ schools. “In her last days, she often spoke quently, Foreign Service families are “Certainly my greatest pride in life to her mother and me with special in¬ increasingly turning to the the AFSA is the opportunity that I had to be a terest about her work on the Commit¬ Scholarship Program for help, but we part of the American Foreign Service. tee on Education. Thus, her mother, need your assistance to help us to Isaac and Isaac Duke Parker had a brother, and I decided on a perma¬ meet these growing demands. Please compelling interest in educating nent scholarship in her name at join our efforts to strengthen the For¬ youth at public expense. From this, AFSA. Our desires were realized eign Service by investing in Foreign I came upon the idea of a Foreign thanks to the support of friends and Service youth. Important sources of Service scholarship. This is certainly colleagues. As a USIA representative our donations are: profits from the a small token of gratitude for the op¬ in Seoul, Bombay, Rome, and sale of personal goods abroad; hono¬ portunity that was mine.” Genoa, aspects of culture and educa¬ raria for speaking engagements and tion always occupied her. Hence, we published articles; bequests; and, determined that the scholarship most commonly, designated contribu¬ should in the first instance be for the tions and memorials.

Diplomatic Security bers of the Senate Foreign Relations Pay reform Class 29 and House Foreign Affairs commit¬ What a difference a day makes! Legislation introduced by Senator tees, as well as from DeConcini’s of¬ AFSA has requested a meeting Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) and signed fice, to report State’s outrageous with State to discuss why some mem¬ by the president on November 5, interpretation. In response, bers of security officer class 29 were 1990 gave federal law enforcement DeConcini agreed to address this not eligible for promotion consider¬ officers increased pay benefits. issue with OPM and the Foreign Rela¬ ation along with their classmates, sim¬ The State Department has its own tions Committee, affirming the legisla¬ ply because distance from peculiar interpretation of this legisla¬ tive intent to fully include DSS Washington put them on the payroll tion. State contends that because DSS special agents in the pay reform. in travel status one day later than is included in the Foreign Service re¬ This issue was placed on the those hired from more distant loca¬ tirement system, its employees are committee’s agenda for discussion tions. The period of performance to not law enforcement officers! with State during appropriations hear¬ be evaluated was exactly the same AFSA lobbyist Rick Weiss and a ings on February 27. for the entire class. board member met with staff mem¬

64 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 A.l.D. Standing Committee Formal negotiations were initiated established, but it is unclear what effective management of institutional in January on an overall framework this group will do. contractors. AFSA believes that there agreement, intended to establish The agency reports that the FY must be major, substantive changes ground rules of interaction and for¬ 1991 annual update of A.l.D.’s Affir¬ in the evaluation process and form malize the relationship between mative Employment Program Plan that reflect the reality of an institu¬ AFSA and A.l.D. will not be available prior to March; tion reliant on effective program man¬ The agreement proposed by AFSA thus it is not clear what criteria the agement. AFSA plans to pursue essentially mirrors that between agency is using when it asserts that reforms we requested a year ago. AFSA and the State department and EEO objectives will be taken into Pouch mail AFSA Member Ser¬ contains a provision for a full-time consideration in new hiring during vices staff have been diligent in en¬ A.I.D. vice president for AFSA. In FY 1991. suring that any continuing problems seeking this full-time slot, AFSA As a result of the Standing with employee mail transmitted via hopes to avoid conflicts of interest Committee’s efforts, Senator Joseph pouch are expeditiously resolved. and the competing priorities that inev¬ R. Biden Jr. (D-DE) has written to AFSA has greatly appreciated the re¬ itably afflict those who, in taking on the agency administrator requesting a sponsiveness of the assistant adminis¬ the A.l.D. vice presidency, have detailed response to the issues raised trator for management, Mike Doyle, found themselves, in effect, with a by AFSA. Additionally, a number of who initiated weekly meetings with second full-time job. members of Congress have re¬ AFSA to facilitate a collaborative reso¬ EER form and process. During sponded to AFSA’s letter. Congress¬ lution of any remaining pouch mail the final weeks of the 1990 rating pe¬ man Gerry Sikorski (D-MN) has problems. riod, AFSA raised a number of con¬ asked the Civil Service Subcommit¬ International Development In¬ cerns with management, including tee, which he chairs, to investigate tern career advancement. AFSA the absence of objective criteria for the problems and barriers to advance¬ has requested that the agency under¬ selection board ranking and ambigu¬ ment faced by women and minorities take an analysis of the impact of mid- ity in the evaluation of performance within A.l.D. There should be an op¬ and senior-level hiring practices on and potential. This ambiguity can portunity to further this effort the promotion rates and career ad¬ arise from disparities between per¬ through subcommittee hearings dur¬ vancement of individuals who joined sonal and position rank, gender bias, ing the spring. the agency through the IDI program and inadequate recognition of con¬ AFSA received the revised text of prior to 1986. This request is the re¬ tract/contractor management responsi¬ HB 25, chapter 40 (Foreign Service sult of AFSA’s review of data on new bilities. AFSA has been advised that Employee Evaluation Program) on hires during the period from 1986 to A.l.D. planned to “review and con¬ February 22. We are dismayed by the 1990. In reinstituting the IDI program sider modification of several ele¬ lack of tangible progress in incorpo¬ in 1986, the agency stated that IDIs ments of the Foreign Service rating AFSA’s recommended changes; would rarely be hired at the FS-3 personnel system, including the For¬ at best, raters and selection boards level. AFSA has found that there has eign Service EER form and instruc¬ will be confused by the new guid¬ been significant hiring at the FS-2 tions.” ance. Management proposes that spe¬ and FS-3 levels, and that far fewer Equal employment opportu¬ cific objectives be developed women than men have been hired at nity/affirmative action. During the commensurate with employees’ per¬ those levels. AFSA is concerned that latter part of 1990, AFSA contacted sonal grade-if it is lower than the po¬ the mandate of Section 601 of the members of Congress regarding our sition rank-but AFSA questions the Foreign Service Act be adhered to, concerns about the agency’s continu¬ feasibility of this approach. i.e., that there be: “a predictable flow ing underrepresentation of women In an attempt to further obscure of talent upward through the ranks and minorities and its failure to iden¬ and diminish the importance of this of the Senior Foreign Service,” and tify and address formal and informal issue, the guidance notes: “Position that any practices with a disparate im¬ barriers to their advancement. To grades are often out of date, and pact on minorities and women be date, we have seen little progress by agency requirements sometimes dic¬ identified and modified. the agency in reversing its inactive tate that employees be assigned approach to these issues. A minority above or below their personal recruitment advisory board has been grades.” Nowhere in the new guid¬ ance is there mention of evaluating

APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 N E W s

• Discounts, and more . . . Annual AFSA If you have any colleagues you | Foreign Service membership would like us to contact, please send their names and addresses to the Day 1991 drive AFSA Membership Department (AFSA All active Foreign Service person¬ Membership, 2101 E Street NW, Wash¬ Mark Friday May 3 on your nel who are not currently AFSA mem¬ ington, DC 20037). I calendars! bers should be receiving shortly, if Post Representatives: Member¬ Retirees will want to return to they haven’t already, a letter outlin¬ ship applications were included in I the department for briefings and ing the benefits of AFSA member¬ the March Post Dispatch, please I; to see old friends. Saturday, many I ship. This year we’re asking make them readily available to non¬ ;i will want to attend the traditional | members to remind non-member col¬ members. All members in good stand¬ \ brunch at the Foreign Service leagues of the advantages of AFSA ing, as of the end of April, will :j Club and learn more about membership. receive a ballot for the upcoming i; AFSA's new initiatives, including | Benefits of membership include: AFSA elections. However, your help I better outreach, efforts to launch a § • The Foreign Service Journal is needed to ensure accurate address i| Speakers Bureau, and creation of • Specialized Insurance Packages labels. Upon request, the member¬ •| a Foreign Service Reserve Corps. • Foreign Service Club ship department will send updated Active duty members will • Legal Representation members-at-post rosters. Please make | want to join retirees to honor the • Luncheon Speakers any corrections/additions/deletions | winners of AFSA Awards, and to • Congressional Representation and return to AFSA Washington. i remember those who have died • Conferences i; for their country at the solemn cer- l • Grievance/Administrative Coun¬ l emony before the Memorial seling I Plaque. See you then!

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66 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • APRIL 1991 N E S

“Profiles in Diplomacy” film will show on public TV

A one-hour documentary, “Profiles in Diplomacy: the U.S. Foreign Service,” sponsored by the Una Chapman Cox Foundation, will have its public television premiere on station WETA in Washington at 10 p.m., Wednesday, April 17. Filmed in the department and at posts in Mozambique, Israel, Peru, and East Germany before the wall came down, the film captures a cross-section of the daily lives and work of Foreign Service men and women. Even before being aired, the film has won a CINE Golden Eagle Award for its producer, Dick Young Productions of New York. Many other public television stations across the country are expected to air the film during the weeks following its pre¬ miere by WETA. Video cassettes of the film and print materials about the Foreign Service, produced by WETA Wash¬ ington for educational and home use, will be available for purchase beginning in mid-April from PBS Video, 1320 Braddock Place, Alexandria, VA 22314-1698.

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APRIL 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 Enjoy 1991 with us!

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