Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series 138
EXERCISE INDIAN OCEAN WAVE 18 An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communications Exercise
4–5 September 2018
Volume 2 Exercise Report
UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series 138
EXERCISE INDIAN OCEAN WAVE 18 An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communications Exercise
4–5 September 2018
Volume 2 Exercise Report
UNESCO 2019
IOC Technical Series, 138 Vol.2 Perth, Month 2019 English only
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.
For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows: UNESCO/IOC. 2019. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 18. An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communications Exercise, 4–5 September 2018. Volume 2: Exercise Report. Perth, UNESCO, IOC Technical Series No. 138.
Prepared by the Exercise IOWave18 Task Team for the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System.
UNESCO 2019
(IOC/2019/TS/138 Vol.2)
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Page (i)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Executive Summary ...... (V) 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 EXERCISE CONDUCT AND PARTICIPATION ...... 1
2. EXERCISE OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS ...... 3 2.1 OBJECTIVE 1 – TSUNAMI SERVICE PROVIDER MESSAGE DISSEMINATION...... 3 2.1.1 Objective 1: Results ...... 3 2.1.1.1Timeliness of the Message Dissemination ...... 3 2.1.1.2Reception of TSP Notification Messages ...... 4 2.1.1.3Comparison with Previous Exercise and Tests – Message Delivery ...... 5 2.1.2 Objective 1: Issues for follow-up ...... 5 2.2 OBJECTIVE 2 – NTWC ACCESS TO TSP WEBSITES AND USE OF TSP INFORMATION ...... 6 2.2.1 Objective 2: Results ...... 6 2.2.2 TSP Web Access ...... 7 2.2.2.1Comparison with Previous Exercises and Tests – Web Access ...... 7 2.2.2.2TSP Products Used to Formulate National Warnings ...... 8 2.2.3 Objective 2: Issues for follow-up ...... 8 2.3 OBJECTIVE 3 – NTWC NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING STATUS REPORTING ...... 10 2.3.1 Objective 3: Results ...... 10 2.3.2 Objective 3: Issues for follow-up ...... 10 2.4 OBJECTIVE 4 – PROCEDURES FOR TSUNAMI WARNING DISSEMINATION...... 10 2.4.1 Objective 4: Results ...... 11 2.4.2 Objective 4: Issues identifed for follow-up by participating countries ...... 14 2.5 OBJECTIVE 5 – PROCESSES FOR PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES, ORDERING EVACUATONS AND ISSUING ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES...... 14 2.5.1 Objective 5: Results ...... 14 2.5.2 Objective 5: Issues for follow-up ...... 16 2.6 OBJECTIVE 6 – COMMUNITY AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ...... 17 2.6.1 Objective 6: Results ...... 17
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2.6.1.1Pre-exercise preparedness activities ...... 17 2.6.1.2Pre-exercise activity support ...... 18 2.6.1.3Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready ...... 18 2.6.1.4Community Evacuations ...... 18 2.6.1.5Improvements for future tsunami exercises ...... 25 2.6.2 Objective 6: Issues for follow-up ...... 26 3. OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE EXERCISE ...... 27 4. COUNTRY REPORTS ON COMMUNITY EVACUATIONS ...... 28 4.1 AUSTRALIA ...... 29 4.2 INDIA ...... 30 4.3 INDONESIA ...... 31 4.4 IRAN ...... 32 4.5 KENYA ...... 33 4.6 MAURITIUS ...... 34 4.7 OMAN ...... 35 4.8 PAKISTAN ...... 36 4.9 SEYCHELLES ...... 37 4.10 TANZANIA ...... 38 4.11 THAILAND ...... 39 4.12 TIMOR-LESTE ...... 40
5. OBSERVER REPORTS ...... 41 5.1 IRAN ...... 41 5.2 SEYCHELLES ...... 41 5.3 SRI LANKA ...... 41
6. LESSONS LEARNT WORKSHOP ON COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AT THE INDIAN OCEAN WAVE EXERCISE 2018 ...... 42 6.1 LESSONS LEARNT FROM IOWAVE18 COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES ...... 43 6.1.1 IOWave Task Team, Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre and ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat...... 43 6.1.1.1Policy ...... 43 6.1.1.2Preparations ...... 43 6.1.1.3Exercise Scenarios and Timing ...... 44 6.1.1.4Training Workshops ...... 44 6.1.1.5Observers and Exchange Programme ...... 44 6.1.2 National Tsunami Warning Centers and Disaster Management Organizations ...... 44 6.1.2.1Policy ...... 44 6.1.2.2Preparations ...... 45
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6.1.2.3Training Workshops ...... 45 6.1.3 Exercise Communication ...... 45 6.1.3.1Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center and ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat ...... 45 6.1.3.2Member States ...... 46
6.2 LESSONS LEARNT FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI READY (IOTR) PROGRAMME ...... 46 6.2.1 Challenges in implementing Tsunami Ready ...... 46 6.2.2 External Support needed to implement Tsunami Ready ...... 46 6.2.3 Tsunami Ready Recognition ...... 46
7. REFERENCES ...... 47
ANNEXES I. NATIONAL EXERCISE CONTACTS
II. MEMBER STATE PARTICIPATION
III. TYPES OF EXERCISES CONDUCTED
IV. NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTRES
V. TIMELINESS OF TSP NOTIFICATION DELIVERY MEDIUMS
VI. TSP MESSAGES RECEIVED FROM NTWCs
VII. TSP EXCHANGE PRODUCTS ACCESSED BY NTWCs
VIII. TSUNAMI THREAT INFORMATION FROM TSP WEBSITES USED BY NTWCs TO PRODUCE NATIONAL WARNINGS
IX. NTWC NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING STATUS REPORTS TO TSPS
X. TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO LOCAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION – PROVINCIAL (LDMO-P)
XI. TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO LOCAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION – COMMUNITY (LDMO-C)
XII. TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO MEDIA
XIII. TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO PUBLIC
XIV. MEDIA PARTICIPATION
XV. ISSUING OF PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES, EVACUATION ORDERS AND ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES
XVI. PUBLIC SAFETY MESSSAGES
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XVII. EVACUATION ORDERS
XVIII. ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES
XIX. PRE-EXERCISE COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS ACTIVIITIES
XX. GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO THE EXERCISE
XXI. INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI READY INDICATORS
XXII. METHODS USED TO NOTIFY COMMUNITIES OF THE EVACUATION ORDER
XXIII. PEOPLE WHO EVACUATED
XXIV. IMPROVEMENTS FOR FUTURE EVACUATIONS
XXV. GENERAL QUESTIONS
XXVI. IN-COUNTRY BENEFITS OF THE EXERCISES
XXVII. IMPROVEMENTS FOR FUTURE EXERCISES
XXVIII. OBSERVER’S REPORT – IRAN
XXIX. OBSERVER’S REPORT – SEYCHELLES
XXX. OBSERVER’S REPORT – SRI LANKA
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Page (v)
Executive Summary
The Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004 was one of the most devastating natural disasters ever, in which over 230,000 people were killed and more than 1 million people were displaced. Recognising the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean region, the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) was set up in 2005 as a subsidiary body of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), with the purpose of establishing a tsunami early warning and mitigation system to cater to the needs of member countries in the Indian Ocean region. At that time, arrangements were also put in place for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) in Tokyo to commence provision of an Interim Advisory Service (IAS) for the Indian Ocean, pending the establishment of the IOTWMS.
The Tsunami Service Providers (TSPs) of Australia, India and Indonesia commenced providing service for the Indian Ocean on 12 October 2011, coincident with Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 11 (IOWave11, IOC/2013/TS/99). From 31 March 2013, the TSPs of Australia, India and Indonesia assumed full operational responsibility and the IAS provided by PTWC and JMA ceased. The full-capacity IOTWMS system was exercised during IOWave14 (IOC/2015/TS/113Vol. 1 and Vol. 2) and again during IOWave16 (IOC/2016/TS/128Vol.1 and Vol.2) when all 24 active Member States participated, 12 of them exercising further down to the community level with about 60,000 people participating in the evacuation drills.
The IOTWMS works as a “system of systems” with 3 TSPs generating tsunami advisory products simultaneously and making them available to the National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWCs) of the Indian Ocean countries. It remains the responsibility of NTWCs to issue tsunami warnings for their countries. The tsunami warning centres of Australia, India and Indonesia have built up their capabilities for provision of Indian Ocean-wide tsunami advice and are the designated TSPs for the Indian Ocean region. The ICG/IOTWMS also focuses on enhancing the capacities of the NTWCs to modify their Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to handle the products being generated by the TSPs.
Continuing with the regular ocean-wide exercises about once every two years, the Eleventh session of the ICG/IOTWMS (ICG/IOTWMS-XI/3) held from 18 to 20 April 2017 in Putrajaya, Malaysia, agreed to conduct the Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 18 (IOWave18, IOC/2018/TS/138Vol.1) on 4 and 5 September 2018. The exercise was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the IOTWMS and its operational TSPs, NTWCs, and Disaster Management Organizations (DMOs), in responding to potentially destructive tsunamis. It also provided an opportunity for Indian Ocean countries to test their communication methods and review their SOPs, tsunami emergency response plans and tsunami emergency preparedness. The exercise was successful with 3 designated TSPs and all of the 24 active Member States participating.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready (IOTR) guidelines, in conjunction with the IOWave18 exercise, provided a mechanism for increasing community preparedness for tsunamis. During IOWave18, IOTR was piloted in 6 coastal communities in India and 1 in Oman. An additional 8 Member States have assessed their tsunami preparedness against the IOTR indicators as part of the IOWave18 evaluation. Eleven countries conducted community evacuations involving around 116,000 participants including India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Thailand. International observers were deployed to both Iran and Sri Lanka.
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The exercise highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of the IOTWMS, identified areas requiring further attention, and provided a benchmark of the present status of the system. All 24 active Member States provided feedback via a post-exercise survey questionnaire.
The objectives of the exercise were to:
1. Validate the dissemination by TSPs of Tsunami Bulletin Notification Messages to NTWCs via Tsunami Warning Focal Points (TWFPs) of Indian Ocean countries and the reception by NTWCs of the TSP messages.
2. Validate the access by NTWCs to the tsunami bulletins and other products on the TSP websites, and the use of that information for the production of national warnings.
3. Validate the reporting by NTWCs to the TSPs of their National Tsunami Warning Status.
4. Validate the SOPs within countries for generating and disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public.
5. Validate the SOPs within countries for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and where possible issuing all-clear messages.
6. Validate the level of community awareness, preparedness and response.
Key Findings
Exercise Participation
Exercise IOWave18 comprised, for the third time in Indian Ocean exercises, two earthquake scenarios on successive days. All 24 IOTWMS Member States participated in either one or both IOWave18 scenarios. Ten Member States participated in only the Makran scenario on day 1 and 11 Member States participated in only the Sunda scenario on day 2. Five Member States participated in both scenarios.
Nineteen countries (79%) included national disaster management organizations in the exercise; 18 countries (75%) included local disaster management organizations; twelve (12) countries involved the community but not necessarily in evacuations (50%); eleven (11) countries (46%) conducted public evacuation drills and ten (10) counties (42%) had media representatives participate. In total, over 116,000 people were evacuated during IOWave18 with 104,000 of these being in India. This was 56,000 more people than evacuated during IOWave16. At least 7 participating communities piloted Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready (IOTR) during the Exercising including six communities in India and one community in Oman.
Objectives 1–3: Communications, Access to Information, Status Reporting
Dissemination of TSP messages to NTWCs by email, GTS (the World Meteorological Organization [WMO] Global Telecommunications System) and SMS was very successful, with average message reception rates of 91% in both scenarios for email, 82% for GTS and 83% for SMS. The dissemination rate by fax was lower with the average of 36% for the Makran scenario and 43% for the Sunda scenario. These results are improvement over those achieved in the 6-monthly IOTWMS Communication Tests and in previous IOWave exercises of IOWave14 and IOWave16.
Access rates to the tsunami threat information on TSP websites by NTWCs across both scenarios remain high. In the Makran scenario, the average access rate was 70% across all
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Page (vii) types of TSP products. In the Sunda scenario, the average access rate was much higher at 88% and was quite uniform across different products from Bulletins to Maps.
On the survey question of whether the TSP information was used by NTWCs in formulating their respective national warnings, all TSP products were found useful. Among the most used are the Predicted Max Wave Amplitudes, Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels, the first wave (T1) Predicted Arrival Time, and Tsunami Wave Observations.
On the question of warning status reporting by NTWCs, it is encouraging to see an average of 78% NTWCs having provided at least one warning status report to TSPs across both scenarios. The average reporting rate was 64% in the Makran scenario and 91% in the Sunda scenario. The warning status was displayed for the first time on the interactive map at the TSP Australia webpage www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/iotwms, which was launched just prior to the exercise.
Objectives 4–5: Procedures for Tsunami Warning Dissemination, Public Safety Messages, Ordering Evacuations, and Issuing All-Clear Messages
Responsible agencies for tsunami warning dissemination to national and local Disaster Management Organizations, the media and public were reported to be in place in most IOTWMS Member States. The responsible agencies vary among Member States, particularly in regard to public notification where varied and redundant channels include the NTWC, national and local DMO and media. Messages are largely disseminated via multiple delivery methods. The most utilised methods of message dissemination to DMOs are email, SMS, phone, fax and webpage. The most utilised methods of message dissemination to the media and public are social media, television and radio.
All reporting Member States involved the Media in IOWave18. This ranged from the conventional public television, press and radio through to social media such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. In roughly half of the reporting Member States, the media provided event coverage, information on the schedule of events, pre-exercise tsunami awareness and tsunami threat information. Of the reporting Member States 75% found the information broadcast by the media useful.
Public safety messages, evacuation orders and all-clear messages were issued by 53%, 53% and 85% of reporting IOTWMS Member States respectively. The most utilised methods for message delivery were telephone, email, fax, public radio and SMS. Most countries (89%) reported that there were no communication problems in the delivery of public safety messages, evacuation orders and all-clear messages.
Objective 6: Community Awareness, Preparedness and Response
Pre-exercise preparedness activities had been held in 65% of reporting IOTWMS Member States and pre-exercise government support had been provided in 83% of Member States. The most common preparedness activities included tsunami exercise, community education seminars and participatory evacuation planning. Other less common preparedness initiatives included tsunami education in schools, evacuation maps, evacuation signage and shelter facilities. The most common supported activities are tsunami inudation mapping, evacuation route mapping and hazard mapping. There is limited support for tsunami signage and vertical evacuation shelters.
During IOWave18, 6 communities in Odisha State of India and the community of AlSawadi AlSahail in Oman pilotted Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready (IOTR) during the Exercise and 10 Member States assessed their preparedness against the eleven indicators of IOTR. In general, the IOTR indicators relating to the upstream National Tsunami Warning Centre
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Page (viii) components were found to be the most advanced while the downstream components relating to the community were found to be the least advanced.
During the Exercise, nearly 116,000 community members evacuated in 11 Member States including India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Thailand. Methods of notifying community members of the evacuation most commonly included sirens, public announcements, door-to-door notification, evacuation time set prior to the exercise, mobile phone/social media, radio/television, police, and warning towers. The people who evacuated during IOWave18 were mainly businesses, beachgoers, boat users and home residents.
Member States suggested several improvements for future tsunami evacuations including: increasing public awareness and preparedness (e.g. more community programmes); providing training to the public and community leaders; better defined stakeholder roles, responsibilities and standard operating procedures; having designated nodal officers in each department to oversee Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities; capacity building at the departmental level to refine SOPs; integration of DRR activities in the departmental action plans; improved communication amongst stakeholders; establishing evacuation signage, maps, routes and shelters; having a community shelter plan in place; conducting regular tsunami drills; increasing participation in the evacuation exercise; giving organisational (i.e. Disater Management Organization) legal responsibility to hold evacuation exercises; and allowing the community and local organisations to manage their training in a systematic manner.
Exercise Conduct
In order to assess the overall success of the exercise planning, organisation and conduct, Member States ranked activities of the IOWave18 Task Team from 4 (extremely good), 3 (very good), 2 (good) to 1 (poor). Exercise planning and communication with Member States including timeliness and usefulness of information provided by the ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat was assessed at 3.6. Exercise documenation including manual, websites, and bulletins was assessed at 3.7. Exercise format and style including real-time operation and exercise messages similar to real those in a real event was ranked at 3.5. The Exercise evaluation was assessed at 3.3. As all activities were assessed between very good and extremely good (3–4) the conduct of IOWave18 is considered to be successful.
Reported Benefits and Suggested Enhancements for Future Exercises
Member States listed many benefits from the exercise including: improved preparedness for real earthquakes and tsunami events; created, tested and refined SOPs; tested communication chains; involved and prepared key stakeholders, agencies, media and communities; increased communication between related organisations; enhanced awareness, training and eduction; trialed the new TSP Australia Public Webpage; and identified areas for future work toward end-to-end tsunami preparedness.
Member States also suggested improvements for future exercises including: apply lessons learnt from the exercise; increase stakeholder and agency involvement; automate warning issued process wherever possible; set Exercise dates at least 12 months ahead to assist agency planning; provide ad-hoc (not pre-determined) bulletins; involve more communities and increase the geographic scope; train community leaders; more awareness and training on local (near) source events; focus exercises on implementation and evaluation of Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready indicators in more communities; conduct IOWave and PacWave exercises in alternative years; and hold excercises in the months of the year when schools are open.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Overall 38% of the world's population live within 100 km of the coast or estuaries and these coastal communities are directly exposed to threats from natural disasters such as cyclones, storm surges, coastal erosion, and tsunamis. Though tsunamis are infrequent, the death toll from tsunamis is huge compared with other natural disasters. The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami resulted in disastrous loss of life and property. Around 230,000 people died with the highest death toll in Indonesia, which was near the tsunami source. Casualties were also reported in countries as far away as Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya. The 11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan tsunami, which is believed to be the most costly natural disaster in the world, resulted in some 20,000 people dead or missing and US$210 billion of economic damage (estimated by Japan's Cabinet Office and Reconstruction Agency and reported by the World Bank, 2012). The recent tsunamis in Palu (28 September 2018) and Sunda Strait of Indonesia (22 December 2018) once again remind us of the near-field challenges facing the tsunami warning community.
The major challenge with tsunamis is that they are infrequent, which requires great persistence in sustaining the process of capacity building and preparedness. Because of this infrequency, instruction through mock tsunami drills is the best way to train coastal communities to prepare for devastating actual events. A very high level of public awareness is essential, especially in the regions which are close to tsunami source locations. These communities need to be trained to act on their knowledge of natural signs plus awareness acquired through tsunami drills, rather than waiting for warnings from local officials. This situational awareness and ability to respond quickly is best achieved through pre-event education and mock drills. The drills not only educate the public on natural signs but also on: where they would receive the official warnings, by which means, what those warnings indicate, how to understand them, and what they need to do in response.
In order to provide tsunami-prone communities a framework in which to prepare for tsunami events, the Tsunami Ready programme is being implemented in the global ocean basins. During Exercise IOWave18, Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready (IOTR) was piloted with communities aligning their awareness and preparedness initiatives to the eleven IOTR indicators. This is an initial step toward the renewed downstream community focus of the IOTWMS, following the International Conference to Commemorate the 10th anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Notably, the Indian Ocean is indeed much safer against the threat of tsunami than it was in 2004 but can never be completely safe due to the nature of the hazard. Hence, it is important that coastal communities remain ready to respond to the threat.
1.1 BACKGROUND
During the Eleventh session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS-XI/3) held in Putrajaya, Malaysia, from 18 to 20 April 2017, it was decided to conduct an Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise (IOWave18) during the second half of 2018. A Task Team was established to organise it, with membership comprising Australia, India, Indonesia and Oman. Keeping in view the major tsunamigenic earthquakes in the last few years, the readiness of the end-to-end IOTWMS System was tested thoroughly through this tsunami exercise.
1.2 EXERCISE CONDUCT AND PARTICIPATION
Exercise IOWave18 (IOC/2018/TS/138Vol.1) was conducted on 4 and 5 September 2018. All twenty four (24) active IOTWMS Member States participated. The participating Member States were: National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWCs): Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France (Indian Ocean Territories), India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 page 2
Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor Leste and Yemen. Tsunami Service Providers (also NTWCs for their own country): Australia, India and Indonesia.
Each Member State nominated a National Exercise Contact who was expected to confirm the accuracy of existing tsunami warning arrangements within their country, including the identification of operational points of contact for receipt and dissemination of tsunami warnings downstream from the NTWC. The designated National Contact was also responsible for coordinating input to the exercise evaluation. The details of the IOTWMS National Exercise Contacts for IOWave18 are contained in ANNEX I.
Exercise IOWave18 comprised, for the second time in Indian Ocean exercises, two earthquake scenarios conducted on successive days, 4 and 5 September, with each scenario run in real- time. The scenario details are given in Table 1.
Scenario 1 – Makran Trench Scenario 2 – Sunda Trench Date: Tuesday 4 September 2018 Date: Wednesday 5 September 2018
Time: 0600 UTC Time: 0300 UTC
Magnitude: 9.0 Mw Magnitude: 9.3 Mw
Depth: 10 km Depth: 10 km
Latitude: 24.8 N Latitude: 3.3 N
Longitude: 58.2 E Longitude: 96.0 E
Location: Off Coast of Iran Location: Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Table 1.Earthquake parameters for the Makran scenario and the Sunda scenario.
Fourteen (14) ICG/IOTWMS Member States participated in the Makran scenario and sixteen (16) participated in the Sunda scenario (Error! Reference source not found., Table 1).
Makran scenario participants: Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles and Yemen.
Sunda scenario participants: Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France (Indian Ocean Territories), India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor Leste.
All twenty-four countries exercised their tsunami warning and mitigation SOPs to varying degrees. Nineteen countries (79%) involved national disaster management organizations; 18 countries (75%) involved local disaster management organisations; 10 countries (42%) had media representative participate; and 11 countries (46%) conducted public evacuation drills. The level of Member State participation in IOWave18 is provided in Error! Reference source n ot found. (Table 2). In total, nearly 116,000 people evacuated during IOWave18 with 104,000 of these evacuation being carried out in India.
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Member States reported on the type of exercise(s) conducted. Out of the 24 participating Member States, 14 (58%) conducted table top exercises, 9 (38%) conducted orientation exercises, 9 (38%) conducted functional exercises, 8 (33%) conducted drills, and 5 (21%) conducted full scale exercises. The types of exercise conducted in each Member State are detailed in Error! Reference source not found..
Following the exercise, Member States were asked to complete an online survey questionnaire describing their participation in the exercise. The 12 Member States who conducted community evacuation were also asked to provide a summary capturing the details of community participation. Moreover, international observers were deployed to Iran and Sri Lanka to provide independent observations of the exercise. A lessons-learnt workshop on community participation in IOWave18 was held from 15 to 17 November 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesia. The IOWave18 Exercise Report is a compilation of these results.
2. EXERCISE OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS
2.1 OBJECTIVE 1 – TSUNAMI SERVICE PROVIDER MESSAGE DISSEMINATION
Objective 1: Validate the dissemination by TSPs of Tsunami Bulletin Notification Messages to NTWCs via Tsunami Warning Focal Points (TWFPs) of Indian Ocean countries and the reception by NTWCs of the TSP messages.
2.1.1 Objective 1: Results
2.1.1.1 Timeliness of the Message Dissemination
The first part of the objective was assessed by asking NTWCs if the notification messages issued by the TSPs were timely for them to carry out their warning response SOPs. Table 2 summarises the NTWC responses for each exercise scenario. The NTWCs for each Member State are contained in Annex IV.
Makran Scenario (out of total 11 responses) IOTWS-TSP Email GTS SMS Fax Australia 100% 80% 73% 40% India 91% 80% 100% 60% Indonesia 82% 82% 80% 9% Average 91% 81% 84% 36% Sunda Scenario (out of total 11 responses) IOTWS-TSP Email GTS SMS Fax Australia 100% 80% 73% 40% India 91% 80% 100% 60% Indonesia 82% 90% 70% 30% Average 91% 83% 81% 43%
Table 2. NTWC reporting of the percentage of TSP notification messages that were received in a timely manner, for each scenario.
In both scenarios the order of the timeliness of TSP messages delivered to NTWCs for performing their warning response was (from most timely to least timely): Email, GTS, SMS, Fax. Note very little difference between GTS and SMS in the timeliness, all above 80%.
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For details of the above survey results, refer to ANNEX V – Timeliness of TSP Notification Delivery Mediums.
2.1.1.2 Reception of TSP Notification Messages
The second part of Objective 1 was to assess the success rate of NTWCs in receiving TSP notification messages for each delivery method.
The percentages of NTWCs receiving each TSP notification message are presented in Table 3 for all arrivals regardless of when they were received and for arrivals within 15 minutes of TSP messages being issued. For details, refer to ANNEX VI – TSP Messages Received from NTWCs.
Makran Scenario – Messages received anytime IOTWMS-TSP (within 15 minutes) Email GTS SMS Fax 81% 80% 57% Australia 82% (82%) (81%) (80%) (44%) 90% 90% 66% India 100% (100%) (90%) (90%) (60%) 82% 80% 15% Indonesia 82% (79%) (82%) (76%) (14%) 84% 83% 46% Average 88% (87%) (84%) (82%) (39%) Sunda Scenario – Messages received anytime IOTWMS-TSP (within 15 minutes) Email GTS SMS Fax 83% 72% 57% Australia 91% (91%) (81%) (72%) (48%) 81% 95% 63% India 92% (92%) (79%) (95%) (56%) 79% 65% 31% Indonesia 87% (73%) (75%) (64%) (30%) 81% 78% 50% Average 90% (85%) (78%) (77%) (45%)
Table 3. Percentage of TSP notification messages reported as received by NTWCs for each scenario. Messages received at any time are indicated in bold font and messages received within 15 minutes of being issued are shown in parentheses.
Email was found to be the most effective method of communication to receive the TSP notification messages with average reception rates of 88% and 90% for the two scenarios, followed closely by GTS and SMS, while Fax is less effecitve out of all four communication methods. Additional points concerning email reception: There was little difference in the reception rates for messages received during the Makran and Sunda scenarios. There was little difference in the reception rate between messages received at any time and those received within 15 minutes of issue, indicating that most email messages were received within 15 minutes of issue.
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There was little difference in the email reception rates for messages from the three TSP during the Sunda scenario while TSP India had a significantly higher reception rate (100%) during the Makran scenario.
GTS was the second-most effective method of communication with average reception rates for the two scenarios of 84% and 81%. SMS was the next most effective method with average reception rates of 83% and 78%. The GTS and SMS reception rates were similar in each scenario and most messages were received within 15 minutes. TSP India achieved higher GTS and SMS reception rates during the Makran scenario and higher SMS reception rates during the Sunda scenario compared with the other TSPs.
Fax had the lowest reception rate of all four delivery methods, as in almost all previous Communications Tests and IOWave exercises. In addition, the rates of receiving fax messages within 15 minutes of issue were generally lower than those of receiving messages anytime, indicating many fax messages were not received in a timely manner.
2.1.1.3 Comparison with Previous Exercise and Tests – Message Delivery
The above findings of the relative strength of each delivery method showed encouraging improvement trend across the past exercises and communication tests, particularly with regard to the SMS delivery method.
Figure 1 below shows the TSP to NTWC message delivery success rates in this exercise compared with IOWave11, IOWave14, IOWave16, IOWave18 and the regular 6-monthly IOTWMS communications tests.
Figure 1. TSP to NTWC message delivery success rates in this exercise of IOWave18 compared with those of IOWave11, IOWave14, IOWave16 and regular IOTWMS communication tests. Figures are the average delivery rates for each medium across all TSPs (and across both scenarios for IOWave14, IOWave16 and IOWave18).
2.1.2 Objective 1: Issues for follow-up
Email Delivery TSP Australia: Investigate why Mozambique did not receive any of their emails, and why Madagascar, Thailand and Timor-Leste did not receive some of their emails. TSP India: Investigate why Thailand and Timor-Leste did not receive some of their emails.
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TSP Indonesia: Investigate why Iran, Mozambique and Timor-Leste did not receive any of their emails, and why Thailand, South Africa, Malaysia and Comoros did not receive some of their emails.
GTS Delivery TSP Australia: Investigate why Iran, Mozambique and Madagascar did not receive their GTS messages at all, and why Oman, Thailand and Timor-Leste did not receive some of their GTS messages. TSP India: Investigate why Iran and Madagascar did not receive their GTS messages at all, and why Pakistan and Thailand did not receive some of their GTS messages. TSP Indonesia: Investigate why Iran, Mozambique and Madagascar did not receive their GTS messages at all, and why Comoros, Thailand and Timor-Leste did not receive some of their GTS messages.
SMS Delivery TSP Australia: Investigate why Mauritius, Mozambique, Comoros, South Africa and Timor-Leste did not receive any of their SMS messages, and why Indonesia and Thailand did not receive some of their SMS messages. TSP India: Investigate why Oman, Comoros, South Africa and Timor-Leste did not receive any of their SMS messages, and why Mauritius and Thailand did not receive some of their SMS messages. TSP Indonesia: Investigate why India, Kenya, Mozambique, Comoros and Madagascar did not receive any of their SMS messages, and why Thailand and Timor-Leste did not receive some of their SMS messages.
Fax Delivery TSP Australia: Investigate why Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Comoros, South Africa and Timor-Leste did not receive their fax messages, and why India, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan and Thailand did not receive some of their fax messages. TSP India: Investigate why Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Comoros, South Africa, and Timor-Leste did not receive their fax messages, and why Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan and Thailand did not receive some of their fax messages. TSP Indonesia: Investigate why all participating countries with the exception of Tanzania did not receive some or all of their fax messages.
2.2 OBJECTIVE 2 – NTWC ACCESS TO TSP WEBSITES AND USE OF TSP INFORMATION
Objective 2: Validate the access by NTWCs to the tsunami bulletins and other products on the TSP websites, and the use of that information for the production of national warnings.
2.2.1 Objective 2: Results
This objective has two parts. The first part is about whether NTWC can access each TSP website, and which particular information or products was accessed. The second part is about whether a NTWC used TSP tsunami threat information in the production of their national warnings, and which particular products were used.
Detailed feedback from each country can be found in
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ANNEX VII – TSP Exchange Products Accessed By NTWCs, and ANNEX VIII – Tsunami Threat Information from TSP Websites used by NTWCs to Produce National Warnings.
2.2.2 TSP Web Access
A summary of NTWC responses to the questions on web access is provided below in Table 4.
In the Makran scenario, Mozambique was unable to access any TSP websites due to technical issues. Otherwise, all participating countries were able to access the TSP sites. Malaysia chose only to access TSP India's website while Australia did not make use of any TSP products since it used its own independent threat assessment capabilities during the exercise.
Total Number of countries 11 11 that answered the survey question
TSP Exchange Product Viewed Makran scenario Sunda scenario Bulletins 73% 90% Coastal Zone Threat Map 64% 90% TSP-Australia Threat Table 64% 90% Maximum Amplitude Map 64% 90% Tsunami Travel Time Map 64% 90% Bulletins 82% 91% Coastal Zone Threat Map 82% 91% TSP-India Threat Table 73% 91% Maximum Amplitude Map 82% 91% Tsunami Travel Time Map 82% 91% Bulletins 73% 90% Coastal Zone Threat Map 64% 80% TSP-Indonesia Threat Table 64% 80% Maximum Amplitude Map 64% 80% Tsunami Travel Time Map 64% 80%
Table 4. Percentage of NTWCs who viewed each TSP product type for each scenario
Most countries did not make use of other TSP exchange products (e.g. Spatial Files) on the password protected websites. However, TSP India reported using its own products while TSP Indonesia used its own android mobile to display KMZ SSHMax files in Google Earth.
2.2.2.1 Comparison with Previous Exercises and Tests – Web Access
The average web access rate by considering the statistics for bulletins is 90% (based on the feedback of 10 Member States per scenario and not including Australia who has their own system for producing Australia tsunami warnings; ANNEX VII and ANNEX VIII). This is on par with the access rates achieved in previous exercises and IOTWMS communication tests (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Percentage (or Rate) of NTWCs accessing TSP websites (blue line) and reporting warning status to TSPs (red line) in IOWave18 compared with IOWave11, IOWave14, IOWave16 and 6-monthly IOTWMS communication tests. The rates for IOWave18, IOWave16 and IOWave14 are averaged across the two exercise scenarios.
2.2.2.2 TSP Products Used to Formulate National Warnings
A summary of NTWC responses to this question is given in Table 5 below. Australia, Iran and Oman did not use the threat information from the TSP websites to produce their national warnings since they possess independent threat assessment capabilities for the exercise scenarios. Malaysia did not use the TSP websites since it only tested communications while there was no tsunami threat to Singapore which consequently did not produce national warnings.
In this exercise all threat assessment information provided by TSPs was used by many NTWCs in formulating their own warnings. Among the most used are the Predicted Max Wave Amplitudes, Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels, the first wave (T1) Predicted Arrival Time, and Tsunami Wave Observations.
2.2.3 Objective 2: Issues for follow-up
Secretariat to check with Mozambique if they routinely have issues with accessing the websites of the three TSPs. Sunda Makran Scenario Scenario TSP TSP Tsunami Threat Information (7 NTWCs (8 NTWCs reporting) reporting) Tsunami Wave Observations 57% 71% TSP- T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 57% 43% Australia
T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 86%
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Sunda Makran Scenario Scenario TSP TSP Tsunami Threat Information (7 NTWCs (8 NTWCs reporting) reporting) T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 43%
T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 57%
Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 57% 86%
Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 57% 86%
Other 14% 14%
Tsunami Wave Observations 100% 86%
T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 100% 43%
T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% 86%
T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% 43% TSP-India T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% 71%
Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 100% 86%
Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 100% 86%
Other 29% 29%
Tsunami Wave Observations 57% 57%
T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 57% 29%
T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 43%
TSP- T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 29% Indonesia T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% 43%
Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 57% 43%
Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 57% 43%
Other 14% 14%
Table 5. Percentage of NTWCs using TSP tsunami threat information to formulate national warnings in each scenario. The figures exclude those 3 NTWCs who were testing their own independent threat assessment capabilities in this exercise and the 2 NTWCs who did not need to use any threat assessment information to formulate national warnings.
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2.3 OBJECTIVE 3 – NTWC NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING STATUS REPORTING
Objective 3: Validate the reporting by NTWCs to the TSPs of their National Tsunami Warning Status.
2.3.1 Objective 3: Results
Details of the revelant survey results can be found in ANNEX IX – NTWC National Tsunami Warning Status Reports to TSPs.
The NTWC warning status reporting rates of 64% (Makran) and 91% (Sunda) produced an overall exercise average of 77%, which is on par with that of IOWave14 and IOWave16 and higher than those of the communication tests between the two exercises (see red curve on Figure 2).
It is worth noting that TSP Australia's public webpage www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/iotwms was launched in time for IOWave18 to display those NTWC's warning status reports on the interactive global map.
Reasons for no reporting are below, which occurred predominantly in the Makran Scenario: Kenya was assumed to be a drill situation; Maldives only tested its communication; Mozambique cited the lack of information as the reason for not reporting; Oman was busy in operation but will make the reporting in their future procedures; Timor-Leste cited the bandwidth issue as the reason for not reporting.
The number of status reports that each NTWC provided to TSPs has been diverse. The same phenomenon has also been observed in previous exercises. While some NTWCs only reported once, countries like India, Indonesia and Maldives reported at least 14 times in each scenario in synchonisation with the number of warning updates they produced for their respective countries. So clearly there is a consistency issue there.
The timing of reporting their warning status also varied a lot from country to country. This variation may be related to the different timing of warnings being issued by each country but it could also be due to some NTWCs not reporting immediately following their warning release.
2.3.2 Objective 3: Issues for follow-up
ICG/IOTWMS continues to stress the importance of such warning status reporting by NTWCs for the overall effectiveness of the IOTWMS system
IOTWMS Regional SOP training workshops provides consistent training on when and how often for NTWCs to report their warning status to TSPs. The general principle is to report immediately after the first advice for your country, and then report whenever there is a change in that advice till the advice is lifted or cancelled.
2.4 OBJECTIVE 4 – PROCEDURES FOR TSUNAMI WARNING DISSEMINATION
Objective 4: Validate the SOPs within countries for generating and disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public.
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2.4.1 Objective 4: Results
This objective was assessed by confirming the generation and dissemination of tsunami warnings and information to five key recipients in each Member State: 1. National Disaster Management Organization (NDMO), 2. Local Disaster Management Organization – Provincial/Regional (LDMO-P), 3. Local Disaster Management Organization – City/District (LDMO-C), 4. Media, 5. Public.
Nineteen Member States completed the online questionnaire for Objective 4. Each Member State reported on the agency that sends tsunami warning and information messages to each recepient, the number of messages sent, the time the first and last messages were sent, the method(s) of delivery, and the timeliness of the messages.
The reported responsible agencies for the generation/dissemination of tsunami warnings and information to downstream users are as follows:
All Member States reported that the NTWC is responsible for the generation and dissemination of tsunami warnings to the NDMO. In contrast, the disseminating of tsunami warnings downstream to the LDMO-P is the responsibility of either the NTWC or the NDMO. Disseminating tsunami warnings to the LDMO-C is the responsibility of either the NTWC, the NDMO or the LDMO-P. Tsunami warning notifications to the media are largely the responsibility of the NTWC and to a lesser extent the NDMO; the LDMO-P and LDMO-C play a minimal role. Messages to the public are disseminated through varied and often mixed channels including via the NTWC, NDMO, LDMO, LDMO-P, LDMO-C and media.
Figure 3 and Table 6 illustrate the division of responsibility for generation and dissemination of tsunami warning and information messages. The details of responsibility for each Member State are provided in Annex X through Annex XIII.
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Figure 3. Responsible Agencies for Dissemination of Tsunami Warnings and Information to Disaster Response Agencies, Media and the Public. The right-hand-side list corresponds to the sender(s) of the message.
Recipient NDMO LDMO-P LDMO-C Media Public NTWC 100% 61% 39% 54% 26% NDMO 0% 39% 25% 23% 42% LDMO 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% LDMO-P 0% 0% 36% 12% 0% Sender LDMO-C 0% 0% 0% 12% 27% Media 0% 0% 0% 0% 3%
Table 6. Responsible Agencies for Dissemination of Tsuanmi Warnings and Information to Disaster Response Agencies, Media and the Public. The reported percentages represent the relative proportions of messages from the sender to the receipient with 100% being all of the disseminated messages to the recipient.
Although the methods of delivery of the tsunami warnings and information vary somewhat between Member States, overall trends in the delivery methods are apparent. Messages are largely disseminated via multiple delivery methods for redundancy. The most utilised delivery methods are email, SMS, telephone, fax and webpages (in that order), particularly for inter- agency notification. However, social media, television and radio are the preferred communications methods for public notification of tsunami warnings and information to the Media and Public. Furthermore, Indonesia notified that messages are being dessiminated via
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WRS and Timor Leste repored that notification via memos was integral to their table-top exercise (Figure 4).
Notification Methods for Tsunami Warnings and Information 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Email SMS Phone Fax Webpage Social TV Radio WRS Memo Media
NDMO LDMO-P LDMO-C Media Public
Figure 4. Message delivery methods for tsunami warnings and information.
All reporting Member States (100%) agreed that messages to the NTWC, LDMO-P and LDMO- C were received in a timely manner. Nearly all reporting Member States (89% and 88% respectively) agreed that messages to the Media and public were received in a timely manner.
All reporting Member States reported that their SOPs for generating and disseminating tsunami warning in-country preformed very well or well. Nonetheless the exercise did highlight some issues in the SOPs that will be addressed in-country as a follow-up to the IOWave18 Exercise. General feedback was that the higher-level SOPs such as those between the NTWC and DMO functioned well, whereas individual and intra-agency SOPs of downsteam stakeholders need to be created, expanded and/or refined (Annex XVI).
A new focus of the IOWave evaluation for 2018 was Media participation. Most media was found to not have SOPs for tsunami (61% of reporting Member States) with some media having partial SOPs (28% of reporting Member States) and a few media having SOPs for tsuanmi (11% of reporting Member States, specifically Australia and India). Nonetheless the media did play an important role in IOWave18.
All 19 reporting Member States involved media in the IOWave18 Exercise (Annex XIV). This ranged from the conventional public television, press and radio (in respectivly 53%, 47% and 35% of reporting Member States) through to social media such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter (in respectively 41%, 35% and 24% of reporting Member States). The growth in social media platforms continues to influence global communication including the dessimination of tsunami information.
The media participated in IOWave18 both in the lead-up to the Exercise and on the day of the Exercise. In roughly half of the reporting Member States, the media provided event coverage, information on the schedule of events, pre-exercise tsunami awareness and tsunami threat information. In roughly a quarter of the reporting Member States, the media provided tsunami evacuation information, all-clear information and mock interviews.
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75% of the sixteen reporting Member States found the information broadcast by the media useful whereas 19% found the information partially useful and 11% did not find the information to be useful.
2.4.2 Objective 4: Issues identifed for follow-up by participating countries
Rectify any issues found in SOPs during the exercise. Ensure the roles of all participating organizations are clearly defined within both individual and intra-agency SOPs. Develop SOPs for all participating stakeholders and agencies. Media involvement in future exercises and real events could be improved by ensuring they have SOPs if not already, or ensuring SOPs are updated if existing already. Involve media in tsunami awareness trainings and workshops at the national and regional levels. The media could conduct a talk show to raise public awareness [Timor-Leste]. Continue to involve the media in future tsunami exercises.
2.5 OBJECTIVE 5 – PROCESSES FOR PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES, ORDERING EVACUATONS AND ISSUING ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES.
Objective 5: Validate the SOPs within countries for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and where possible issuing all-clear messages.
2.5.1 Objective 5: Results
Objective 5 was assessed by asking Member States if they issued public safety messages, ordered evacuations and issued all-clear messages during IOWave18. Of the 19 reporting Member States, 10 (53%) issued public safety messages, 10 (53%) issued evacuation orders, and 11 (58%) issued all-clear messages (refer to Annex XV). The details of public safety messages, evacuation orders and all-clear messages are contained in Annex XVI, Annex XVII, Annex XVIII, respectively. Details include the name of the issuing agency, the agency type, the message issue time, communication method(s), communication problems, message content, and the reason for issuing the message.
Public safety messages were mostly issued by NTWCs, NDMOs and LDMO-Ps and in a single case by an LDMO-C. Evacuation orders were mostly issued by NTWCs and to a lesser extent by NDMOs, LDMO-Cs and LDMO-Ps in that order. This is a surprising outcome because NTWCs are not normally the authorities to issue evacuation order. This result may be due to the misunderstanding of the survey question which unfortunately allowed for multiple entries. NTWCs and other agencies may be mistaken to have issued the evacuation order even though they were simply passing on the message that an evacuation order has been issued by the country/local authority. All-clear messages were mostly issued by NDMOs and to a lesser extent by NTWCs, LDMO-Ps and LDMO-Cs in that order (refer to Table 7 and Figure 5). Again there should not be more than one agency to issue all-clear messages and NTWCs probably only convey that message rather then themsleves issuing one themselves. Moreover, all-clear message may be mistaken as cancellation or finalisation of a tsunami message, which are very diffent. The survey answers to these questions should be further clarified with the responding countries in question.
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Issuing Agency Public Safety Evacuation All-Clear Type Messages Orders Messages NTWC 33% 40% 24% NDMO 33% 30% 38% LDMO-P 28% 10% 20% LDMO-C 6% 20% 14%
Table 7. Agency types responsible for issuing public safety messages, evacuation orders and all-clear messages during IOWave18.
Figure 5. Agency types responsible for issuing public safety messages, evacuation orders and all-clear messages during IOWave18.
The methods of delivery of the public safety messages, evacuation orders, and all-clear messages vary between Member States (refer to Figure 6). Messages are largely disseminated via multiple delivery methods providing redundancy. The most utilised delivery methods for public safety messages during IOWave18 were email, fax, public radio and telephone. To a slightly lesser extent, social media, television, SMS, and websites are also commonly employed for public safety message delivery.
The most utilised delivery methods for evacuation orders during IOWave18 were fax, public radio, SMS and telephone. Email and websites were also commonly employed for evacuation order delivery and to a lesser extent so were public announcement systems, sirens, television and social media.
The most utilised delivery methods for all-clear messages during IOWave18 were email, telephone and SMS. Fax and television are also commonly employed for all-clear message delivery and to a lesser extent so are public radio, sirens, social media, websites, megaphones and VHF radio.
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Notification Methods 7 Public Safety Messages Evacuation Orders All-Clear Messages
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 6. Notification methods of public safety messages, evacuation orders,and all-clear messages.
Most countries (89%) reported that there were no communication problems during the exercise. No countries reported communications problems while issuing public safety messages. However, one Member State reported communication problems while ordering evacuations and two Member States reported communication probles while issuing all-clear messages (i.e. message delivery failure via fax).
2.5.2 Objective 5: Issues for follow-up
By the participating countries SOPs for public safety messges, evacuation orders and all-clear messages to be developed in all Member States with clearly understood roles and responsibilities of each organization. Communication problems during ordering evacuations to be addressed by Kenya, Pakistan. Communication problems during issuing all-clear messages to be addressed by Iran and Pakistan.
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By the Secretariat Office of ICG/IOTWMS
Follow up with those countries who provided more than one agency responsible for issuing evacuation order and/or all-clear message. Ask them whether they accidentally included in the survey answer those agencies such as NTWCs that simply conveyed that an evacuation order or all-clear message has been issued, rather than themselves being the responsible authorities. Also ask them if they inadvertently mistook cancellation or finalisation of a tsunami warning message as all-clear message.
2.6 OBJECTIVE 6 – COMMUNITY AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
Objective 6: Validate the level of community awareness, preparedness and response.
2.6.1 Objective 6: Results
Objective 6 was assessed by asking each Member State about pre-exercise awareness and preparedness as well as community evacuations during IOWave18.
2.6.1.1 Pre-exercise preparedness activities
Eighteen Member States completed the online questionnaire for Objective 6. Eleven of the responding Member States (65%) reported that pre-exercise preparedneess activities had been held in their countries between the last exercise (IOWave16) and the current exercise (IOWave18). The most common actitvities included tsunam exercise, community education seminars and participatory evacuation planning. Other less common preparedness initiatives included tsunami education in schools, developing evacuation maps, building evacuation signage and shelter facilities. India noted that they also conducted training, workshops and tsunami warning centre visits. Tanzania noted that they also held key stakholder consultative meetings (refer to Figure 8 and Annex XIX).
Figure 8: Pre-exercise preparedness activities reported by Member States
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2.6.1.2 Pre-exercise activity support
Fifteen of the eighteen responding Member States (83%) reported pre-exercise government support in tsunami preparedness initiatives. The most common supported activities are tsunami inudation mapping, evacuation route mapping and hazard mapping. There is limited support for tsunami signage and vertical evacuation shelters. Maldives, Mozambique and Tanzania indicated that there is currently no government support for any tsunami preparedness initiatives (refer to Figure 7 and Annex XX).
Figure 7. Pre-Exercise Government Support for Tsunami Preparedness Initiatives
2.6.1.3 Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready
IOWave18 was a useful opportunity to assess readiness against the Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready indicators (Table 8 and Annex XXI).
Six communities in Odisha State of India including Jayadevkasaba Pahi (Balasore District), Podhuan (Bhadrak District), Tantiapal Sasan (Kendrapara District), Noliasahi (Jagatsinghpur District), Keutajanga (Puri District) and Venkatraipur (Ganjam District) as well as the community of AlSawadi AlSahil in Oman pilotted IOTR during Exercise IOWave18.
2.6.1.4 Community Evacuations
Nearly 116,000 members of Indian Ocean coastal communities partcipated in evacuations during IOWave18, in the following 11 Member States: India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Thailand. Most evacuees were in India, with over 104,000 people partcipating in community evacuations. Table 9 shows the number of community members who participated in evacuations from each of the eleven participating Member States.
India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles and Sri Lanka conducted community evacuations in IOWave18 and also in IOWave16. Tanzania and Thailand conducted community evacuations in IOWave18 while they did not conduct any community evacuations in the previous IOWave exercise. In contrast, Australia, Comoros and Timor Leste conducted community evacuation during IOWave16, but did not conduct community evacuations during IOWave18. The number of countries that undertook community evacuations was marginally less than in IOWave16 where 12 Member States conducted community evacuations.
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Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready Indicators Tot Avg (ALL) Avg (IOTR) 1) Have a community tsunami risk reduction plan 10 1.9 2.3 Have designated and mapped tsunami hazard 2) 10 2.1 2.0 zones 3) Have a public display of tsunami information 10 1.7 2.0 Produce easily understood tsunami evacuation 4) maps as determined appropriate by local 10 1.7 2.3 authorities in collaboration with communities Develop and distribute outreach and public 5) 10 1.9 2.0 education materials Hold at least three outreach or educational 6) 10 1.7 2.0 activities annually
7) Conduct an annual tsunami community exercise 10 2.0 2.3
Address tsunami hazards in the community’s 8) 10 1.7 2.0 Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Commit to support the Emergency Operations 9) Centre (EOC) during a tsunami incident, if an EOC 10 2.4 2.8 is open and activated Have redundant and reliable means for a 24-hour 10) warning point (and EOC if activated) to receive 10 2.6 2.5 official tsunami threats/information Have redundant and reliable means for a 24-hour 11) warning point and/or EOC to disseminate official 10 2.4 2.5 tsunami alerts to the public
Table 8. Preparedness against at eleven indicators of IOTR on a scale of 0 (very poor), 1 (poor), 2 (good), 3 (very good) to 4 (extremely good). Tot = total number of reporting Member States, Avg(ALL) = average score of all reporting Member States; Avg(IOTR) = average score of Member States who pilotted IOTR during IOWave18 (i.e. India and Oman).
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Member Evacuations State (# of persons) India 104,326 Indonesia 2,941 Iran 200 Kenya 200 Mauritius 553 Oman 3,225 Pakistan 55 Seychelles 12 Sri Lanka 4,147 Tanzania 300 Thailand 300 TOTAL 115,959
Table 9. Countries and number of people who evacuated during IOWave18
The communities that evacuated during Exercise IOWave18 include: India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Odisha, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Indonesia: Aceh Barat, Pacitan, Pangandaran. Iran: Behal Village. Kenya: Waama Beach & Blue Bay. Mauritius: Baie du Tombeau, Grand Baie and Bois des Amourettes. Oman: Al Sawadi Alsahil. Pakistan: Thatta. Seychelles: Perserverance District, Mahe. Sri Lanka: 15 GN divisions in 3 coastal districts. Tanzania: Cocos Beach, Dar es Salaam. Thailand: Mo 6, Sai Thai District, Amphoe Muang, Krabi Province.
Methods of notifying community members of the evacuation most commonly included sirens, public announcements, door-to-door notification, evacuation time set prior to the exercise, mobile phone/social media, radio/television, police, and warning towers. Other less common notification methods included coast guard/army/navy/airforce, church bells, disaster defence force (state/national), fire servcies, HF/VHF radio, megaphones, satellite phones, village volunteers, and websites (refer to Figure 8 and Annex XXII).
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Figure 8. Community Notification Methods for Evacuation Orders
The people who evacuated during IOWave18 were mainly businesses, beachgoers, boat users and home residents. To a lesser extent the evacuees were associated with elderly people’s homes, school, hotels and hospitals. The police evacuated in India while the beach community and Red Cross evacuated in Kenya (refer to Figure 9 and Annex XXIII).
Figure 9. Categories of people evacuated
The timing of communities receiving the evacuation notification and undertaking evacuations varied between Member States. During the Makran scenario community evacuations began 5 minutes after the earthquake in Oman, after 15 minutes in Iran, after 30 min in Pakistan and Mauritius, after 35 minutes in India and within 2 hours of the tsunami arrival time in Kenya.
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During the Sunda scenario community evacuation began 8 minutes after the earthquake in Thailand, after 10 minutes in Indonesia, after 45 minutes in India, after 2 hours and 32 minutes in Sri Lanka, after 7 hours and 30 minutes in Tanzania, and after 8 hours and 40 minutes in Seychelles (refer to Table 9).
The elapsed time of evacuations varied among Member States. The time between the evacuation and people returning to their residents was as short as 55 minutes in Oman to over 11 hours in India (refer to Table 10a-f).
Member State India Iran
Scenario Makran
Location Gujarat Maharashtra Goa Behal Village
# of People Evacuated 1,700 4,162 3,250 100
Siren; door-to-door; Siren; door-to-door; Siren; door-to-door; public public public announcement; Siren; Evacuation Notification announcement; announcement; radio/tv; mobile Public Methods radio/tv; mobile radio/tv; mobile phone/social media; Announcement phone/social media phone/social media police
Earthquake Occurs 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00]
Evacuation Order Issued 1 h 5 m [7:05] 32 m [6:32] 1 h10 min [7:10] 9 m [6:09]
Community Received 1 h 8 m [7:08] 35 m [6:35] 1 hr 15 m [7:15] 15 m [6:15] the Evacuation
Evacuation Occurred 1 h 15 m [7:15] 45 m [6:45] 1 h 40 m [7:40] 15 m [6:15]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message 12 h 5 m [18:05] 12 h 2 m [18:02] 7 h [13:00] 1 h 50 m [7:50] Received Community Members 12 h 15 m [18:15] 12 h 10 m [18:10] 7 h 15 m [13:15] 2 h 10 m [8:10] returned to their Homes
Table 10a. Community Evacuations
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Member State Kenya Mauritius
Scenario Makran Watama Beach & Blue Bois des Location Baie du Tombeau Grand Baie Bay Amourettes # of People Evacuated 200 ~100 125 36 Siren; door-to-door; public announcement; Siren; evacuation Evacuation Notification radio/tv; mobile time set prior to Siren Siren Methods phone/social media; the exercise evacuation time set prior to the exercise
Earthquake Occurs 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00]
About 2 hours to the Evacuation Order Issued 45 m [6:45] 1 hr [7:00] 1 hr [7:00] tsunami arrival time Community Received - 0 m [6:00] 0 m [6:00] 30 m [6:30] the Evacuation
Evacuation Occurred - 1 h [7:00] 1 hr [7:00] 30 m [6:30]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message About 2 hours after the 10 h 14 m [16:14] 10 h 14 m [16:14] 10 h 14 m [16:14] Received last tsunami wave Community Members Over 2 hours after the all 10 h 15 m [16:15] 10 h 14 m [16:14] 10 h 14 m [16:14] returned to their Homes clear message was issued Table 10b. Community Evacuations continued
Member State Oman Pakistan
Scenario Makran Al Sawadi Location Thatta AlSahil
# of People Evacuated 3,225 50
Police Evacuation Notification door-to-door announcement Methods alerting to the public
Earthquake Occurs 0 min [6:00] 0 min [6:00]
Evacuation Order Issued 0 min [6:00] 6 min [6:06] Community Received 0 min [6:00] 25 min [6:25] the Evacuation Evacuation Occurred 5 min [6:05] 30 min [6:30]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message 2 hr [8:00] 8 hr 5 min [14:05] Received Community Members 1 hr [7:00] 8 hr 10 min [14:10] returned to their Homes Table 10c. Community Evacuations continued
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Member State India
Scenario Sunda
Andaman & Nicobar Location Andhra Pradesh Odisha Puducherry Islands
# of People Evacuated 5,823 3,949 78,061 68
Door-to-door; pubic Siren; door-to-door; Siren; door-to-door; announcement; public public radio/tv; mobile announcement; announcement; Siren; door-to-door; phone/social media; radio/tv; mobile radio/tv; mobile public Evacuation Notification evacuation time set phone/social media; phone/social media; announcement; Methods prior to the exercise; evacatuation time evacuation time set radio/tv; mobile website; satellite set prior to the prior to exercise; phone/social media phone; police; fire exercise; VHF; HF; social media; villiage services Megaphones volunteers
Earthquake Occurs 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00]
Evacuation Order Issued 45 m [3:45] 32 m [3:32] 35 m [3:35] 1 h 1 m [4:01] Community Received 49 m [3:49] 35 m [3:35] 40 m [3:40] 1 h 5 m [4:05] the Evacuation
Evacuation Occurred 54 m [3:54] 45 m [3:45] 50 m [3:50] 1 h 15 m [4:15]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message 12 h 5 m [15:05] 12 h 20 m [15:20] 12 h 6 m [15:06] 12 h 5 m [15:05] Received Community Members 12 h 10 m [15:10] 12 h 30 m [15:30] 12 h 15 m [15:15] 12 h 12 m [15:12] returned to their Homes Table 10d. Community Evacuations continued
Member State India Indonesia
Scenario Sunda
Location Tamil Nadu West Bengal Aceh Barat Pacitan Pangandaran
# of People Evacuated 6,051 1,262 120 1,391 1,161
Siren; door-to- door; public Siren; door-to- Public Siren; public Public announcement; door; public announcement; announcement; announcement; Evacuation Notification radio/tv; mobile announcement; radio/tv; mobile radio/tv; mobile radio/tv; mobile Methods phone/social radio/tv; mobile phone/social phone/social phone/social media; VHF; fire phone/social media media media services; church media bell
Earthquake Occurs 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00]
Evacuation Order Issued 1 h [4:00] 1 h [4:00] 5 m [3:05] 5 m [3:05] 5 m [3:05] Community Received 1 h 6 m [4:06] 1 h 2 m [4:02] 8 m [3:08] 5 m [3:05] 5 m [3:05] the Evacuation Evacuation Occurred 1 h 15 min [4:15] 1 h 5 m [4:05] 10 m [3:10] 11 m [3:11] 15 m [3:15]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message 12 h 5 m [15:05] 12 h 3 m [15:03] yes yes yes Received Community Members 12 h 15 m [15:15] 12 h 8 m [15:08] 4 h [7:00] 4 h [7:00] 4 h [7:00] returned to their Homes
Table 10e. Community Evacuations continued
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Member State Seychelles Sri Lanka Tanzania Thailand
Scenario Sunda
Mo 6, Sai Thai District, Perserverance 15 GN divisions in 3 Coco Beach, Location Amphoe Muang, Krabi District, Mahe coastal districts Dar es Salaam Province # of People Evacuated 12 4,147 300 300
Siren; door-to-door; Siren; door-to- public door, public announcement; Siren; door-to-door; announcement; radio/TV; mobile Evacuation time set Evacuation Notification radio/TV; mobile phone/social media; Public prior to the exercise; Methods phone/social evacuation time set announcement warning tower; small media; evacuation prior to exercise; EW warning tower time set prior to towers; Tryfores and the exercise police communications
Earthquake Occurs 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00] 0 m [3:00]
Evacuation Order Issued 8 h [11:00] 2 h 23 min [5:23] 7 h 15 m [7:15] 8 m [4:08] Community Received 8 h 30 m [11:30] 2 hr 27 min [5:27] 7 h 30 m [7:30] 8 m [4:08] the Evacuation Evacuation Occurred 8 h 40 min [11:40] 2 hr 32 min [5:32] 7 h 30 m [7:30] 8 m [4:08]
Timing (UTC) Timing All Clear Message yes yes yes yes Received Community Members 14 h [17:00] do not know 10 h 45 m [13:45] 1 h [5:00] returned to their Homes
Table 10f. Community Evacuations continued
Table 10a-f. Timing (UTC) of community evacuation notification, timing of the evacuation, and the estimated number of people who evacuated. The Makran scenario (participating countries in green) earthquake occurred at 06:00 UTC. The Sunda scenario (participating countries in yellow) earthquake occurred at 03:00 UTC.
2.6.1.5 Improvements for future tsunami exercises
Member States proposed several improvements for future tsunami evacuations. These include (as tabled in Annex XXIV): Increase public awareness and preparedness. One suggested mechanism is by conducting more programmes. Train the public and community leaders. Define stakeholder roles, responsibilities and standard operating procedures. Require designated nodal officers in each department to oversee Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities. Capacity building at the departmental level to refine SOPs. Integration of DRR activities in the departmental action plans. Improved communication amongst stakeholders. Establish evacuation signage, maps, routes and shelters. Have a community shelter plan in place.
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Conduct regular tsunami drills. Increase participation in the evacuation exercise. Give organizational (i.e. Disaster Management Organization) legal responsibility to hold evacuation exercises. Allow the community and local organizations to manage their training in a systematic manner.
2.6.2 Objective 6: Issues for follow-up
Pre-exercise (event) prepareness activity intiatives need to be implemented. In particular, implementation of: National tsunami exercises in Australia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Pakistan and Timor-Leste; Tsunami education in schools in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor Leste; Participatory evacuation planning in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Iran, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Thailand and Timor-Leste; Community education seminars in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan and Timor-Leste; Evacuation maps in Australia, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor-Leste; Evacuation signage in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor- Leste; and Shelter facilities in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Iran, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor-Leste.
Note: Bangladesh, Comoros, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, South Africa and Yemen did not provide input on their community preparedness activities.
Tsunami preparedness initiatives would benefit from government support. In particular, support for: Tsunami signage in Australia, Comoros, France (India Ocean Territories), Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Tanzania and Timor-Leste; Vertical evacuation shelters in Australia, Comoros, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Madagascar, Maldives, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Timor-Leste; Hazard mapping in Comoros, Maldives, Mozambique, Pakistan and Tanzania; Tsunami inundation mapping in Kenya, Maldives, Mozambique, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania; and Evacuation route mapping in Australia, France (Indian Ocean Territories), Maldives, Mozambique, Pakistan, Tanzania and Timor-Leste.
Note: Comoros, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, South Africa and Yemen did not provide input on their community preparedness activities. Iran, Kenya and Thailand provided partial input on their community preparedness activities.
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Futhermore, Member States that did not exercise community evacuations in IOWave18 should be encouraged to do so in the next Indian Ocean-wide Exercise.
3. OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE EXERCISE
Tsunami exercises like IOWave18 entail the exercising of systems and procedures to meet core objectives, the performance against those objectives being evaluated, and an exercise report being produced and communicated. The broad success criteria of the exercise, depending on the level of involvement of each country, are: 1. The communication protocols between the TSPs, NTWCs, TWFPs and information dissemination points within countries are tested and understood. 2. Areas of improvement in the tsunami warning and response chain are identified. 3. Local communities participate in the exercise to the extent possible and increase their capacity in terms of tsunami preparedness and response.
The participation rate for the exercise was 100%, with all of the 24 countries with designated Tsunami Warning Focal Points participating, and then submitting formal evaluations to varying levels of completeness.
In order to assess the overall success of the exercise planning, organization and conduct, Member States ranked the activities of the IOWave18 Task Team from 4 (extremely good), 3 (very good), 2 (good) to 1 (poor). Exercise planning and communication with Member States including timeliness and usefulness of information provided by the ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat was assessed at 3.6. Exercise documentation including manual, websites, and bulletins was assessed at 3.7. Exercise format and style including real-time operation and exercise messages similar to those in a real event was ranked at 3.5. The Exercise evaluation itself was assessed at 3.3. (The individual country responses are given in Annex XXV) As all activities were assessed between very good and extremely good (3–4) the conduct of IOWave18 is considered to be successful.
In addition, countries were asked to comment on the benefits of the exercise as well as suggest improvements for future exercises.
Reported benefits of the exercise included: Improved preparedness for real earthquakes and tsunami events; Creating, testing and refining SOPs; Testing communication chains; Involving and preparing key stakeholders, agencies, media and communities; Increasing communication between related organizations; Enhancing awareness, training and education; Trialling the new TSP Australia Public Webpage; Identifying area for future work toward end-to-end tsunami preparedness.
Suggested improvements for future exercises included: Apply lessons learnt from the exercise; Increase stakeholder and agency involvement; Automate warning issued process wherever possible;
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Set Exercise dates at least 12 months ahead to assist agency planning; Provide ad-hoc (not pre-determined) bulletins; Involve more communities and increase the geographic scope; Train community leaders; More awareness and training on local (near) source events; Focus exercises on implementation and evaluation of Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready indicators in more communities; Conduct IOWave and PacWave exercises in alternative years; Hold exercises in the months of the year when schools are open (Iran).
Individual country comments on the benefits of this exercise and suggested improvements for future exercises are contained in ANNEX XXVI and ANNEX XXVII, respectively.
4. COUNTRY REPORTS ON COMMUNITY EVACUATIONS
The 11 Member States that undertook community evacuations were requested to provide a one-page summary of their in-country activities during IOWave18. The reports were collated and edited by the Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre (IOTIC) in Jakarta, Indonesia, and are included below.
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4.1 AUSTRALIA
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4.2 INDIA
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4.3 INDONESIA
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4.4 IRAN
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4.5 KENYA
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4.6 MAURITIUS
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4.7 OMAN
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4.8 PAKISTAN
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4.9 SEYCHELLES
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4.10 TANZANIA
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4.11 THAILAND
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4.12 TIMOR-LESTE
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5. OBSERVER REPORTS
5.1 IRAN
Dr Mostafa Mohaghegh from the United Nations Economic and Social Commision for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) observed the exercise in I.R. of Iran on 4 September.
The presentation of Dr Mohaghegh to the Post-IOWave18 Regional Workshop, Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–17 November 2018 is contained in Annex XXVIII.
5.2 SEYCHELLES
Mr Jean Toussaint from the Seycelles Police Department observed the exercise in Seychelles on 4 and 5 September
Mr Toussaint observed that, “There was real sense of commitment among all partners involved and emphasis were being put on getting things right in regards to existing standard operation procedures as far the Coordination Centre being on top of its role and functions, respect to chain of command, communication facilities are being used effectively, testing the preparedness and effectiveness of the local authority to assist with the assembling, evacuation and sheltering of the people from impacted areas.
All in all it was a very good experience but I personally believe that if the exercise was to be on a larger scale we would need to educate our population more about Tsunami and its power.
I would also recommend that we seek alternative communication systems, away from text messaging and internet because our communication system depends very much on fiber optic cable which is found in the sea and can be damaged in the event of a tsunami.
Finally training cannot be enough when it comes to preparedness for dealing with disasters of such magnitude, so we need to carry on with the empowerment of our personnel on all fronts.”
The full report of Mr Toussaint is contained in Annex XXIX.
5.3 SRI LANKA
Two international observers from the Global Disaster Resilience Centre of the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, participated in Exercise IOWave18. During the Exercise, Prof. Richard Haigh observed the actions at the Department of Meteorology (NTWC) and Prof. Dilanthi Amaratunga observed the actions at the Disaster Management Centre (NDMO).
The observers were provided with information on the exercise purpose, Terms of Reference, exercise objectives, observer guidelines and reference material from the ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat. The Terms of Reference included:
1. Provide a chronology of the events and actions that you observed. 2. Where appropriate, provide a statement of your observations in relation to each of the core exercise objectives 1–6 (as provided below). 3. Comment on the testing and understanding of communication protocols between the TSPs, NTWCs, TWFPs and information dissemination points within countries. 4. Identify strengths in the tsunami warning and response chain. 5. Identify areas of potential improvement in the tsunami warning and response chain. 6. Comment on the extent that local communities participated in the exercise.
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7. Provide examples of how community knowledge of tsunami preparedness and response has been increased as a result of the exercise.
The observers noted areas of potential improvement in the tsunami warning and respons chain, which include: Communication methods between Department of Meteorology and Disaster Management Centre Review of operations room layout and improvements to information displays Understanding of the importance of the exercise by all relevant stakeholders Further validating of the SOPs for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and issuing all-clear messages Check the accuracy of inundation and evacuation maps, and where necessary, update Make use of IOWave portal to promote the initiative
The full report of Prof. Haigh and Prof. Amaratunga is contained in Annex XXX.
6. LESSONS LEARNT WORKSHOP ON COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AT THE INDIAN OCEAN WAVE EXERCISE 2018
As a follow up to the IOWave18 exercise, IOC/UNESCO Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre and the ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat organized a Post-IOWave Regional Workshop on Lessons Learnt from Community Participation and evaluation of Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready indicators in pilot communities during Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesia, from 15 to 17 November 2018. The Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) hosted this event as part of its partnership agreement with IOC/UNESCO in support of IOTIC for the period 2017–2022.
Image 1. Participants toured the Tsunami Early Warning Centre of Tsunami Service Provider Indonesia during the regional post-IOWave18 workshop, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Indian Ocean Member States were invited to the workshop, particularly countries that exercised community level activity during IOWave18.
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Nineteen (19) participants from 12 Member States of the IOTWMS attended the workshop, consisting of Australia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand and Timor-Leste . In addition, one international exercise observer from the Aisan Pacific Center for the Development of Disaster Information Management (APDIM) in Tehran, Iran, and 2 international exercise observers from the Global Disaster Resilience Center (GDRC) at the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, and participated in the workhop.
The aim of the workshop was to serve as a platform to share experiences and lessons learned of tsunami emergency response at the Indian Ocean Tsunami Wave Exercise 2018.
6.1 LESSONS LEARNT FROM IOWAVE18 COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES
The participants divided into 3 groups to discuss ways to improve engagement in IOWave20. The main topics for discussion were: (1) What IOC/UNESCO and the ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat can do, (2) What National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWCs) and Disaster Management Organsiations (DMOs) can do at the national level, and (3) Communication about the Exercise.
6.1.1 IOWave Task Team, Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre and ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat
These recommendations are directed to the IOWave Task Team, Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre (IOTIC) and ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat. The purpose of these recommendations is to increase and strengthen the participation of Member States as well as to encourage community participation in the next IOWave.
6.1.1.1 Policy
IOC/UNESCO to encourage adoption of a national regulation/policy to conduct exercises;
Prepare a brief report on socio-economic benefit of participating in IOWave exercises (to help convince wider national participation);
Link tsunami preparedness (including drills) to Member States compliance / reporting to broader international DRR frameworks;
Continue to use future IOWave exercises as a means to promote community preparedness and pilot Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready programme in Member States.
6.1.1.2 Preparations
Preparations to start 1 year ahead of the Exercise. Issue the IOC Circular Letter announcing the exercise as early as possible to ensure national funding can be secured. Encouragement letter from IOC/UNESCO for countries that conducted community evacuation(s) in IOWave exercise. Prepare an infographic and a composite video regarding Member States participation in IOWave18 and circulate to all Member States to encourage future participation. Identify 2 IOWave18 Country Contacts – One from NTWC and one from NDMO preferably with a functional role. Set up WhatsApp groups (for IOWave and IOTR) comprising national experts trained as part of IOTWMS trainings/workshops for informal sharing of information.
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6.1.1.3 Exercise Scenarios and Timing
IOWave Exercises should use scenarios that are suitable for all Member States to participate, with consideration of using more than 2 scenarios for better coverage. IOWave Exercises could continue to have pre-agreed schedule, but should allow flexibility for Member States to exercise based on date/time/duration of their convenience. While selecting dates for future exercises, due consideration should be given not to schedule exercising of scenarios on consecutive dates, and further not holding IOWave and PacWave in the same year. Consider scheduling the exercise at a more convenient time, since September is inconvenient for some countries due to the engagement of DMOs in Monsoon and Flood management (Pakistan, Indian, Sri Lanka), Hot Weather (Oman), School holidays, etc.
6.1.1.4 Training Workshops
Continue Regional Workshops and TEMPP trainings since it is very evident that they enabled Member States to enhance the quality of exercises, build inundation/evacuation maps and pilot IOTR. Encourage Member States that did not participate in community evacuations and IOTR piloting during IOWave18 to plan ahead for future exercises and participate actively in upcoming trainings/workshops. Organise trainings with specific focus on Member States threatened by near-field tsunamis, in addition to the regional trainings that also cover far-field tsunami threat. Re-engage national and international Media representatives in future SOP workshops.
6.1.1.5 Observers and Exchange Programme
Secretariat to continue to facilitate international observers for IOWave exercises and also explore the possibility of in-country UNESCO officials participating as local observers. Explore possible funding for an exchange programme between Member States to exchange best practice in exercise planning and implementation, leading up to and including IOWave20.
6.1.2 National Tsunami Warning Centers and Disaster Management Organizations
These recommendations are directed to National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWCs) and Disaster Management Organizations (DMOs). The purpose of these recommendations is to ensure participation of all national stakeholders in the next IOWave including the participation of communities.
6.1.2.1 Policy
Prepare a national policy framework for tsunami exercises with pre-defined roles and responsibilities. Member States continue to use future IOWave exercises as a means to achieve community preparedness and pilot Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready programme. Member States to use the IOTWMS Status Report as a baseline for identifying gaps and driving policy.
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Promote tsunami preparedness within broader national DRR strategies for infrastructure, education, legislation, etc. Link tsunami preparedness (including drills) to Member State compliance/reporting to broader international DRR frameworks.
6.1.2.2 Preparations
The Tsunami National Contact (TNC) to set up an IOWave National Coordination Committee involving NTWC, LDMOs, NDMOs, and all other important stakeholders including private industry participants. All national stakeholder agencies involved in end-to-end tsunami warning including NTWC, DMOs, Public, Hotels, Schools, Corporations, Media and other agencies should be involved in the exercise. Prepare a national exercise manual, including a simple table assigning roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders. Secure budget through national, provincial, and/or corporate sources as appropriate. National Coordination Committee to select the date, scenario and duration of their participation in the IOWave exercise based on the convenience of the national stakeholders, and further align plans for any national/local drills with IOWave calendar. Promote IOWave with national stakeholders at events such as the disaster preparedness days, etc. Develop and expand partnerships with other regional disaster management initiatives and networks for better coordination of exercises, scenarios, etc. Encouragement Letters to stakeholders who participate(d) in the exercise.
6.1.2.3 Training Workshops
Tsunami National Contact / IOWave Focal Point to ensure conduct of customised trainings/orientation workshops for all national stakeholders including Media. Ensure that the participants of IOC/UNESCO trainings/workshops transfer knowledge to colleagues with-in their countries and participate actively in the planning and conduct of the exercise Build capacity for conducting community exercises by developing SOPs, inundation maps, evacuation plans, education material, etc.
6.1.3 Exercise Communication
These recommendations relate to exercise communications on all levels including IOC/UNESCO, regional and national. In general, it was recommended that social media campaigns commence as early as practical. 6.1.3.1 Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center and ICG/IOTWMS Secretariat
Support Member States to organise national campaigns of tsunami risk reduction around International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction (13 October), World Tsunami Awareness Day (5 November) and other national occasions. IOTIC to design a template, hashtag and common messages that could be used by different countries/agencies for different modes of communication.
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Facilitate an IOWave discussion forum (i.e. through WhatsApp). Consider engaging with international broadcasters on the production of a tsunami documentary.
6.1.3.2 Member States
Initiate early engagement with national broadcasters to promote public education and information sharing on tsunami Disaster Risk Reduction, particularly leading up to IOWave20. Produce communication material in local languages regarding benefits of IOWave exercises. General awareness on tsunamis and drills should start over a longer period of time, leading up to IOWave20. Specific IOWave20 related Social Media campaign should ideally start 10 days before the exercise. Starting it too early will not engage the public until the exercise dates.
6.2 LESSONS LEARNT FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI READY (IOTR) PROGRAMME
The following is a summary of the Recommendations regarding implementation of IOTR.
6.2.1 Challenges in implementing Tsunami Ready
Convincing community and all stakeholders to implement Tsunami Ready, due to tsunami being a low frequency hazard. Lack of resources (financial and human) to advocate and build capacity on tsunami ready in the community. Other priority hazards for the DMO (N and L). Difficulty in linking to other national programme that view IOTR being as redundant. Building ownership within the community, since IOTR is viewed as responsibility of the authorities rather than the communities themselves. Establishment of recognition bodies at national level.
6.2.2 External Support needed to implement Tsunami Ready
Support in-country piloting of IOTR as best practice and “model” community. Advocate best practice examples from other countries. Resource support (financial and expertise). Training/Workshop on IOTR (i.e. TEMPP, Organizing Exercise, SOP). Capacity building at country level (NDMO and LDMO) to implement IOTR. Development of localized Asean Earthquake Information Center (AEIC)materials.
6.2.3 Tsunami Ready Recognition
Both national and international recognition is important and essential for standardization of tsunami ready among the community.
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International recognition is extremely important to provide motivation for the communities and attract high-level engagement as well as resources. International recognition should however be subject to due consideration of all legal aspects involved.
7. REFERENCES
IOC/UNESCO. 2018. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2018: An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise, 4–5 September 2018. Volume 1: Exercise Manual. Supplement 1: TSP Bulletins for Scenario 1: Makran Trench. Supplement 2: TSP Bulletins for Scenario 2: Sunda Trench. Paris, UNESCO, IOC Technical Series No. 138, Vol. 1. (IOC/2018/TS/138VOL.1)
World Bank. 2012. The Great East Japan Earthquake, Knowledge Notes from the Learning from Megadisasters Project: Executive Summary. Washington DC. 22 pp.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex I
ANNEX I
NATIONAL EXERCISE CONTACTS
AUSTRALIA Place du Barachois SAINT DENIS La REUNION 97400 Dr Yuelong MIAO Réunion Manager for Tsunami and Storm Surge Tel: + 33 6 92 65 41 97 Warning Services Email: Public Safety Program, National Forecast [email protected] Services Group Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne INDIA 700 Collins Street, Docklands Melbourne VIC 3001 Mr Ajay Kumar BANDELA Australia Scientist Tel: +61 3 9669 4110 Indian National Centre for Ocean Email: [email protected] Information Services Ocean Valley, Pragathi Nagar (B.O.), BANGLADESH Nizampet (S.O.) Hyderabad 500090 Mr Md. Momenul ISLAM India Meteorologist and Officer in Charge Tel: +91-40-23886071 Bangladesh Meteorological Department Email: [email protected] Bangladesh Meteorological Department Seismic Observatory and Research INDONESIA Center, Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Agargaon, Dhaka Mr Rahmat TRIYONO Dhaka 1207 Head of Earthquake and Tsunami Centre Bangladesh Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Tel: +880 (0)17 58 46 46 49 Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) Fax: 88-02-8118230 Jl. Angkasa 1 No.2 Email: [email protected] DKI Jakarta 10610 Indonesia COMOROS Email: [email protected]
Mr Saifou-Dine ALIANI TOIHA IRAN In-Charge of Research Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile et de Dr Ali KHOSHKHOLGH la Météorologie Assistant Professor Route d'Itsambouni Iranian National Institute for Moroni B.P. 72 Oceanography and Atmospheric Science Comoros No.3 Etemad Zadeh St. Tel: +269 3343924 Tehran 014155-4781 Email: [email protected] Iran (Islamic Republic of) Tel: +98 9126 208 073 FRANCE (INDIAN OCEAN Email: [email protected] TERRITORIES) KENYA Lt. Col. Manuel KREMER operational officer Mr Peter Mirara MACHARIA National emergency service Assistant Director, Earthquake Monitoring Regional Crisis Management Centre and Tsunami Information Services Prefecture de La Réunion Kenya Meteorological Department P.O. Box 30259 Nairobi 00100 IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex I– page 2
Kenya Mauritius Tel: +254-722484413 Tel: Tel: +230 6861031 Mobile: +230 Email: [email protected] 58936574 Email: [email protected] MADAGASCAR MOZAMBIQUE Mr Jean Bernardo ANDRIANAIVOARISOA Mr Dennis GUIAMBA Researcher Information Management Officer Institute and Observatory of Geophysics in National Operative Center for Emergency- Antananarivo (IOGA) CENOE P.O. Box 3843 Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Antananarivo 101 Calamidades Madagascar Av. 19 de Outubro Recinto da Base Aérea Tel: +261 223 0182 de Mavalane Email: [email protected] Maputo 1101 Mozambique Mr Ramarolahy Rina ANDRIANASOLO Tel: +258 21477211 Associate Researcher Email: [email protected] Institute and Observatory of Geophysics in Antananarivo (IOGA) MYANMAR P.O. Box 3843 Antananarivo 101 Mr Kyaw Kyaw LIN Madagascar Assistant Director Tel: +261 2022 30182 Department of Meteorology and Email: [email protected] Hydrology, Nay Pyi Taw No. 50, Kaba-Aye Pagoda Road MALAYSIA Mayangone Township Yangon Myanmar Tel: +9567411269, +959250954652 Ms Rosita GALANG Email: [email protected] Principal Assistant Director Malaysian Meteorological Department OMAN Jalan Sultan Petaling Jaya Selangor 46667 Mr Badar ALRUMHI Malaysia Director Forecasting and Observing Tel: +60379678062 Practices Email: [email protected] Directorate General of Meteorology & Air Navigation MALDIVES P.O. Box 1 Muscat Oman Mr Ali SHAREEF Tel: 0096824519610 Deputy Director General Email: [email protected] Maldives Meteorological Service Ibrahim Nasir International Airport PAKISTAN Hulhule' 22000 Maldives Mr Karam KHAN Tel: +960 3326200 Meteorologist Email: [email protected] National Tsunami Warning Centre, Karachi MAURITIUS Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mr Kumar Ram DHURMEA Regional Meteorological Centre Mauritius Meteorological Services Karachi Pakistan St Paul Road Tel: +92 21 9261 423 Vacoas 73449 Email: [email protected]
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex I–Page 3
SEYCHELLES Disaster Management Centre 3rd, 4th Floor, 120/2 Vidya Mawatha Mr Paul LABALEINE Colombo 00700 Director General Sri Lanka Ministry of Environment and Energy Tel: +94 112136224 Department of Risk and Disaster Email: [email protected] Management P.O.Box 445 THAILAND Victoria Mahe Seychelles Tel: +248 2722101 Mr Chaiwat RATTANAKHONGVIPUT Email: [email protected] Communicative Electrical Engineer, Professional Level SINGAPORE National Disaster Warning Center of Thailand Weilin HU 4353 Sukhumvit Rd Singapore Bangkok 10260 Email: [email protected] Thailand Email: [email protected] Ms Yap Chui WAH Principal Meteorologist TIMOR LESTE Meteorological Service Singapore PO Box 8 Changi Airport Post Office Mr Martinho FATIMA Singapore 819643 Deputy Chief Singapore National Disaster Management Directorate Tel: +65 6546 2934 Ministry of Social Solidarity Email: [email protected] Dili East Timor Timor-Leste Tel: +670 3322597 SOUTH AFRICA Email: [email protected]
Chief Forecaster TANZANIA Operations South African Weather Service, Head Mr Samwel MBUYA Office Manger of Forecasting Services Private Bag X097 Tanzania Meteorological Agency 442 Rigel Avenue South P.O. Box 3056 Erasmusrand Dar es Salaam United Republic of Pretoria Gauteng 0001 Tanzania South Africa Tel: +255 764750980 Tel: +27-12 367 6002 Email: [email protected] Fax: +27-12 367 6042 Email: [email protected] YEMEN
SRI LANKA Mr Mohammed Ali AL-ERYANI Director of Assessment and Recovery Mr Pradeep KODIPPILI General Director of Environmental Deputy Director - Early warning Emergency and Disaster Early Warning Ministry of Water & Environment Disaster Management Centre P.O. Box 19237Sana'a YemenTel: 00967- 3rd, 4th Floor, 120/2 Vidya Mawatha 770627746 Colombo 00700 Email: [email protected] Sri Lanka Email: [email protected]
Mr Hiran TILLEKARATNE Assistant Director
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex II
ANNEX II
MEMBER STATE PARTICIPATION
Scenario(s) Exercised Total #Yes %Yes AUS BAN COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MAL MD MAU MZ MM OM PK SY SIN SA SLK TAN THA TL YEM
Makran - 04 Sept 2018 24 14 58% Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes
Sunda - 05 Sept 2018 24 16 67% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Table II-1. Member State Scenario(s) Exercised
Activity Total #Yes %Yes AUS BAN COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MAL MD MAU MZ MM OM PK SY SIN SA SLK TAN THA TL YEM
National disaster management 24 19 79% Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes organisations were involved. Local disaster management 24 18 75% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes organisations were involved. The community was involved 24 12 50% No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No (not necessarily evacuations). Public evacuation drills were 24 11 46% No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No conducted. Media representatives 24 10 42% No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No participated.
Table II-2. Member State Participation Levels
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, MM=Myanmar, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen Total = total responses, #Yes = number of countries answering yes, %Yes= percentage answering yes, 6 countries that participated in both were highlighed in Table II-1 IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex III
ANNEX III
TYPES OF EXERCISES CONDUCTED
Exercise Type Total #Yes %Yes AUS BAN COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MAL MD MAU MZ MM OM PK SY SIN SA SLK TAN THA TL YEM
Tabletop Exercise 24 14 58% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Orientation Exercise 24 9 38% Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes
Functional Exercise 24 9 38% Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No
Drill 24 8 33% No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes
Full Scale Exercise 24 5 21% No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No
Table III-1. Types of Exercises Conducted
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, MM=Myanmar, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen Total = total responses, #Yes = number of countries answering yes, %Yes= percentage answering yes IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex IV
ANNEX IV
NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTRES
COUNTRY NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTRE (NTWC)
Australia Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre (JATWC) Bangladesh Bangladesh Meteorological Department Comoros Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie France (Reunion) La Réunion (France) - Météo-France India Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) Iran Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS) Kenya Kenya Meteorological Department Madagascar Institute and Observatory of Geophysics of Antananarivo (IOGA) Malaysia Malaysian Meteorological Department Maldives Maldives Meteorological Service Mauritius Mauritius Meteorological Services Mozambique Instituto Nacional de Meteorología Myanmar Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DHM) Oman Oman National Multi Hazard Early Warning Center (NMHEWC) National Seismic Monitoring and Tsunami Early Warning Centre, Pakistan Karachi Seychelles Seychelles Meteorological Authority Singapore Meteorological Service Singapore South Africa National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) Sri Lanka Department of Meteorology Tanzania Tanzania Meteorological Agency Thailand National Disaster Warning Center Timor-Leste National Disaster Risk Management Directorate Yemen General Directorate of Emergency and Environmental Disaster, and Meteorology Authority IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex V
ANNEX V
TIMELINESS OF TSP NOTIFICATION DELIVERY MEDIUMS
Makran Scenario Received Received Not Total AUS IN IND IR KN MAL (11 out of 14 NTWCs reporting) in Time Late Received
GTS 82% 0% 18% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Fax 27% 36% 36% 11 Received in time Received in time Received Late Not received Not received Received Late TSP-Australia Email 91% 0% 9% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS 80% 10% 10% 10 Received in time Received in time Received Late Received in time Received in time Received in time GTS 91% 0% 9% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Fax 45% 27% 27% 11 Received in time Received in time Received Late Not received Not received Received in time TSP-India Email 100% 0% 0% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS 90% 0% 10% 10 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time GTS 82% 0% 18% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Fax 9% 9% 82% 11 Received in time Not received Received Late Not received Not received Not received TSP-Indonesia Email 82% 0% 18% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time SMS 80% 0% 20% 10 Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time
Makran Scenario MD MAU MZ OM PK (11 out of 14 NTWCs reporting)
GTS Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Fax Not received Received Late Not received Received in time Received Late TSP-Australia Email Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time SMS Received in time Not reported Not received Received in time Received in time GTS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Fax Not received Received in time Received Late Received in time Received Late TSP-India Email Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS Received in time Not reported Received in time Not received Received in time GTS Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Fax Not received Not received Not received Not received Not received TSP-Indonesia Email Received in time Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time SMS Received in time Not reported Not received Received in time Received in time
Table V.1. Timeliness of TSP Notification Delivery Mediums for the Makran Scenario based on responses from NTWC on whether or not messages were received in a timely manner. These responses correspond to Section 2.1.1 of the report.
AUS=Australia, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambque, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex V– page 2
TIMELINESS OF TSP NOTIFICATION DELIVERY MEDIUMS (Continued)
Sunda Scenario Received Received Not Total AUS COM IN IND MAD MAL (11 out of 15 NTWCs reporting) in Time Late Received GTS 80% 10% 10% 10 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received Late Not reported Received in time Fax 40% 30% 30% 10 Received in time Not received Received in time Received Late Not reported Received Late TSP-Australia Email 100% 0% 0% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS 73% 9% 18% 11 Received in time Not received Received in time Received Late Received in time Received in time GTS 80% 10% 10% 10 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received Late Not reported Received in time Fax 60% 10% 30% 10 Received in time Not received Received in time Received Late Not reported Received in time TSP-India Email 91% 0% 9% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS 100% 0% 0% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time GTS 90% 10% 0% 10 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received Late Not reported Received in time Fax 30% 10% 60% 10 Received in time Not received Not received Received Late Not reported Not received TSP-Indonesia Email 82% 9% 9% 11 Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS 70% 10% 20% 10 Received in time Not received Not received Received Late Not reported Received in time Sunda Scenario SIN SA TAN THA TL (11 out of 15 NTWCs reporting) GTS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Fax Received Late Not received Received in time Received in time Not received TSP-Australia Email Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Received in time GTS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received Fax Received in time Not received Received in time Received in time Not received TSP-India Email Not received Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time SMS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time GTS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Fax Not received Not received Received in time Received in time Not received TSP-Indonesia Email Received Late Received in time Received in time Received in time Not received SMS Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time Received in time
Table V.2. Timeliness of TSP Notification Delivery Mediums for the Sunda Scenario based on responses from NTWC on whether or not messages were received in a timely manner. These responses correspond to Section 2.1.1 of the report.
AUS=Australia, COM=Comoros, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI
ANNEX VI
TSP MESSAGES RECEIVED FROM NTWCS
Makran Scenario: Email
Makran Scenario Email Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 - 06:01 - 06:00 06:00 9 82% 9 82% IOTWS-TSP 06:12 Message 1 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:13 - 06:12 - 06:12 06:12 9 82% 9 82% AUSTRALIA 06:13 Message 2 06:13 06:13 06:12 06:14 06:13 06:15 - 06:13 - 06:13 06:14 9 82% 9 82% 06:22 Message 3 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:23 - 06:22 - 06:22 06:22 9 82% 9 82% 06:32 Message 4 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:33 06:32 06:33 - 06:32 - 06:32 06:33 9 82% 9 82% 07:32 Message 5 07:32 07:32 07:32 07:33 07:32 07:34 - 07:32 - 07:32 07:33 9 82% 9 82% 08:32 Message 6 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:33 08:32 08:33 - 08:34 - 08:32 08:33 9 82% 9 82% 09:32 Message 7 09:32 09:33 09:32 09:33 09:32 09:34 - 09:32 - 09:32 09:32 9 82% 9 82% 10:32 Message 8 10:32 10:33 10:32 10:33 10:32 10:33 - 10:36 - 10:32 10:33 9 82% 9 82% 11:32 Message 9 11:32 11:32 11:32 11:32 11:32 11:33 - 11:33 - 11:32 11:32 9 82% 9 82% 12:36 Message 10 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:32 12:38 - 12:37 - 12:37 12:37 9 82% 9 82% 13:32 Message 11 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:33 - 13:32 - 13:32 13:32 9 82% 9 82% 14:35 Message 12 14:35 14:35 14:37 14:35 14:35 14:36 - 14:35 - 14:35 14:35 9 82% 9 82% 15:32 Message 13 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:34 - 15:32 - 15:32 15:32 9 82% 9 82% 16:32 Message 14 16:32 16:32 16:32 16:32 16:32 16:33 - 16:32 - 16:32 16:32 9 82% 9 82% 17:32 Message 15 17:32 17:32 17:32 17:32 17:32 17:33 - 17:32 - 17:32 17:32 9 82% 9 82% 18:32 Message 16 18:32 18:32 18:43 18:32 18:32 18:33 - 18:32 - 18:32 18:32 9 82% 82% 9 82% 82% 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:00 05:59 06:03 06:00 05:57 05:59 06:01 06:03 06:00 06:03 11 100% 11 100% IOTWS-TSP 06:04 Message 1 06:04 06:04 06:03 06:04 06:04 06:12 06:03 06:04 06:07 06:04 06:04 11 100% 11 100% INDIA 06:16 Message 2 06:16 06:16 06:15 06:16 06:16 06:14 06:15 06:17 06:20 06:16 06:16 11 100% 11 100% 06:29 Message 3 06:30 06:29 06:30 06:30 06:29 06:32 06:29 06:30 06:32 06:29 06:30 11 100% 11 100% 07:00 Message 4 07:01 07:00 06:59 07:12 07:00 07:00 06:59 07:00 07:03 07:00 07:12 11 100% 11 100% 08:02 Message 5 08:02 08:02 08:01 08:04 08:02 08:03 08:01 08:02 08:05 08:02 08:04 11 100% 11 100% 09:01 Message 6 09:01 09:01 09:00 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:00 09:02 09:04 09:01 09:01 11 100% 11 100% 10:01 Message 7 10:01 10:01 10:00 10:01 10:01 10:02 10:00 10:01 10:04 10:01 10:01 11 100% 11 100% 11:00 Message 8 11:01 11:00 11:00 11:01 11:00 11:02 11:00 11:01 11:03 11:00 11:01 11 100% 11 100% 12:01 Message 9 12:01 12:01 12:00 12:01 12:01 12:02 12:00 12:01 12:04 12:01 12:01 11 100% 11 100% 13:02 Message 10 13:02 13:02 13:01 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:01 13:02 13:05 13:02 13:02 11 100% 11 100% 14:00 Message 11 14:01 14:00 14:00 14:01 14:00 14:01 14:00 14:02 14:03 14:00 14:01 11 100% 11 100% 15:00 Message 12 15:01 15:00 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:02 15:04 15:00 15:01 11 100% 11 100% 16:00 Message 13 16:01 16:00 15:59 16:01 16:00 16:01 15:59 16:01 16:02 16:00 16:01 11 100% 11 100% 17:00 Message 14 17:01 17:00 17:00 17:01 17:00 17:01 17:00 17:01 17:02 17:00 17:01 11 100% 11 100% 17:59 Message 15 18:00 17:59 17:58 18:00 17:59 18:00 17:58 17:59 18:01 17:59 18:00 11 100% 100% 11 100% 100% IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 2
Makran Scenario: Email continued
Makran Scenario Email Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
06:00 Test Start 05:57 05:56 06:00 - 06:00 05:57 05:59 05:56 - 05:55 05:56 9 82% 9 82% IOTWS-TSP 06:07 Message 1 06:11 06:11 06:07 - 06:07 06:12 06:07 06:07 - 06:07 06:09 9 82% 9 82% INDONESIA 06:12 Message 2 06:13 06:12 06:12 - 06:12 06:14 06:12 06:13 - 06:12 06:12 9 82% 9 82% 06:30 Message 3 06:33 06:30 06:30 - 06:30 06:32 06:30 06:29 - 06:30 06:30 9 82% 9 82% 07:00 Message 4 07:01 07:00 07:00 - 07:00 07:01 07:00 07:00 - 07:00 07:01 9 82% 9 82% 08:00 Message 5 08:01 08:00 08:00 - 08:00 08:01 08:00 08:00 - 08:00 08:00 9 82% 9 82% 09:00 Message 6 09:01 09:01 09:01 - 09:00 09:03 09:01 09:01 - 09:00 09:01 9 82% 9 82% 10:00 Message 7 10:01 10:01 10:00 - 10:00 10:01 10:00 10:01 - 10:00 10:01 9 82% 9 82% 11:00 Message 8 11:01 11:01 11:00 - 11:00 11:01 11:01 11:01 - 11:00 11:01 9 82% 9 82% 12:00 Message 9 12:01 12:00 12:00 - 12:00 12:02 12:00 12:01 - 12:00 12:01 9 82% 9 82% 13:00 Message 10 13:47 13:47 13:00 - 13:00 13:47 13:01 13:47 - 13:00 13:47 9 82% 4 36% 14:00 Message 11 14:01 14:00 14:00 - 14:00 14:02 14:00 14:01 - 14:00 14:01 9 82% 9 82% 15:00 Message 12 15:01 15:01 15:00 - 15:00 15:02 15:01 15:02 - 15:00 15:01 9 82% 9 82% 17:00 Message 13 17:02 17:01 17:00 - 17:00 17:03 17:01 17:01 - 17:01 17:01 9 82% 82% 9 82% 79%
Table VI-1. Summary of Email messages received by each NTWC for the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan,SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, YEM=YEM Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 3
Sunda Scenario: Email
Sunda Scenario Email Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 03:00 Test Start 03:00 03:00 02:59 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:05 - 03:00 10 91% 10 91% IOTWS-TSP 03:09 Message 1 03:09 03:09 03:09 03:09 03:09 03:10 03:10 03:10 03:14 03:09 03:00 11 100% 11 100% AUSTRALIA 03:10 Message 2 03:10 03:11 03:10 03:10 03:10 03:11 03:11 03:11 03:15 03:10 03:12 11 100% 11 100% 03:22 Message 3 03:22 03:22 03:22 03:22 03:22 03:23 03:23 03:23 03:27 03:22 03:23 11 100% 11 03:32 Message 4 03:32 03:33 03:32 03:32 03:32 03:33 03:33 03:33 03:37 03:32 03:32 11 100% 11 100% 04:32 Message 5 04:32 04:32 04:32 04:32 04:32 04:33 04:33 04:33 04:37 04:32 - 10 91% 10 91% 05:32 Message 6 05:32 05:33 05:32 05:32 05:32 05:33 05:32 05:33 05:37 - - 9 82% 9 82% 06:32 Message 7 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:33 06:33 06:33 06:37 06:32 - 10 91% 10 91% 07:32 Message 8 07:32 07:33 07:32 07:32 07:32 07:33 07:33 07:33 07:37 07:32 - 10 91% 10 91% 08:32 Message 9 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:34 08:33 08:33 08:37 08:32 - 10 91% 10 91% 09:32 Message 10 09:32 09:32 09:32 09:32 09:32 09:33 09:33 09:33 09:37 09:32 - 10 91% 10 91% 10:35 Message 11 10:35 10:36 10:35 10:35 10:35 10:36 10:36 10:36 10:40 10:35 - 10 91% 10 91% 11:36 Message 12 11:36 11:37 11:36 11:36 11:36 11:37 11:37 11:37 11:41 11:36 - 10 91% 10 91% 12:36 Message 13 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:36 12:37 12:38 12:37 12:37 12:41 - - 9 82% 9 82% 13:33 Message 14 13:33 13:33 13:33 13:33 13:33 13:34 13:33 13:33 13:38 13:33 - 10 91% 10 91% 14:33 Message 15 14:33 14:33 14:33 14:33 14:33 14:35 14:33 14:33 14:38 14:33 - 10 91% 10 91% 15:40 Message 16 15:40 15:41 15:40 15:40 15:40 15:42 15:41 15:41 15:45 - - 9 82% 91% 9 82% 91% 03:00 Test Start 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 02:59 03:00 03:01 02:59 03:05 - 03:04 10 91% 10 91% IOTWS-TSP 03:04 Message 1 03:04 03:04 03:04 03:04 03:03 03:05 03:06 03:04 03:09 03:03 - 10 91% 10 91% INDIA 03:16 Message 2 03:16 03:16 03:16 03:16 03:15 03:16 03:17 03:15 03:21 03:15 03:16 11 100% 11 100% 03:31 Message 3 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:30 03:32 03:32 03:30 03:36 03:30 03:30 11 100% 11 100% 04:00 Message 4 04:00 04:00 04:00 04:00 03:59 04:01 04:01 04:00 04:05 03:57 - 10 91% 10 91% 05:00 Message 5 05:00 05:00 04:59 05:00 04:59 05:01 05:00 04:59 05:05 04:59 - 10 91% 10 91% 06:00 Message 6 06:01 06:01 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:02 06:03 06:00 06:05 06:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 06:59 Message 7 07:00 06:59 07:00 06:59 06:58 07:01 07:00 06:59 07:04 06:58 - 10 91% 10 91% 07:59 Message 8 08:00 08:00 07:59 07:59 07:59 08:00 08:01 07:59 08:04 07:59 - 10 91% 10 91% 09:01 Message 9 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:00 09:01 09:02 09:00 09:06 09:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 10:00 Message 10 10:01 10:01 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:01 10:02 10:00 10:05 10:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 11:01 Message 11 11:01 11:01 11:01 11:01 11:00 11:07 11:02 11:00 11:06 11:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 12:01 Message 12 12:01 12:01 12:01 12:01 12:00 12:03 12:02 12:00 12:06 12:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 13:01 Message 13 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:00 13:04 13:01 13:00 13:06 13:00 - 10 91% 10 91% 14:00 Message 14 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:01 13:59 14:09 14:01 14:00 14:05 13:59 - 10 91% 10 91% 14:59 Message 15 15:00 15:00 14:59 14:59 14:59 15:00 15:00 14:59 15:05 14:59 - 10 91% 92% 10 91% 92%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 4
Sunda Scenario: Email continued
Sunda Scenario Email Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
03:00 Test Start 03:30 03:29 03:30 03:00 02:55 03:30 02:55 04:56 03:05 - - 9 82% 4 36% IOTWS-TSP 03:07 Message 1 04:02 03:58 03:59 03:07 03:07 - 03:07 03:08 03:12 03:08 - 9 82% 6 55% INDONESIA 03:12 Message 2 04:08 04:04 04:07 03:12 03:12 04:08 03:12 - 03:17 03:13 - 9 82% 5 45% 03:30 Message 3 04:30 04:13 04:30 03:30 03:30 04:30 03:30 03:31 03:35 03:31 - 10 91% 6 55% 04:00 Message 4 04:54 04:48 04:53 04:00 04:01 04:55 04:01 04:01 04:05 04:01 - 10 91% 6 55% 05:00 Message 5 05:01 05:01 05:01 05:00 05:00 05:02 05:00 05:01 05:05 05:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 06:00 Message 6 06:01 06:00 06:01 06:00 06:00 - 06:00 06:01 06:05 06:01 - 9 82% 9 82% 07:00 Message 7 07:02 - 07:01 07:00 07:00 07:02 07:00 07:01 07:05 07:01 - 9 82% 9 82% 08:00 Message 8 08:09 08:02 08:03 08:00 08:02 08:19 08:03 08:03 08:05 - - 9 82% 8 73% 09:00 Message 9 09:07 09:06 09:06 09:00 09:06 09:07 09:06 09:07 09:05 09:06 - 10 91% 10 91% 10:00 Message 10 10:09 10:07 10:09 10:00 10:07 10:08 10:07 10:08 10:05 10:08 - 10 91% 10 91% 11:00 Message 11 11:01 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:01 11:00 11:01 11:05 11:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 13:00 Message 12 12:02 12:00 12:00 13:00 12:00 12:01 12:00 12:01 13:05 13:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 15:00 Message 13 15:01 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:01 15:05 15:01 - 10 91% 87% 10 91% 73%
Table VI-2. Summary of Email messages received by each NTWC for the Sunda Scenario
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MM=Myanmar, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SRI=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 5
Makran Scenario: GTS
Makran Scenario GTS Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:01 06:00 - 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:01 - 06:00 06:00 9 82% 9 82% IOTWS-TSP 06:12 Message 1 06:12 06:12 06:12 - 06:12 06:12 06:13 06:12 - 06:12 06:12 9 82% 9 82% AUSTRALIA 06:13 Message 2 06:13 06:14 06:13 - 06:14 06:13 06:13 06:14 - 06:22 06:13 9 82% 9 82% 06:22 Message 3 06:22 06:23 06:22 - 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:23 - 06:32 06:22 9 82% 9 82% 06:32 Message 4 06:32 06:34 06:32 - 06:33 06:32 06:32 07:01 - - 06:32 8 73% 7 64% 07:32 Message 5 07:32 07:34 07:32 - 07:33 07:32 07:32 07:34 - 07:32 07:33 9 82% 9 82% 08:32 Message 6 08:32 08:34 08:32 - 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:33 - 08:32 08:32 9 82% 9 82% 09:32 Message 7 09:32 09:33 09:33 - 09:33 09:32 09:35 09:34 - 09:32 09:33 9 82% 9 82% 10:32 Message 8 10:32 10:33 10:32 - 10:33 10:32 10:34 10:35 - 10:32 10:33 9 82% 9 82% 11:32 Message 9 11:32 11:32 11:32 - 11:32 11:32 11:34 11:35 - 11:32 11:34 9 82% 9 82% 12:36 Message 10 12:37 12:37 12:37 - 12:37 12:37 12:33 12:37 - 12:37 12:37 9 82% 9 82% 13:32 Message 11 13:32 13:33 13:32 - 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:33 - 13:32 13:33 9 82% 9 82% 14:35 Message 12 14:35 14:35 14:35 - 14:35 14:35 14:35 14:36 - 14:35 14:44 9 82% 9 82% 15:32 Message 13 15:32 15:32 15:32 - 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:33 - 15:32 15:32 9 82% 9 82% 16:32 Message 14 16:32 16:33 16:32 - 16:33 16:32 16:32 16:33 - 16:32 16:33 9 82% 9 82% 17:32 Message 15 17:32 17:33 17:32 - 17:32 17:32 17:33 17:33 - 17:32 17:32 9 82% 9 82% 18:32 Message 16 18:32 18:33 18:42 - 18:33 18:32 18:35 18:33 - 18:32 18:32 9 82% 81% 9 82% 81% 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:00 06:00 - 06:07 06:00 05:59 06:01 06:03 06:00 06:00 10 91% 10 91% IOTWS-TSP 06:04 Message 1 06:04 06:05 06:04 - 06:10 06:04 06:04 06:05 06:07 06:04 06:05 10 91% 10 91% INDIA 06:16 Message 2 06:16 06:16 06:16 - 06:30 06:16 06:17 06:16 06:20 06:16 06:16 10 91% 10 91% 06:29 Message 3 06:30 06:31 06:31 - 06:32 06:31 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:31 06:31 10 91% 10 91% 07:00 Message 4 07:00 07:00 07:00 - 07:00 07:00 07:00 07:02 07:03 07:00 07:00 10 91% 10 91% 08:02 Message 5 08:02 08:03 08:02 - 08:02 08:02 08:02 08:05 08:05 08:02 08:04 10 91% 10 91% 09:01 Message 6 09:01 09:01 09:01 - 09:01 09:01 09:02 09:02 09:04 09:01 - 9 82% 9 82% 10:01 Message 7 10:01 10:02 10:02 - 10:02 10:01 10:03 10:01 10:04 10:02 10:02 10 91% 10 91% 11:00 Message 8 11:01 11:01 11:02 - 11:01 11:01 11:00 11:03 11:03 11:01 11:02 10 91% 10 91% 12:01 Message 9 12:01 12:01 12:02 - 12:01 12:01 12:05 12:03 12:04 12:01 12:02 10 91% 10 91% 13:02 Message 10 13:02 13:02 13:02 - 13:02 13:02 13:06 13:02 13:05 13:02 13:02 10 91% 10 91% 14:00 Message 11 14:01 14:01 13:32 - 14:00 14:01 14:00 14:02 14:03 14:01 14:02 10 91% 10 91% 15:00 Message 12 15:01 15:01 14:01 - 15:01 15:01 15:02 15:02 15:04 15:01 15:01 10 91% 10 91% 16:00 Message 13 16:00 16:01 15:01 - 17:01 16:01 15:59 16:03 16:02 16:01 16:02 10 91% 10 91% 17:00 Message 14 17:00 17:02 16:01 - 17:02 17:01 17:00 17:03 17:02 17:01 17:01 10 91% 10 91% 17:59 Message 15 18:00 18:00 17:01 - - 18:00 17:59 18:01 18:01 18:00 18:01 9 82% 90% 9 82% 90%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 6
Makran Scenario: GTS continued
Makran Scenario GTS Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
06:00 Test Start 05:55 05:56 05:55 - 06:00 05:55 06:00 05:56 - 05:55 05:56 9 82% 9 82% IOTWS-TSP 06:07 Message 1 06:07 06:08 06:07 - 06:07 06:07 06:08 06:08 - 06:07 06:07 9 82% 9 82% INDONESIA 06:12 Message 2 06:12 06:13 06:12 - 06:16 06:12 06:13 06:13 - 06:12 06:12 9 82% 9 82% 06:30 Message 3 06:30 06:31 06:30 - 06:31 06:30 06:32 06:31 - 06:30 06:30 9 82% 9 82% 07:00 Message 4 07:00 07:01 07:00 - 07:00 07:00 07:00 07:01 - 07:00 07:00 9 82% 9 82% 08:00 Message 5 08:00 08:01 08:00 - 08:02 08:00 08:00 08:07 - 08:00 08:00 9 82% 9 82% 09:00 Message 6 09:01 09:01 09:01 - 09:01 09:01 09:04 09:01 - 09:01 09:01 9 82% 9 82% 10:00 Message 7 10:00 10:01 10:00 - 10:02 10:00 10:04 10:01 - 10:00 10:00 9 82% 9 82% 11:00 Message 8 11:00 11:01 11:00 - 11:02 11:00 11:02 11:02 - 11:00 11:01 9 82% 9 82% 12:00 Message 9 12:00 12:00 12:00 - 12:02 12:00 12:00 12:02 - 12:00 12:01 9 82% 9 82% 13:00 Message 10 13:00 13:01 13:01 - 13:02 13:00 13:00 13:01 - 13:01 13:01 9 82% 9 82% 14:00 Message 11 14:00 14:01 14:00 - 14:01 14:00 14:00 14:01 - 14:00 14:01 9 82% 9 82% 15:00 Message 12 15:00 15:01 15:01 - 15:02 15:00 15:00 15:02 - 15:00 15:01 9 82% 9 82% 17:00 Message 13 17:01 17:02 17:01 - 17:03 17:01 17:02 17:01 - 17:01 17:02 9 82% 82% 9 82% 82%
Table VI-3. Summary of GTS messages received by each NTWC for the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan,SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, YEM=YEM Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 7
Sunda Scenario: GTS
Sunda Scenario GTS Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
03:00 Test Start 03:00 03:46 03:00 03:02 - 03:00 03:00 03:01 03:01 - - 8 73% 7 64% IOTWS-TSP 03:09 Message 1 03:09 03:46 03:10 03:12 - 03:09 03:09 03:10 03:10 03:11 03:12 10 91% 9 82% AUSTRALIA 03:10 Message 2 03:10 03:46 03:11 03:13 - 03:10 03:10 03:11 03:11 03:12 03:19 10 91% 9 82% 03:22 Message 3 03:22 03:46 03:23 03:25 - 03:22 03:22 03:23 03:23 03:29 03:32 10 91% 9 82% 03:32 Message 4 03:32 03:46 03:32 03:34 - 03:32 03:32 03:33 03:33 03:33 03:39 10 91% 10 91% 04:32 Message 5 04:32 04:37 04:32 04:35 - 04:32 04:32 04:33 04:33 04:34 04:32 10 91% 10 91% 05:32 Message 6 05:32 05:35 05:32 05:34 - 05:32 05:32 05:33 05:33 - - 8 73% 8 73% 06:32 Message 7 06:32 06:42 06:33 06:34 - 06:32 06:32 06:33 06:33 06:34 - 9 82% 9 82% 07:32 Message 8 07:32 07:50 07:33 07:35 - 07:32 07:32 07:33 07:33 07:36 - 9 82% 8 73% 08:32 Message 9 08:32 08:36 08:33 08:34 - 08:32 08:32 08:33 08:33 08:32 - 9 82% 9 82% 09:32 Message 10 09:32 09:37 09:33 09:34 - 09:32 09:32 09:33 09:33 09:34 - 9 82% 9 82% 10:35 Message 11 10:35 10:40 10:36 10:38 - 10:35 10:35 10:36 10:36 10:37 - 9 82% 9 82% 11:36 Message 12 11:36 11:42 11:37 11:39 - 11:36 11:36 11:37 11:37 11:46 - 9 82% 9 82% 12:36 Message 13 12:37 12:40 12:37 12:39 - 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:38 - 9 82% 9 82% 13:33 Message 14 13:33 13:37 13:33 13:35 - 13:33 13:33 13:34 13:34 13:35 - 9 82% 9 82% 14:33 Message 15 14:33 14:33 14:34 14:35 - 14:33 14:33 14:34 14:34 14:46 - 9 82% 9 82% 15:40 Message 16 15:40 15:41 15:41 15:43 - 15:40 15:40 15:41 15:41 15:42 - 9 82% 83% 9 82% 81% 03:00 Test Start 03:00 04:00 03:00 03:02 - 03:00 03:00 03:01 03:01 - - 8 73% 7 64% IOTWS-TSP 03:04 Message 1 03:04 04:00 03:05 03:07 - 03:04 03:04 03:05 03:05 03:06 - 9 82% 8 73% INDIA 03:16 Message 2 03:16 04:00 03:16 03:18 - 03:16 03:16 03:17 03:17 03:17 - 9 82% 8 73% 03:31 Message 3 03:31 04:00 03:31 03:33 - 03:31 03:31 03:32 03:32 03:33 - 9 82% 8 73% 04:00 Message 4 04:01 04:00 04:01 04:04 - 04:01 04:01 04:01 04:01 04:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 05:00 Message 5 05:01 05:02 05:00 05:03 - 05:02 05:01 05:01 05:01 05:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 06:00 Message 6 06:01 06:02 06:01 06:03 - 06:01 06:01 06:02 06:01 06:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 06:59 Message 7 07:00 07:01 07:00 07:02 - 07:00 07:00 07:01 07:00 07:01 - 9 82% 9 82% 07:59 Message 8 08:00 08:02 08:00 08:02 - 08:00 08:00 08:01 08:00 08:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 09:01 Message 9 09:01 09:04 09:02 09:03 - 09:01 09:01 09:02 09:02 09:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 10:00 Message 10 10:02 10:04 10:02 10:04 - 10:02 10:02 10:02 10:01 10:03 - 9 82% 9 82% 11:01 Message 11 11:04 11:03 11:02 11:04 - 11:02 11:02 11:02 11:02 11:03 - 9 82% 9 82% 12:01 Message 12 12:02 12:05 12:02 12:02 - 12:02 12:02 12:02 12:02 12:03 - 9 82% 9 82% 13:01 Message 13 13:01 13:02 13:03 13:03 - 13:01 13:01 13:02 13:02 13:02 - 9 82% 9 82% 14:00 Message 14 14:01 14:00 14:01 14:03 - 14:01 14:01 14:02 14:01 14:03 - 9 82% 9 82% 14:59 Message 15 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:03 - 15:00 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:03 - 9 82% 81% 9 82% 79%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 8
Sunda Scenario: GTS continued
Sunda Scenario GTS Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
03:00 Test Start 02:56 - 03:00 03:02 - 02:55 02:55 02:55 03:01 - - 7 64% 7 64% IOTWS-TSP 03:07 Message 1 03:07 04:10 03:08 03:09 - 03:07 03:07 03:08 03:08 03:09 03:09 10 91% 9 82% INDONESIA 03:12 Message 2 03:12 04:20 03:13 03:14 - 03:12 03:12 03:13 03:13 03:14 03:20 10 91% 9 82% 03:30 Message 3 03:30 04:37 03:31 03:32 - 03:30 03:30 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:34 10 91% 9 82% 04:00 Message 4 04:00 05:06 04:01 04:03 - 04:00 04:00 04:01 04:01 04:02 04:01 10 91% 9 82% 05:00 Message 5 05:00 05:36 05:01 05:02 - 05:00 05:00 05:01 05:01 05:02 05:02 10 91% 9 82% 06:00 Message 6 06:00 - 06:01 06:02 - 06:00 06:00 06:01 06:01 06:02 - 8 73% 8 73% 07:00 Message 7 07:00 - 07:00 07:02 - 07:00 07:00 07:01 07:01 07:02 - 8 73% 8 73% 08:00 Message 8 08:02 - 08:03 08:05 - 08:02 08:02 08:03 08:01 08:03 - 8 73% 8 73% 09:00 Message 9 09:06 - 09:06 09:08 - 09:06 09:06 09:06 09:01 09:00 - 8 73% 8 73% 10:00 Message 10 10:07 - 10:08 10:09 - 10:07 10:07 10:07 10:01 10:03 - 8 73% 8 73% 11:00 Message 11 11:00 - 11:00 11:02 - 11:00 11:00 11:01 11:01 11:18 - 8 73% 8 73% 13:00 Message 12 12:00 - 12:00 - - 12:00 12:00 12:00 13:01 13:01 - 7 64% 7 64% 15:00 Message 13 15:00 15:01 15:01 15:02 - 15:00 15:00 15:01 15:01 15:02 - 9 82% 79% 9 82% 75%
Table VI-4. Summary of GTS messages received by each NTWC for the Sunda Scenario
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MM=Myanmar, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SRI=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 9
Makran Scenario: SMS
Makran Scenario SMS Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:01 06:00 - - 06:00 06:01 9 82% 9 82% IOTWS-TSP 06:12 Message 1 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 06:12 - - 06:12 06:12 9 82% 9 82% AUSTRALIA 06:13 Message 2 06:14 06:13 06:13 06:13 06:15 06:13 06:13 - - 06:14 06:14 9 82% 9 82% 06:22 Message 3 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:22 06:27 06:22 06:22 - - 06:22 06:22 9 82% 9 82% 06:32 Message 4 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:32 06:33 06:33 - - 06:32 06:33 9 82% 9 82% 07:32 Message 5 07:32 07:32 07:32 07:32 07:33 07:33 07:32 - - 07:32 07:33 9 82% 9 82% 08:32 Message 6 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:33 08:33 - - 08:32 08:33 9 82% 9 82% 09:32 Message 7 09:33 09:32 09:32 09:33 09:32 09:33 09:33 - - 09:33 09:33 9 82% 9 82% 10:32 Message 8 10:32 10:32 10:32 10:32 10:32 10:33 10:32 - - 10:32 10:33 9 82% 9 82% 11:32 Message 9 11:32 11:32 11:32 11:32 11:33 11:33 11:32 - - 11:32 11:32 9 82% 9 82% 12:36 Message 10 12:37 12:37 12:37 12:32 12:35 12:37 12:37 - - 12:37 12:37 9 82% 9 82% 13:32 Message 11 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:32 13:33 12:32 - - 13:33 13:33 9 82% 9 82% 14:35 Message 12 14:35 14:37 14:37 14:36 14:40 14:35 14:35 - - 14:35 14:35 9 82% 9 82% 15:32 Message 13 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 15:32 - - 15:32 15:32 9 82% 9 82% 16:32 Message 14 16:32 16:32 - 16:32 16:32 16:33 16:32 - - 16:32 16:33 8 73% 8 73% 17:32 Message 15 17:32 17:32 - 17:32 17:32 17:32 17:32 - - 17:32 17:33 8 73% 8 73% 18:32 Message 16 18:32 18:42 - 18:32 18:33 18:32 18:32 - - 18:32 18:33 8 73% 80% 8 73% 80% 06:00 Test Start 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 06:00 05:58 06:00 06:00 06:03 - 06:00 10 91% 10 91% IOTWS-TSP 06:04 Message 1 06:04 06:04 06:04 06:04 06:04 06:12 06:04 06:04 06:07 - 06:04 10 91% 10 91% INDIA 06:16 Message 2 06:16 06:16 06:16 06:16 06:16 06:18 06:16 06:16 06:20 - 06:16 10 91% 10 91% 06:29 Message 3 06:30 06:30 06:31 06:30 06:29 06:35 06:30 - 06:32 - 06:30 9 82% 9 82% 07:00 Message 4 07:01 07:00 07:00 07:01 07:01 07:00 07:02 - 07:03 - 07:01 9 82% 9 82% 08:02 Message 5 08:02 08:02 08:02 08:02 08:03 08:02 08:02 08:02 08:05 - 08:02 10 91% 10 91% 09:01 Message 6 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:04 - 09:01 10 91% 10 91% 10:01 Message 7 10:01 10:01 10:01 10:02 10:02 10:01 10:02 10:01 10:04 - 10:02 10 91% 10 91% 11:00 Message 8 11:01 11:00 11:01 11:01 11:01 11:01 11:01 10:01 11:03 - 11:01 10 91% 10 91% 12:01 Message 9 12:01 12:01 12:01 12:02 12:02 12:01 12:01 12:01 12:04 - 12:02 10 91% 10 91% 13:02 Message 10 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:02 13:05 - 13:02 10 91% 10 91% 14:00 Message 11 14:01 14:00 14:01 14:01 14:01 14:00 14:01 14:00 14:03 - 14:01 10 91% 10 91% 15:00 Message 12 15:01 15:00 15:01 15:01 15:01 15:00 15:01 15:00 15:04 - 15:01 10 91% 10 91% 16:00 Message 13 16:01 16:00 17:01 16:01 16:01 16:00 16:01 16:00 16:02 - 16:01 10 91% 10 91% 17:00 Message 14 17:01 17:01 18:01 17:01 17:01 17:00 17:01 17:01 17:02 - 17:01 10 91% 10 91% 17:59 Message 15 17:59 18:00 18:59 18:00 17:59 18:00 18:00 17:59 18:01 - 18:00 10 91% 90% 10 91% 90%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 10
Makran Scenario: SMS continued
Makran Scenario SMS Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
06:00 Test Start 05:55 - 06:00 05:59 05:58 05:57 05:56 - 06:02 08:03 8 80% 7 70% IOTWS-TSP 06:07 Message 1 06:09 - 06:07 06:13 06:12 06:08 06:08 - 06:12 06:12 8 80% 8 80% INDONESIA 06:12 Message 2 06:19 - 06:12 06:20 06:18 06:17 06:19 - 06:22 06:18 8 80% 8 80% 06:30 Message 3 06:31 - 06:30 06:35 06:35 06:31 06:30 - 06:33 06:37 8 80% 8 80% 07:00 Message 4 07:03 - 07:00 07:07 07:03 07:04 07:02 - 07:06 07:06 8 80% 8 80% 08:00 Message 5 08:00 - 08:00 08:05 08:02 08:01 08:01 - 08:06 10:08 8 80% 7 70% 09:00 Message 6 09:02 - 09:00 09:03 09:05 09:02 09:05 - 09:07 11:08 8 80% 7 70% 10:00 Message 7 10:02 - 10:00 10:03 10:04 10:03 10:01 - 10:06 10:07 8 80% 8 80% 11:00 Message 8 11:03 - 11:00 11:08 11:03 11:04 11:01 - 11:07 13:05 8 80% 7 70% 12:00 Message 9 12:03 - 12:00 12:05 12:03 12:01 12:00 - 12:07 12:06 8 80% 8 80% 13:00 Message 10 13:01 - 13:00 13:01 13:03 13:05 13:03 - 13:06 15:09 8 80% 7 70% 14:00 Message 11 14:03 - 14:00 14:05 14:04 14:02 14:00 - 14:07 14:05 8 80% 8 80% 15:00 Message 12 15:05 - 15:00 15:04 15:04 15:01 15:01 - 15:07 15:05 8 80% 8 80% 17:00 Message 13 17:03 - 17:00 17:05 17:01 17:04 17:04 - 17:08 19:06 8 80% 80% 7 70% 76%
Table VI-5. Summary of SMS messages received by each NTWC for the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan,SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, YEM=YEM Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 11
Sunda Scenario: SMS
Sunda Scenario SMS Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 03:00 Test Start 03:01 - 03:00 03:00 03:11 03:00 03:00 - 03:06 - - 7 64% 7 64% IOTWS-TSP 03:09 Message 1 03:10 - 03:09 03:10 03:11 03:09 03:09 - 03:15 03:10 - 8 73% 8 73% AUSTRALIA 03:10 Message 2 03:11 - 03:10 03:11 03:11 03:11 03:11 - 03:16 03:11 - 8 73% 8 73% 03:22 Message 3 03:22 - 03:22 03:21 03:22 03:22 03:23 - 03:28 03:22 - 8 73% 8 73% 03:32 Message 4 03:32 - 03:32 03:32 03:33 03:32 03:32 - 03:38 03:32 - 8 73% 8 73% 04:32 Message 5 04:33 - 04:33 04:33 04:33 04:33 04:33 - 04:38 04:33 - 8 73% 8 73% 05:32 Message 6 05:32 - 05:32 05:33 05:32 05:32 05:32 - 05:38 05:32 - 8 73% 8 73% 06:32 Message 7 06:33 - 06:32 06:32 06:33 06:32 06:33 - 06:38 06:32 - 8 73% 8 73% 07:32 Message 8 07:33 - 07:32 07:33 07:33 07:33 07:33 - 07:38 07:33 - 8 73% 8 73% 08:32 Message 9 08:32 - 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:32 08:33 - 08:38 08:32 - 8 73% 8 73% 09:32 Message 10 09:32 - 09:32 09:32 09:33 09:32 09:32 - 09:38 09:32 - 8 73% 8 73% 10:35 Message 11 10:36 - 10:35 10:36 10:36 10:36 10:36 - 10:41 10:36 - 8 73% 8 73% 11:36 Message 12 11:37 - 11:36 11:36 11:46 11:37 11:37 - 11:42 11:37 - 8 73% 8 73% 12:36 Message 13 12:37 - 12:37 12:37 12:38 12:37 12:37 - 12:42 12:37 - 8 73% 8 73% 13:33 Message 14 13:33 - 13:33 13:33 13:33 13:33 13:33 - 13:39 13:33 - 8 73% 8 73% 14:33 Message 15 14:33 - 14:33 14:33 14:33 14:33 14:33 - 14:49 14:33 - 8 73% 7 64% 15:40 Message 16 15:41 - 15:40 15:41 14:41 15:41 15:41 - 15:46 15:41 - 8 73% 72% 8 73% 72% 03:00 Test Start 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:00 03:06 - 03:00 10 91% 10 91% IOTWS-TSP 03:04 Message 1 03:00 03:05 03:04 03:04 03:25 03:04 03:04 03:04 03:10 03:04 - 10 91% 9 82% INDIA 03:16 Message 2 03:16 03:17 03:16 03:16 03:18 03:11 03:16 03:16 03:22 03:16 03:16 11 100% 11 100% 03:31 Message 3 03:31 03:31 03:32 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:31 03:37 03:31 03:32 11 100% 11 100% 04:00 Message 4 04:01 04:02 04:01 04:00 04:10 04:01 04:01 04:01 04:06 04:01 04:01 11 100% 11 100% 05:00 Message 5 05:01 05:00 05:00 05:00 05:00 05:00 05:00 05:00 05:06 05:00 05:00 11 100% 11 100% 06:00 Message 6 06:01 06:01 06:00 06:00 06:10 06:01 06:01 06:00 06:06 06:00 06:00 11 100% 11 100% 06:59 Message 7 07:00 07:00 07:00 06:59 06:59 07:00 07:00 07:00 07:05 07:00 07:00 11 100% 11 100% 07:59 Message 8 08:00 08:01 08:00 07:59 08:00 08:00 08:00 08:00 08:05 08:00 08:00 11 100% 11 100% 09:01 Message 9 09:01 09:02 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:01 09:07 09:01 09:01 11 100% 11 100% 10:00 Message 10 10:01 10:02 10:01 10:00 10:01 10:01 10:01 - 10:06 10:01 10:01 10 91% 10 91% 11:01 Message 11 11:01 11:02 11:01 11:01 11:06 11:01 11:01 11:01 11:07 11:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 12:01 Message 12 12:01 12:03 12:01 12:01 12:02 12:01 12:01 12:01 12:07 12:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 13:01 Message 13 13:01 13:02 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:01 13:07 13:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 14:00 Message 14 14:01 14:02 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:01 14:00 14:06 14:01 - 10 91% 10 91% 14:59 Message 15 15:00 15:01 15:00 14:59 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:06 15:00 - 10 91% 95% 10 91% 95%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 12
Sunda Scenario: SMS continued
Sunda Scenario SMS Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
03:00 Test Start 02:56 - - 03:01 - 03:04 02:58 03:02 03:06 - 3:00 7 64% 7 64% IOTWS-TSP 03:07 Message 1 - - - 03:14 - 03:13 03:11 03:11 03:13 03:14 - 6 55% 6 55% INDONESIA 03:12 Message 2 - - - 03:27 - 03:22 03:18 03:16 03:18 03:22 3:16 7 64% 7 64% 03:30 Message 3 - - - 03:36 - 03:33 03:33 03:31 03:36 03:34 3:34 7 64% 7 64% 04:00 Message 4 04:03 - - 04:08 - 04:05 04:08 04:01 04:06 04:09 4:02 8 73% 8 73% 05:00 Message 5 05:00 - - 05:10 - 05:01 05:01 05:00 05:06 05:06 5:05 8 73% 8 73% 06:00 Message 6 06:02 - - 06:08 - 06:06 06:02 06:00 06:06 06:08 6:02 8 73% 8 73% 07:00 Message 7 07:01 - - 07:10 - 07:05 07:05 07:00 07:06 07:07 - 7 64% 7 64% 08:00 Message 8 08:06 - - 08:08 - 08:06 08:04 08:00 08:06 08:07 - 7 64% 7 64% 09:00 Message 9 09:09 - - 09:16 - 09:07 09:11 09:01 09:06 09:11 - 7 64% 6 55% 10:00 Message 10 10:09 - - 10:17 - 10:09 10:10 10:13 10:05 10:12 - 7 64% 6 55% 11:00 Message 11 11:02 - - 11:07 - 11:04 11:06 11:01 11:05 11:08 - 7 64% 7 64% 13:00 Message 12 12:01 - - 13:07 - 12:05 12:06 12:01 13:05 13:04 - 7 64% 7 64% 15:00 Message 13 15:02 - - 15:06 - 15:04 15:04 15:01 15:05 15:06 - 7 64% 65% 7 64% 64%
Table VI-6. Summary of SMS messages received by each NTWC for the Sunda Scenario
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MM=Myanmar, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SRI=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 13
Makran Scenario: Fax
Makran Scenario Fax Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 06:00 Test Start 06:01 06:04 06:02 - - 06:00 - 06:01 - 06:00 06:12 7 64% 6 55% IOTWS-TSP 06:12 Message 1 06:21 - 06:27 - - 06:24 - 06:12 - 06:26 06:26 6 55% 6 55% AUSTRALIA 06:13 Message 2 06:24 07:12 06:28 - - 06:25 - 06:13 - 06:27 06:48 7 64% 5 45% 06:22 Message 3 06:44 07:13 06:29 - - 06:26 - 06:44 - 06:28 07:11 7 64% 3 27% 06:32 Message 4 06:46 07:14 07:05 - - 07:07 - 06:46 - 07:08 07:12 7 64% 2 18% 07:32 Message 5 07:48 07:50 07:41 - - - - 07:44 - 07:35 - 5 45% 3 27% 08:32 Message 6 08:36 08:48 08:45 - - 08:41 - 08:51 - 08:55 08:35 7 64% 4 36% 09:32 Message 7 09:36 10:00 09:57 - - 09:46 - 09:35 - 09:47 09:34 7 64% 5 45% 10:32 Message 8 10:36 - 10:36 - - 10:46 - 10:37 - 10:44 - 5 45% 4 36% 11:32 Message 9 11:35 11:40 11:42 - - 11:50 - 11:39 - 11:32 - 6 55% 5 45% 12:36 Message 10 12:40 12:40 12:39 - - 13:00 - 12:37 - - - 5 45% 4 36% 13:32 Message 11 13:43 14:11 13:38 - - 13:49 - 13:40 - 13:47 - 6 55% 6 55% 14:35 Message 12 14:38 14:53 14:37 - - 14:11 - 14:36 - 14:38 14:46 7 64% 7 64% 15:32 Message 13 15:35 15:50 15:34 - - 15:36 - 15:33 - 15:34 15:41 7 64% 6 55% 16:32 Message 14 16:35 16:34 16:35 - - 16:47 - 16:33 - - 16:41 6 55% 6 55% 17:32 Message 15 17:35 17:34 17:34 - - 17:45 - 17:32 - - 17:51 6 55% 5 45% 18:32 Message 16 18:33 18:32 18:34 - - 18:56 - 18:47 - - 18:44 6 55% 57% 5 45% 44% 06:00 Test Start 06:05 06:08 06:00 - - 06:06 - - 06:03 - 06:39 6 55% 5 45% IOTWS-TSP 06:04 Message 1 06:07 06:10 06:04 - - 06:12 - 06:08 06:07 06:09 06:45 8 73% 7 64% INDIA 06:16 Message 2 07:08 06:21 06:19 - - 06:19 - 06:22 06:20 - 08:09 7 64% 5 45% 06:29 Message 3 06:30 06:30 06:31 - - 06:41 - 06:30 06:32 - 07:09 7 64% 6 55% 07:00 Message 4 07:00 07:00 07:02 - - 07:01 - 07:03 07:03 07:00 07:30 8 73% 7 64% 08:02 Message 5 08:04 08:05 08:02 - - 08:02 - 08:00 08:02 08:10 08:35 8 73% 7 64% 09:01 Message 6 09:15 09:04 - - - 09:05 - - 09:04 08:59 09:39 6 55% 5 45% 10:01 Message 7 10:03 10:03 10:05 - - 10:09 - 10:08 10:04 - 11:42 7 64% 6 55% 11:00 Message 8 11:05 11:00 11:10 - - 11:01 - 11:00 11:03 11:09 - 7 64% 7 64% 12:01 Message 9 12:08 12:04 12:04 - - 12:01 - - 12:04 12:10 12:15 7 64% 7 64% 13:02 Message 10 13:04 13:05 12:30 - - - - 13:01 13:05 13:04 13:35 7 64% 7 64% 14:00 Message 11 14:03 14:07 12:40 - - 14:05 - 14:04 14:03 14:04 14:05 8 73% 8 73% 15:00 Message 12 15:00 15:00 14:05 - - 15:12 - 15:01 15:04 15:00 15:01 8 73% 8 73% 16:00 Message 13 16:10 16:02 15:33 - - 16:04 - 16:19 16:02 16:11 16:06 8 73% 7 64% 17:00 Message 14 17:08 17:00 16:32 - - 17:01 - 17:00 17:02 18:00 17:04 8 73% 7 64% 17:59 Message 15 - 18:03 17:33 - - 18:03 - 18:00 18:01 18:07 - 6 55% 66% 6 55% 60%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 14
Makran Scenario: Fax continued
Makran Scenario Fax Message No AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
06:00 Test Start - - 06:02 ------1 9% 1 9% IOTWS-TSP 06:07 Message 1 06:13 - 06:12 ------2 18% 2 18% INDONESIA 06:12 Message 2 06:18 - 06:27 ------2 18% 2 18% 06:30 Message 3 06:42 - 06:39 ------2 18% 2 18% 07:00 Message 4 07:12 ------1 9% 1 9% 08:00 Message 5 08:06 ------1 9% 1 9% 09:00 Message 6 09:07 - 09:10 ------2 18% 2 18% 10:00 Message 7 10:16 - 10:12 ------2 18% 1 9% 11:00 Message 8 11:06 ------1 9% 1 9% 12:00 Message 9 12:06 - 12:12 ------2 18% 2 18% 13:00 Message 10 13:14 - 13:08 ------2 18% 2 18% 14:00 Message 11 14:06 - 14:08 ------2 18% 2 18% 15:00 Message 12 15:06 ------1 9% 1 9% 17:00 Message 13 17:07 - 17:14 ------2 18% 15% 2 18% 14%
Table VI-7. Summary of Fax messages received by each NTWC for the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan,SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, YEM=YEM Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI–Page 15
Sunda Scenario: Fax
Sunda Scenario Fax Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave* 03:00 Test Start 03:01 - - 03:04 - 03:12 03:02 - 03:02 - - 5 45% 5 45% IOTWS-TSP 03:09 Message 1 03:11 - 03:50 03:24 - 03:13 03:12 - 03:11 3:27 - 7 64% 5 45% AUSTRALIA 03:10 Message 2 03:13 - 03:51 03:26 - 03:13 03:12 - 03:12 - - 6 55% 4 36% 03:22 Message 3 03:43 - 03:52 03:29 - 04:05 03:42 - 03:24 - - 6 55% 2 18% 03:32 Message 4 03:44 - 03:53 03:40 - - 03:42 - 03:34 - - 5 45% 4 36% 04:32 Message 5 04:51 - 04:36 04:42 - 04:40 04:35 - 04:34 4:48 - 7 64% 5 45% 05:32 Message 6 05:38 - 05:35 05:44 - 05:42 05:34 - 05:34 - - 6 55% 6 55% 06:32 Message 7 06:45 - 06:34 06:46 - 06:47 06:34 - 06:34 - - 6 55% 6 55% 07:32 Message 8 07:41 - 07:34 07:38 - 07:47 07:35 - 07:34 7:35 - 7 64% 7 64% 08:32 Message 9 08:37 - 09:08 08:36 - - 08:34 - 08:34 8:35 - 6 55% 5 45% 09:32 Message 10 09:33 - - 09:36 - 09:48 09:49 - 09:34 9:35 - 6 55% 4 36% 10:35 Message 11 - - 10:38 10:34 - 10:42 10:38 - 10:37 - - 5 45% 5 45% 11:36 Message 12 11:38 - 11:48 11:38 - 11:41 11:38 - 11:38 11:39 - 7 64% 7 64% 12:36 Message 13 12:38 - 13:05 12:41 - 12:48 12:44 - 12:38 12:39 - 7 64% 6 55% 13:33 Message 14 13:41 - 13:50 13:41 - 13:37 13:40 - 13:35 13:36 - 7 64% 6 55% 14:33 Message 15 14:34 - 14:37 14:44 - 14:50 14:35 - 14:35 14:36 - 7 64% 6 55% 15:40 Message 16 15:41 - 16:07 15:48 - 15:46 15:48 - 15:42 15:49 - 7 64% 57% 6 55% 48% 03:00 Test Start 03:34 - 03:02 03:00 - 03:03 03:04 - 03:02 - - 6 55% 5 45% IOTWS-TSP 03:04 Message 1 03:35 - 03:06 03:04 - 03:10 03:08 - 03:06 03:08 - 7 64% 6 55% INDIA 03:16 Message 2 03:35 - 03:24 03:17 - 03:27 03:21 - 03:18 03:31 - 7 64% 6 55% 03:31 Message 3 03:39 - 03:31 03:31 - 03:32 03:32 - 03:33 03:37 - 7 64% 7 64% 04:00 Message 4 04:38 - 04:10 04:00 - 04:03 04:03 - 04:02 04:20 - 7 64% 5 45% 05:00 Message 5 05:35 - 05:04 05:00 - 05:03 05:02 - 05:02 05:03 - 7 64% 6 55% 06:00 Message 6 07:15 - 06:06 06:00 - 06:09 06:04 - 06:02 06:04 - 7 64% 6 55% 06:59 Message 7 07:16 - 07:02 06:59 - 07:15 07:05 - 07:01 07:00 - 7 64% 5 45% 07:59 Message 8 08:03 - 08:03 07:59 - 08:13 08:04 - 08:01 08:04 - 7 64% 7 64% 09:01 Message 9 09:04 - 09:01 9:02 - 09:09 09:04 - 09:03 09:08 - 7 64% 7 64% 10:00 Message 10 10:16 - 10:01 10:03 - 10:01 10:02 - 10:02 10:07 - 7 64% 6 55% 11:01 Message 11 11:06 - 11:02 11:02 - 11:07 11:04 - 11:03 11:05 - 7 64% 7 64% 12:01 Message 12 12:11 - 12:02 12:02 - 12:03 12:03 - 12:03 12:21 - 7 64% 7 64% 13:01 Message 13 - - 13:02 13:01 - 13:04 13:04 - 13:03 13:10 - 6 55% 6 55% 14:00 Message 14 14:03 - 14:03 14:00 - 14:09 14:06 - 14:02 14:06 - 7 64% 7 64% 14:59 Message 15 15:15 - 15:00 14:59 - 15:00 15:01 - 15:01 15:02 - 7 64% 63% 6 55% 56%
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VI– page 16
Sunda Scenario: Fax continued
Sunda Scenario Fax Message No AUS BAN COM FR IN IND MAD MAL MM SY SIN SA SRI TAN THA TL YEM Tot % Ave Tot* %* Ave*
03:00 Test Start - - - 03:02 - - - - 03:02 - - 2 18% 2 18% IOTWS-TSP 03:07 Message 1 03:13 - - 03:10 - - - - 03:09 - - 3 27% 3 27% INDONESIA 03:12 Message 2 ------03:15 - 03:14 - - 2 18% 2 18% 03:30 Message 3 03:46 - - - - - 03:33 - 03:32 - - 3 27% 2 18% 04:00 Message 4 04:07 - - 04:10 - - 04:07 - 04:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 05:00 Message 5 05:06 - - 05:12 - - 05:07 - 05:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 06:00 Message 6 06:06 - - 06:10 - - 06:03 - 06:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 07:00 Message 7 07:06 - - - - - 07:03 - 07:02 - - 3 27% 3 27% 08:00 Message 8 08:20 - - 08:09 - - 08:06 - 08:02 - - 4 36% 3 27% 09:00 Message 9 09:12 - - 09:08 - - 09:09 - 09:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 10:00 Message 10 10:13 - - 10:07 - - 10:10 - 10:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 11:00 Message 11 11:12 - - 11:06 - - 11:03 - 11:02 - - 4 36% 4 36% 13:00 Message 12 12:12 - - - - - 12:03 - 13:02 - - 3 27% 3 27% 15:00 Message 13 15:06 - - 15:11 - - 15:03 - 15:02 - - 4 36% 31% 4 36% 30%
Table VI-8. Summary of Fax messages received by each NTWC for the Sunda Scenario
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MM=Myanmar, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SRI=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor Leste, YEM=Yemen Tot = number of NTWCs who received the message, % = percentage of NTWCs who received the message, Ave = average percentage of NTWCs who received the message, * = corrected figure (Tot, %, Ave) that only includes the messages received withing 15 minutes of the issue time, - message not received, blank space = no answer provided. Highlighted times indicate that the message was received more than 15 minutes after being issued.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VII
ANNEX VII
TSP EXCHANGE PRODUCTS ACCESSED BY NTWCS
Makran Scenario %Y Total AUS IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK (11 out of 14 NTWCs Reporting) Bulletins 73% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No TSP-Australia Threat Table 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Maximum Amplitute Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Tsunami Travel Time Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Bulletins 82% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 82% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes TSP-India Threat Table 73% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Maximum Amplitute Map 82% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes Tsunami Travel Time Map 82% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes Bulletins 73% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No TSP-Indonesia Threat Table 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Maximum Amplitute Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No Tsunami Travel Time Map 64% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Unable to access Yes No
Table VII-1. TSP Exchange Products Accessed by NTWCs during the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan Tot = total number of NTWCs who answered the question, % = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VII– page 2
Sunda Scenario %Y Total AUS COM IN IND MAD MAL SIN SA TAN THA TL (11 out of 15 NTWCs Reporting) Bulletins 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes TSP-Australia Threat Table 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum Amplitute Map 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tsunami Travel Time Map 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Bulletins 91% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 91% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes TSP-India Threat Table 91% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum Amplitute Map 91% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tsunami Travel Time Map 91% 11 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Bulletins 90% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coastal Zone Threat Map 80% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes No Yes Yes Yes TSP-Indonesia Threat Table 80% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes No Yes Yes Yes Maximum Amplitute Map 80% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes No Yes Yes Yes Tsunami Travel Time Map 80% 10 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Reported Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Table VII-2. TSP Exchange Products Accessed by NTWCs during the Sunda Scenario*
AUS=Australia, COM=Comoros, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste Tot = total number of NTWCs who answered the question, % = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VIII
ANNEX VIII
TSUNAMI THREAT INFORMATION FROM TSP WEBSITES USED BY NTWCS TO PRODUCE NATIONAL WARNINGS
Member TSP Tsunami If no, why was the tsunami threat information not used? State Threat info used? The JATWC has our own system for producing Australian Australia No tsunami warnings. Bangladesh - - Comoros Yes - France - - India Yes - Indonesia Yes - Because the information of NTWC's tsunami data bank was Iran No used, which is based on high-resolution local simulations. Kenya Yes - Madagascar Yes - Malaysia No Communications test only Maldives Yes - Mauritius Yes - Mozambique Yes - Myanmar - - Oman No We used EasyWave2 Model Pakistan Yes No warnings were sent as the tsunami was not expected to Singapore No affect Singapore. South Africa Yes - Tanzania Yes - Thailand Yes - Timor Leste Yes - Yemen - - Table VIII-1. Tsunami Threat Information from TSP Websites Overview IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VIII–page 2
Makran Scenario %Y IN IND KN MD MAU MZ PK (7 out of 14 NTWCs reporting) Tsunami Wave Observations 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No TSP-Australia T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Other 14% No Yes No No No No No Tsunami Wave Observations 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No TSP-India T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Other 29% Yes Yes No No No No No Tsunami Wave Observations 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No TSP-Indonesia T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No Yes No No Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 57% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Other 14% No Yes No No No No No
Table VIII-2. Tsunami Threat Information from TSP Websites used by NTWCs to Produce National Warnings during the Makran Scenario
IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MD=Maldives, MAU=Maurtius, MZ=Mozambique, PK=Pakistan %Y = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex VIII–Page 3
Sunda Scenario %Y COM IN IND MAD SA TAN THA TL (8 out of 15 NTWCs reporting) Tsunami Wave Observations 71% Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 86% Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes TSP-Australia T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 57% No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 86% Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 86% Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Other 14% No No Yes No No No No No Tsunami Wave Observations 86% Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No No Yes No No T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 86% No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No Yes Yes No No Yes No No TSP-India T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 71% Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 86% No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 86% No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Other 29% No Yes Yes No No No No No Tsunami Wave Observations 57% Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes T1 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 29% No No Yes No No Yes No Yes T2 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes T3 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 29% No No Yes No No Yes No Yes TSP-Indonesia T4 Predicted Wave Arrival Time 43% No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Predicted Maximum Wave Amplitudes 43% No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Coastal Forecast Zone Threat Levels 43% No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Other 14% No No Yes No No No No No
Table VIII-3. Tsunami Threat Information from TSP Websites used by NTWCs in Production of National Warnings during the Sunda Scenario
COM=Comoros, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, SA=South Africa, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste %Y = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex IX
ANNEX IX
NTWC NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING STATUS REPORTS TO TSPS
Makran Scenario %Y AUS IN IND IR KN MAL MD MAU MZ OM PK (11 out of 14 NTWCs reporting) Did your NTWC send reports of its warning 64% Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Status to the TSPs? At what time (UTC) did the NTWC first report - 06:16 06:22 14:13 06:28 - 14:50 - 06:23 - - 06:25 its status? How many status reports did the NTWC send - 4 14 2 2 - 1 - 8 - - 4 to the TSPs?
Table IX-1. NTWC National Tsunami Warning Status Reports to TSPs during the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozabique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan %Y = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total
Sunda Scenario %Y AUS COM IN IND MAD MAL SIN SA TAN THA TL (11 out of 15 NTWCs reporting) Did your NTWC send reports of its warning 91% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Status to the TSPs? At what time (UTC) did the NTWC first report - 03:13 05:50 03:21 03:07 03:10 13:34 03:25 03:29 03:05 03:27 - its status? How many status reports did the NTWC send - 7 1 14 3 17 1 1 2 8 4 - to the TSPs?
Table IX-2. NTWC National Tsunami Warning Status Reports to TSPs during the Makran Scenario
AUS=Australia, COM=Comoros, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste %Y = percentage of NTWC that access the exchange product relative to total IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex X
ANNEX X
TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO LOCAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION – PROVINCIAL (LDMO-P)
LDMO-Provincial Percent AUSSUN FRMAK FRSUN INMAK INSUN INDSUN IRMAK KNMAK OMMAK PKMAK SYMAK SINSUN SASUN SLKSUN THASUN TLSUN Who sends tsunami messages to NTWC 61% NTWC NTWC NTWC NTWC NTWC ᵒ NTWC NTWC ᵒ NTWC ᵒ ᵒ NTWC ᵒ the LDMO-P? NDMO 39% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ NDMO NDMO ᵒ NDMO ᵒ NDMO NDMO ᵒ NDMO Number of messages sent - 78 10 10 15 5 8 4 - 1 4 5 - 0 4 7 5 Time 1st message sent after earthquake (UTC) - 3:18 7:42 3:19 6:05 3:05 3:04 6:07 - 6:00 6:05 10:00 - - 2:24 2:17 3:18 Time last message sent after earthquake (UTC) - 8:59 2:37 15:15 8:00 15:00 8:55 7:45 - 6:00 8:30 16:00 - - 5:24 24:30:00 5:25 Email 69% • • • • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ Webpage 46% • ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ SMS 62% ᵒ ᵒ • • • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • • ᵒ Fax 38% ᵒ ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Phone 62% Method of delivery ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • • • • ᵒ TV 15% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Radio 15% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Social Media 23% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Other - WRS ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Other - Memo 8% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • Were the messages received in a timely manner? 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table X. Tsunami Messages to Local Disaster Management Organizations – Provincial (LDMO-P)
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste SUN=Sunda Scenario, MAK=Makran Scenario. Subscript next to a country name indicates which scenario applies to this survey question by each country. = yes, =no IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XI
ANNEX XI
TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO LOCAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION – COMMUNITY (LDMO-C)
LDMO-Community Percent AUSSUN FRMAK FRSUN INMAK INSUN INDSUN IRMAK KNMAK OMMAK PKMAK SYMAK SINSUN SASUN SLKSUN THASUN TLSUN NTWC 39% NTWC ᵒ NTWC NTWC NTWC ᵒ NTWC NTWC ᵒ NTWC ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Who sends tsunami messages to 25% NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO the LDMO-C? NDMO ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-P 36% ᵒ LDMO-P LDMO-P ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-P ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-P LDMO-P LDMO-P ᵒ Number of messages sent - 78 10 10 15 15 8 4 - 1 4 5 - 0 4 - - Time 1st message sent after earthquake (UTC) - 3:18 7:42 3:25 6:05 3:05 3:04 6:07 - 6:00 6:05 10:00 - - 2:29 - - Time last message sent after earthquake (UTC) - 8:59 2:37 3:25 18:00 15:00 8:55 7:45 - 6:00 8:30 16:00 - - 5:25 - - Email 73% • • • • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • ᵒ Webpage 45% • ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ SMS 55% ᵒ ᵒ • • • ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ Fax 45% ᵒ ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • Method of delivery Phone 64% ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ • • • TV 9% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Radio 18% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • Social Media 18% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Other - WRS 9% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Were the messages received in a timely manner? 100% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table XI. Tsunami Messages to Local Disaster Management Organizations – Community (LDMO-C)
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor Leste SUN=Sunda Scenario, MAK=Makran Scenario. Subscript next to a country name indicates which scenario applies to this survey question by each country. = yes, =no IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XII
ANNEX XII
TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO MEDIA
Media Percent AUSSUN FRMAK FRSUN INMAK INSUN INDSUN KNMAK MDMAK OMMAK PKMAK SYMAK SINSUN SASUN SLKSUN TLSUN NTWC 54% NTWC ᵒ ᵒ NTWC NTWC NTWC NTWC ᵒ ᵒ NTWC ᵒ NTWC NTWC 23% NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO Who sends tsunami messages to NDMO ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ the Media? LDMO-P 12% ᵒ LDMO-P LDMO-P ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C 12% ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Number of messages sent - 0 10 2 15 15 8 - 0 1 2 1 2 4 - Time 1st message sent after earthquake (UTC) - - 8:00 3:25 6:15 3:15 3:04 - - 6:00 7:00 12:45 7:07 2:26 - Time last message sent after earthquake (UTC) - - 10:00 5:00 8:10 15:10 8:55 - - 6:00 14:00 16:00 7:16 5:24 - Email 78% • • • • • ᵒ ᵒ • • Webpage 22% ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • SMS 44% ᵒ • • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • Fax 56% ᵒ • • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • Method of delivery Phone 44% ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • TV 44% ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Radio 33% ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Social Media 44% ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Other - WRS 11% ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Were the messages received in a timely manner? 89% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Table XII. Tsunami Messages to Media
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MD = Maldives, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TL=Timor-Leste SUN=Sunda Scenario, MAK=Makran Scenario. Subscript next to a country name indicates which scenario applies to this survey question by each country = yes, =no IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIII
ANNEX XIII
TSUNAMI MESSAGES TO PUBLIC
Public Percent AUSSUN FRMAK FRSUN INMAK INSUN INDSUN KNMAK MDMAK OMMAK PKMAK SYMAK SINSUN SASUN SLKSUN TLSUN NTWC 26% NTWC ᵒ ᵒ NTWC NTWC NTWC NTWC ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ NDMO 42% NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO NDMO Who sends tsunami messages to ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO 3% LDMO the Public? ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C 27% ᵒ LDMO-C LDMO-C ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ LDMO-C ᵒ Media 3% Media ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Number of messages sent - 0 0 0 15 15 8 - 0 1 2 1 - 1 4 - Time 1st message sent after earthquake (UTC) - - - - 6:15 3:15 3:04 - - 6:00 6:10 10:00 - 7:16 2:25 - Time last message sent after earthquake (UTC) - - - - 18:10 15:10 8:55 - - 6:00 9:00 16:00 - 7:16 5:24 - Email 50% • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • Webpage 25% ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • SMS 63% • • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • Fax 38% • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • Method of delivery Phone 38% • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • TV 63% • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Radio 50% ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Social Media 63% • • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • Other - WRS 13% ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Were the messages received in a timely manner? 88% Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Table XIII. Tsunami Messages to Public
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MD = Maldives, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TL=Timor-Leste SUN=Sunda Scenario, MAK=Makran Scenario. Subscript next to a country name indicates which scenario applies to this survey question by each country = yes, =no IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIV
ANNEX XIV
MEDIA PARTICIPATION
Media Percent AUS COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SA SLK THA TL Yes 11% Yes Yes 4c) Does the Media have SOP for ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ No 61% No No No No No No No No No No No tsunami? ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially 28% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially ᵒ Partially ᵒ Partially ᵒ ᵒ Partially ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially Press 47% ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Radio 35% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Television 53% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • ᵒ • Social - Facebook 35% ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Social - WhatsApp 41% 4d) What Media Participated in the ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ Social - Twitter 24% Partially Partially Exercise? ᵒ ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Other - Video Conference 6% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Other - Communication Sector 6% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Other - Web-base 6% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ Other - Mass Media 6% Communication system ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Pre-exercise tsunami awareness 41% ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Information on the upcoming 47% scheduled exercise ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • • • • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ 4e) What information did the Tsunami threat information 41% ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • • • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Media broadcast? Tsunami evacuation information 24% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ All-clear information 24% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Mock interviews 24% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • • ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ ᵒ Coverage of the event 53% ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ • ᵒ • • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • ᵒ • • • Yes 75% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4f) Was the information broadcast ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ No 6% No by the media useful? ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially useful 19% Partially ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ ᵒ Partially ᵒ Table XIV. Media participation
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIV– page 2
MEDIA PARTICIPATION (Continued)
Comments 4c) JATWC has issued a Media Guide Australia 4d) No external media involvement in this scenario, but JATWC internal media teams were involved.
Comoros 4c) Our training sessions planned up to the community level for the establishment of the different SOPs is stopped at the level of the NTWC and the NDMO (insufficiency of budget), that is why we could not lead exercise at the community level. India 4e) Interviews were conducted regarding drill and public evacatuion at NTWC, LDMOs Iran 4d) The selected media [WhatsApp] was applied to deliver tsunami messages to the NDMO and LDMO, and not for Public Mauritius 4e) Real evacuation carried out in thress tsunami vulnerable sites of Mauritius and one in Rodrigues 4c) The State Media owned by the Government through Kenya Emergency Alert System. 4d) Kenya News Agency covered the Exercise and through them, other print and electronic media broadcast the outcome. Kenya 4e) The media was present during training and exercise day 4f) The Exercise was successful given that information reached the communities to avail themselves for the exercise 4c) Establishment of media SOPs for tsunami is one of NDMO perspectives in collaboration with Communication network in Disaster 4d) Media will certainly participate in the next IOWave Madagascar 4e) The Media did not particpate in IOWave18 4f) The Media did not participate in IOWave Oman 4c) We are developing a new Media SOP and it is in the process 4c) Our SOP specifies NDMC to generate media release(s) which would then be disseimated by SAWS through all the above-mentioned channels. However, consensus decision amongst NDMC and SAWS was tanken not to include media and/or public in IOWave18 as prior South Africa education and awareness campaigns first meed to be put in place. There was a real concern that without sufficient knowledge and awareness, that general panic could ensure amongst the general public during IOWave18. 4c) 4d) Civil Protection and NDRMD are currently working with the media to develop SOPs Timor Leste 4d) NDRMD has facebook page where it regularly communicates to the public
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIV–Page 3
MEDIA PARTICIPATION (Continued)
4g) How could Media involvement be improved in future exercises and real events? Australian media are usually involved in IOWave exercises, but because of the PacWave18 exercise one week later with external medai Australia involvement they were not involved in IOWave.
France Upgrade [their] SOPs India By involving Media in tsunami awareness traiings, workshops at national and regional level Iran The media will be more beneficial if it is used in future exercises and real-events for Public announcement too. The Communication Commision of Kenya as a media regulator should ensure that both state and private media is utilized in times of Kenya emergencies. A national traiing on TEMPP and SOP with a parallel session of communication, including the media team is planned on November 2018 Madagascar probably. Mauritius Need for training dedicated to media professionals on tsunami
Oman With the detail media SOP and special awareness for media staff By arranging special workshops for media representatives as most of them are even unable to differentiate a tsunami event from a Pakistan tropical cyclone. All media platforms potentially have a significant role to play in South Africa (in terns of disseminating warning/coastal evacuatin South Africa information) as our primary source of tsunami risk is a far-field Indonesia event (such as this), where the lead-time (TOA) would be 9- 10 hours or more. Sri Lanka Need to develop SOPs and sensitized their role in an emergency. Talk show on raising awareness. Timor Leste In a full exercise scenario the media could provide lead up and coverage during the exercise.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIV
ANNEX XV
ISSUING OF PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES, EVACUATION ORDERS AND ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES
Tot Yes % AUS BAN COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MAL MD MAU MZ MM OM PK SY SIN SA SLK TAN THA TL YEM Were public safety messages 19 10 53% No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No issued during the exercise? Were evacuation orders issued 19 10 53% No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No during the exercise? Were all clear messages issued 19 11 58% No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No during the exercise?
Table XV. Issuing of Public Safety Messages, Evacuation Orders and All-Clear Messages
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, MM=Myanmar, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVI
ANNEX XVI
PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems?
FR radio and social population EMZPCOI LDMO-P 7:53 No threatened areas must be improved (Mak) media awareness FR EMZPCOI LDMO-P 3:45 email No threatened areas public awareness no evacuation (Sun) Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami announcement Gujarat-DMO LDMO-P 6:15 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-Door Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami IN announcement Maharashtra-DMO LDMO-P 6:09 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - (Mak) System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-Door Telephone, TV, Website, Siren, Potential tsunami Public Goa-DMO LDMO-P 6:35 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door Fax, Email, Telephone, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Website, Siren, Potential tsunami IN A&N Islands-DMO LDMO-P 3:07 Public No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - (Sun) announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door, VHF, HF, Megaphones
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVI– page 2
PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Telephone, Email, Fax, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Siren, Potential tsunami West Bengal-DMO LDMO-P 3:15 Public No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door Telephone, SMS, Email, Fax, Sirens, PAS, Public call Potential tsunami Odisha-DMO LDMO-P 3:10 centre, Police, Door- No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - to-door, village NTWC volunteer, Social Media Email, SMS, Telephone, Public Radio, TV, Website, IN Public (Sun) announcement Potential tsunami Andhra Pradesh-DMO LDMO-P 3:10 system, Police, Door- No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - to-door, Social NTWC Media, VSAT, SBDVMT, Satellite Phones, NDRF, SDRF, Fire services Telephone, Email, Fax, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami announcement Tamil Nadu-DMO LDMO-P 3:10 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - system, Police, Door- NTWC to-door, Fire Services, VHF, Church bell, Social Media
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVI–Page 3
PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? LDMO Ache Barat NTWC - - No - - - IND LDMO Pacitan NTWC - - No - - - (Sun) LDMO Pangandaran NTWC - - No - - - Iranian Naional Institute for Webpage, SMS, Fax, Tsunami warning based on earthquake Possible Tsunami Oceanography and NTWC 6:07 No - Phone, Social Media information Bulletin Atmospheric Science Tsunami warning based on updated Iranian Naional Institute for earthquake information and pre-run Webpage, SMS, Fax, Possible Tsunami Oceanography and NTWC 6:10 No model scenarios (including maximum - Phone, Social Media Bulletin Atmospheric Science wave height, wave arrival time, inundation potential) IR (Mak) Tsunami warning based on updated Iranian Naional Institute for earthquake information and pre-run Webpage, SMS, Fax, Confirmed Tsunami Oceanography and NTWC 6:15 No model scenarios (including maximum - Phone, Social Media Bulletin Atmospheric Science wave height, wave arrival time, inundation potential) Cancellation of tsunami warning based Iranian Naional Institute for Webpage, SMS, Fax, on updated earthquake information, pre- End of Tsuanmi Oceanography and NTWC 7:45 No - Phone, Social Media run model scenarios and sea level Bulletin Atmospheric Science observations KN KNDOC NDMO - Phone, TV, Radio No Tsunami Alert Awareness/Alert - (Mak) general precautions to be taken by to ensure public MAU National Emergency public, fishermen, tourists, port safety and readiness messages prepared but physically NDMO 8:18 Mail and Fax No (Mak) Operations Command (NEOC) operators, coastal communities, coastal to evacuate before not sent schools, coastal heath facilities wave strike MZ INAM NTWC 8:00 email No - - - (Mak) NDMO LDMO-P - all No be vigilant, exercise purpose only prevent panic SLK NDMO LDMO-C - all No be vigilant, exercise purpose only prevent panic (Sun) NDMO Other - all No be vigilant, exercise purpose only prevent panic
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVI– page 4
PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Police Other 12.5 public No Order evacuation rescue people - Institutions and TAN Informing about the possibility of community to get (Sun) NDMO NDMO 9 radio, tv No - tsunami preapared and take appropriate action Advice beachgoers and boat users to be prepared and follow up the situation NDWC NTWC 3:10 Line, Fax No Expected tsunami - from NTWC and evacuation to the higher ground
Water level from Advice beachgoers and boat users to be DART Buoy change prepared and follow up the situation NDWC NTWC 3:25 Line, Fax No anomaly expected - from NTWC and evacuation to the higher tsunami along THA ground andaman sea coastal (Sun)
Water level from Tidal gauge change Inform the 1st wave estimated time NDWC NTWC 3:38 Line, Fax No significant expected - arrival tsunami along andaman sea coast Inform about the coast of Thailand Tsunami affected the NDWC NTWC 5:41 Line, Fax No - affected by tsunami coast of Thailand
Table XVI. Public Safety Messages
FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand (Mak)=Makran Scenario, (Sun)=Sunda Scenario
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVII
ANNEX XVII
EVACUATION ORDERS
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami announcement Gujarat-DMO LDMO-P 7:05 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami IN announcement Maharashtra-DMO LDMO-P 6:32 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - (Mak) System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Telephone, TV, Website, Siren, Potential tsunami Public Goa-DMO LDMO-P 7:10 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami announcement A&N Islands-DMO LDMO-P 3:32 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- IN to-door (Sun) Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public Potential tsunami announcement West Bengal-DMO LDMO-P 4:00 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVII– page 2
EVACUATION ORDERS (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Telephone, TV, Website, Siren, Potential tsunami Public Odisha-DMO LDMO-P 3:35 No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door Fax, Email, Telephone, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Website, Siren, Potential tsunami IN Andhra Pradesh-DMO LDMO-P 3:45 Public No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - (Sun) announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door, VHF, HF, Megaphones Telephone, Email, Fax, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Siren, Potential tsunami Tamil Nadu-DMO LDMO-P 4:00 Public No Tsunami Warning and Alert information threat advisory from - announcment NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door LDMO Ache Barat NTWC - - No - - - IND LDMO Pacitan NTWC - - No - - - (Sun) LDMO Pangandaran NTWC - - No - - - Crisis Management Portable local sirens Run away from coast to the higher lands, LDMO-C 6:09 No - - Organisation and speakers follow evacuation signs IR Crisis Management Portable local sirens Run away from coast to the higher lands, LDMO-C 6:12 No - - (Mak) Organisation and speakers follow evacuation signs Crisis Management Portable local sirens Run away from coast to the higher lands, LDMO-C 6:17 No - - Organisation and speakers follow evacuation signs KN KNDOC NDMO - As above No - - - (Mak)
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVII–Page 3
EVACUATION ORDERS (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Exercise self evacuation from tsunami OM area AlSawadi AlSahil Time 10 Am LST NMHEWC NTWC 6:00 - No Evacuation - (Mak) date 4 Sep 2018 please evacuate to save zone Exercise
Evacuation ordered in first message Earthquake Parameters, Evaluation with because the coastal PK Pakistan Meteorological email, webpage, Sending by fax was not successful NTWC 6:05 Yes potential threat of tsunami and order for areas of the province (Mak) Department sms, fax to some contacts evacuation. of Balochistan are very close to the source of tsunami
Headcounts of the community Seychelles Police NDMO 11:00 sms, radio, phone No Evacuation for Perseverance District Most Critical Areas SY during evacuation, including pets (Sun) They did a great job helping the Fire Services Seychelles NDMO 11:00 sms, radio, phone No Assist the Police for the evacuation Under staff police with evacuation order NTWC NDMO 3:05 fax,phone No warning evacuate people - NDMO LDMO-P 3:07 ALL No Warning & evacuation evacuate people - LDMO-P LDMO-C 3:08 fax,phone No Warning & evacuation evacuate people - SLK phone, PA systems, evacuate people to (Sun) LDMO-C Other 3:10 No Warning & evacuation - sirens IDP camps evacuate people to NDMO Other 3:10 all, EW towers No Warning & evacuation - IDP camps TAN tv, radio, public Police Other 2.5 No Order people to leave evacuation - (Sun) announcement
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVII– page 4
EVACUATION ORDERS (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Advice beachgoers and boat users to be prepared and follow up the situation NDWC NTWC 3:10 Line, FAX No Expected tsunami - from NTWC and evacuation to the higher ground THA Water level from (Sun) Advice beachgoers and boat users to be DART Buoy change prepared and follow up the situation NDWC NTWC 3:25 Line,Fax No anomaly expected - from NTWC and evacuation to the higher tsunami along ground Andaman Sea coastal
Table XVII. Evacuation Orders
IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand (Mak)=Makran Scenario, (Sun)=Sunda Scenario
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVIII
ANNEX XVIII
ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? The sea level observations at Moroni, Comoros until 06-Sep-2018 09:30 End of the event and Agence Nationale de confirms that yesterday's tsunami has no the eventual return l'Aviation Civile et de la NTWC 07:00 +1 email, by hand No effect on sea level in recent hours. - of displaced Météorologie Consequently, any threat to this event is COM populations lifted and no bulletin will be issued from (Sun) us for this event. did not communicate the DGSC NDMO - - - - - information did not communicate the DRSC LDMO-P - - - - - information Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public announcement Final bulletin from Gujarat-DMO LDMO-P 18:05 No Tsunami Threat Passed - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public IN announcement Final bulletin from Maharashtra-DMO LDMO-P 18:02 No Tsunami Threat Passed - (Mak) System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Telephone, TV, Website, Siren, Public Final bulletin from Goa-DMO LDMO-P 13:00 No Tsunami Threat Passed - announcement NTWC system, Police, Door- to-door
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVIII– page 2
ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public announcement Final bulletin from A&N Islands-DMO LDMO-P 15:20 No Tsunami Threat Passed - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Phone, SMS, TV, Sirens, Public announcement Final bulletin from West Bengal-DMO LDMO-P 15:03 No Tsunami Threat Passed - System, Public call NTWC centre, Police, Door- to-door Telephone, TV, Website, Siren, Public Final bulletin from Odisha-DMO LDMO-P 15:06 No Tsunami Threat Passed - announcement NTWC IN system, Police, Door- (Sun) to-door Fax, Email, Telephone, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Website, Siren, Final bulletin from Andhra Pradesh-DMO LDMO-P 15:05 Public No Tsunami Threat Passed - NTWC announcement system, Police, Door- to-door, VHF, HF, Megaphones Telephone, Email, Fax, SMS, Public Radio, TV, Siren, Final bulletin from Tamil Nadu-DMO LDMO-P 15:05 Public No Tsunami Threat Passed - NTWC announcment system, Police, Door- to-door
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVIII–Page 3
ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES(continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? BPBD Kota Banda Aceh, Other - - No - - - BPBD Aceh Barat Daya BPBD Aceh Barat, Other - - No - - - BPBD Nagan Raya BPBD Aceh Selatan, Other - - No - - - BPBD Kota Nias IND BPBD Kota Pariaman, (Sun) BPBD Kota Padang, Other - - No - - - BPBD Kabupaten Bantul BPBD Kabupaten Pacitan Dan, BPBD Kabupaten Other - - No - - - Pangandaran, BPBD Kabupaten Pandeglang
IR Crisis Management LDMO-C 7:47 Portable local sirens Yes End of tsunami threat - - (Mak) Organisation KN KNDOC NDMO - Phone, Social Media No - - - (Mak) to announce the end MAU Termination bulletin mentioning end of NEOC NDMO 16:15 phone and SMS No of the simualtion - (Mak) exercise exercise Earthquake Parameters, Evaluation that PK Pakistan Meteorological email, webpage, Sending by fax was not successful NTWC 08:30 Yes threat has passed and "All Clear left to Sea level is normal (Mak) Department sms, fax, to some contacts local authorities Meteo Seychelles Officers NTWC 16:00 Email No All clear Tsunami has passed - DRDM Officers NDMO 16:00 Sms, Phone No All Clear Stand down Tsunami has passed - SY Emergency Liason Officers LDMO-P 16:00 Sms, Phone No All Clear Stand down Tsunami has passed - (Sun) TV, Radio, Social Media Other 16:00 No All Clear Stand down Tsunami has passed - Media
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XVIII– page 4
ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES (continued)
Name of agency/authority Message Were there any Agency Communication Reason message that issues public saftey Issue time communications Content of Message Comments Type Method issued messages (UTC) problems? IND BPBD Kota Banda Aceh, Other - - No - - - BPBD Aceh Barat Daya (Sun) Safely return back to NTWC NDMO 5:23 FAX,PHONE No all clear - homes Safely return back to NDMO LDMO-P 5:26 All No all clear - homes SLK Safely return back to LDMO-P LDMO-C 5:27 fax, phone No all clear - (Sun) homes phone, sirens, Safely return back to LDMO-C Other 5:28 No all clear - megaphone homes Safely return back to NDMO Other 5:28 all, EW towers No all clear - homes Information to public and institution to Order institution and TAN Disaster Management NDMO 9 radio, tv, email No take action on the possibilities of community to take - (Sun) Department tsunami action THA the last wave pass NDWC NTWC 10:16 Line, Fax No All clear situation - (Sun) the coast of Thailand Table XVIII. All-Clear Messages
COM=Comoros, IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAU=Mauritius, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand (Mak)=Makran Scenario, (Sun)=Sunda Scenario
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XIX
ANNEX XIX
PRE-EXERCISE COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS ACTIVITIES
Total #Yes %Yes AUS FR IN IND IR KN MAD MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK TAN THA TL Have there been any pre-exercise 17 11 65% No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No community preparedness activities? Tsunami exercise 17 9 53% No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Community education seminars 17 8 47% No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Participatory evacuation planning 17 7 41% No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Tsunami education in schools 17 6 35% No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Evacuation maps 17 6 35% No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Evacuation signage 17 6 35% No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Shelter facilities 17 6 35% No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Other: Trainings / Workshops 17 1 6% No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Other: TWC Visits 17 1 6% No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Other: Key stakeholders consultative 17 1 6% No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No meetings
Table XIX. Pre-Exercise Community Preparedness Activites
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XX
ANNEX XX
GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED ACTIVITES PRIOR TO THE EXERCISE
Total #Yes %Yes AUS COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MD MAU MZ OM PK SY SLK TAN THA TL Tsunami inundation mapping 17 11 65% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Evacuation route mapping 18 11 61% No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Hazard mapping 15 10 67% Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Tsunami signage 18 7 39% No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Vertical evacuation shelters 16 4 25% No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No
Table XX. Government Supported Activities Prior to the Exercise
AUS=Australia, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXI
ANNEX XXI
INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI READY INDICATORS
Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready Indicators Tot Avg (ALL) Avg (IOTR) COM* FR* IN IND* KN# MAU* OM PK* SY# SLK#
1) Have a community tsunami risk reduction plan 10 1.9 2.3 1 2 3.5 4 2 1 1 0 2.5 2 Have designated and mapped tsunami hazard 2) 10 2.1 2.0 2 3.5 3 3 1 2 1 0 3 2 zones
3) Have a public display of tsunami information 10 1.7 2.0 1 3 3 4 1 0 1 0 2.5 1
Produce easily understood tsunami evacuation 4) maps as determined appropriate by local 10 1.7 2.3 1 4 3.5 3 1 0 1 0 2 1 authorities in collaboration with communities Develop and distribute outreach and public 5) 10 1.9 2.0 1 2.5 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 education materials Hold at least three outreach or educational 6) 10 1.7 2.0 0 2 3 4 1 1 1 0 1.5 3 activities annually 7) Conduct an annual tsunami community exercise 10 2.0 2.3 1 2 3.5 3 1 3 1 0 1.5 4
Address tsunami hazards in the community’s 8) 10 1.7 2.0 0 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1.5 2 Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Commit to support the Emergency Operations 9) Centre (EOC) during a tsunami incident, if an EOC 10 2.4 2.8 3 2.5 3.5 3.5 2 3 2 0 4 0 is open and activated Have redundant and reliable means for a 24-hour 10) warning point (and EOC if activated) to receive 10 2.6 2.5 2 2.5 3 4 1 3 2 1 4 3 official tsunami threats/information Have redundant and reliable means for a 24-hour 11) warning point and/or EOC to disseminate official 10 2.4 2.5 2 3 3 4 1 3 2 1 2 3 tsunami alerts to the public Table XXI. Indian Ocean Tsunami Ready Indicators. Preparedness against at eleven indicators of IOTR on a scale of 0 (very poor), 1 (poor), 2 (good), 3 (very good) to 4 (extremely good). Tot = total number of reporting Member States, Avg(All) = average score of all reporting Member States; Avg(IOTR) = average score of Member States who pilotted IOTR during IOWave18 (i.e. India and Oman).
COM=Comoros, FR=France (Indian Ocean Territories), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, KN=Kenya, MAU=Mauritius, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SLK=Sri Lanka, * = Did not test IOTR (General Preparedness only), # = Reported to have tested IOTR (Details to be Confirmed) IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXII
ANNEX XXII
METHODS USED TO NOTIFY COMMUNITIES OF THE EVACUATION ORDER
Evacuation Order Notification Methods Total #Yes %Yes IN IND IR KN MAU OM PK SY SA SLK TAN Siren 11 8 73% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Public announcement 11 7 64% Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Door-to-door 11 6 55% Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Evacuation time set prior to the exercise 11 6 55% Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Mobile Phone / Social Media 11 6 55% Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Radio / TV 11 5 45% Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Other - Police 11 2 18% Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No Other - Warning Towers 11 2 18% No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Other - Chruch Bells 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - APSDRF 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Coast Guard, Army, Navy, Airforce 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Fire Services 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - HF 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Megaphones 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - NDRF 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Satellite Phone 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - SBDVMT 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - SDRF 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Social Media 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - VHF 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Village Volunteers 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No Other - Website 11 1 9% Yes No No No No No No No No No No
Table XXII. Methods used to notify communities of the evacuation order
IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAU=Mauritius, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXIII
ANNEX XXIII
PEOPLE WHO EVACUATED
People who Evacuated Total #Yes %Yes IN IND IR KN MAU OM PK SY SA SLK TAN Businesses 11 9 82% Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Beachgoers 11 8 73% Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Boat Users 11 8 73% Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Home Residents 11 8 73% Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Elderly Peoples Homes 11 6 55% Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Schools 11 5 45% Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Hotels 11 4 36% Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Hospitals 11 3 27% Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Other - Police 11 2 18% Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No Other - Beach Community 11 1 9% No No No Yes No No No No No No No Other - Red Cross 11 1 9% No No No Yes No No No No No No No
Table XXIII. People who evacuated
IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAU=Mauritius, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXIV
ANNEX XXIV
IMPROVEMENTS FOR FUTURE EVACUATIONS
INDIA
By conducting more awareness programmes,
By regular drills, proper signage and Evacuation Maps,
Creating awareness activities,
Designated nodal officers are required in each department to oversee Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities,
Capacity building at the departmental level to refine SOPs and integration of DRR activities in the departmental action plans.
INDONESIA
Add sign for evacuation route,
Add drill exercise regularly as mitigation function of BMKG.
KENYA
More awareness,
Improved signage,
Improved communication.
MAURITIUS
Fixing of evacuation route signages.
OMAN
Public awareness,
Train the public and community leaders.
PAKISTAN
By making the DMOs legally responsible to hold evacuation exercise.
SEYCHELLES
With more quantity of people volunteer to be in the evacuation exercise.
SRI LANKA
Create awareness and preparedness.
TANZANIA IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXIV– page 2
Having evacuation maps, signs , community shelter plan in place.
THAILAND
Try to allow the community and local organizations to manage their training in a systematic manner.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXV
ANNEX XXV
GENERAL QUESTIONS
General Questions Total Average AUS COM FR IN IND IR KN MAD MAL MD MAU MZ PK SY SIN SA SLK TAN THA TL
Exercise planning and communication: Timeliness and usefulness of information from the ICG/IOTWMS 20 3.6 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 Secretariat
Exercise documentation: Manual, websites, bulletins 20 3.7 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3
Exercise format and style: Real-time operation, exercise 20 3.5 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 1 4 4 3 3 3 messages similar to real events
Post-exercise evalaution: Web-based survey 20 3.3 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 2
Table XXV. General Questions: Member States ranked the activities from 4 (extremely good), 3 (very good), 2 (good) to 1 (poor)
AUS=Australia, BAN=Bangladesh, COM=Comoros, FR=France (La Reunion), IN=India, IND=Indonesia, IR=Iran, KN=Kenya, MAD=Madagascar, MAL=Malaysia, MD=Maldives, MAU=Mauritius, MZ=Mozambique, MM=Myanmar, OM=Oman, PK=Pakistan, SY=Seychelles, SIN=Singapore, SA=South Africa, SLK=Sri Lanka, TAN=Tanzania, THA=Thailand, TL=Timor-Leste, YEM=Yemen IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVI
ANNEX XXVI
IN-COUNTRY BENEFITS OF THE EXERCISE AUSTRALIA
Testing SOPs of all involved agencies.
Raising DMO awareness of tsunami threat and the need for regular testing to ensure familiarity with SOPs.
Trialling the new TSP Australia Public Webpage prior to its commencement following the exercise
BANGLADESH
Not provided
COMOROS
Revision of Tsunami special plan
NDMO. RDMO (Grand Comore) and NTWC staff are trained
Review shortly of the NDMO SOPs after the exercise conclusions are made.
FRANCE INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIES
Identify lacks in SOPs
No public information means
No media SOPs
INDIA
The Exercise has evaluated the ability of warning centre and stale/district/local disaster management offices to respond to a tsunami.
The Exercise has provided an opportunity for testing state/district/local chains of command and decision-making, including the warning and evacuation of people from selected coastal communities.
Improving the awareness, preparedness, response at the community level.
INDONESIA
Improved preparedness for earthquake and tsunami disaster.
Improved the SOP of earthquake information and tsunami early warning especially for evacuation if needed.
Explained the chain of tsunami early warning system: end-to-end.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVI– page 2
IRAN
Improvement of NTWC’s communicatins equipment for dissemination of tsunami bulletins (by providing fax server, SMS server …)
Better recognition of tsunami bulletins receivers in tsunami warning chain
Increasing incorporation between related organizations
KENYA
Testing the SOPs for review purposes
Ann opportunity to create awareness, training and education
Good lessons learnt for future exercise development
MADAGASCAR
SOP
Communication
Exercise evaluation in order to prepare the next simulation IOWave and/or the real event
MALAYSIA
The knowledge on the preparedness of our system
The evaluation on which system or procedures needed to be imporved or refined
To determine which improvement needed for our country’s preparedness
MALDIVES
Not provided
MAURITIUS
Testing SOPs
Testing line of communication with National Management Centre and other Stakeholders
Involving community
MOZAMBIQUE
Involving key players in the process. Preparing key players for possible events.
Refreshing the risk management machine.
Reinforcing the timing and need to include tsunamis in activities.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVI–Page 3
MYANMAR
Not provided
OMAN
Testing the communications nationally and internationally. Exchanging warning using all means of communications and realising which of them is best. Depending on the capacity of local communications service providers is not enough other communication means are needed.
Working with SOP documentation would be helpful. Every stakeholder should have an SOP and act according to it.
Public awareness is a huge job should not be assigned to one agency.
PAKISTAN
Testing the SOP of Tsunami Warning Centre
Al least some local DMOs started to take interest in Tsunami Disaster
Awareness by the media (Electronic & Print) coverage
SEYCHELLES
Communication
Planning
Awareness preparedness
SINGAPORE
The Exercise provided opportunities to test our communication links and to access the RTSP’s websites for information.
Familiarisation with the TSP products
SOUTH AFRICA
The exercise highlighted relative strengths and weaknesses of our existing SOP, in particular, more regional and local involvement of disaster practitioners required
SRI LANKA
Check the preparedness level of each levels in all sectors
Check the effectiveness of the early warning system practices in Sri Lanka
I identified gaps in plans, SOPs and risk assessments
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVI– page 4
TANZANIA
Establishing the level of effective communications with the TSPs through the NTWC interns of infrastructures readiness
Validated the timeline SOPs for Natioanl Tsuanmi Warning and Mitigation, as well as inter-agency coordination and response capabilities were tested
Awareness to 152 community people was conducted that included school children, teachers, Beach Management Unit (BMU) members, beach venders, local community police and leaders from the Ward level. Gaps have been identified at various levels of the warning, mitigation and response chain.
THAILAND
Evaluate the SOP of NTWCs in responding to a potentially destructive tsunami.
Evaluate and improve the effectiveness of the link, through its operational TSPs, NTWCs, NDMOs and LDMOs, in responding to a potentially destructive tsunami.
Improve the SOP operational with NTWCs, NDMOs and LDMOs, in responding to a potentially destructive tsunami.
TIMOR-LESTE
It benefits us by allowing us to test systems
It benefits us by allowing us to test working together and coordination across agencies
It allows us to identify gaps to be addressed and areas for improvement
YEMEN
Not provided
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVII
ANNEX XXVII
IMPROVEMENTS FOR FUTURE EXERCISES
AUSTRALIA
Setting exercise dates at least 12 months ahead to assist agency planning
Ensuring IOWave and PacWave exercises are conducted in alternative years to allow DMOs, in particular, to participate and observe in each exercise.
Move involvement of LDMOs and communities, and testing of IOTR indicators.
BANGLADESH
Not provided
COMOROS
Complete the NDMO/RDMOs upgrade work
Train stakeholders and communities and gradually involve them in exercises
Follow more, instructions of the IOTWMS on programming and the progress of the exercise
FRANCE INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIES
Develop a model for coastal impact evaluation (evacuation map regarding the level of sea)
INDIA
Many DMOs are hesitant to contiue the exercise for 12 hours duration, hence there should be a provision to reduce exercise duration at the national level.
More awareness material and training/workshops focussing on local (near) source regions.
Future exercise may be focused to implement and evaluate IOTR indicators in more communities.
INDONESIA
Add the participating area for the next exercise
Improvied the template concept of earthquake information and tsunami early warning for media
Maximised the mitigation function of BMKG
IRAN
Warning issue processes be more automatic (replaing AI with human wherever possible) IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVII– page 2
Larger communities participate
The exercises be hold in the months of year when schools are open
KENYA
Applying lessons learnt from the exercise
More stakeholder invovlement
Adequate resources deployment for the exercise
MADAGASCAR
Increasing the stakeholders such as (LDMO, communities, tools, ….)
Many areas should participate
Many people in these areas should evacuate
MALAYSIA
Having the feedback for the time messages received by the NTWC’s directly to the RTSP
Adding apps for a more faster distribution of messges for example WhatsApp
Historical scenarios
MALDIVES
Not provided
MAURITIUS
Providing ad-hoc bulletin: no pre-determined bulletins and scenarios. Except announcement bulletin.
Be more specific on stations at country/island state level whereby highest wave is expected
Provide a platform to view action taken by other countries through the reporting.
MOZAMBIQUE
From our side, involve the community level.
MYANMAR
Not provided
OMAN
Evacuating the ocmmunity from their houses is not an ealy jobs. It needs awareness and education.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVII–Page 3
Train the community leaders.
Community SOP
PAKISTAN
Giving opportunity to Provincial and District Disaster Management Officers to participate in the tsunami training workshops localy and/or internationlly conducted by IOTWMS.
Participants of workshops and Working Group Meeings (held by ICG/IOTWMS), should be held responsible to share the procedings and recommendations made to NTWC/DMOs on their return. It is possible if it is made sure that nominated participants are actually involved in the operational activities of NTWC/DMOs, through their physical presence. Participants can be asked to submit a declaration about their place of posting so that unrelated participants could be stopped to represent NTWCs/DMOs.
Above procedure should also be adopted for Tsunami Natioal Contacts.
SEYCHELLES
Time management
Lesson learn
Communication barrier
SINGAPORE
Not all our registerdfax lines an demail accounts received the tsunami bulletins during the Exercise. Updates to the TSP’s recipient list may be necessary to prepare for future exercises
There were delays in displaying the tsunami bulletins on the TSP websites. The bulletins only appeared on the TSP websites approximately 30 minutes after the Exercise started.
SOUTH AFRICA
Highly recommend migrating current SMS (to NTWC) from TSP’s to 3 separate WhatsApp groups. Easy to administer as well as exchange photos as well as text
SRI LANKA
Impacted based early warning
Develop synergised SOPs for the sectors
Conduct in all 14 coastal districts
TANZANIA
Early planning for the exercise
Increasing the geographic scope for the national exercise
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVII– page 4
Having tsunami evacuation plan, sign and evacuation shelters in place
THAILAND
More community should be contribute in the exercise
NDMO should play a big role to respond in the disaster cycle
Media should be contribute in the exercise
TIMOR-LESTE
More involvement from other agencies in Timor Leste
Revision and adjustment of our SOPs
In Timor Leste a Table Top exercise in a bigger venue would enable us to include more partner agencies.
YEMEN
Not provided
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVIII
ANNEX XXVIII
OBSERVER REPORT: IRAN
Dr Mostafa Mohaghegh of the Asian and Pacific Centre for the Development of Disaster Information Management of UNESCAP observed Exercise IOWave18 in the I.R. of Iran on 4 September 2018. This presentation was prepared for the Post-IOWave18 Regional Workshop, Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–17 November, 2018.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVIII– page 2
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVIII–Page 3
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXVIII– page 4
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXIX
ANNEX XXIX
OBSERVER REPORT: SEYCHELLES
4–5 SEPTEMBER 2018
With so many natural calamities and conflicts happening in the world, this particular exercise was being organized simultaneously with other countries in the region, aimed at testing the preparedness of local authorities in responding to the eventuality of a Tsunami. Personally such exercise was an eye opener in the sense that sometimes so many people are unaware of what others have to go through in terms of effort and energy spent when dealing with, and managing such emergency. Selected to be an observer for the above exercise below is what I deducted.
Early warning
The above communication was made just after receiving the early warning alert of a possible tsunami (simulation ) on the 4th September whereby all ELO’s and other concern parties were informed to report to the National Risk and Disaster Management Body DRDM Command and control Centre to closely monitor the development of the Situation. It was very interesting to note that all the emergency and other significant partners did response positively to the call and were as from their arrival got engaged in a table top exercise which was quite intense with many injects coming in.
On the 5th of September, information of an 8.5 magnitude Earthquake in the region capable of generating a Tsunami was released just before 8:00hrs in the morning. As was the case for the previous day all ELO’s were contacted and informed to report to the NEOC and they complied. It was confirmed by NEOC some 20 minutes later that the quake Magnitude was 9.3 and code red alert was released. That was about 5 hours before the first wave was to hit the impact zone.
Communication
Communication and contacts with all concern parties were being made through VHF radio and text messaging while the general public were being informed of the situation through the national as well as social media, meaning that everyone were being made aware of what was going on. Interviews were also conducted and air on National Television and Radio so as not to create unnecessary confusion and panic among the general public.
Common posts were set up on location so as to ensure real time dissemination of information to the Command and Control Centre. NEOC for documentation and public consumption.
Response
It came out quite clear that there had been some level of educational and sensitization work carried out on the ground and to impact zone as not much difficulty was observed to be encountered by responsible parties involved in evacuation and crowd control in and around that community.
Evacuation of inhabitants in areas to be affected was quite effective as they were all brought to secure identified shelter homes and locations well before the waves reached the potential impact zones.
All emergency services and technical personnel from companies which have critical facilities in the area were promptly back on site for rapid assessment after the waves had retreated. IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXIX– page 2
Logistics.
The above matter has always been an issue whenever there is a need for emergency responses. However with available limited resources at the disposal of those on the field, leading local authority DRDM and collaborating partners managed to carry out the tasks on hand in a quite well coordinated and comprehensive manner.
Conclusion
I observed that there was real sense of commitment among all partners involved and emphasis were being put on getting things right in regards to existing standard operation procedures as far the Coordination Centre being on top of its role and functions, respect to chain of command, communication facilities are being used effectively, testing the preparedness and effectiveness of the local authority to assist with the assembling, evacuation and sheltering of the people from impacted areas.
All in all it was a very good experience but I personally believe that if the exercise was to be on a larger scale we would need to educate our population more about Tsunami and its power.
I would also recommend that we seek alternative communication systems, away from text messaging and internet because our communication system depends very much on fiber optic cable which is found in the sea and can be damaged in the event of a tsunami.
Finally training cannot be enough when it comes to preparedness for dealing with disasters of such magnitude, so we need to carry on with the empowerment of our personnel on all fronts.
I thank you.
Jean Toussaint (ASP)
Seychelles Police Department.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX
ANNEX XXX
OBSERVER REPORT: SRI LANKA
Observer Report on Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2018
An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communications Exercise
5th September 2018 in Sri Lanka
Jointly Prepared By:
Professor Richard Haigh1 & Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga2, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK
1 2 Professor Richard Haigh and Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga are expert members of the ICG/IOTWMS WG-1 on Tsunami Risk, Community Awareness & Preparedness, and ICG/IOTWMS Experts of Intersessional Task Team on “Capacity Assessment of Tsunami Preparedness”
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 2
1. EXERCISE PURPOSE
The purpose of Exercise IOWave18 is to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of the IOTWMS (Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System), through its operational TSPs (Tsunami Service Providers), NTWCs (National Tsunami Warning Centers), NDMOs (National Disaster Management Organisations) and LDMOs (Local Disaster Management Organisations), in responding to a potentially destructive tsunami, and thereby to enhance tsunami preparedness at every level.
Under the guidance of the ICG/IOTWMS, Member States collaborated in the development of the IOTWMS. The IOTWMS is a System of Systems with each National Tsunami Warning Centre (NTWC) of the 28 Member States issuing tsunami warnings to their respective communities based on the tsunami threat information provided by three Tsunami Service Providers (TSPs) of Australia, India and Indonesia.
The Indian Ocean-wide tsunami exercise is a tool for evaluating the readiness of the IOTWMS and for identifying changes that can improve its effectiveness. The 11th Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System held from 18 to 20 April 2017 in Putrajaya, Malaysia, established a Task Team to organise the Indian Ocean-wide tsunami exercise (IOWave18) in 2018. Exercise IOWave2018 provides an opportunity for Indian Ocean countries to test their operational lines of communications, to review their tsunami warning and emergency response SOPs, and to promote emergency and community preparedness. Regular exercises are important for maintaining staff readiness for real events. This is especially true for tsunamis, which are infrequent but require rapid response when they occur. The exercise simulated the development, training, testing and evaluation of Disaster Plans and SOPs.
2. DETAIL OF EXERCISE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA
Exercise IOWave18 simulated Indian Ocean countries being put in a tsunami warning situation and required NTWCs and the National and/or Local Disaster Management Offices (NDMO/LDMO) in each country to activate their Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). A primary motive for IOWave18 was to enhance tsunami preparedness at community level.
IOWave18 in Sri Lanka was based on scenario 2 (see Figures 1 and 2) that simulated a magnitude 9.3 earthquake in the Sunda Trench West of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and commenced at 0300 hours UTC on 5th September 2018.
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Figure 1. Scenario 2-Sunda Trench
Figure 2. Maximum Wave amplitude and Travel Time Map
There are 14 coastal districts in Sri Lanka, out of which, three districts were selected for evacuation of the local communities. Three coastal districts were Mullaitivu, Ampara and Galle. Accordingly, the exercise includes evacuation of population in pre-selected GN Divisions of each selected coastal districts. These were the most vulnerable GND’s at each identified coastal district.
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All stakeholders in the identified districts were made aware through media and all other communication channels. Figure 3 indicates the selected coastal districts and their locations.
Figure 3. The selected coastal districts and their locations
2.1 PARTICIPANTS
The following organisations were involved in the exercise:
Ministry of Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Disaster Management Department of Meteorology – National Tsunami Warning Centre (NTWC) Disaster Management Centre – National Disaster Management Organizations (NDMO) Local Disaster Management Organizations (LDMOs) o Three Coastal District Secretariats o Selected Divisional Secretariats o Selected GN Divisions Sri Lanka Police Tri Forces (Army / Navy/ Air Force) Media Organizations Local communities A-PAD Sri Lanka Geological & Mines Bureau Airport & Aviation of Sri Lanka The National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) Sri Lanka Red Cross Society
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World Woof Programme (WFP) Japanese International Cooperation (JICA) Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK
3. A CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS AND ACTIONS OBSERVED
During this Exercise, the authors of this report split themselves across two designated observation areas: Richard Haigh (RH) observed actions at the Department of Meteorology (NTWC) (Figure 4) and Dilanthi Amaratunga (DA) observed actions at the Disaster Management Center (NDMO) (Figure 5).
Figure 4. International observation of NTWC operations
Figure 5. International observations of the DMC, EOC
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A chronology of observed events and actions is illustrated in Table 1.
5th September 2018
Time Sri Lanka Events and Actions
8:00 AM RH and DA arrived at the designated observation areas. RH given a tour of the offices and facilities at the Department of Meteorology. DA given a tour of the offices and facilities at the Disaster Management Center. 8:30 AM EXERCISE STARTED
TSP – DG DoM = 8.44 AM EARTHQUAKE BULLETIN DG DoM – DG DMC = 8. 47AM DG of DMC – SECRETARY = 8.49AM DG – EOC = 8.51AM DR DoM – DG OF DMC = 9.05 AM TSUNAMI ALERT DG – SECRETARY = 9.06 AM DG – EOC = 9.07 AM DG DoM – DG OF DMC = 9.35 AM TSUNAMI WARNING DG – SECRETARY = 9.36 AM
DG – EOC = 9.37 AM DG DoM – DG OF DMC = 11.53 AM TSUNAMI WITHDRAWAL DG – SECRETARY = 11.54 AM DG – EOC = 11.56 AM
Table 1. Chronology of observed events
3.1 DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY (DOM) NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTRE (NTWC) IN SRI LANKA
On the day, the DoM had the following as its aims in association with coordination and information flow, an iterative process, communication processes, SOPs, in country tsunami capacity building and in country tsunami exercises:
Evaluating the readiness of DoM as NTWC, as well identifying changes that can improve its effectiveness Access to the tsunami bulletin and other products on the TSP websites as NTWC, and the use of that information for national warnings Understanding on the Sri Lanka TEWS products and its response, particularly understanding Bulletin 1 to Bulletin 4 Reporting mechanism as NTWC to the TSPs of their National Tsunami Warning Status SOP for generating and disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies
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Dissemination system of the Sri Lankan Tsunami Early Warning System, particularly on sending and receiving time, content and receiver
Figure 6. The operations room of the Department of Meteorology (DoM)
In the operations room of the DoM (Figure 6) the officers received the TSP bulletins, issued bulletins to the NDMO, and made reporting of the national warning status in Sri Lanka. Their office is located in the same area as the NDMO but in a separate building (approximately a 100m away). This office operates 24/7, with a minimum of two forecasters on duty at a time. During the exercise, there were additional forecasters in the office than would typically be found. The additional forecasters were able to observe and learn from the exercise.
Adjacent to the operation room at the DoM and in a separate room (Figure 7), other officers made reporting of the national warning status in Sri Lanka.
Figure 7. Officers who made reporting of the national warning status in Sri Lanka
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 8
Figure 8. Communications Office
Along a corridor on the same floor but in a separate room at the DoM (Figure 8), a communications office contained the fax machine and a member of staff who was responsible for faxing bulletins to the NDMO.
3.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER (DMC) [NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION (NDMO) IN SRI LANKA]
The role of the NDMO on the day was built around the following key roles: information reception from DoM, information transmission to relevant stakeholders, decision making and dissemination, and evaluation and feedback.
Once the DoM got information bulletin (TSP Bulletin 1) about the earthquake from the TSPs, an information bulletin was issued by the DoM to the DMC just as an information. Once TSPs issued bulletin no.2 indicating tsunami status (facing tsunami threat or no threat) DMC received the tsunami alert bulletin message prepared by the DoM. Once the TSPs issue bulletin no. 3, confirming the tsunami generation, the tsunami warning bulletin message that was issued by the DoM was sent to DMC for taking necessary actions.
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Figure 9. DMC Emergency Operations Centre (EoC)
Once the DMC received alert/warning messages from DoM, the DMC took necessary actions to disseminate alerts/warnings to Media, Police communication, OCDS, Army HQ, Navy HQ, Air force HQ, District Secretaries (coastal districts), Local Disaster Management Offices (coastal districts), Department of Railway, Department of Fisheries, Department of Health, Sri Lanka Telecom, Sri Lanka Transport Board, Ceylon Electricity Board, etc via different communication modes such as telephone, SMS, fax, HF/VHF, VPN , siren, and EW towers. These activities are handled at the Emergency operations Room (EOC) of the DMC (Figure 9)
Dissemination of information/warnings to the grass root level was done by DMC, through Disaster Management Committees at district, divisional and village levels in the identified three districts. Accordingly, DMC disseminates tsunami bulletin to stakeholders via sms, fax, email; tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public. Secretary to the Ministry of Disaster Management was responsible for issuing evacuation orders. Once the tsunami evacuation orders are issued by the DMC, activation of evacuation process was done by DM committees at the district level. In this context, DMC as the NDMO performed the following on the day:
NDMO/EOC receipt, Interpret Notification to stakeholders Recommend Public Safety Action Implement / coordinate Action Inform on ‘All-Clear’ for safe return
During the exercise, the Dynamics of Human Resources (officers) (Figure 10) and 24/7 Operational Room (Figure 11) at NDMO were also tested.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 10
Figure 10. Call Center – 5th September 2018
Figure 11. NDMO Operations Room, including District & EOC Livestreaming
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 11
4. OBSERVATIONS IN RELATION TO EACH OF THE CORE EXERCISE OBJECTIVES
4.1 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 1: VALIDATE THE DISSEMINATION BY TSPS OF TSUNAMI BULLETIN NOTIFICATION MESSAGES TO NTWCS VIA TSUNAMI WARNING FOCAL POINTS (TWFPS) OF INDIAN OCEAN COUNTRIES AND THE RECEPTION BY NTWCS OF THE TSP MESSAGES
Figure 12. Receipt of the first bulletin via SMS (left) and email (right)
At approximately 08.34 the Director General of the Department of Meteorology received a text message and the duty forecasters simultaneously received an email on the first bulletin from BMKG with an Alert in a Northern Sumatra location, magnitude 8.5 and depth <100 km (Figure 12). In summary, the notification messages to DoM via Tsunami Warning Focal Points (TWFPs) of Indian Ocean countries were disseminated and received as planned.
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4.2 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 2: VALIDATE THE ACCESS BY NTWCS TO THE TSUNAMI BULLETINS AND OTHER PRODUCTS ON THE TSP WEBSITES, AND THE USE OF THAT INFORMATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL WARNINGS.
Figure 13. DoM accessing TSP websites
The DoM obtains information including earthquake locations and magnitudes through the TSP websites, and issues the national warnings with adding expected flooding areas (threat areas). On forming such warning information, the TSP information was effectively utilised. The BMKG TSP website appeared to be accessible throughout the exercise. However, two issues did arise:
1. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology TSP website was not accessible with Chrome or Firefox browsers that were typically used by DoM, but instead required Internet Explorer. It was not clear whether this was only identified during the exercise (and had therefore caused some delays), or whether it was just an observation by staff.
2. The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services TSP website was not accessible for much of the first hour of the exercise. The reason for this was not clearly identified by the observer, but the problem was resolved during the remainder of the exercise.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 13
4.3 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 3: VALIDATE THE REPORTING BY NTWCS TO THE TSPS OF THEIR NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING STATUS
The DoM periodically reported the current condition in Sri Lanka via the website of TSPs (Figure 14). The system appeared to be straightforward to use and undertaken in a timely manner.
Figure 14. The reporting by NTWC to the TSP on their National Tsunami Warning Status
4.4 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 4: VALIDATE THE SOPS WITHIN COUNTRIES FOR GENERATING AND DISSEMINATING TSUNAMI WARNINGS TO THEIR RELEVANT EMERGENCY RESPONSE AGENCIES, MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC.
The integrated SOP (cross-agency) within Sri Lanka for generating and disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies had been significantly revised in recent months (Figure 15) in collaboration with the “Tsunami Interface:A study of the upstream- downstream interface in end-to-end tsunami early warning and mitigation systems”, Disaster Management Centre, Sri Lanka; Ministry of Disaster Management, Sri Lanka; and Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka, with the support from Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. The IOWAVE exercise was identified as an opportunity to test this updated SOP in a simulation environment (Figure 16). It identified key responsibilities of NTWC for tsunami warning, illustrated the decisions and actions that the NTWC has to make to ensure the warning is issued in a timely manner, and lists the agencies that need to be informed. This new SOP formed a key part of this exercise.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 14
Figure 15. Updated cross agency SOP
Figure 16. The revised, integrated SOP was tested during the exercise
The following observations were made regarding the new SOP:
1. The new integrated SOP broadly reflects the key actors, processes and interactions between agencies within Sri Lanka for generating and disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public
2. The SOP does not reflect the need for the NTWC to report to the TSPs of their National Tsunami Warning Status
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3. The SOP includes some additional details regarding intra-agency interactions (e.g., roles, activities that take within a single agency) that would be better reflected within their local SOP, rather than the integrated SOP
4. Some of the abbreviations are missing or not required, which may cause confusion.
4.5 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 5: VALIDATE THE SOPS WITHIN COUNTRIES FOR THE ISSUING OF PUBLIC SAFETY MESSAGES, ORDERING EVACUATIONS AND WHERE POSSIBLE ISSUING ALL-CLEAR MESSAGES
Information reception, information transmission, decision making and dissemination, and feedback mechanisms within countries for the issuing of public safety messages, and ordering evacuations all form an important part of this exercise. However, validating of the associated SOPs were not carried out as part of the 5th September IOWave exercise. This included the validating of the early warning chain particularly related to SOPs, involvement of various stakeholders, e.g., media and other organizations, testing of the level of understanding to the NTWC products on earthquake information and tsunami warning, testing and validating of SOPs within the country for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and where possible issuing all-clear messages, and validating the SOPs for disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public.
4.6 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE 6: VALIDATE THE LEVEL OF COMMUNITY AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE.
Tsunami preparedness depends on the preparedness both of national and local DMO (DMC and its local representatives) and communities at risk. Prepared people and communities will know how to respond to Tsunami Early Warning and have plans ready for evacuation and emergency response. NDMO (DMC and its local representatives) are responsible for:
Tsunami risk assessment
Tsunami contingency and Evacuation plan
Institutional capacity and infrastructure for early warning
Issue local regulations for disaster management
To raise people’s awareness of the tsunami risk
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Figure 17. Evacuation centre, Thelwatte Raja Maha Viharaya, Hikkaduwa
The target groups included in the evaluation and how they were reached are listed below:
The public in general: traditional devices such as loudspeakers (temple - mosque – church – etc.), sirens
Local media: arrangements were made to ensure the media understand their role and able to disseminate correct information timely and accurately
Local institutions & decision makers: establish links to all existing important local communication networks
Figure 18. DMC Officials speaking to the community participants on why this exercise was conducted in Galle
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Figure 19. Evacuation center registration, Maritimepattu, Mullaitivu
Figure 20. Vertical evacuation at a school
Validating of the level of community awareness (Figures 18,19), preparedness and response (Figure 20) and the local communication, particularly the availability of 24/7 operators and provision of communication devices were tested in the three participated districts during the exercise, including:
Availability of tsunami risk assessment information such as inundation/evacuation maps
The level of community awareness of the local tsunami risk
Extent to which prior evacuation training is received
Notification Methods of Evacuation Order to Community Members
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Types of communities to be evacuated
Improvements for future evacuations
These steps were intended to test the knowledge on evacuation plans, knowledge on tsunami hazards, and knowledge on the warning system itself.
Figure 21. Galle District, Hikkaduwa DS division
Figure 22. Mullativu District Marithinpattu DS division
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Figure 23. Ampara District Ninthavur DS division
However, whether or not SOPs for community evacuation are in place and/or the effectiveness of the SOPs for community evacuation, were not tested. This is an opportunity for further improvement in future exercises.
Last Mile EW dissemination was carried out by using the EW towers, using megaphones, sirens, public announcement systems etc.
The evacuation process at the local level included: evacuation to a safe location by walk, by trans port (Bus); along with their “Tsunami Malla” (basic items they require); and registration took place at the entrance of the safe location by committee members /volunteers. Time reported of first person reaching the safe location and the last person reaching the safe location was recorded in calculating the evacuation time. Thereafter, basic assessments were conducted and a situation report was done. Finally, “de briefing” took place, with all the stakeholder participants of the evacuation exercise at the evacuation site.
Figure 24. Ampara District Ninthavur DS division
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4.7 OBJECTIVE 7: SRI LANKA SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR THE EXERCISE
District 77 Early Warning towers Ampara Matara Kilinochchi Mannar Repeater Stations Colombo
Galle EW Towers Hambantota Batticaloa Jaffna Kalutara Mullaitivu Gampaha Puttlam Trincomalee Figure 25. Location of EW Towers
Evaluation of all (77 numbers) the Early Warning Tower capacity (Figure 25) was carried out on the day (Figure 26). This was identified as a Sri Lanka specific objective of the IOWave 2018 exercise.
The following aspects of the tower functionalities were tested: Audibility of the siren, Clarity of the Siren, Level of Reduction of disturbance to hearing, whether or not the Siren sound either (i) Continuous OR (ii) Disrupted, was the tower serviceable, and did the drill take place as per schedule. This task was carried out by a team of officers at the DMC.
Figure 26. The team of officers at the DMC who checked the functionalities of the EW towers
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5. OTHER OBSERVATIONS
5.1 TESTING AND UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS BETWEEN THE TSPS, NTWCS, TWFPS AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION POINTS WITHIN COUNTRIES.
Delays in the sending / receiving of information bulletins via fax
Figure 27. Earthquake Information Bulletin prepared by DoM to fax to DMC
There were recurring delays in the faxing of information bulletins from DoM to DMC (see Figure 27) e.g., Bulletin 1 – issued at 8.36, sent at 8.44. There were also reports of Bulletin 2 being received before Bulletin 1, which caused confusion. The delays appeared to be due to congestion or failures on the fax line, which used regular/public telephone networks, rather than a dedicated line. In contrast, it was notable that the dedicated telephone line between DoM, DMC and other key agencies appeared to be very effective.
Display of information and layout of operations room
Figure 28.DoM operations room
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Figure 29. Website browser with numerous tabs open
The operations room has numerous computer terminals with different information systems, as well as several terminals with a large number of browser tabs open simultaneously. This appeared to create two problems:
1. Some terminals that displayed relevant information were not convenient for viewing and were usually ignored by forecasters during the exercise.
2. Forecasters had to constantly flip between tabs / screens to view relevant information.
These limitations were not a significant barrier during the exercise due to the number of officers on duty / available and due to some of the information sources available to the forecasters not being part of the simulation exercise (national and regional buoys, CISN etc.). In normal operations, the volume and display of information will place a heavy workload on individual forecasters and would likely create more significant delays or increase the likelihood of errors at certain times (e.g., overnight when fewer officers are on duty).
Status with marginal scenarios
The scale of the threat in the scenario did not stress the decision-making criteria or process. It would be helpful to have an exercise that would simulate how a marginal threat would be evaluated and acted upon. This limitation in the exercise was raised by a number of the staff at the DoM who were concerned that the decision making may not be straightforward in marginal cases.
6. DEBRIEFING
Soon after the tsunami warning was withdrawn, a debriefing (Figure 30) entitled as “hot briefing” was conducted by the DMC and attended by other agencies. It was an opportunity for all participants to provide feedback while the exercise is still fresh in their minds. The in- country/agency Exercise Director gave his initial feedback and thereafter participant round- table feedback was obtained. This was followed by the feedback from evaluators and observers.
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Figure 30. Debriefing exercise
7. STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT
7.1 STRENGTHS IN THE TSUNAMI WARNING AND RESPONSE CHAIN
Exercise IOWave18 simulated Sri Lanka being put in a tsunami warning situation and required NTWC and the NDMO to activate their SOPs. Accordingly, the primary motive for IOWave18 was to enhance tsunami preparedness at every level. In this context, IOWave18 stimulated the development, training, testing and evaluation of Disaster Plans and (some of the) SOPs.
Exercise IOWave18 was conducted to a level of readiness that involves communication and decision making at government level, without disrupting or alarming the general public.
In three districts, community evacuations also took place.
Maximise the extent of the participation at these selected districts was encouraged including that of public notification and community evacuation.
The communication protocols between the TSPs, NTWC, NDMO and information dissemination points within Sri Lanka was tested and opportunities for improvements were noted including validated and identified gaps in the integrated SOP that was recently updated.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 24
Sample local communities participated in the exercise and increased their knowledge of tsunami preparedness and response.
Message dissemination and reception was tested between NDMO and its respective counterparts at district and other local levels.
Social media communication platforms were explored
Areas of improvement in the tsunami warning and response chain were identified so that these shortcomings can be addressed including in country tsunami capacity building needs.
7.2 AREAS OF POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE TSUNAMI WARNING AND RESPONSE CHAIN
One of the key goals of the exercise evaluation was to validate SOPs and to identify opportunities for improvement within the countries. Below sections highlight some of the areas that were identified as requiring improvement. This can be accomplished by collating supporting data, analysing the data to compare effectiveness against requirements, and determining what changes need to be made to support effective tsunami warning and decision making.
Evaluation of this exercise will focus on the adequacy of plans, policies, procedures, assessment capabilities, communication, resources and inter-agency/inter-jurisdictional relationships that support effective tsunami warning and decision-making at all levels of government and the community response.
Communication methods between DOM and DMC
There is redundancy in the communication systems (fax, email, phone) between DOM and DMC. (fax, email and phone), and in what order of priority (fax is the primary method at present). The process for drafting information bulletins was slow (editing a document on Microsoft Word, printing, faxing) and subject to manual errors. There were recurring delays and failures in sending faxes. Issues to consider may include:
1. Development of standard forms or templates that can speed up the generation of bulletins.
2. Installation of a dedicated fax line between DOM and DMC (and other agencies), so that it is less reliant on regular communications systems.
3. Review of fax as the primary means to communicate information bulletins. For example, email may be faster and more reliable.
1) Review of whether actions can be taken based on telephone conversations alone if other systems fail, or whether written confirmation is required.
Review of operations room layout and improvements to information displays
The operations room layout at the DoM should be reviewed to consider whether information can be made more accessible, require less movement around the room and facilitate simultaneous viewing of multiple information sources. For example, this might be achieved by repositioning some computer terminals and use of multi-monitor displays.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 25
Understanding of the importance of the exercise by all relevant stakeholders
Sri Lanka has a risk index of 8.2 for tsunami, the highest among all hazards. A Task Force could be appointed to oversee the activity with proper planning. This is coupled with the need to carry out assessments in all coastal districts of the country, including increased participation of organisations and evacuees.
Further validating of the SOPs for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and issuing all-clear messages
All key stakeholders must respond rapidly, be as accurate as possible, and be reliable in order to be effective. SOPs assure that each response is consistently conducted in as efficient a manner as possible. SOPs are procedures/instructions, and to be concise and easy to follow. SOPs describe how each of the work flow activities in the Operations Manual is to be performed3. The SOPs specify the step-by-step procedures on how responds to events, and how it operates during times when here is no event. The SOPs should have sufficient detail to enable relevant staff to carry out their duties when a tsunami event alarm is triggered.
To reinforce readiness, staff training and regular exercises are important for ensuring that SOPs are understood and that they can be performed seamlessly and quickly during an event.
Much of the attention for this exercise was concerning the SOP for the DoM and DMC. It is recommended that Sri Lanka undertakes further testing of downstream SOPs, including those within key agencies:
Test and validate the early warning chain related to the SOPs of downstream stakeholders, e.g., media and other organisations
Test and validate SOPs within the country for the issuing of public safety messages, ordering evacuations and where possible issuing all-clear messages
Test and validate the SOPs for disseminating tsunami warnings to their relevant emergency response agencies, media and the public
This will help ensure that the roles of all agencies are clearly defined and that there is better communication amongst stakeholders on themes such as information reception, information transmission, decision making and dissemination, and feedback and evaluation mechanisms.
Current SOPs can be updated to reflect the latest thinking in tsunami early warning and then practiced, to ensure readiness. Flow charts, criteria tables, timelines, checklists, and pre- scripted templates are useful formats for conveying procedures that need to be followed quickly and correctly. These updates SOPs can govern3:
normal office and duty staffing;
receipt of real-time parametric or waveform data from different seismic networks;
data processing and analysis using various software and decision support tools;
3 IOC/UNESCO. 2017. Plans and Procedures for Tsunami Warning and Emergency Management. Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 2017. 72pp.(IOC Manuals and Guides No.76); English.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 26
receipt and sending of earthquake and sunami threat information through different telecommunication systems;
decision-making and creation of warning and information products based on criteria tables and thresholds of action; and
the call-down procedures for stakeholder contacts for warning coordination.
SOPs can also provide guidance on:
what to do when instruments, communication channels, or computers are down,
monthly communication test procedures, and annual station maintenance checklists.
Community Exercise Evaluation learning points
Community education for tsunami awareness and evaluation along the entire coastal line and evacuation SOPs can be in place for all institutions including hospitals and elderly peoples’ homes (as the exercise covered only selected stakeholders). There is also a need to identity and use as good practice examples of how community knowledge of tsunami preparedness and response has been increased as a result of the exercise.
Some key questions that can be reflected upon on local tsunami preparedness can include:
What are the challenges in Preparedness Planning?
What are the challenges in the implementation of Preparedness Plan?
What is the strategy to cope with that challenges?
What are the mechanisms to reach the last mile?
What are the mechanisms associated with ordering for evacuation, to comply with warning information, and Risk maps?
Communicating the respective messages to the community is a key component of the early warning exercise. In this context, following can be some self assessment statements that can be reflected upon, on the communications to the community:
What is the content of local warning messages /guidance / advice?
Who are the target groups?
Which communication system should be use to reach each of them?
What kind of agreements need to be established (i.e. with local media)?
Who is doing the announcement? It is important to start the message stating that this is an official announcement
What has happened? Short information that an earthquake has happened and inform where it happened (and magnitude), inform if there is tsunami threat and the warning level
What to do? instructions whether to evacuate or not
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 27
Use positive language
Repeat the information / message
Ask people to pass on this information to others within the community
Check the accuracy of inundation and evacuation maps, and where necessary, update
There appears to be some confusion on the evacuation process, the directions and the use of maps. Tsunami evacuation maps could be reviewed, both from accuracy of maps, the number of maps, distribution and the ability and willingness of the public to read maps, the effectiveness of the placement of maps at the intersection and the road.
It is important that the models are adjusted, if needed, by working on important updated information to support the process of tsunami evacuation, to work and to improve the capacity, to build the shelters, and to open new evacuation routes.
It might not be surprising to find out that there are not many people able to read a map. In this case, to be able to read the map, one has to understand the content and message implied on the map. It is helpful that residents are able to understand the following related to the tsunami evacuation maps;
1. Ability to identify both the tsunami prone zone and the tsunami safe zone.
2. Ability to locate the place where they live on the evacuation map.
3. Ability to identify the location of vertical shelters.
4. Ability to identify symbols characterising city landmarks, e.g. schools, markets, offices, airport, port and bridges.
5. Ability to evacuate along the identified evacuation routes such as the route from their own house to the safe zone or from the location where they carry out their daily activities to the nearest vertical shelter.
Make use of IOwave portal to promote the initiative
There is wealth of information available to member countries via the UNESCO IOTWMS IOWave web portal and stakeholders need to be encouraged to make use of them including using IOWave Communication and Documentation toolkit and associated logos. The results of this exercise in Sri Lanka can be used to further raise awareness and understanding among target groups.
There are further opportunities to make documentation of all IOWave18 activities in form of: Video clips; Photo documentations; and Country report of IOWave18. Documents and reports of special interest related to IOWave18, i.e. engagement with schools, harbour, tourism industries, hotels, media, etc. can also be prepared including compiling of all IOWave18 news information: printed media in form of online media, broadcasting media, and development of one-page information of IOWave18 activities.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 28
8. SUMMARY
As detailed in the ToR for observers (Appendix), in respect of Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2018 in Sri Lanka, this report has:
Provided a chronology of the events and actions observed.
Provided a statement of observations in relation to each of the core exercise objectives 1–6, and country specific objective 7.
Commented on the testing and understanding of communication protocols between the TSPs, NTWCs, TWFPs and information dissemination points within countries.
Identified the strengths in the tsunami warning and response chain.
Identified areas of potential improvement in the tsunami warning and response chain.
Commented on the extent that local communities participated in the exercise.
Provided examples of how community knowledge of tsunami preparedness and response has been increased as a result of the exercise.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Observers would like to acknowledge the following individuals in facilitating this exercise:
Eng. Sisira Kumara, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Disaster Management,
Mr Sarath Premalal – Director General, Department of Meteorology,
Dr S.Amalanadan, Director General, Disaster Management Centre,
Mr Sunil Jayaweera, Director Preparedness, Disaster Management Centre (Overall Coordinator),
Brig. Athula Araiyarathna, Director, Emergency Operations Centre, Disaster Management Centre,
Comdore.D.K.P.Dasanayaka, Militory Coordinator,
Mr Chathura Liyanaaraachchi, Assistant Director, Preparedness Planning, Disaster Management Centre (Exercise focal Point 1),
Mr Meril Mendis, Department of Meteorology (Exercise focal Point 2),
Mr Hiran Thilakarathna, Assistant Director, (Operations),
Mr Janaka Hadunpathiraja, Assistant Director (Media).
And all other numerous individuals who further facilitated the exercise, at national, regional and local levels.
IOC Technical Series 138, Vol. 2 Annex XXX – page 29
Appendix
Exercise observers and the related ToR4
It is recommended that independent and objective Exercise Observers be appointed at all exercise points to support the collection of such data. Observers are to be guided by the exercise objectives and the information required in the Post-Exercise Evaluation questionnaire. International observers can be made available to Member States upon request and on the understanding that the Member States will fund the observers’ travel costs and per diems. Benefits of international observers include providing an independent assessment of the in- country response, recommending improvements to SOPs and communication linkages consistent with international best practice, and evaluating the success of the exercise in an Indian Ocean-wide context.
The terms of reference for exercise observers are:
1. Provide a chronology of the events and actions that you observed.
2. Where appropriate, provide a statement of your observations in relation to each of the core exercise objectives 1-6.
3. Comment on the testing and understanding of communication protocols between the TSPs, NTWCs, TWFPs and information dissemination points within countries.
4. Identify strengths in the tsunami warning and response chain.
5. Identify areas of potential improvement in the tsunami warning and response chain.
6. Comment on the extent that local communities participated in the exercise.
7. Provide examples of how community knowledge of tsunami preparedness and response has been increased as a result of the exercise.
The guidelines for exercise observers are:
Remain within the designated observation area.
Do not interfere with exercise play.
Follow the instructions of the organizer of the observer program in any of your interaction with the exercise participants.
Direct any questions to the organizer of the observer program or other designated individual.
4 IOC/UNESCO. 2018. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 18: an Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise, 4-5 September 2018, volume 1: exercise manual (IOC/2018/TS/138VOL.1)
IOC Technical Series
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36 Bruun Memorial Lectures 1989: Impact of New Technology on Marine Composite Scientific Research. 1991 E, F, S 37 Tsunami Glossary - A Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Used in the E only Tsunami Literature. 1991 38 The Oceans and Climate: A Guide to Present Needs. 1991 E only 39 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 1991: Modelling and Prediction in Marine Science. E only 1992 40 Oceanic Interdecadal Climate Variability. 1992 E only 41 Marine Debris: Solid Waste Management Action for the Wider Caribbean. 1994 E only 42 Calculation of New Depth Equations for Expendable Bathymerographs Using a E only Temperature-Error-Free Method (Application to Sippican/TSK T-7, T-6 and T-4 XBTS. 1994 43 IGOSS Plan and Implementation Programme 1996-2003. 1996 E, F, S, R 44 Design and Implementation of some Harmful Algal Monitoring Systems. 1996 E only 45 Use of Standards and Reference Materials in the Measurement of Chlorinated E only Hydrocarbon Residues. 1996 46 Equatorial Segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 1996 E only 47 Peace in the Oceans: Ocean Governance and the Agenda for Peace; the E only Proceedings of Pacem in Maribus XXIII, Costa Rica, 1995. 1997 48 Neotectonics and fluid flow through seafloor sediments in the Eastern E only Mediterranean and Black Seas - Parts I and II. 1997 49 Global Temperature Salinity Profile Programme: Overview and Future. 1998 E only 50 Global Sea-Level Observing System (GLOSS) Implementation Plan-1997. E only 1997 51 L'état actuel de 1'exploitation des pêcheries maritimes au Cameroun et leur F only gestion intégrée dans la sous-région du Golfe de Guinée (cancelled) 52 Cold water carbonate mounds and sediment transport on the Northeast E only Atlantic Margin. 1998 53 The Baltic Floating University: Training Through Research in the Baltic, E only Barents and White Seas - 1997. 1998 54 Geological Processes on the Northeast Atlantic Margin (8th training-through- E only research cruise, June-August 1998). 1999 55 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 1999: Ocean Predictability. 2000 E only 56 Multidisciplinary Study of Geological Processes on the North East Atlantic and E only Western Mediterranean Margins (9th training-through-research cruise, June- July 1999). 2000 57 Ad hoc Benthic Indicator Group - Results of Initial Planning Meeting, Paris, E only France, 6-9 December 1999. 2000 58 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 2001: Operational Oceanography – a perspective E only from the private sector. 2001 59 Monitoring and Management Strategies for Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal E only Waters. 2001 60 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Geoscience on the North East Atlantic Margin E only and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (10th training-through-research cruise, July-August 2000). 2001 61 Forecasting Ocean Science? Pros and Cons, Potsdam Lecture, 1999. 2002 E only 62 Geological Processes in the Mediterranean and Black Seas and North East E only Atlantic (11th training-through-research cruise, July- September 2001). 2002 63 Improved Global Bathymetry – Final Report of SCOR Working Group 107. E only 2002 64 R. Revelle Memorial Lecture, 2006: Global Sea Levels, Past, Present E only and Future. 2007 65 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 2003: Gas Hydrates – a potential source of energy E only from the oceans. 2003 66 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 2003: Energy from the Sea: the potential and E only realities of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). 2003
67 Interdisciplinary Geoscience Research on the North East Atlantic Margin, E only Mediterranean Sea and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (12th training-through-research cruise, June-August 2002). 2003 68 Interdisciplinary Studies of North Atlantic and Labrador Sea Margin E only Architecture and Sedimentary Processes (13th training-through-research cruise, July-September 2003). 2004 69 Biodiversity and Distribution of the Megafauna / Biodiversité et distribution de E F la mégafaune. 2006 Vol.1 The polymetallic nodule ecosystem of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean / Ecosystème de nodules polymétalliques de l’océan Pacifique Est équatorial Vol.2 Annotated photographic Atlas of the echinoderms of the Clarion- Clipperton fracture zone / Atlas photographique annoté des échinodermes de la zone de fractures de Clarion et de Clipperton Vol.3 Options for the management and conservation of the biodiversity — The nodule ecosystem in the Clarion Clipperton fracture zone: scientific, legal and institutional aspects 70 Interdisciplinary geoscience studies of the Gulf of Cadiz and Western E only Mediterranean Basin (14th training-through-research cruise, July-September 2004). 2006 71 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System, IOTWS. E only Implementation Plan, 7–9 April 2009 (2nd Revision). 2009 72 Deep-water Cold Seeps, Sedimentary Environments and Ecosystems of the E only Black and Tyrrhenian Seas and the Gulf of Cadiz (15th training-through- research cruise, June–August 2005). 2007 73 Implementation Plan for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in E only the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas (NEAMTWS), 2007–2011. 2007 (electronic only) 74 Bruun Memorial Lectures, 2005: The Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful E only Algal Blooms – Multidisciplinary approaches to research and management. 2007 75 National Ocean Policy. The Basic Texts from: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, E only Colombia, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Russian Federation, United States of America. (Also Law of Sea Dossier 1). 2008 76 Deep-water Depositional Systems and Cold Seeps of the Western E only Mediterranean, Gulf of Cadiz and Norwegian Continental margins (16th training-through-research cruise, May–July 2006). 2008 77 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWS) – 12 E only September 2007 Indian Ocean Tsunami Event. Post-Event Assessment of IOTWS Performance. 2008 78 Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean E only and Adjacent Regions (CARIBE EWS) – Implementation Plan 2013–2017 (Version 2.0). 2013 79 Filling Gaps in Large Marine Ecosystem Nitrogen Loadings Forecast for 64 E only LMEs – GEF/LME global project Promoting Ecosystem-based Approaches to Fisheries Conservation and Large Marine Ecosystems. 2008 80 Models of the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems. GEF/LME Global Project E only Promoting Ecosystem-based Approaches to Fisheries Conservation and Large Marine Ecosystems. 2008 81 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWS) – E only Implementation Plan for Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWP). 2008 82 Exercise Pacific Wave 08 – A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and E only Communication Exercise, 28–30 October 2008. 2008 83. Cancelled 84. Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) Bio-geographic E only Classification. 2009 85. Tsunami Glossary E, F, S 86 Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS) Implementation Plan Electronic publication
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87. Operational Users Guide for the Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation E only System (PTWS) – Second Edition. 2011 88. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2009 (IOWave09) – An Indian Ocean-wide E only Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise – 14 October 2009. 2009 89. Ship-based Repeat Hydrography: A Strategy for a Sustained Global E only Programme. 2009 90. 12 January 2010 Haiti Earthquake and Tsunami Event Post-Event Assessment E only of CARIBE EWS Performance. 2010 91. Compendium of Definitions and Terminology on Hazards, Disasters, Under preparation Vulnerability and Risks in a coastal context 92. 27 February 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tsunami Event – Post-Event E only Assessment of PTWS Performance (Pacific Tsunami Warning System). 2010 93. Exercise CARIBE WAVE 11 / LANTEX 11—A Caribbean Tsunami Warning Exercise, 23 March 2011 Vol. 1 Participant Handbook / Exercise CARIBE WAVE 11 —Exercice E/F/S d’alerte au tsunami dans les Caraïbes, 23 mars 2011. Manuel du participant / Ejercicio Caribe Wave 11. Un ejercicio de alerta de tsunami en el Caribe, 23 de marzo de 2011. Manual del participante. 2010 Vol. 2 Report. 2011 E only Vol. 3 Supplement: Media Reports. 2011 E/F/S 94. Cold seeps, coral mounds and deep-water depositional systems of the Alboran E only Sea, Gulf of Cadiz and Norwegian continental margin (17th training-through- research cruise, June–July 2008) 95. International Post-Tsunami Survey for the 25 October 2010 Mentawai, E only Indonesia Tsunami 96. Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS) 11 March 2011 Off Pacific coast E only of Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami Event. Post-Event Assessment of PTWS Performance 97. Exercise PACIFIC WAVE 11: A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise, 9–10 November 2011 Vol. 1 Exercise Manual. 2011 E only Vol. 2 Report. 2013 E only 98. Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, E only the Mediterranean and connected seas. First Enlarged Communication Test Exercise (ECTE1). Exercise Manual and Evaluation Report. 2011 99. Exercise INDIAN OCEAN WAVE 2011 – An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami E only Warning and Communication Exercise, 12 October 2011 Vol. 1 Exercise Manual. 2011 Supplement: Bulletins from the Regional Tsunami Service Providers Vol. 2 Exercise Report. 2013 100. Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) Implementation Plan – 2012. E only 2012 101. Exercise Caribe Wave/Lantex 13. A Caribbean Tsunami Warning Exercise, 20 E only March 2013. Volume 1: Participant Handbook. 2012 102. Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, E only the Mediterranean and Connected Seas — Second Enlarged Communication Test Exercise (CTE2), 22 May 2012. Vol. 1 Exercise Manual. 2012 Vol. 2 Evaluation Report. 2014 103. Exercise NEAMWAVE 12. A Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise E only for the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and Connected Seas Region, 27–28 November 2012. Vol. 1: Exercise Manual. 2012 Vol. 2: Evaluation Report. 2013 104. Seísmo y tsunami del 27 de agosto de 2012 en la costa del Pacífico frente a El Español Salvador, y seísmo del 5 de septiembre de 2012 en la costa del Pacífico frente solamente a Costa Rica. Evaluación subsiguiente sobre el funcionamiento del Sistema de (resumen en Alerta contra los Tsunamis y Atenuación de sus Efectos en el Pacífico. 2012 inglés y francés) 105. Users Guide for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Enhanced Products for E, S the Pacific Tsunami Warning System, August 2014. Revised Edition. 2014 106. Exercise Pacific Wave 13. A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Enhanced E only Products Exercise, 1–14 May 2013. Vol. 1 Exercise Manual. 2013 Vol. 2 Summary Report. 2013 107. Tsunami Public Awareness and Educations Strategy for the Caribbean E only and Adjacent Regions. 2013 108. Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS) Medium-Term E only Strategy, 2014−2021. 2013 109. Exercise Caribe Wave/Lantex 14. A Caribbean and Northwestern Atlantic E/S Tsunami Warning Exercise, 26 March 2014. Vol. 1 Participant Handbook. 2014 110. Directory of atmospheric, hydrographic and biological datasets for the Canary E only Current Large Marine Ecosystem, 3rd edition: revised and expanded. 2017 111. Integrated Regional Assessments in support of ICZM in the Mediterranean E only and Black Sea Basins. 2014 112. 11 April 2012 West of North Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Event - Post- E only event Assessment of IOTWS Performance 113. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2014: An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning E only and Communication Exercise. Vol.1 Manual Vol. 2 Exercise Report. 2015 114. Exercise NEAMWAVE 14. A Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise E only for the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and Connected Seas Region, 28–30 October 2014 Vol. 1 Manual Vol. 2 Evaluation Report – Supplement: Evaluation by Message Providers and Civil Protection Authorities 115. Oceanographic and Biological Features in the Canary Current Large Marine E only Ecosystem. 2015 (revised in 2016) 116. Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, E only the Mediterranean and Connected Seas. Third Enlarged Communication Test Exercise (CTE3), 1st October 2013. Vol. 1 Exercise Manual Vol. 2 Evaluation Report 117. Exercise Pacific Wave 15. A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Enhanced E only Products Exercise, 2–6 February 2015 Vol. 1: Exercise Manual; Vol. 2: Summary Report 118. Exercise Caribe Wave/Lantex 15. A Caribbean and Northwestern Atlantic E only Tsunami Warning Exercise, 25 March 2015 (SW Caribbean Scenario) Vol. 1: Participant Handbook 119. Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) Assessment of E only Governance Arrangements for the Ocean Vol 1: Transboundary Large Marine Ecosystems; Supplement: Individual Governance Architecture Assessment for Fifty Transboundary Large Marine Ecosystems Vol 2: Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction 120. Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) – Status and Trends E only in Primary Productivity and Chlorophyll from 1996 to 2014 in Large Marine Ecosystems and the Western Pacific Warm Pool, Based on Data from Satellite Ocean Colour Sensors. 2017 121. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 14, an Indian Ocean wide Tsunami Warning and In preparation Communications Exercise, 9–10 September 2014 122. Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, E only the Mediterranean and Connected Seas. Sixth Communication Test Exercise (CTE6), 29 July 2015. Vol. 1: Exercise Manual Vol. 2: Evaluation Report 123 Preparing for the next tsunami in the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean (IOC/INF-1340) and Connected Seas – Ten years of the Tsunami Warning System (NEAMTWS). 2017 —Cancelled—
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124 Indicadores Marino Costeros del Pacífico Sudeste / Coastal and Marine E/S Indicators of the Southeast Pacific (SPINCAM) 125 Exercise CARIBE WAVE 2016: A Caribbean and Adjacent Regions Tsunami E only Warning Exercise, 17 March 2016 (Venezuela and Northern Hispaniola Scenarios) Volume 1: Participant Handbook 126 Exercise Pacific Wave 16. A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Enhanced E only Products Exercise, 1-5 February 2016. Volume 1: Exercise Manual. Volume 2: Summary Report 127 How to reduce coastal hazard risk in your community – A step by step E only approach 128. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2016: An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning E only and Communications Exercise, 7–8 September 2016 Vol 1: Participant Manual Vol. 2: Exercise Report 129 What are Marine Ecological Time Series telling us about the Ocean – A status E only report 130 Tsunami Watch Operations – Global Service Definition Document E only 131 Exercise Pacific Wave 2017. A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Enhanced E only Products Exercise, 15-17 February 2017. Volume 1: Exercise Manual Volume 2: Exercise Report 132. 2nd March 2016 Southwest of Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Event Post- E only Event Assessment of the Performance of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System; Supplement: Tsunami Service Provider Bulletins and Maps 133. Exercise CARIBE WAVE 17. A Caribbean and Adjacent Regions Tsunami E only Warning Exercise, 21 March 2017 (Costa Rica, Cuba and Northeastern Antilles Scenarios). Volume 1: Participant Handbook Volume 2: Final Report 134. Tsunami Exercise NEAMWave17 – A Tsunami Warning and Communication E only Exercise for the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and Connected Seas Region, 31 October – 3 November 2017 Volume 1: Exercise Instructions. 2017 Volume 2: Evaluation Report. 2018 Supplement: Evaluation by Message Providers and Civil Protection Authorities 135. User’s Guide for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Enhanced Products for E only the Tsunami and other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CARIBE-EWS), October 2017 136. Exercise CARIBE WAVE 18. Tsunami Warning Exercise, 15 March 2018 E only (Barbados, Colombia and Puerto Rico Scenarios). Volume 1: Participant Handbook. 2017 Volume 2: Final Report 137. The Ocean is losing its breath: declining oxygen in the world’s ocean and (under coastal waters preparation) 138. Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2018: An Indian Ocean-wide Tsunami Warning E only and Communication Exercise, 4–5 September 2018 Volume 1: Exercise Manual & Supplements Volume 2: Exercise Report. 2019 139. Exercise Pacific Wave 2018. A Pacific-wide Tsunami Warning and Enhanced E only Products Exercise, September to November 2018. Volume 1: Exercise Manual. 140 Analysis of transboundary Water Ecosystems and Green and Blue E F S Infrastructures: Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean: Andalusia (Spain) – Morocco 141 Exercise Caribe Wave 2019. A Caribbean and Adjacent Region Tsunami E only Warning Exercise, 14 March 2019. Volume 1: Participant handbook.
142 Users’ Guide for the Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center (NWPTAC) – E only Enhanced Products for the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. 2019
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