DOCSLIB.ORG

Initial COVID-19 Responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone and Uganda: Documentation and Learning from March to May 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Initial COVID-19 Responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone and Uganda: Documentation and Learning from March to May 2020 Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone and Uganda: Documentation and learning from March to May 2020 COVID-19 Series: Synthesis Report Debbie Hillier, Tom Newton-Lewis, Rithika Nair, and Christoph Larsen July 2020 Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda About Maintains This five-year (2018–2023) operational research programme is building a strong evidence base on how health, education, nutrition, and social protection systems can respond more quickly, reliably, and effectively to changing needs during and after shocks, whilst also maintaining existing services. Maintains is working in six focal countries—Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda—undertaking research to build evidence and providing technical assistance to support practical implementation. Lessons from this work will be used to inform policy and practice at both national and global levels. Maintains is funded with UK aid from the UK government; however, the views expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the immense contribution and input from Syed Zulfiqar Ali, Akaco Ekirapa, Kevin Grieco, Shah Monir Hossain, Rumana Huque, Niccolo Meriggi, and Yasmina Yusuf, who provided detailed country-based reports that have fed into this synthesis report. We also recognise their work, and that of many others, in reviewing and strengthening drafts. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical support from DFID. Contacts [email protected] www.maintainsprogramme.org @MaintainsProg www.linkedin.com/company/maintains/ Maintains is implemented through a consortium led by Oxford Policy Management Limited as the managing agent. Oxford Policy Management is registered in England: 3122495. Registered office: Clarendon House, Level 3, 52 Cornmarket Street, Oxford, OX1 3HJ, United Kingdom. www.opml.co.uk. Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda Table of contents List of tables, figures, and boxes ................................................................................... v List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................... vi Executive summary ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction and approach ............................................................................... 1 Governance ..................................................................................................... 4 Mitigating secondary impacts .......................................................................... 6 Health system.................................................................................................. 8 Conclusions and implications for Maintains ..................................................... 9 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 12 2 Methodology .................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Analytical framework for this report .................................................... 14 2.2 Data collection ................................................................................... 18 2.3 Scope and limitations ......................................................................... 18 3 Overview of COVID-19 in Maintains countries ............................................... 20 3.1 Progress of the pandemic .................................................................. 20 3.2 Country timelines ............................................................................... 22 4 Governance ................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Competent leadership and multi-disciplinary team ....................... 30 4.2 Adaptive plans and solid policy and legal framework .................... 34 4.3 Collaboration, coordination, and partnerships .............................. 39 4.4 Timely, flexible, and adequate access to crisis financing ............... 42 4.5 Trust, transparency, and accountability ........................................ 45 5 Mitigating secondary impacts ........................................................................ 49 5.1 Pro-poor implementation of movement restrictions ...................... 49 5.2 Ensuring gender equality and social inclusion ............................ 53 5.3 Providing social protection ........................................................... 60 5.4 Adequate nutrition and food security for all ................................... 68 5.5 Accessible, equitable, and inclusive education ............................ 74 6 Health system................................................................................................ 79 6.1 Service delivery: Quarantine, testing, isolation, treatment, and contact tracing ................................................................................................ 80 6.2 Maintaining delivery of essential services .................................... 85 © Maintains iii Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda 6.3 Dedicated health workforce with surge capacity .......................... 89 6.4 Efficient information systems and surveillance ............................. 92 6.5 High-quality supplies, logistics, and infrastructure ......................... 94 6.6 Genuine community engagement ................................................ 96 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 100 7.1 Governance ..................................................................................... 100 7.2 Mitigation of secondary impacts ....................................................... 100 7.3 Health system .................................................................................. 101 References ............................................................................................................... 103 Annex A Conceptual model of a shock-responsive health system ............................. 119 Annex B Terms of reference ...................................................................................... 121 Annex C Summary of COVID-19-related social protection programmes .................... 127 © Maintains iv Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda List of tables, figures, and boxes Table 1: Analytical framework for the report: response attributes and key factors .... 2 Table 1: Analytical framework: domains, response attributes, and key factors ....... 15 Table 2: Key figures on tests, case fatality rates, and doubling times ..................... 23 Table 3: Key figures from the Global Health Security Index ................................... 35 Table 4: National response budgets and major international funding ..................... 44 Table 5: Trust in the government, and in doctors and nurses ................................. 46 Table 6: Different approaches to movement restrictions ........................................ 50 Table 7: COVID-19 infection and mortality rates by sex and age ........................... 54 Table 8: Lack of a gendered COVID-19 response .................................................. 57 Table 9: Some key factors concerning vulnerability ............................................... 62 Table 10: Types of social protection measures introduced in response to COVID-19 64 Table 11: Key food security and malnutrition statistics ............................................. 70 Table 12: Summary of COVID-19-related social protection programmes ............... 127 Figure 1: Confirmed COVID-19 cases by population size ........................................ 21 Figure 2: Confirmed COVID-19 deaths by population size ...................................... 21 Figure 3: Timeline and cases in Bangladesh ........................................................... 25 Figure 4: Timeline and cases in Kenya ................................................................... 26 Figure 5: Timeline and cases in Pakistan ................................................................ 27 Figure 6: Timeline and cases in Sierra Leone ......................................................... 28 Figure 7: Timeline and cases in Uganda ................................................................. 29 Figure 8: Model of a shock-responsive health system ........................................... 119 Box 1: Important note on data and information .................................................... 20 Box 2: Compounding impacts of COVID-19 and other crises .............................. 37 © Maintains v Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda List of abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank BISP Benazir Income Support Program CDC Centers for Disease Control CHWs Community health workers CSSE Center for Systems Science and Engineering DFID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRF Disaster risk financing EOC Emergency Operations Centre GBV Gender-based violence IDPs Internally displaced persons IEDCR Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research IMF International Monetary Fund IPC Infection prevention and control
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inequality of Child Mortality Among Ethnic Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa M
    Special Theme ±Inequalities in Health Inequality of child mortality among ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa M. Brockerhoff1 & P. Hewett2 Accounts by journalists of wars in several countries of sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s have raised concern that ethnic cleavages and overlapping religious and racial affiliations may widen the inequalities in health and survival among ethnic groups throughout the region, particularly among children. Paradoxically, there has been no systematic examination of ethnic inequality in child survival chances across countries in the region. This paper uses survey data collected in the 1990s in 11 countries (Central African Republic, Coà te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda, and Zambia) to examine whether ethnic inequality in child mortality has been present and spreading in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s. The focus was on one or two groups in each country which may have experienced distinct child health and survival chances, compared to the rest of the national population, as a result of their geographical location. The factors examined to explain potential child survival inequalities among ethnic groups included residence in the largest city, household economic conditions, educational attainment and nutritional status of the mothers, use of modern maternal and child health services including immunization, and patterns of fertility and migration. The results show remarkable consistency. In all 11 countries there were significant differentials between ethnic groups in the odds of dying during infancy or before the age of 5 years. Multivariate analysis shows that ethnic child mortality differences are closely linked with economic inequality in many countries, and perhaps with differential use of child health services in countries of the Sahel region.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Sector Development Program
    2011-12 Public Sector Development Program Planning and Development Department Government of Balochistan Government of Balochistan Planning & Development Department Public Sector Development Programme 2011-12 (Original) June, 2011 PREFACE The PSDP 2010 – 11 has seen its completion in a satisfactory manner. Out of 961 schemes, 405 schemes have successfully been completed at an aggregated expenditure of Rs. Rs.10.180 billion. Resultantly, communications links will get more strengthened in addition to increase in the employment rate in the province. More specifically, 60 schemes of water sector will definitely reinforce other sectors attached to it such as livestock and forestry. The PSDP 2011-12 has a total outlay of Rs.31.35 billion having 1084 schemes. Of this Rs.31.35 billion, 47.4% has been allocated to 590 ongoing schemes. The strategy adopted in preparation of the PSDP 2011-12 focuses chiefly on infrastructural sectors. Education, health and potable safe drinking water have been paid due attention with a view to bring about positive increase in their representation in social indicators. Worth mentioning is the fact that involvement of the Elected Members of the Provincial Assembly has excessively been helpful in identification of schemes in the constituencies having followed a well thought criteria. This has ensured that no sector has remained dormant as far its development and allocation of funds is concerned. Feasibility studies will be undertaken during FY 2011-12, especially for construction of mega dams to utilize 6.00 MAF flood water, which goes unutilized each year. Besides, feasibility studies for exploration and exploitation of viable minerals in the province will also be carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • East and Central Africa 19
    Most countries have based their long-term planning (‘vision’) documents on harnessing science, technology and innovation to development. Kevin Urama, Mammo Muchie and Remy Twingiyimana A schoolboy studies at home using a book illuminated by a single electric LED lightbulb in July 2015. Customers pay for the solar panel that powers their LED lighting through regular instalments to M-Kopa, a Nairobi-based provider of solar-lighting systems. Payment is made using a mobile-phone money-transfer service. Photo: © Waldo Swiegers/Bloomberg via Getty Images 498 East and Central Africa 19 . East and Central Africa Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Republic of), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda Kevin Urama, Mammo Muchie and Remy Twiringiyimana Chapter 19 INTRODUCTION which invest in these technologies to take a growing share of the global oil market. This highlights the need for oil-producing Mixed economic fortunes African countries to invest in science and technology (S&T) to Most of the 16 East and Central African countries covered maintain their own competitiveness in the global market. in the present chapter are classified by the World Bank as being low-income economies. The exceptions are Half the region is ‘fragile and conflict-affected’ Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Djibouti and the newest Other development challenges for the region include civil strife, member, South Sudan, which joined its three neighbours religious militancy and the persistence of killer diseases such in the lower middle-income category after being promoted as malaria and HIV, which sorely tax national health systems from low-income status in 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’S 2017 Elections
    “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections Copyright © 2017 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-34761 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa is an independent not-for profit organization that promotes freedom of expression and access to information as a fundamental human right as well as an empowerment right. ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa was registered in Kenya in 2007 as an affiliate of ARTICLE 19 international. ARTICLE 19 Eastern African has over the past 10 years implemented projects that included policy and legislative advocacy on media and access to information laws and review of public service media policies and regulations. The organization has also implemented capacity building programmes for journalists on safety and protection and for a select civil society organisation to engage with United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) mechanisms in 14 countries in Eastern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into the First Seven-Months of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from a High-Risk Country
    Insights Into the First Seven-months of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from a High-risk Country Md. Hasanul Banna Siam Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh Md.Mahbub Hasan Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh Shazed Mohammad Tashrif National University of Singapore - Kent Ridge Campus: National University of Singapore Md. Hasinur Rahaman Khan University of Dhaka: Dhaka University Enayetur Raheem Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mohammad Sorowar Hossain ( [email protected] ) Biomedical Research Foundation https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-2909 Research Article Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Epidemiology, SARS-CoV2 Posted Date: October 13th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-89387/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Heliyon on June 1st, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07385. Page 1/21 Abstract Background South Asian countries including Bangladesh have been struggling to control the COVID-19 pandemic despite imposing months of lockdown and other public health measures. In-depth epidemiological information from these countries is lacking. From the perspective of Bangladesh, this study aims at understanding the epidemiological features and gaps in public health preparedness and risk communication. Methods The study used publicly available data of seven months (8 March 2020–10 September 2020) from the respective health departments of Bangladesh and Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Centre. Human mobility data were obtained from Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Spatial distribution maps were created using ArcGIS Desktop.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Sector Development Programme 2019-20 (Original)
    GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2019-20 (ORIGINAL) Table of Contents S.No. Sector Page No. 1. Agriculture……………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Livestock………………………………………………………………………… 8 3. Forestry………………………………………………………………………….. 11 4. Fisheries…………………………………………………………………………. 13 5. Food……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 6. Population welfare………………………………………………………….. 16 7. Industries………………………………………………………………………... 18 8. Minerals………………………………………………………………………….. 21 9. Manpower………………………………………………………………………. 23 10. Sports……………………………………………………………………………… 25 11. Culture……………………………………………………………………………. 30 12. Tourism…………………………………………………………………………... 33 13. PP&H………………………………………………………………………………. 36 14. Communication………………………………………………………………. 46 15. Water……………………………………………………………………………… 86 16. Information Technology…………………………………………………... 105 17. Education. ………………………………………………………………………. 107 18. Health……………………………………………………………………………... 133 19. Public Health Engineering……………………………………………….. 144 20. Social Welfare…………………………………………………………………. 183 21. Environment…………………………………………………………………… 188 22. Local Government ………………………………………………………….. 189 23. Women Development……………………………………………………… 198 24. Urban Planning and Development……………………………………. 200 25. Power…………………………………………………………………………….. 206 26. Other Schemes………………………………………………………………… 212 27. List of Schemes to be reassessed for Socio-Economic Viability 2-32 PREFACE Agro-pastoral economy of Balochistan, periodically affected by spells of droughts, has shrunk livelihood opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Quality of Care in Family Planning, Antenatal, and Sick Child Services at Health Facilities in Kenya, Namibia, and Senegal
    ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF CARE IN FaMILY PLANNING, ANTENATAL, AND SICK CHILD SERVICES AT HEALTH FACILITIES IN KENYA, NAMIBIA, AND SENEGAL DHS ANALYTICAL STUDIES 44 SEPTEMBER 2014 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Wenjuan Wang, Mai Do, John Hembling, and Paul Ametepi. DHS Analytical Studies No. 44 Assessing the Quality of Care in Family Planning, Antenatal, and Sick Child Services at Health Facilities in Kenya, Namibia, and Senegal Wenjuan Wang Mai Do John Hembling Paul Ametepi ICF International Rockville, Maryland, USA September 2014 Corresponding author: Wenjuan Wang, International Health and Development, ICF International, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; telephone: +1 301-572-0398: fax: +1 301-572-0950; email: [email protected] Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Sohail Agha for reviewing this report and providing invaluable comments. Editor: Bryant Robey Document Production: Natalie La Roche This study was carried out with support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through The DHS Program (#AID-OAA-C-13-00095). The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. The DHS Program assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. For additional information about the DHS Program contact: DHS Program, ICF International, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; phone: 301-407-6500, fax: 301-407-6501, email: [email protected], Internet: www.dhsprogram.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand
    Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand Total: 3, 139, 369, 104, 343, 159, [and the 210 Namibian 51, 612, 191, 21, 44, 1, 39, 95, 428, docs so far is 2809] (2599) Central Africa:3 1 Central Africa—General Economics UNECA Subregional Strategies 19 32 8x11.5 Hints to Businessmen Visiting The London Board of 2 Central Africa—General Economics Congo (Brazzaville), Chad, Gabon 19 32 4.75x7.125 Trade and Central African Republic Purpose and Perfection Pottery as 3 Central Africa—General Art The Smithsonian Institution 3 4 8x9.25 a Woman's Art in Central Africa Botswana:139 National Institute of Access to Manual Skills Training in 1 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development and Cultural Botswana: An Annotated 9 13 8x11.5 Research Bibliography Social Thandiwe Kgosidintsi and 2 Botswana—Bibliographies Sciences—Information Publishing in Botswana 2 2 8.5x11 Neil Parsons Science National Institute of 3 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development Rearch and Working Papers 5 8 5.75x8.25 Documentation University of Botswana and Department of Library Studies 1 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences 28 25 8.25x11.75 Swaziland Prospectus Social Refugees In Botswana: a Policy of 2 Botswana—Social Sciences United Nations 3 7 4.125x10.5 Sciences—Refugees Resettlement Projet De College Exterieur Du 3 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences unknown 3 3 8.25x11.75 Botswana Community Relations in Botswana, with special reference to Francistown. Statement 4 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences Republic of Botswana Delivered to the National Assembly 4 5 5.5x8 1971 by His Honor the Vice President Dt.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establshing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control Over the Country's Diamond Resources
    SIERRA LEONE AND CONFLICT DIAMONDS: ESTABLSHING A LEGAL DIAMOND TRADE AND ENDING REBEL CONTROL OVER THE COUNTRY'S DIAMOND RESOURCES "Controlof resourceshas greaterweight than uniform administrativecontrol over one's entire comer of the world, especially in places such as Sierra Leone where valuable resources are concentratedand portable.' I. INTRODUCTION Sierra Leone2 is in the midst of a civil war that began in 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) invaded the country from neighboring Liberia.3 RUF rebels immediately sought control over one of the country's richest resources--diamonds.4 Since gaining control over the most productive diamond fields, the rebels have at their fingertips an endless supply of wealth with which to fund their insurgencies against the Government of Sierra Leone.' The RUF rebels illicitly trade diamonds for arms in open smuggling operations. 6 Diamonds sold by the RUF, in order to fund the rebel group's military action in opposition to Sierra Leone's legitimate and internationally recognized government, are called "conflict diamonds."7 1. WIulIAM RENO, WARLORD POLITICS AND AFRICAN STATES 140 (1998). 2. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa north of Liberia and south of Guinea. The country has 4,900,000 residents, almost all of whom belong to one of 13 native African tribes. Country: Sierra Leone, Sept. 3,2000, availableat LEXIS, Kaleidoscope File. One of the primary economic activities in Sierra Leone is mining of its large diamond deposits that are a major source of hard currency. Countries that predominantly import goods from Sierra Leone include Belgium, the United States, and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from Power-Sharing in Africa
    8/2008 Lessons Learned from Power-Sharing in Africa Håvard Strand, Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) Scott Gates, Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) Several power-sharing agreements have been reached in Africa over the last decades. This project has compared the experiences of various forms of power-sharing in five countries, Bu- rundi, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The cases differ significantly both with regard to the implementation of power-sharing and the rationale for adopting such institutions. Our conclusions is that power-sharing institutions have proven themselves useful in some countries and less so in others. The most positive experiences have been in the peace processes of Sierra Leone and Liberia, where power-sharing played a vital role in securing peace. There are less clear support for power-sharing institutions with regard to good governance. Introduction tions. Inclusive institutions work towards inte- This project describes power-sharing efforts in grating as many voices as possible into the deci- five conflict-prone and ill-governed African sion-making body, whereas exclusive institutions countries: Burundi, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, and create autonomous political spheres. Sierra Leone. While these five countries are The rationale for inclusive institutions as- unique in many important ways, some overar- sumes that exclusion is a key to violent conflict, ching conclusions can nevertheless be drawn and is therefore very focused on not excluding from these studies. Our studies support the any relevant group. The inclusive answer is to conclusion that power-sharing can be a useful provide some guarantees to all parties, so that remedy under certain conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • IFP Kenya Final Report .Pdf
    Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program - Final Report Kenya March 2013. Mount Kenya View 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Target Group ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Recruitment and Selection.......................................................................................................................... 16 Program Orientation ................................................................................................................................... 23 Pre-Academic Training (PAT) ...................................................................................................................... 30 Placement ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Pre-Departure Orientation.......................................................................................................................... 45 The Study/Monitoring Period ..................................................................................................................... 48 End of Fellowship/Repatriation/Re-entry ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PTSD and Depression
    Journal, Vol. XXI, No. 1, 1-5, 2017 Cambridge Medicine Journal, 1-8, 2020 http://doi.dx.10.7244/cmj.2017.03.002http://doi.dx.10.7244/cmj.2020.02.001 Potential Applications of Three-dimensional Assessment of Psychological Status (PTSD and Depression)Bioprinting Among The in Terrorism Regenerative Affected Medicine Hazara Community in Quetta, Pakistan Dominic Kwan Muhammad Samsoor Zarak1, Ghulam Rasool2, Zara Arshad3, Madiha Batool3, Shilpa Shah3, Mariam Naseer3, Noor un Nisa3, Saba Arbab3, Maheen Shaikh3, Aqeel Nasim4, Noman Ul Haq4, Syed Wajih Rizvi5 Abstract Aim: To assess the psychological status in terms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and De- DOI: 10.7244/cmj.2017.03.002 pression among the terrorism affected the Hazara community of Quetta. Method: The study was a quantitative, cross-sectional, interview-based survey carried out at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital and Sahib-U-Zaman hospital where only the Hazara individuals were consentedPotential to be part applications of three-dimensional of the study. After calculating the sample size with 95% Confidence Interval, a total of 346 individuals were interviewed for the study. A self-designed questionnaire was made from DSM-5 (PCL-5) Checklist. It was translated into Urdu language and considered for the study. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 20.bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine Result: The study shows that there is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders within the Hazara Community. 68.2% of respondents were found to be PTSD positive and 51.7% were seen to be depression positive. Majority of the respondents were under the age of 25 and most of them were females.
    [Show full text]