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PTSD and Depression Journal, Vol. XXI, No. 1, 1-5, 2017 Cambridge Medicine Journal, 1-8, 2020 http://doi.dx.10.7244/cmj.2017.03.002http://doi.dx.10.7244/cmj.2020.02.001 Potential Applications of Three-dimensional Assessment of Psychological Status (PTSD and Depression)Bioprinting Among The in Terrorism Regenerative Affected Medicine Hazara Community in Quetta, Pakistan Dominic Kwan Muhammad Samsoor Zarak1, Ghulam Rasool2, Zara Arshad3, Madiha Batool3, Shilpa Shah3, Mariam Naseer3, Noor un Nisa3, Saba Arbab3, Maheen Shaikh3, Aqeel Nasim4, Noman Ul Haq4, Syed Wajih Rizvi5 Abstract Aim: To assess the psychological status in terms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and De- DOI: 10.7244/cmj.2017.03.002 pression among the terrorism affected the Hazara community of Quetta. Method: The study was a quantitative, cross-sectional, interview-based survey carried out at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital and Sahib-U-Zaman hospital where only the Hazara individuals were consentedPotential to be part applications of three-dimensional of the study. After calculating the sample size with 95% Confidence Interval, a total of 346 individuals were interviewed for the study. A self-designed questionnaire was made from DSM-5 (PCL-5) Checklist. It was translated into Urdu language and considered for the study. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 20.bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine Result: The study shows that there is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders within the Hazara Community. 68.2% of respondents were found to be PTSD positive and 51.7% were seen to be depression positive. Majority of the respondents were under the age of 25 and most of them were females. Dominic Kwan Conclusion: It is recommended that the health departments conduct immediate surveys to assess the psychological status among the community in case of an unfortunate terrorist attack. Special psychiatric camps and depression awareness programs are also recommended to be held in Hazara specific areas along 09 March 2017 with long term follow up based counseling for the identified victims of terrorism-related mental health disorders. 1 West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV, USA Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2 Balochistan Institute of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Quetta, Pakistan 3 Bolan Medical College Quetta, Pakistan 4 Pharmact Practice, University of Balochistan 5 R-Endocrinology, Hamilton, New Jersey, USA By sectioneditor 1 Background 1. Introduction and Depression. It can be argued that the concept of bioengineering began when Alexis Car- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, as the name suggests, rel and Charles Lindbergh published “The Culture of Organs” in 1938, which During the past decades, terrorism in different regionsCulture of ofisOrgans a psychiatric” in 1938, disorder, which symptoms described of which the appearequipment in the the worldContents is affecting the psychological wellbeing among wake of a traumatic event that involves the risk of serious and methods which made the in vitrodescribedmaintenance the of organs equipment and methods which made the in vitro maintenance the populations. Unfortunately, some regions of the world physical injury or death. Such an event is likely to evoke 1 Backgroundare1 more prone to terrorist attacks and hence vulnerablepossible.feelings The final of chapter terror, fear, of the and book despairof organs mentions among an the possible. ‘ultimate victim(s); The final chapter of the book mentions an ‘ultimate goal’ 2 Clinical needto2 terrorism-related mental health issues. One such regiongoal’ whichwhen suggests such a increasingnegative perception thewhich speed affects of suggestshealing an individual’s wounds. increasing the speed of healing wounds. From its conception is Pakistan where all aspects of life have been affectedFrom itsphysical conception and inmental the 1980s health toin thepresent long day, run, it scientists takes the 3 Principles ofby Application/Methods terrorism [1]. In this study of Bioprinting one of the2 most terrorismand medicalform researchers of PTSD [2 alike]. Mental have illnessin been the investigatingof this 1980s nature to not the present only ex- day, scientists and medical researchers alike have been 4 Discussion3affected city of Pakistan, Quetta has been assessed particu-citing prospectsaffects an three-dimensional individual’s personal printing health offers but also to the accounts field larly for community-based terrorism. No prior study has for truncated education attainment,investigating poor role plays the in the exciting prospects three-dimensional printing offers to the 4.1 Progress.............................3 of Medicine. Over the course of three decades, advances in been conducted in this regard to the best of our knowledge. society and an overall unaffordablefield loss of Medicine.for the economy, Over the course of three decades, advances in this techno- 4.2 Challenges.The...... two..... aspects........... of... physiological.3 assessment being judgedthis technologythereby have necessitating led to several its proper famous treatment milestones; and eradication in the in this study are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)process spawning[3, 4]. Studies the made term on ‘bioprinting’. the survivorslogy have of In the contemporary 1989 led air to crash several famous milestones; in the process spawning the term 5 Conclusion4 medicine, bioprinting is beginning‘bioprinting’. to play a role in regener- In contemporary medicine, bioprinting is beginning to play a References4 ative medicine and clinical research by providing scientists with the ability to build tissue-engineeringrole in regenerativescaffolds, pros- medicine and clinical research by providing scientists wi- thetic limbs and even functioning kidneys.th the One ability of the earliest to build tissue-engineering scaffolds, prosthetic limbs and even 1. Background cases of bioprinting made international headlines in 1999, It can be argued that the concept of bioengineering began when the world’s first 3D printed collagen scaffold was used when Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh published “The for bladder augmentations in dogs. Then in 2009, researchers 1 Assessment of Psychological Status (PTSD and Depression) Among The Terrorism Affected Hazara Community in Quetta, Pakistan — 2/8 in Kegworth, United Kingdoms [5]; The 1988 oil plat- 2.1 Study setting form disaster in Piper Alpha [6]; and 1995 bombings in The study was carried out at Bolan Medical Complex Hos- Oklahoma, America [7]; concluded that 25 to 75% of the pital and Sahib-U-Zaman hospital. Moreover, some of the witnesses suffered from PTSD [8]. Related studies in Pak- data was also collected from a private coaching center in istan include a report of 42.6% PTSD among the survivors Mariabad, Quetta. of the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake disaster [9]. Mass killings, constant fear and continued exposure to 2.2 Study Population such catastrophes, are major contributors to the acquisition Hazara Individuals of Hazara Town and Mariabad, Quetta of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a large population who were present at BMCH and Sahib-U-Zaman Hospital [2]. In this regard, terrorism is playing a significant role in respectively, were included in the study. The total sam- the increasing number of modern-day PTSD cases, since ple size was 400 interviews, 200 questionnaires for the about 28–35% of victims of terrorist attacks are prone to Hazara Town residents while 200 for Mariabad residents develop this infirmity [10]. One such population under (N = 400). With a dropout rate of 13.5%, a total of 346 the prospect of mass terrorism are the Hazara community interviews were recorded in the end. The margin of error of Quetta [11]. The Hazara are an ethnic minority, who was set to +=−5% (Confidence level of 95%). descended from Afghanistan to Pakistan before partition, in the early 1890s [12], and have established themselves 2.3 Study Duration since then in small distinct regions of the now Quetta, The total study duration was one year from July 2017 to Balochistan [13]. Religiously, they belong to the Shia sect July 2018 of Muslims [12], owing to which, they have been subjected to the Shia Genocide prevailing in Pakistan from around 2.4 Study Tool 1970, that have since seen to have strengthened its roots A self-designed questionnaire was made with the help of by early 2000s [14], taking the lives of more than 2700 DSM-5 (PCL-5) checklist. It was then translated into Urdu Shia Muslims since 2002 [15]. One of the most tragic to make it convenient for the respondents. The question- events among all the extremist attacks include the 2013 naire also included questions related to Depression. bombings in Mariabad and Hazara Town at 2 separate occasions, each of which took the lives of over 100 Hazara 2.5 For PTSD individuals and left hundreds injured [11, 16]. Massacres The checklist consists of 20 questions and each question of such magnitude have even attracted the attention of many was scored 4, making a total score of 80. Patients who International peace organizations [17, 18, 19] and media suffered any recent traumatic event were considered and platforms [15, 20, 21]. further assessed for the questions. 33 scores were set as Depression, however, is a complex disease that is char- cut off out of 80 for considering it as positive for PTSD. acterized by symptoms such as low mood, loss of interests, impaired cognitive function and vegetative symptoms, such 2.6 For Depression as disturbed sleep or appetite [22]. PTSD and depression Patients having low mood were screened and
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