Nuclear Developments

15 NEWLY-INDEPENDENT ST ATES

3/17/94 ARMENIA WITH THE FORMER A secondary agreement is signed in Mos- SOVIET UNION ARMENIA cow between Russian First Deputy Minis- ter Oleg Soskovets and Armenian Prime 4/4/94 Minister Grant Bagratyan regarding the The Romanian newspaper Romania Libera renovations and reactivation of the Metsamor publishes allegations that the former Soviet INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS nuclear power plant. The agreement will Union may have used a seismic weapon create an intergovernmental committee for called the Elipton to trigger a major earth- 2/94 the renovation project. Minatom and quake in Armenia. According to the article, Armenia’s Minister of Energy and Fuel Re- Gosatomnadzor will represent Russia on the U.S. military intelligence experts noted that sources Miron Sheshmanali reports that it committee, while the Armenian Energy the earthquake occurred at a time when the is essential for the rebuilding of Armenia’s Ministry and the Armenian State Director- Soviet authorities would have wanted to power generating industry to restart the ate for the Supervision of Nuclear Energy destroy Armenia's nuclear industry in or- nuclear power plant. will represent Armenia. Russia will pro- der to ensure the republic's continued de- Novosti, 5/2/94; in Russia & CIS Today, 5/2/94, vide nuclear fuel, engineering services, as- No. 0315, p. 9 (11154). pendence on the USSR. sistance in the development of a nuclear Oana Stanciulescu, Romania Libera (Bucharest), 4/ power management structure in Armenia, 4/94, p.1; in FBIS-SOV-94-068, 4/8/94, pp. 25-26 and technical servicing of the power station. (11409). ARMENIA WITH RUSSIA The committee will oversee site investiga- tions, safety renovations, preparation of the 2/17/94 reactors to operate at full power generating BELARUS Armenian Prime Minister Grant Bagratyan capacity, technical training and assistance, and Russian First Vice-President Oleg regulation, and exports of nuclear fuel from Soskovets sign a preliminary agreement on Russia to Armenia. Armenia also agrees to Russian technical aid and expertise for re- waive all export duties for the equipment BELARUS WITH JAPAN actor renovations at the Metsamor nuclear from Russia, and to provide free travel for power plant. 560 Russian experts and their families. Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94, p. 1/24/94 18 (11398). Armenia will adopt Russia’s regulations on nuclear safety, and guarantee that none of The Japanese Foreign Ministry states that the materials used by or resulting from the by 3/94 Japan plans to complete the outline plant will be used for the production of agreement for an aid package to Belarus for nuclear weapons or other military hardware. the destruction of nuclear weapons previ- The numbers listed in parenthesis following Armenia will pay for the project, which ously owned by the USSR. Diplomats from the bibliographic references refer to the means part of the project could be financed Japan are discussing how much of the $100 identification number of the document in by a 40 billion ruble credit extended by Rus- million package, allotted to the CIS in 4/ the Emerging Nuclear Suppliers Project sia to Armenia. The Metsamor power plant 93, will go to Belarus. Database, from which the news summaries Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/24/94; in JPRS-TND-94-005, will be monitored by the IAEA and will be 2/25/94, p. 51 (11156). are abstracted. Because of the rapidly brought on line only after the IAEA’s ap- changing nature of the subject matter, The proval. Nonproliferation Review is unable to Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94, p. BELARUS WITH LITHUANIA guarantee that the information reported 18 (11398). Radio First Program Network herein is complete or accurate, and (Yerevan), 3/17/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-053, 3/18/94, p. 47 (11398). Sanobar Shermatova, Moskovskiye 3/94 disclaims liability to any party for any loss Novosti, 3/27-4/3/94, p. A10 (11339). During a conference in Vilnius, the or damage caused by errors or omissions. Lithuanian-European Institute proposes to

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 153 Nuclear Developments add a third reactor to the Ignalina nuclear BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES ESTONIA WITH RUSSIA power plant in Lithuania. The director of special projects for the Swedish Nuclear 5/94 3/15/94 Power Inspectorate, Jan Nistad, estimates The head of the Belarusian Defense Estonian Environment Minister Andres that the new reactor would cost $2 billion. Ministry’s Scientific and Technical Commit- Tarand announces that Russia will begin The project could not be funded by tee, Vasil Puhachow, indicates that Belarus removing nuclear fuel on 4/6/94 from the Lithuania alone, Nistad said, but a coali- is counting on the U.S. to help fund its two reactors located at Paldiski, Estonia. tion of the Baltic states and Belarus could nuclear demobilization and environmental The Estonian government names its Rescue provide the money. cleanup. The U.S. has pledged $100 mil- Department, the Environment Ministry, the Nucleonics Week, 3/31/94, p. 14 (11406). lion in disarmament aid to Belarus. Estonian Railways, and the Economics Min- Valer Kalinowski, Zvyazda, 5/6/94, pp. 1-2; in FBIS- istry as those agencies responsible for safety SOV-94-003, 5/13/94, pp. 51-54 (11405). Reuter during the removal operation. (Minsk), 5/20/94 (11235). BELARUS WITH LITHUANIA AND SWEDEN BNS (Tallinn), 3/15/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-051, 3/ 16/94, p. 55 (11361). 3/25/94 In response to rumors that Sweden’s aid to 3/22/94 the Ignalina nuclear power plant will be The Estonian Cabinet permits a group of stopped because of problems in securing ESTONIA Russia military advisors to enter Estonia in third-party liability agreements from order to participate in the dismantling of Belarus, the Swedish Embassy in Vilnius two nuclear reactors at the Paldiski naval issues a statement that technical aid will base. The Russian troops at Paldiski are continue. Only one of the projects planned expected to leave Estonia by 8/31/95, after INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS by Sweden for the Ignalina plant will affect which the dismantling process is expected Belarus, while nineteen others can be imple- to be completed. mented without the liability agreements. 2/17/94 BNS (Tallinn), 3/23/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-056, 3/ The Swedish Environment & Natural Re- Raul Luks, the newly appointed governor 23/94, p. 52 (11318). Foreign Report, 3/31/94 (11318). sources Department has requested approxi- of the former nuclear training base at Paldiski, says that there is no secret under- mately $7 million for nuclear assistance 4/94 projects in the Baltics, most of which would water submarine port within the facility. ETA News Release (Tallinn), 2/17/94; in FBIS-SOV- General Director of the Estonian Police go to the Ignalina plant. 94-035, 2/22/94, p. 55 (10329). Yuriy Pikul accuses unit commanders and Radio Vilnius Network (Vilnius), 3/25/94; in FBIS- SOV-94-059, 3/28/94, p. 73 (11404). Ariane Sains, senior officers of Russia’s Northern Group Nucleonics Week, 2/3/94, p. 12 (11404). 4/94 of Forces stationed in Estonia of selling ra- The Baltic Fleet press center denies the va- dioactive materials to the West, citing the lidity of the reports that the Baltic Fleet’s sale of “at least five highly radioactive ar- BELARUS WITH RUSSIA Tallinn base illegally sold several out-of- ticles made of metal.” Pikul says several service hover landing craft which housed radioactive turbine sections of two air-cush- 5/10/94 radioactive substances. ion vessels, whose metal was scrapped and The Ministry of Energy in Belarus and the Mayak Radio Network (Moscow), 4/9/94; in FBIS- sold to Finland by Tallinn commanders, have SOV-94-069, 4/11/94, p. 14 (11234). Smolensk Electric Power Station in Russia disappeared without a trace. sign a five-year nuclear technology and ex- Russian Television and Dubl Networks (Moscow), 4/6/94 4/3/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-064, 4/4/94, p. 69 (11248). pertise exchange agreement. Estonia’s parliament, the Riigikogu, adopts Viktor Artemenko, Pravda (Moscow), 5/11/94, p. 1 (11328). a law which will regulate the export and 4/8/94 transit of strategic weapons. Andres Tarand, Estonia puts forward a new timetable for 5/20/94 Estonia’s Environment Minister, says that the removal of nuclear fuel from the Paldiski Belarus makes its first shipment of strategic the new export control law regulates the naval base, setting 6/94 as the final date for nuclear missiles to Russia under the START- export and transit of chemical, biological, the removal of fuel. Dismantlement of the I accord. Belarus is scheduled to transfer and nuclear weapons, and that it will en- reactors as well as removal of radwaste are half of its 72 SS-25 missiles during 1994, able other countries to sell missiles or other to be done shortly after the 6/94 deadline. and the other half during 1995. weapons through Estonian ports. Russia has yet to comment on the proposal. Reuter (Minsk), 5/20/94 (11235). ETA (Tallinn), 4/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-67, 4/7/ BNS (Tallinn), 4/8/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-070, 4/12/ 94, p. 67 (11227). 94, p. 65 (11316).

154 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments

4/14/94 pany KATEP, states that the recent deal to Special representative of the Estonian Gov- use the Canadian firms Cameco and Uranerz ernment in Paldiski Juri Tikk says that GEORGIA as agents for distribution of Kazakhstan’s Russia’s removal of nuclear fuel rods from uranium was designed to give Kazakhstan its reactors at the Paldiski naval base has access to the world market. However, he been postponed until the Russian group re- says that the deal with Canada does not af- sponsible for the dismantlement arrives in INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS fect existing contracts with Australia and the Paldiski, on April 22 or 23, at which time a U.S. date will be set to begin work. Russia and 3/7/94 Nukem, 5/94, p. 14-15 (11327). Estonia have already agreed on the techni- Georgia becomes the 163rd state party to cal issues involved in dismantling the reac- the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of tors. The secretary of the Estonian delega- Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the tenth state KAZAKHSTAN WITH JAPAN tion for talks with Russia, Ago Tiiman, says from the CIS to join, by depositing its in- that the rods must be out of Estonia by 6/ strument of accession in Washington, D.C. 3/11/94 30/94 and that reactor dismantlement and Trust and Verify, 4/94 (11346). Arms Control To- Japan finalizes an agreement with waste removal should occur as soon as pos- day, 4/94, p. 28 (11182). Kazakhstan to assist in dismantling sible. If Russia agrees with the Estonian Kazakhstan’s nuclear weapons. This agree- plan, the entire process of dismantling 5/94 ment resembles agreements Japan has signed should take about three years. A machine used in cleaning up the radioac- with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Japan BNS (Tallinn), 4/14/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-073, 4/ tive effects of the Chernobyl disaster has plans to spend $100 million for aid to these 15/94, p. 69 (11208). been stolen from the radiological institute four countries. located in a suburb of Tbilisi, Georgia. The Nihonkeizai Shimbun, 3/12/94 (11385). 4/24/94 institute reports that the radioactive machine Juri Tikk, special government representa- is hazardous to people in proximity to it. 4/94 tive in Paldiski, Estonia, announces that the Ostankino Television First Channel Network (Mos- Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev dismantling of the two nuclear reactors at cow), 5/9/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-090, 5/10/94, p. 31 (11231). visits Japan to discuss economic and disar- Paldiski and the removal of nuclear fuel from mament issues. Japan gives a “high assess- the facility by Russia may begin in early 5/ ment” of the disarmament process in 94. Russia has not specified a date for the Kazakhstan at the close of the visit. start of the operation and wishes to first ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 4/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- conclude a single agreement for the disman- KAZAKHSTAN 067, 4/7/94, p. 55 (11385). Sergey Bunin, Trud tling and the removal of fuel, whereas Esto- (Moscow), 4/12/94, p. 6; in FBIS-SOV-94-071, 4/ 13/94, p. 58 (11385). nia wants two separate agreements. The Es- tonian government has allocated 1.4 mil- 4/7/94 lion kroons to cover the costs of the dis- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Japanese Prime Minister Morihito mantling operation. A large portion of this Hosokawa promises $11 million in aid to funding comes from foreign aid specifically 4/94 help Kazakhstan dismantle its nuclear weap- earmarked for this purpose. Victor Yazikov, the president of the ons. This follows a 3/11/94 agreement made BNS (Tallinn), 4/22/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-097, 4/ Kazakhstani national uranium stock com- 25/94, p. 98 (11347). BNS (Tallinn), 5/12/94; in between Kazakhstan and Japan whereby Ja- FBIS-SOV-94-093, 5/13/94, p. 66 (11347). pany KATEP, states that Kazakhstan has the pan agreed to give Kazakhstan financial help capacity to produce U308 at a much lower in the disarmament process. 4/26/94 cost than other countries, and that although Kyodo (Tokyo), 4/7/94; in JPRS-TND-TEN-94-010, Estonia announces the formation of a na- there has been a significant fall in uranium 4/15/94, p. 7 (11229). Atoms In Japan, 4/94, p. 41-42 (11238). tional commission to supervise Russia’s re- production during 1993, the goal for 1994 moval of two nuclear reactors at the Paldiski is to match the 1992 production level. KAZAKHSTAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY naval base. Nukem, 5/94, p. 14-15 (11327). Radio Tallinn Network, 4/26/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- GROUP 082, 4/28/94, p. 85 (11319). KAZAKHSTAN WITH CANADA 5/94 Representatives from the U.S., Japan, the 4/94 U.K. and Sweden, as well as IAEA inspec- Victor Yazikov, the president of the tors, made a ten-day visit to Almaty, Kazakhstani national uranium stock com- Kazakhstan to review issues of accounting and control of nuclear weapons, security of

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 155 Nuclear Developments nuclear materials in Kazakhstan, and tech- Boris Yeltsin and has secured Russia’s aid lion in compensation for Kazakhstan’s share nical support. in using the site for “peaceful purposes,” pos- of the nuclear materials which are now in Kaztag (Almaty), 5/19/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-098, sibly as a space training center or a location Russia’s hands. The U.S. has stated that 5/20/94, p. 59 (11232). for nuclear safety systems testing. Russia’s unless proper compensation agreements are willingness to close down its nuclear test- made between Russia and the countries of ing operations at Semipalatinsk were fur- Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, the U.S. KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA ther verified through a 4/28/94 Vesti broad- will not execute a $11.9 million agreement cast in Moscow which detailed the plans to with Russia. 2/12/94 decrease and eventually eliminate Russia’s Aleksandr Gerasimov, St. Petersburg Fifth Channel An article in Izvestiya states that the storage servicing personnel at the site. At the time Television Network, 3/20/94 (11395). NTV (Mos- facilities for nuclear weapons in Kazakhstan cow), 4/28/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-083, 4/29/94, p. of the broadcast it was stated that only 20% 60 (11395). John Diamond, Washington Times, 3/ have serious and potentially dangerous de- of the initial number of personnel were cur- 20/94, p. A6 (11395). Arms Control Today, 4/94, ficiencies in the areas of safety and secu- rently at the site, and that all would be gone p. 28 (11395). rity, particularly at the Derzhavinsk site in by 7/94. the Turgai region, and at Zhangiz-Tobe in Interfax, 3/30/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-062, 3/31/94, 5/17/94 Semipalatinsk. The article demands a state- p. 43 (11389). S. Polyayev, Vesti (Moscow), 4/28/ Aleksandr Volkov, the first deputy com- to-state agreement between Russia and 94; in FBIS-SOV-94-090, 5/10/94, p. 25 (11389). mander-in-chief of the Russian Strategic Kazakhstan for control of base operations missile Forces, states that Kazakhstan ap- and troops in Kazakhstan. 4/28/94 parently wishes U.S. experts to dismantle Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 2/12/94, p. 1 Commander-in-chief of the Strategic Mis- the nuclear missiles Kazakhstan is return- (11387). sile Forces in Russia Colonel General Igor ing to Russia, which violates the agreement Sergeyev states that the return of nuclear made between Russia and Kazakhstan on the 2/13/94 missiles to Russia from Ukraine, Belarus, transfer, dismantling, and elimination of the Tulegen Zhukeyev, a Kazakh state adviser, and Kazakhstan is going well. Sergeyev says missiles. Both sides have already agreed to states that the 2/12/94 Izvestiya article ex- that there is no reason to fear that leaks of dismantle the missiles by 5/1/95, and the aggerated the dangers of Kazakhstan’s stor- information regarding the “strategic arms “financial aspects of dismantling and elimi- age facilities. Zhukeyev says that the ar- command and control systems” could com- nation [of the missiles] have been fixed in a ticle was intended to impede bilateral nego- promise the security of Russia’s nuclear separate Russian-Kazakh agreement.” tiations between Russia and Kazakhstan on forces. All warheads will be removed from Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass, 5/17/94, p. 4; in FBIS- the subject of nuclear arms, and that it re- Kazakhstan by 5/94, and all launchers and SOV-94-095, 5/17/94, p. 4 (11393). flects the distress felt by Russia that missiles will be removed by 1997. Kazakhstan has suspended the withdrawal Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya, 4/29/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-083, 4/29/94, pp. 39-40 (11396). of intercontinental ballistic missiles from its KAZAKHSTAN WITH SWEDEN John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 5/13/94, p. country. 9 (11396). Gennady Kulagin, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 2/12/94; 2/94 in JPRS-TND-94-006, 3/16/94, p. 37 (11387). Richard Balmforth, Executive News Service, 2/15/ 5/94 The government of Sweden approves a $6.1 94 (11387). The All-Union Scientific Research and Plan- million aid package for developing nuclear ning Institute in Moscow has designed a facility control and inspection systems in 3/28/94 project for unearthing the unexploded un- Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Rus- Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev derground nuclear charge at the sia. The plan calls for Sweden to provide and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign 23 Semipalatinsk testing site in Kazakhstan. security systems and make recommendations agreements, including a document of coop- Russia will cover the expenses for the for controlling and monitoring the commer- eration between Russia and Kazakhstan in project, which is expected to cost 1 billion cial use of nuclear materials. the production and sale of uranium, beryl- rubles. Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 50 (11214). lium and other materials. Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 5/13/94, p. 2 Reuter (Moscow), 3/28/94; in Executive News Ser- (11150). vice, 3/20/94 (11196). KAZAKHSTAN WITH TURKEY

3/30/94 KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED 2/94 Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev STATES The Greek periodical Apoyevmatini reports states in a press conference in Moscow that that nuclear weapons experts from nuclear testing will never be resumed at the 2/94 Kazakhstan are teaching at Istanbul Univer- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site. Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev, sity. The report also states that Turkey is Nazarbayev states that he has considered the during a visit to the U.S., asks for $1 bil- taking steps to obtain nuclear weapons from Semipalatinsk issue with Russian president the former Soviet Union.

156 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments

Atharasios Dhrougos, Apoyevmatini (Athens), 2/21/ Diena (Riga), 2/26/94, p. 1, 3; in JPRS-TND-94- Lithuania alone, Nistad said, but a coali- 94, p. 8; in JPRS-TND-94-006, 3/16/94, p. 42 007, 3/23/94, p. 17 (11372). tion of the Baltic states and Belarus could (11159). provide the money. Nucleonics Week, 3/31/94, p. 14 (11406). LATVIA WITH FINLAND KAZAKHSTAN WITH UNITED STATES LITHUANIA WITH BELARUS AND SWEDEN 2/3/94 2/13/94 Wimco-Erica Finland Ltd. sends a docu- 3/25/94 Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev ment to the President of Reconstruction and In response to rumors that Sweden’s aid to presents U.S. President Bill Clinton with Development Bank, Valdemars Selga, which the Ignalina nuclear power plant will be Kazakhstan’s instrument of accession to the states that the Reconstruction and Develop- stopped because of problems in securing NPT. Nazarbayev states that Kazakhstan will ment bank of Latvia has issued a guarantee third-party liability agreements from need $1 billion in compensation for the dis- of $4.5 billion in order to buy 32.9 kg of Belarus, the Swedish Embassy in Vilnius mantling of Kazakhstan’s nuclear weapons. osmium-187. In recent years Latvia has issues a statement that technical aid will The U.S. instead offers $170 million from become a conduit country between the continue. Only one of the projects planned the Nunn-Lugar program. Half of that former Soviet Union and the West in the by Sweden for the Ignalina plant will affect amount will be given during 1994 for illegal trade of radioactive materials. Belarus, while nineteen others can be imple- nuclear emergency response equipment and Diena (Riga), 2/26/94, pp. 1, 3; in JPRS-TND-94- mented without the liability agreements. 007, 3/23/94, p. 17 (11372). training, a government-to-government com- The Swedish Environment & Natural Re- munications link, material control and ac- sources Department has requested approxi- counting, export controls, and “strategic mately $7 million for nuclear assistance offensive arms limitation.” The other half projects in the Baltics, most of which would will be given in 1995 for defense conver- LITHUANIA go to the Ignalina plant. sion and other activities. Radio Vilnius Network (Vilnius), 3/25/94; in FBIS- Elif Kaban, Reuter (Alma-Ata), 2/13/94 (11401). SOV-94-059, 3/28/94, p. 73 (11404). Ariane Sains, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, 2/21/94, p. 97- Nucleonics Week, 2/3/94, p. 12 (11404). 98 (11401). Ann Devroy, Washington Post, 2/15/ 94 (11401). Post-Soviet Nuclear Complex, 2/28/94, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS p. 3-5 (11401). Segodnya, 2/16/94, p. 4 (11153). LITHUANIA WITH FRANCE 2/94 3/19/94 Povilas Vaishnis, the head of the Lithuanian A series of meeting between the U.S. Sec- 4/94 State Inspection Committee on Nuclear retary of Defense William Perry and A French delegation of nuclear energy ex- Power Safety, states that Lithuania cannot Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev perts, visiting Lithuania to discuss safety at provide full control over the transport of results in the signing of a defense conver- the Ignalina nuclear power plant, says that nuclear and radioactive materials through sion agreement, which gives Kazakhstan $70 French companies are ready to participate its territory because of lack of special equip- million for the dismantlement of nuclear in the plant’s modernization. Vyatautus ment and experienced personnel. Lithuanian missiles and the “civilian and peaceful” use Bieliauskas, the head of the nuclear energy nuclear experts reject reports that the of the resulting materials. division of the Lithuanian Energy Minis- Ignalina nuclear power plant has become the Vladimir Akimov, Itar-Tass, 3/19/94; in JPRS-TND- try, says that the EBRD has earmarked 33 94-008, 4/1/94, p. 42 (11392). source of illegal nuclear exports. million ECU for upgrading safety at Nikolay Lashkevich, Izvestia, 2/17/94, p. 3 (10583). Ignalina. BNS (Tallinn), 5/2/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-085, 5/3/ 94, p. 44 (11228). LITHUANIA WITH BELARUS LATVIA 3/94 LITHUANIA WITH GERMANY During a conference in Vilnius, the Lithuanian-European Institute proposes to 2/94 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS add a third reactor to the Ignalina nuclear The German magazine Der Spiegel reports power plant in Lithuania. The director of that nuclear material, including enriched 1/94 special projects for the Swedish Nuclear uranium, is being smuggled to the West from The Latvian Ministry of Home Affairs cre- Power Inspectorate, Jan Nistad, estimates Eastern Europe; the report cites Lithuania ates a special working group on the trade of that the new reactor would cost $2 billion. as the place where most deals seem to be radioactive metals to deal with smuggling The project could not be funded by made. The report says that the smuggled and illegal trade.

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 157 Nuclear Developments nuclear material is arriving through Ger- facility control and inspection systems in Yerin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, in man middlemen. Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Rus- which Mikhailov denies “rumors” of any The Times, 2/8/94; in International Security Digest, sia. The plan calls for Sweden to provide smuggling of Russian nuclear warheads and 2/94 (11223). security systems and make recommendations materials. Mikhailov declares that there for controlling and monitoring the commer- were no cases of smuggling from the 5/94 cial use of nuclear materials. Minatom sites, and that anyone claiming Per a 1993 agreement between the Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 50 (11214). thefts should be disciplined by the authori- Lithuanian Ministry of Energy and ties for providing “false and unsupported” Germany’s GNB on the supply of German 3/94 information to the mass media. “Castor” dry storage containers, GNB starts An independent group of experts from Swe- Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 1/25/94, p. 1 (11310). adjusting the design of the containers and den and Lithuania begin an investigation of analyzing the safety of the project. The “three previously-identified safety-related 1/18/94 German containers will be used to store the problems” existing at the Ignalina nuclear Combined Nuclear Research Institute spent fuel from Lithuania’s Ignalina reac- power plant. (CNRI) director Vladimir Kadyshevskiy an- tor. Eugenijus Usupras, ENS NucNet, 3/21/94 (11399). nounces that a new cyclotron and a new su- World News, 5/94, p. 3 (11330). perconductivity-generated nuclear accelera- tor are in operation at the CNRI, located in LITHUANIA WITH UNITED STATES Dubna, Russia. LITHUANIA WITH GERMANY AND RUSSIA Yevgeniy Molchanov, Itar-Tass World Service (Mos- 6/94 cow), 1/18/94; in JPRS-TND-94-004, 2/11/94, p. 20 (11224). 2/94 The U.S. software firm announces that it German authorities claim that a plane which will donate a software package to the 2/94 crashed into Lake Boden may have been Ignalina nuclear power plant in Lithuania Dr. Oleg Bukharin of Princeton University carrying at least 70 kg of radioactive ce- in order to analyze the containment struc- reports that the transportation of nuclear sium-137 on board. The disappearance of tures of the plant’s two RMBK reactors. warheads poses a great security and safety the material, and of the German and Czech PRNewswire, 6/24/94 (11390). passengers on board, has led them to be- risk. Bukharin, however, expresses opti- lieve the crash was a cover-up for the ship- mism that controls are stringent enough to ment. The smugglers are believed to be prevent theft during the decommissioning members of the “Russian Nuclear Mafia.” process. Warhead disassembly is conducted German intelligence bureaus issue a report RUSSIA at four plants in Central Russia and the on the status of radioactive material smug- Urals, where the rate of decommissioning gling through Germany, citing Lithuania as has risen to about 2,000 warheads per year a possible conduit for nuclear materials from since the announcement of a major dis- Russia and the former Soviet states into INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS mantlement program in 1986. Germany. Roger Highfield, Daily Telegraph, 2/22/94 (11338). Der Spiegel, 2/9/94, p. 76-79 (11322). 1994 Channel 4 of British Television airs a docu- 2/94 mentary concerning a new top-secret weapon Staff members of Russia’s Kaluga Internal LITHUANIA WITH SWEDEN allegedly created in Russia. Rumors about Affairs organized crime administration dis- this weapon have been linked with the sub- cover a container of U-235 in the posses- 12/93 stance known as “red mercury.” According sion of the vice president of a commercial Lithuania has been designing a means of to this documentary, “red mercury” is not firm in Obninsk. After further investiga- storage for its nuclear fuel with the assis- just a myth, and is actually a major compo- tion, officials discover a cache of uranium, tance of Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste nent in a so-called “clean thermonuclear 30 times larger, in the possession of the management Co. (SKB). SKB has designed bomb” which has reportedly been made only Obninsk man’s brother, in Elektrostal. Igor Shedvigorskiy, Pravda (Moscow), 2/9/94, p. a “dry interim storage” system for the RBMK in Russia. 1 (11203). reactors at the Ignalina nuclear power plant. Reuter, 4/12/94 (11192). JPRS-TND, 5/5/94, p. 30 (11192). Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/13/94; in JPRS- Elta News Bulletin (Vilnius), 12/20/93; in JPRS- 2/4/94 TND-94-002, 1/18/94, p. 38 (10741). TND-94-010, 5/5/94, p. 31 (11192). Russian journalist A. Parfenenkov reports 2/94 1/94 that due to the lack of demand for weapons The government of Sweden approves a $6.1 Viktor Mikhailov, the Russian Minister of grade plutonium, work is underway at the million aid package for developing nuclear Atomic Energy, sends a letter to Viktor Krasnoyarsk-26 nuclear power plant to al- ter the quality of the weapons-grade pluto-

158 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments nium produced there. The altered pluto- 4/94 New York Times, 5/16/94, p. A2 (11194). Reuter, nium will be used as fuel for the plant, It is reported that the Russian nuclear-pow- 5/15/94 (11194). which has been in operation for 30 years. ered cruiser “Petr Velikiy” currently under Ostankino Television First Channel Network (Mos- construction at St. Petersburg Baltiyskiy 5/94 cow), 2/4/94; in JPRS-TND-94-005, 2/25/94, p. Zavod shipyard will be completed in 9/95. Russian counterintelligence agents in 28 (11217). Construction on the “Petr Velikiy” began in Sverdlovsk Oblast catch two Yekaterinberg dealers with 2 grams of osmium-192, a rare 2/9/94 1988. Sergey Dedukh and Vladimir Spirenkov, NTV (Mos- isotope used as a catalyst in nuclear reac- Russian officials state that the number of cow), 4/21/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-092, 5/12/94, p. tors. The buyer was a “company represen- attempts to smuggle nuclear materials from 32 (11247). tative”, who may have been buying the ma- nuclear plants is rapidly increasing. In 1993 terial for a customer outside Russia. there were 11 attempts to smuggle uranium, 4/94 Vladimir Zaynetdinov, Komsomolskaya Pravda, 5/ 900 attempts to illegally penetrate nuclear The Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy 18/94, p. 3 (11321). facilities, and 700 attempts to obtain secret (RMAE) submits to the 27th Conference of documentation from nuclear plants. Most the Japanese Atomic Industrial Forum in 5/6/94 of these attempts were made by the employ- Hiroshima, Japan, a report which says the Russia’s State Supervision Agency for ees of the plants. Russian nuclear complex should rely more Atomic Power Capabilities Far Eastern dis- Daily Telegraph, 2/10/94 (11167). heavily on nuclear-related exports and trict reports that eight naval radiation-moni- should be open to international cooperation. toring control units containing highly ra- 3/94 The RMAE says that Russia’s participation dioactive plutonium-239, strontium-90, and Alexander Bolsunovsky, a nuclear expert at in the international market of high nuclear- “three 90” are stolen from a laboratory in the Monterey Institute of International Stud- related technologies would draw needed for- Nakhodka, a maritime fishing port in ies, states that he believes Russia could have eign capital and investment. Russia’s Far East. a total reserve of 140 tons of plutonium. Andrey Varlamov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/14/94; in 2x2 Television (Moscow), 5/6/94; in FBIS-SOV- This is a large increase over past estimates, JPRS-TND-94-010, 5/5/94, p. 35 (11249). 94-089, 5/9/94, p. 33 (11343). which ranged from 100 tons to 115 tons, and the figure is 50% higher than the fig- 4/94 5/11/94 ure for plutonium reserves in the U.S. Russian security forces reportedly seize It is reported that construction of the Bolsunovsky notes that if the Tomsk-7 and some 132 pounds of HEU, “enough to make “Severodvinsk” nuclear-powered submarine Krasnoyarsk-26 reactors continue operation three weapons of Hiroshima size,” in the city is not on schedule due to the dissatisfaction until at least the year 2000, Russia’s pluto- of Ishevsk. of shipbuilders with the quality of design nium reserves will be much higher than New York Times, 5/16/94, p. A2 (11194). Reuter, documents. those of the U.S. 5/15/94 (11194). Vladimir Gundarov, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 5/11/94, p. 2 (11245). Vladimir Orlov, Moscow News, 3/31/94, p. 15 (11386). 4/4/94 A report discloses that Sverdlovsk-44 5/25/94 3/94 (Novouralsk) now supplies goods for do- FBI Director Louis J. Freeh states that there Vladimir Loborev, the head of Russia’s Cen- mestic and foreign nuclear power stations, is a significant threat of organized crime tral Physics and Technical Institute, and instead of selling defense industry products groups in Russia obtaining nuclear materi- Alexander Chernyshov, the deputy head of as it had in the past. als. An investigation is now underway con- the All-Russia Research and Development Yan Khutaranskiy, Moscow Mayak Radio Network, cerning the possible theft of several kilo- Institute of Experiment Physics, propose the 4/4/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-065, 4/5/94, p. 24 (11206). grams of highly-enriched uranium. Freeh use of peaceful underground nuclear explo- proposes cooperative efforts between Rus- sions to destroy nuclear waste and chemical 4/24/94 sian police and the FBI to create a database weapons. Chernyshov states that Russia’s It is reported that as of 4/1/94, Russia’s Si- and communication system in order to ob- entire stockpile on 40,000 tons of chemical berian Chemical Combine had a debt of 22 serve, record and report organized crime weapons could be destroyed in three explo- billion rubles for weapon-grade plutonium. activity. Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 4/24/94; in JPRS- sions, although ten explosions are being Washington Post, 5/26/94 (11193). New York Times, TND-94-011, 5/16/94, p. 33 (11336). 5/26/94, p. A11 (11193). Los Angeles Times, 5/ planned. The Novaya Zemlya nuclear test 30/94, p. B6 (11193). site is proposed for the explosions, and the 5/94 Chetek joint stock company is marketing An article in The Atlantic Monthly reports the idea. that the Russian mafia is seeking to gain Foreign Report, 3/3/94 (11384). Russia & Repub- control over 15,000 tactical nuclear war- lics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94 (11384). heads in order to “hijack the state.”

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 159 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH ARMENIA RUSSIA WITH BELARUS HEU is currently priced at $7 per pound, as opposed to $10 worldwide. 2/17/94 5/10/94 Rosanna Tamburri, Wall Street Journal, 4/11/94 (11397). Armenian Prime Minister Grant Bagratyan The Ministry of Energy in Belarus and the and Russian First Vice-President Oleg Smolensk Electric Power Station in Russia RUSSIA WITH ESTONIA Soskovets sign a preliminary agreement on sign a five-year nuclear technology and ex- Russian technical aid and expertise for re- pertise exchange agreement. actor renovations at the Metsamor nuclear Viktor Artemenko, Pravda (Moscow), 5/11/94, p. 3/15/94 power plant. 1 (11328). Estonian Environment Minister Andres Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94, p. Tarand announces that Russia will begin 18 (11398). 5/20/94 removing nuclear fuel on 4/6/94 from the Belarus makes its first shipment of strategic two reactors located at Paldiski, Estonia. 3/17/94 nuclear missiles to Russia under the START- The Estonian government names its Rescue A secondary agreement is signed in Mos- I accord. Belarus is scheduled to transfer Department, the Environment Ministry, the cow between Russian First Deputy Minis- half of its 72 SS-25 missiles during 1994, Estonian Railways, and the Economics Min- ter Oleg Soskovets and Armenian Prime and the other half during 1995. istry as those agencies responsible for safety Minister Grant Bagratyan regarding the Reuter (Minsk), 5/20/94 (11235). during the removal operation. renovations and reactivation of the Metsamor BNS (Tallinn), 3/15/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-051, 3/ nuclear power plant. The agreement will 16/94, p. 55 (11361). create an intergovernmental committee for RUSSIA WITH CANADA the renovation project. Minatom and 3/22/94 Gosatomnadzor will represent Russia on the 3/94 The Estonian Cabinet permits a group of committee, while the Armenian Energy A joint-venture between Russia’s Institute Russia military advisors to enter Estonia in Ministry and the Armenian State Director- of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE) order to participate in the dismantling of ate for the Supervision of Nuclear Energy and Rockford Technology of Canada is ex- two nuclear reactors at the Paldiski naval will represent Armenia. Russia will pro- pected to apply for a US $45-50 million base. The Russian troops at Paldiski are vide nuclear fuel, engineering services, as- grant to the EBRD to finance an Interna- expected to leave Estonia by 8/31/95, after sistance in the development of a nuclear tional Centre for Nuclear Safety at Obninsk, which the dismantling process is expected power management structure in Armenia, Russia. The purpose of the Centre is to to be completed. BNS (Tallinn), 3/23/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-056, 3/ and technical servicing of the power station. train nuclear power plant operators and 23/94, p. 52 (11318). Foreign Report, 3/31/94 The committee will oversee site investiga- workers from all of the former Soviet Union (11318). tions, safety renovations, preparation of the and countries with Soviet-built reactors and reactors to operate at full power generating assemblies. 4/94 capacity, technical training and assistance, Atom, 3/94-4/94, p. 433 (11332). General Director of the Estonian Police regulation, and exports of nuclear fuel from Yuriy Pikul accuses unit commanders and Russia to Armenia. Armenia also agrees to senior officers of Russia’s Northern Group waive all export duties for the equipment RUSSIA WITH CANADA AND UNITED of Forces stationed in Estonia of selling ra- from Russia, and to provide free travel for STATES dioactive materials to the West, citing the 560 Russian experts and their families. sale of “at least five highly radioactive ar- Armenia will adopt Russia’s regulations on 4/94 ticles made of metal.” Pikul says several nuclear safety, and guarantee that none of According to Canadian Trade Minister Roy radioactive turbine sections of two air-cush- the materials used by or resulting from the MacLaren, the government of Canada offi- ion vessels, whose metal was scrapped and plant will be used for the production of cially challenges a deal, made on 3/21/94 sold to Finland by Tallinn commanders, has nuclear weapons or other military hardware. between the U.S. and Russia to trade equal disappeared without a trace. Armenia will pay for the project, which amounts of uranium to each other over a Russian Television and Dubl Networks (Moscow), means part of the project could be financed period of ten years, which may shut other 4/3/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-064, 4/4/94, p. 69 (11248). by a 40 billion ruble credit extended by Rus- players out of the uranium markets of both sia to Armenia. The Metsamor power plant countries. Canada currently holds a 24% 4/8/94 will be monitored by the IAEA and will be share of the U.S. uranium market, but the Estonia puts forward a new timetable for brought on line only after the IAEA’s ap- current low price of Russian uranium and the removal of nuclear fuel from the Paldiski proval. the allotted share of the market under the naval base, stating 6/94 as the final date for Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94, p. new agreement, the country fears that it will the removal of fuel. Dismantlement of the 18 (11398). Radio First Program Network lose its position with U.S. buyers. Russian (Yerevan), 3/17/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-053, 3/18/94, p. 47 (11398). Sanobar Shermatova, Moskovskiye Novosti, 3/27-4/3/94, p. A10 (11339).

160 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments reactors as well as removal of radwaste are Radio Tallinn Network, 4/26/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- 5/23/94 to be done shortly after the 6/94 deadline. 082, 4/28/94, p. 85 (11319). The Finnish government plans to seek the Russia has yet to comment on the proposal. approval of Finland’s legislature to prohibit BNS (Tallinn), 4/8/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-070, 4/12/ RUSSIA WITH EUROPEAN COMMISSION the shipment of spent fuel from the two 445 94, p. 65 (11316). VVERs in Loviisa, Finland to Russia’s 3/94 Mayak reprocessing complex at 4/14/94 The E.C. awards a contract to Electricite de Chelyabinsk-65. Although Imatran Voima Special representative of the Estonian Gov- France’s Centre Lyonnaise d’Ingenierie for Oy (IVO) has a contract in perpetuity, it ernment in Paldiski Juri Tikk says that detailed conceptual engineering and ad- comes up for review in 1996-97. IVO’s vice Russia’s removal of nuclear fuel rods from vanced studies of a new reactor protection president for heat and power Anders its reactors at the Paldiski naval base has system for Russia’s Kola-3 and Kola-4, Palmgren predicted that the proposal to pro- been postponed until the Russian group re- VVER-440 Model 213 units. The contract hibit further used nuclear fuel shipments to sponsible for the dismantlement arrives in is considered “on-site assistance” in the Russia would be approved, and said that a Paldiski, on April 22 or 23, at which time a E.C.’s Tacis program. final repository for the fuel could cost be- date will be set to begin work. Russia and Nucleonics Week, 3/24/94, p. 16 (11237). tween $190 million and $381 million. In Estonia have already agreed on the techni- addition, if IVO cancels the contract, it will cal issues involved in dismantling the reac- probably have to provide Russia with some tors. The secretary of the Estonian delega- RUSSIA WITH FINLAND compensation. tion for talks with Russia, Ago Tiiman, says Ariane Sains, NuclearFuel, 5/23/94, p. 5 (11212). that the rods must be out of Estonia by 6/ 2/94 30/94 and that reactor dismantlement and Representatives from the Finnish Center for waste removal should occur as soon as pos- Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK) re- RUSSIA WITH FINLAND AND ISRAEL sible. If Russia agrees with the Estonian turn to Finland from Chelyabinsk, Russia, plan, the entire process of dismantling where they visited the Mayak reprocessing 2/18/94 should take about three years. plant. The experts described the facilities According to the Egyptian Nuclear Energy BNS (Tallinn), 4/14/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-073, 4/ at Mayak as “well-managed and well-moni- Agency, the Israeli Atomic Energy Organi- 15/94, p. 69 (11208). tored.” There is some debate about whether zation and Finnish officials are jointly ex- Finland’s Imatran Voima Oy should continue amining a location in the Negev desert, near 4/24/94 shipments of spent fuel to Mayak for repro- Juri Tikk, special government representa- Egypt’s al-’Awja’ area, for a 400 MW Rus- cessing. Twenty-four tons of spent fuel went sian nuclear plant. The Egyptian officials tive in Paldiski, Estonia, announces that the from Finland to Russia in a recent shipment, dismantling of the two nuclear reactors at say that Finland purchased several nuclear according to Greenpeace sources. Accord- reactors from Russia and had agreed to pro- Paldiski and the removal of nuclear fuel from ing to Yuriy Vishnevskiy, chairman of the the facility by Russia may begin in early 5/ vide Israel with one of the reactors after it Russian Federation Federal Inspectorate for had been updated and modified with West- 94. Russia has not specified a date for the Nuclear and Radiation Safety, Russia is start of the operation and wishes to first ern technology. “obliged to take spent nuclear fuel from the Al-Safir (Beirut), 2/18/94, p. 10; in JPRS-TND- conclude a single agreement for the disman- Finnish nuclear power station (not waste) 94-006, 3/16/94, p. 56 (10983). tling and the removal of fuel, whereas Esto- until 5/14/99.” nia wants two separate agreements. The Es- Imatran Voima Oy (Helsinki); in ENS NucNet, 2/ tonian government has allocated 1.4 mil- 12/94 (11403). ENS NucNet, 4/19/94 (11403). OS RUSSIA WITH FRANCE lion kroons to cover the costs of the dis- Novosti, 4/21/94; in Russia & CIS Today, 4/22/94, mantling operation. A large portion of this p. 8 (11403). Mikhail Lashch, Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 4/27/94, p. 14; in FBIS-SOV-94-083, 6/21/93-6/25/93 funding comes from foreign aid specifically 4/29/94, p. 17 (11403). Vladimir Ivanidze, Izvestiya Russia and France jointly conduct a simu- earmarked for this purpose. (Moscow), 5/5/94, p. 2 (11403). Reuter (Helsinki), lation of a large-scale nuclear disaster simi- BNS (Tallinn), 4/22/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-097, 4/ 2/19/94; in Executive News Service, 2/19/94 25/94, p. 98 (11347). BNS (Tallinn), 5/12/94; in (11403). lar to the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Russia FBIS-SOV-94-093, 5/13/94, p. 66 (11347). and France have decided to repeat the simu- 3/94 lation exercise during the summer of 1995 4/26/94 Finland ships a simulator to the Russian in Chelyabinsk. Estonia announces the formation of a na- nuclear power station on the Kola penin- Les Echos (Paris), 5/25/94, p. 8; in JPRS-TEN-94- 015, 6/9/94, pp. 45-46 (11345). tional commission to supervise Russia’s re- sula to help upgrade the training of plant moval of two nuclear reactors at the Paldiski operators. The simulator will be in opera- naval base. tion in 9/94. ENS Nucleus, 3/94 (11170). Finnish Council & Imatran Voima Oy; in ENS, 2/8/94 (11170).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 161 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH GERMANY lieve the crash was a cover-up for the ship- RUSSIA WITH INDIA ment. The smugglers are believed to be 10/93 members of the “Russian Nuclear Mafia.” 3/29/94 The first portion of slightly contaminated German intelligence bureaus issue a report Managing director of India’s Nuclear Power uranium, waste from fuel production at the on the status of radioactive material smug- Corporation (NPC) S.K. Chatterjee says that Siemens plant, was shipped for reprocess- gling through Germany, citing Lithuania as India is again considering a plan to con- ing and disposal to a Russian facility in a possible conduit for nuclear materials from struct a nuclear power plant consisting of Tomsk, according to Rainer Jend, a spokes- Russia and the former Soviet states into two Russian-supplied VVER-1000 units at man for Siemens/Hanau of Germany. The Germany. Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu. In 11/88, shipment was made under a 7/93 contract Der Spiegel, 2/9/94, p. 76-79 (11322). the USSR had signed a contract to supply between Siemens AG and the Russian Min- the units to India through the Soviet vendor istry of Atomic Energy covering the export Atomenergoexport with funding from the of 140 tons of “slightly impure residue” from RUSSIA WITH HUNGARY Soviet government, but the subsequent dis- Germany to Russia. Russia will send 70 solution of the USSR effectively rendered tons of uranium hexaflouride for “manufac- 3/28/94 the contract null and void. After the final ture of new fuel elements” to Germany. It is reported that officials at Hungary’s Paks meeting with Russia, scheduled for 6/94, Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 63 (11168); Joachim Wille, Nuclear Power Station recently stated that India will decide whether to import the Frankfurter Rundschau, 12/24/93, p. 1; in JPRS- no more fuel will be sent to Russia for re- Russian reactors or to install indigenously- TND-93-003, 1/31/94, p. 37 (10722). Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 63 (11168). processing or storage due to Russia’s envi- produced PHWRs at the site. ronmental law prohibiting the import of for- Nuclear Engineering International, 5/94, pp. 8-9 (11119). 1/18/94 eign nuclear waste into Russia. It is reported that an agreement between NuclearFuel, 3/28/94, p. 16 (11199). Russia’s Combined Nuclear Research Insti- RUSSIA WITH IRAN tute (CNRI) and Germany’s Federal Minis- 3/30/94 Vitaly Mikhailov, the Russian Minister for try of Research permits German physicists 2/94 to utilize CNRI facilities until the end of Nuclear Power Engineering, signs an agree- According to a U.S. Department of Defense 1996. ment in Budapest for Russia to assume the official, Iran is currently negotiating with Yevgeniy Molchanov, Itar-Tass World Service (Mos- responsibilities of the former Soviet Union cow), 1/18/94; in JPRS-TND-94-004, 2/11/94, p. by guaranteeing to continue supplying China and Russia for the purchase of com- 20 (11224). nuclear fuel to Hungary, and to accept mercial nuclear reactors that could be used Hungary’s spent fuel for reprocessing and for military purposes. 4/94 storage within Russia. In the 1994 docu- Philip Finnegan and Theresa Hitchens, Defense Germany’s Federal Office for Criminal In- ment, Russia agrees to continue the proto- News, 2/28/94-3/6/94, p. 6 (11012). Alan Elsner, Reuter, 2/3/94; in Executive News Service, 2/3/94 vestigations reports a “marked increase” in col set up by the Soviet Union in 1966; as (11013). illegal trafficking in radioactive materials this is an “existing law,” the new agreement for 1993. According to information received supposedly does not violate a 1991 Russian 2/2/94 by Die Welt, 40 kg of uranium-238 were law on environmental protection. Accord- A senior Clinton administration official says recently offered for sale on the German black ing to a radio report from Ekho Moskvy on that Iran’s efforts to obtain nuclear technol- market. The uranium had been brought to 4/2/94, Russia will be paid $40 million for ogy and materials from the former Soviet the West from Siberia by military transport importing and processing the radwaste. Union have been unsuccessful to date. aircraft. Rossiyskiye Vesti, 4/14/94, p. 2 (11388). Yevgeniya Alan Elsner, Reuter, 2/3/94; in Executive News Peter Scherer, Die Welt, 4/20/94, p. 2; in FBIS- Novikova, Radiostansiya Ekho Moskvy (Moscow), Service, 2/3/94 (11013). WEU-94-079, 4/25/94, p. 19 (11191). 4/2/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-064, 4/4/94, p. 15 (11388). 3/21/94 4/7/94 Russian experts start work on the first unit RUSSIA WITH GERMANY AND LITHUANIA Georgiy Kaurov, head of Minatom Informa- of Iran’s 1000 MW plant, according to a tion and Public Relations Department, states source at the plant. Iran signed an agree- 2/94 that Russia has signed an agreement with ment with the Russian experts several German authorities claim that a plane which Hungary to build a nuclear power plant. Ac- months ago. The Bushehr Power Plant is crashed into Lake Boden may have been cording to the agreement, Russia will pro- scheduled to be finished in four years. Ac- carrying at least 70 kg of radioactive ce- vide Hungary with nuclear fuel and every cording to the report, 85% of the construc- sium-137 on board. The disappearance of five years will take back the spent fuel. tion and 65% of mechanical and electrical the material, and of the German and Czech Marina Barinova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/7/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-068, 4/8/94, p. 13 (11377). work at Bushehr is complete. passengers on board, has led them to be-

162 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments

Jomhuri-Yeeslami (Tehran), 4/13/94, p. 4; in FBIS- that he has rejected an offer from Russia to ing plant for liquid nuclear waste from Rus- NES-94-079, 4/25/94, p. 82 (11003). Mena sell nuclear power plants to Israel. Shahal sian nuclear submarines in Maritime Kray. (Cairo), 4/13/94; in JPRS-TND-94-010, 5/5/94, p. 49 (11152). explains that Israel is more interested in The work would be carried out by the Mari- cooperating on future nuclear technologies, time Kray Administration under Japanese possibly with Russia and the U.S., than in supervision. Another similar reprocessing RUSSIA WITH IRAQ, IAEA, UNITED buying existing technology, even though plant is to be constructed at a Russian Pa- former Israeli Energy Minister Yuval cific Fleet nuclear waste storage facility. NATIONS, AND UNITED STATES Ne’eman and Professor Amnon Rubinstein Russian Television Network (Moscow), 4/19/94; in JPRS-TEN-94-009, 4/7/94, p. 38 (11222). 2/12/94 had in the past mentioned the possibility of a joint Russian-Israeli venture for a nuclear The IAEA, with the help of the UN Special power plant. Russian officials also offer 4/94 Commission on Iraq, removes the last of their help in developing new nuclear power Russian and Japanese officials discuss a plan the two consignments of HEU in the form plants in conjunction with the U.S., but to build a facility in the Russian Far East of irradiated nuclear fuel from Iraq. The Shahal declines for “technical and political where low-level waste from Russia’s naval first shipment of HEU was removed from reasons.” nuclear fleet could be treated and stored. Iraq on 12/4/93. Both shipments of irradi- Qol Yisra’el (Jerusalem), 1/20/94; in JPRS-TND- Construction of the facility would be fi- ated fuel were removed from Iraq under 94-005, 2/25/94, p. 54 (11009). Nucleonics Week, nanced by US $78 million committed by contract with the Russian Ministry of 2/3/94, p. 15 (11065). Japan at the 1993 G7 economic summit as Atomic Energy and a U.S. subcontractor “denuclearization” aid to Russia. which provided crash-proof casks. The ir- Nucleonics Week, 4/28/94, p. 16 (11221). radiated fuel was removed from the Iraqi RUSSIA WITH JAPAN Nuclear Centre at Tuwaitha and transported 4/8/94 by road to Habbaniya airfield west of 1/94 Russian Nuclear Energy Minister Mikhailov Baghdad. From the Habbaniya airfield the As part of a 1993 Russian-Japanese Inter- says that Russia and Japan have reached a nuclear material was flown to Yekatinburg, governmental Agreement on Cooperation on decision to cooperate on building a $600- Russia where it will be transported to a re- Safety in the Nuclear Power Industry, Japa- 700 million underground nuclear power processing facility in Chelyabinsk, Russia. nese and Russian specialists begin install- plant in the Russian Far East. IAEA Press Release (PR 94/3), 2/15/94 (11002). ing a Japanese acoustic device at the Sankei Shimbun, 4/9/94 (11161). Reuter, 2/15/94; in Executive News Service, 2/15/ 94 (11142). Nuclear News, 3/94, p. 87 (11142). Leningrad nuclear power station. The de- vice, valued at more than U.S. $900,000, 4/13/94 will detect radiation leaks from the The Director of the Nuclear Reactor De- partment in Russia’s Ministry of Atomic RUSSIA WITH ISRAEL Leningrad nuclear power station’s RBMK- 1000 reactors. Energy says that Russia would like to de- Izvestiya (Moscow), 1/26/94, First Edition, p. 2; in velop a partnership with Japan for construc- 1/94 JPRS-TEN-94-003, 2/7/94, p. 43 (11216). Nuclear tion of the BN-800 fast breeder reactor. The Israel Energy Minister Moshe Shahal states Europe Worldscan, 1-2/94, p. 26 (11216). BN-800 utilizes plutonium from dismantled in an interview that Israel is interested in warheads. the possibility of research and development 2/94 Nihonkeizai Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, 4/14/94 in nuclear technology with the U.S. and Rus- Officials in Vladivostok approved the con- (11169). sia. Shahal also says that a meeting had struction of nuclear waste storage tanks, to been held by former Israel Energy Minister prevent further dumping of nuclear waste Yuval Ne’eman and Professor Amon in the Sea of Japan. These tanks will be RUSSIA WITH JAPAN AND UNITED STATES Rubenstein to discuss the possibility of a installed approximately 125 miles to the east joint Russian-Israeli venture for a nuclear of Vladivostok. Japan has agreed to finance 5/23/94 power plant. the construction by Japanese firms of a The Vice President of Russia’s Academy of Qol Yisra’el (Jerusalem), 1/20/94; in JPRS-TND- nuclear-waste reprocessing plant in the Far Science states that Russia and the U.S. firm 94-005, 2/25/94, p. 54 (11009). East, on the condition that Russia stop ocean General Atomic Company are working to- dumping. gether to develop a gas reactor utilizing plu- Wall Street Journal, 2/15/94, p. A15 (11063). tonium from dismantled warheads. Russia RUSSIA WITH ISRAEL AND UNITED has also proposed a role for Japan in the STATES 3/94 project. Russia’s Maritime Kray Governor Yevgeniy Hikan Koguo Shimbun, 5/24/94 (11163). 1/94 Nozdratenko says that he has secured Rus- After returning from a visit to Russia, Is- sian Foreign Minister Andrey Kozyrev’s raeli Energy Minister Moshe Shahal says support for the construction of a reprocess-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 163 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN ing operations at Semipalatinsk were fur- Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, the U.S. ther verified through a 4/28/94 Vesti broad- will not execute a $11.9 million agreement 2/12/94 cast in Moscow which detailed the plans to with Russia. An article in Izvestiya states that the stor- decrease and eventually eliminate Russia’s Aleksandr Gerasimov, St. Petersburg Fifth Channel servicing personnel at the site. At the time Television Network, 3/20/94 (11395). NTV (Mos- age facilities for nuclear weapons in cow), 4/28/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-083, 4/29/94, p. Kazakhstan have serious and potentially of the broadcast it was stated that only 20% 60 (11395). John Diamond, Washington Times, 3/ dangerous deficiencies in the areas of safety of the initial number of personnel were cur- 20/94, p. A6 (11395). Arms Control Today, 4/94, and security, particularly at the Derzhavinsk rently at the site, and that all would be gone p. 28 (11395). site in the Turgai region, and at Zhangiz- by 7/94. Tobe in Semipalatinsk. The article demands Interfax, 3/30/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-062, 3/31/94, 5/17/94 p. 43 (11389). S. Polyayev, Vesti (Moscow), 4/28/ Aleksandr Volkov, the first deputy com- a state-to-state agreement between Russia 94; in FBIS-SOV-94-090, 5/10/94, p. 25 (11389). and Kazakhstan for control of base opera- mander-in-chief of the Russian Strategic missile Forces, states that Kazakhstan ap- tions and troops in Kazakhstan. 4/28/94 Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 2/12/94, p. 1 parently wishes U.S. experts to dismantle (11387). Commander-in-chief of the Strategic Mis- the nuclear missiles Kazakhstan is return- sile Forces in Russia Colonel General Igor ing to Russia, which violates the agreement 2/13/94 Sergeyev states that the return of nuclear made between Russia and Kazakhstan on the Tulegen Zhukeyev, a Kazakh state adviser, missiles to Russia from Ukraine, Belarus, transfer, dismantling, and elimination of the states that the 2/12/94 Izvestiya article ex- and Kazakhstan is going well. Sergeyev says missiles. Both sides have already agreed to aggerated the dangers of Kazakhstan’s stor- that there is no reason to fear that leaks of dismantle the missiles by 5/1/95, and the age facilities. Zhukeyev says that the ar- information regarding the “strategic arms “financial aspects of dismantling and elimi- ticle was intended to impede bilateral nego- command and control systems” could com- nation [of the missiles] have been fixed in a tiations between Russia and Kazakhstan on promise the security of Russia’s nuclear separate Russian-Kazakh agreement.” the subject of nuclear arms, and that it re- forces. All warheads will be removed from Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass, 5/17/94, p. 4; in FBIS- flects the distress felt by Russia that Kazakhstan by 5/94, and all launchers and SOV-94-095, 5/17/94, p. 4 (11393). Kazakhstan has suspended the withdrawal missiles will be removed by 1997. of intercontinental ballistic missiles from its Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya, 4/29/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-083, 4/29/94, pp. 39-40 (11396). RUSSIA WITH LIBYA country. John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 5/13/94, p. Gennady Kulagin, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 2/12/94; 9 (11396). in JPRS-TND-94-006, 3/16/94, p. 37 (11387). Early 1994 Richard Balmforth, Executive News Service, 2/15/ Italian nuclear trafficking expert Romano 94 (11387). 5/94 The All-Union Scientific Research and Plan- Dolce says that Libya, Iraq, and Iran are 3/28/94 ning Institute in Moscow has designed a spending large amounts of money to buy the controversial substance called red mer- Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev project for unearthing the unexploded un- cury, a substance thought to be produced and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign 23 derground nuclear charge at the by Russia, in order to build nuclear weap- agreements, including a document of coop- Semipalatinsk testing site in Kazakhstan. ons. eration between Russia and Kazakhstan in Russia will cover the expenses for the Sunday Times, 5/22/94 (11164). the production and sale of uranium, beryl- project, which is expected to cost 1 billion rubles. lium and other materials. 2/94 Reuter (Moscow), 3/28/94; in Executive News Ser- Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 5/13/94, p. 2 vice, 3/20/94 (11196). (11150). Experts from Libya’s Tajura nuclear research center visit the Kursk nuclear power plant 3/30/94 in Russia, but their suggestion for joint re- Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN AND UNITED search on a reactor core is strongly rejected states in a press conference in Moscow that STATES by the Kursk nuclear power plant manage- nuclear testing will never be resumed at the ment. Nevertheless, the Russians and Liby- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site. 2/94 ans agree on cooperation in various experi- Nazarbayev states that he has considered the Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev, ments and projects. Sources say the value Semipalatinsk issue with Russian president during a visit to the U.S., asks for $1 bil- of the agreements to Kursk is far in excess Boris Yeltsin and has secured Russia’s aid lion in compensation for Kazakhstan’s share of $100,000. Libyan delegates persuade in using the site for “peaceful purposes,” pos- of the nuclear materials which are now in Atomenergoexport and Kursk power plant sibly as a space training center or a location Russia’s hands. The U.S. has stated that leaders that Libya will use nuclear power for nuclear safety systems testing. Russia’s unless proper compensation agreements are only for peaceful purposes. willingness to close down its nuclear test- made between Russia and the countries of Komsomolskaya Pravda, 2/12/94, p. 1; in JPRS- TND94-006, 3/16/94, p. 58 (11181).

164 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Korea’s nuclear program. The story is re- RUSSIA WITH NORWAY portedly based on a Russian classified re- 2/25/94 port, 001 SM-137, dated 10/22/93, which 4/28/94 The general manager of Bulgaria’s Kozloduy was prepared by the Center for Military- The Russian Ministry of Ecology announces nuclear power plant, Kozma Kuzmanov, Strategic Analysis under the Russian Min- that Norway and Russia have agreed to build states that Gidropress Design Bureau of istry of Defense’s General Staff on “The a storage facility for radioactive waste in Russia (with the help of Siemens AG of Russian Federation’s Military Policy in the Russia’s Far North. There are also plans to Germany, Skoda of the Czech Republic, and Asian-Pacific Region Under New Military- organize an expedition which will examine Westinghouse Electric Corp. of the U.S.) is Political Conditions.” Shukan Bunshin also the areas in the northern seas where radio- conducting a study on the condition of metal interviewed an unspecified Russian “leader,” active wastes were previously dumped. in two of the plant’s reactor vessels. De- who participated in preparing the report. Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/28/94; in JPRS-TND-94-011, pending on the results of the project, which The report and the “leader” attribute the suc- 5/16/94, p. 51 (11155). costs $900,600, a decision will be made to cessful progress of North Korea’s nuclear either shut the reactors down or reconstruct and missile program to aid received from 4/30/94 them. Russia and China. With the help of Rus- Russia’s Environment Minister Viktor Reuter, 2/25/94; in Executive News Service, 3/1/ sian scientists and technologies, North Ko- Danilov-Danilyan denies speculation aris- 94 (11375). rea has amassed 10 to 12 kg of U-235 and ing from recent talks between Danilov- 20 kg of Pu-239, according to the report. Danilyan and his Norwegian counterpart, 3/3/94 Over the past few years almost 160 Russian Thorbjorn Berntsen, that Russia has agreed An international technology and science nuclear scientists and missile experts have to store Norwegian radioactive waste in a center established in Moscow, Russia to visited North Korea, and currently nine repository built for the purpose in the “Rus- decrease the proliferation of nuclear weap- nuclear scientists and seventeen missile spe- sian north.” ons expertise and technology from the cialists are there, the report states. Some of Radio Moscow World Service, 4/30/94; in JPRS- former USSR formally begins operations. the scientists have become North Korean TEN-94-013, 5/16/94, p. 18 (11207). The center was set up under an agreement citizens. Quoting Russian nuclear scientists between Russia, the U.S., the E.U., and who have just returned from North Korea, Japan. the report states that one or two warheads RUSSIA WITH PRC Kyodo (Tokyo), 3/3/94; in JPRS-TND-94-007, 3/ have been assembled and several more will 23/94, p. 30 (11209). be completed by the end of 1994. Col. Gen. 3/94 Mikhail Kolesnikov, Chief of the Russian Russia and China sign a deal to design, con- 4/1/94 Ministry of Defense’s General Staff, how- struct, and operate a uranium enrichment An article in Al-Watan Al-’Arabi cites a ever, said the report was falsified—the docu- plant using centrifugal isotope separation Russian Classified report, prepared by the ment numbers and designators are incorrect, in China. The transfer of know-how is cov- Russian Counterespionage Service for Presi- he said, and there is no Center for Military- ered by the agreement. The Chinese facil- dent Yeltsin, which states that it is virtually Strategic Analysis. ity will produce fuel for nuclear power impossible to avert smuggling and traffick- Izvestiya, 1/27/94, pp. 1, 4 (11335). Izvestiya, 1/ plants. ing of nuclear weapons and to assure secu- 29/94, p. 3 (11335). Ministry of Atomic Energy (Russia); in ENS NucNet, rity of the strategic installations in the CIS. 3/21/94 (11165). As a result, in 1993 alone, there were 900 2/14/94 cases of smuggling from nuclear plants and Vladimir Kumachev, an adviser to the di- 5/94 military bases, 700 of which occurred in rector of Russia’s Institute of National Se- Two Russian VVER-1000s are being as- the second half of 1993. In most cases, curity and Strategic Research, says that Rus- sembled to be shipped to Liaoning prov- Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq are the countries of sia maintains about “15 [nuclear] experts in ince, China, according to a statement by Sun destination for smuggled items. North Korea” who work solely in the civil- Guangdi, chief engineer for nuclear power Al-Watan Al-’Arabi (Paris), 4/1/94, pp. 34-36; in ian nuclear industry sector, so as “to moni- at the China National Nuclear Corporation. FBIS-SOV-94-065, 4/5/94, p. 4 (11369). tor its nuclear programme.” While the Rus- The nuclear power plant is to be built at sian specialists “do not have access to all Wafangdian. the essential information [on North Korea’s Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 5-6/94, p. 25 (11378). RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA nuclear program], they file regular reports on their activities to the IAEA.” 1/94 AFP (Seoul), 2/14/94; in JPRS-TND-94-006, 3/ RUSSIA WITH PHILIPPINES The Japanese Weekly Shukan Bunshin pub- 16/94, pp. 11-12 (14444). lishes a story which alleges that Russian sci- 3/93 entists have been deeply involved in North Greenpeace nuclear expert Thomas Schultz-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 165 Nuclear Developments

Jagow says that Russia and the Philippines RUSSIA WITH SWEDEN RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE are negotiating a sale of a floating reactor unit. The Philippines cannot yet pay for 2/94 1/94 the reactor due to the lack of “foreign cur- The government of Sweden approves a $6.1 Gosatomnadzor, the Russian nuclear safety rency.” According to Schultz-Jagow, the com- million aid package for developing nuclear agency, declares that Russia will not send pact reactors are very unsafe. facility control and inspection systems in any more nuclear fuel to Ukraine until it Focus (Munich), 3/7/93, p. 84; in JPRS-TND-94- Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Rus- accedes to the NPT and accepts formal IAEA 007, 3/23/94, p. 12 (11333). sia. The plan calls for Sweden to provide safeguards. The Ukrainian government re- security systems and make recommendations sponds by stating that this contradicts the for controlling and monitoring the commer- Trilateral Agreement as well as another RUSSIA WITH SLOVAKIA cial use of nuclear materials. agreement requiring Russia to supply Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 50 (11214). Ukraine with nuclear fuel. 4/94 Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 2/3/94, p. 1 Russia guarantees Slovakia a $450 million (11271). Yuriy Aleksandrov, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 2/11/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-031, 2/ loan for completing work on the Mochovce RUSSIA WITH TAIWAN VVER plant. Russia also says that it might 15/94, p. 26 (11271). ENS NucNet, 2/21/94 (11271). repay part of its debt to Slovakia with parts 2/19/94 for the nuclear plants. Russia will continue A six-member group from Taiwan, consist- 2/94 to export nuclear fuel to Bohunice VVER- ing of Taipower consultant Lin Yin, Chief Ukrainian and Russian government officials 440 plant in Slovakia. However, Slovakia’s of Taipower’s Nuclear Terminal Operations discuss the transportation schedule of Minister for Economic Affairs, Peter Division Chein Pei-chen, Head of the Na- nuclear warheads to Russia, and compensa- Magvasi, could not persuade Russia to make tional Enterprise Division Huang Jen-chu, tion in the form of nuclear fuel. a commitment to take the spent fuel back. an AEC representative, and two professors Grigoriy Nesmyanovich, Krasnaya Zvezda, 2/11/ Nucleonics Week, 4/21/94, p. 15 (11160). from AEC’s Nuclear Research Institute, ar- 94, p. 1 (10672). rive in Moscow to discuss the possibility of storing Taiwan’s nuclear waste in Russia. 2/23/94 RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA Nuclear Report From Taiwan, 1/94-3/94, p. 35 In accordance with the 1/94 Trilateral Agree- (11374). ment, the first shipment of Russian nuclear 9/11/93 fuel is sent to Ukraine, according to a Hanguk Kyongje Sinmun reports that South 5/94 spokesman for Russia’s Ministry of Atomic Korean firms have concluded numerous It is reported that Taipower is about to sign Power. The shipment of 120 fuel assem- R&D contracts with Russia, one of which a letter of intent obliging Russia to cooper- blies was sent from the Elektrostal plant near provides South Korea with technology al- ate in the disposal of HLW outside of Tai- Moscow to Ukraine’s Chernobyl nuclear lowing it to manufacture instruments capable wan. power plant. of measuring high pressure. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 5/23/94; in ENS NucNet, 3/3/94 (11275). Hanguk Kyongje Sinmun, 9/11/93; in JPRS-TND- Uranium Institute News Briefing, 5/18-24/94, 94/ 94-008, 4/1/94, pp. 18-20 (11264). 21, p. 1 (11158). 3/94 Volga-Vyatka Internal Affairs Administra- 1/25/94 RUSSIA WITH TURKEY tion staff members seize several containers A South Korean envoy to Russia reports that of radioactive Polonium-210 which report- Russia could sell enriched uranium to South 4/6/94 edly had been transported by passenger train Korea to repay $1.47 billion in loans that In a meeting with Onur Kumbaracibasi, from Arzamas-16, across Nizhniy Novgorod South Korea made to the former Soviet Turkey’s Minister for Construction and Oblast, to Kiev to be used in X-ray ma- Union. Settlements, Russian First Vice-Premier chines. Yonhap (Seoul), 1/25/94; in JPRS-TND-94-005, 2/ Oleg Soskovets offers to construct a new Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 3/12/94 25/94, p. 57 (11006). nuclear power plant in Turkey, stating that (11195). Russia’s nuclear plants are considerably 5/9/94 cheaper than others on the world market. 3/6/94 It is reported that Tenex of Russia and Oleg Velichko, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/6/94; in FBIS- In accordance with the Trilateral Agreement “Kerso” [possibly Korea Electric Power Cor- SOV-94-066, 4/6/94, p. 13 (11236). reached in 1/94 between the Ukrainian, poration (KEPCO)] of South Korea have Russian, and U.S. presidents, the first ship- signed a 10 year, $200 million uranium en- ment of sixty Ukrainian nuclear weapons richment agreement. arrive in Russia for dismantlement. The Ux Report, 5/9/94, p. 3: in Uranium Institute News Briefing 94/19, 5/4/94-5/10/94, p. 1 (11115). missiles left Ukraine on 3/5/94, according

166 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments to Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Yuri RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE AND UNITED there are between fifty and sixty market- Soldatenko. STATES able isotopes at Mayak. Reuters, AP; in International Herald Tribune, 3/7/ Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94 94 (11365). Washington Times, 3/6/94, p. 9 (11373). (11365). 3/21/94 U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry signs three agreements whereby the U.S. agrees 3/14/94 RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES A second shipment of sixty nuclear war- to give Ukraine an additional $100 million heads is sent to Russia, according to Ukrai- in aid for nuclear disarmament. One of the 1/94 three agreements allocates an additional $50 nian officials. Valentyn Lemish, head of Viktor Mikhailov proposes that the U.S. million (on top of $135 million agreed on the parliamentary defense commission, firm Babcock & Wilcox, as well as a num- previously) for the dismantlement and ship- states that the warheads are from the ber of other U.S. companies, be included in ment to Russia of Ukraine’s SS-24 and SS- Khmelnytsky missile base. The first ship- a joint venture partnership with Russian 19 nuclear missiles and for the destruction ment of sixty warheads came from companies to blend down and sell Russian and cleanup of Ukrainian missile silos. The Pervomaysk. and U.S. HEU. second agreement allocates $40 million to John Diamond, Washington Times, 3/22/94, p. A10 Michael Knapik and Ann MaClachlan, NuclearFuel, (11367). Aleksey Agureyev and Sergey Balykov, assist Ukraine in defense conversion, and 2/28/94, p. 15 (11007). Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/22/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-056, the third agreement designates $10 million 3/23/94, pp. 27-28 (11367). for the development of a strong accountancy 2/94 4/14/94 and control system for Ukrainian nuclear Russia is seeking approval and possible fi- material. Grigoriy Karasin, the director of the Rus- nancial assistance from the US government Charles Aldinger, Reuter, 3/21/94; in Executive for its “Arctic Bridge” plan, which will con- sian Foreign Ministry’s Press and Informa- News Service, 3/21/94 (11368). Ivan Andreev, tion Department, reports that the first ship- Segodnya, 3/23/94, p. 4 (10589). vert atomic submarines to use as underwa- ment of LEU “fuel installations” [fuel as- ter oil tankers. A prototype sub-tanker, semblies] from Russia arrived at Ukraine’s 4/19/94 costing 2.5 million in 1992 rubles, will be nuclear power station. The LEU is being Ukrainian Foreign Minister Anatoly Zlenko refitted by 1997. provided as compensation for Ukrainian states that Ukraine needs over $2 billion to Martin Resnik, We, 2/7/94-2/20/94, p. A1 (11067). nuclear warheads that are being shipped to dismantle its nuclear weapons, and adds that Russia for dismantling. the $352 million in U.S. disarmament aid 2/94 Itar-Tass World Service (Moscow), 4/14/94; in received thus far is just “a beginning.” Russia’s International Science Center and the FBIS-SOV-94-073, 4/15/94, p. 12 (11210). Rostislav Khotin, Reuter, 4/19/94; in Executive Los Alamos and Azarmas-16 research cen- News Service, 4/21/94 (11276). Interfax, 5/30/94; ter in the U.S., announce that they intend to 4/28/94 in FBIS-SOV-94-104, 5/31/94, p. 55 (11276). collaborate on a civilian research project to Commander-in-chief of the Strategic Mis- employ 1,000 members of the “All-Russian sile Forces in Russia Colonel General Igor RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM Scientific Research Institute of Experimen- Sergeyev states that the return of nuclear tal Physics.” This program is designed to missiles to Russia from Ukraine, Belarus, 4/94 prevent them from drifting away to “pos- and Kazakhstan is going well. It is reported that the first deliveries of 250 sible proliferation risk areas.” Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya, 4/29/94, p. 1; in nuclear-weapon containers and 20 vehicles Post-Soviet Nuclear Complex Monitor, 2/9/94, p. FBIS-SOV-94-083, 4/29/94, pp. 39-40 (11396). from the U.K. to Russia are expected to be 10; in Uranium Institute News Briefing, 2/9/94-2/ 15/94, p. 2 (10977). Post-Soviet Nuclear Complex John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 5/13/94, p. made in the near future. The cost for this 9 (11396). Monitor, 2/28/94, p. 6 (11241). aid is estimated at 35 million pounds. 5/94 Trust and Verify, No. 46, 4/94 (11244). 2/94 Several members of a U.S. business consor- Ukraine’s Zaporozhe nuclear power plant 5/94 receives a one-year supply of nuclear fuel tium, which is seeking to modify two Wash- Amersham officials Dewi Lewis and Bruce from Russia’s Novosibirsk facility. ington-based mothballed nuclear reactors to Beharrell state that their UK based firm Volodymyr Dupak, Holos Ukrayiny (Kiev), 5/6/94, burn surplus plutonium for a profit, visit p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-94-090, 5/10/94, p. 21 (11272). imports seven radioisotopes from Russia’s Russia to discuss similar plutonium disposal Mayak Production Association—americium- arrangements in Russian PWRs that could 241, caesium-137, carbon-14, cobalt-60, be converted to run on plutonium fuel. iridium-192, krypton-85, and tritium. Construction of a fuel reprocessing plant in Reviss Services, a joint-venture between Tomsk, Russia is being discussed. Amersham and Mayak, handles the radio- The Economist, 2/12/94 (11341). isotope purchases. According to Lewis,

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 167 Nuclear Developments

3/94 the uranium imported by the U.S.; and 5) 3/18/94 William Timbers, Chief Executive of the the annual sale of 500 tons of Russian natu- The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Enrichment Corporation, states that ral uranium by Russia to the U.S. at no less Russia’s Minatom sign a protocol to guar- there will be no transfers of HEU from Rus- than $13 per pound. antee the proper handling of HEU from dis- sia to the U.S. under a 1/94 contract until a NuclearFuel, 3/15/94, pp. 1, 7 (11376). mantled Soviet weapons, which will be used transparency agreement is in place. The Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 3/23/94, p. 4 (11376). Ura- in a diluted form as a fuel for U.S. commer- nium Institute, News Briefing, 3/14/94, p. 1 (11376). transparency agreement will establish safe- Pamela Newman, Energy Daily, 3/1/94 (11376). cial reactors. guards to assure that the HEU is from Rus- Russian Television Network, 4/4/94; in FBIS-SOV- NuclearFuel, 3/28/94, p. 6 (11371). sian warheads and that it is properly used 94-065, 4/5/94, p. 5 (11376). in the U.S. 3/22/94 NuclearFuel, 3/14/94, p. 6 (11200). 3/14/94 Russia’s Itar-Tass news agency reports that U.S. and Russian representatives meet at the Russia is planning to stop the production of 3/94 Department of Energy to discuss how the weapon-grade plutonium this year due to U.S. Defense Secretary William J. Perry U.S. can aid Russia in ending its produc- the stockpiling of plutonium from the dis- signs an agreement with Russia to provide tion of uranium-239. The U.S. has already mantled nuclear arsenals of Russia and the assistance for arms reduction and disarma- agreed to help pay for the construction of a U.S. Itar-Tass quotes Russia’s Atomic En- ment of the more dangerous 10-warhead storage facility for weapons-grade materi- ergy Ministry business manager Valery missiles. als in Russia. To date, the U.S. has allo- Bogdan as saying that a Russian-U.S. agree- International Herald Tribune, 4/24/94 (11250). cated $75 million for equipment for the stor- ment on ceasing weapon-grade plutonium age facility project. Russia wants the U.S, production is due to be signed in the sum- 3/9/94 to allocate an additional $75 million for the mer of 1994 and that Russia’s production The Pentagon announces that it has created actual construction of the facility. In re- could stop by late 1994. Russia’s three re- a possible method of nuclear weapons dis- turn, Russia proposes that it would speed maining weapon-grade plutonium reactors, armament verification which could be uti- up the decision to halt production of weap- one at Krasnoyarsk-26 and two at Tomsk-7, lized by both the U.S. and Russia without ons-grade plutonium. supply energy to nearby towns and formerly fear of revealing weapons secrets to each Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/15/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-051, secret army centers. other. At present, the Russian government 3/16/94, pp. 6-7 (11383). Reuter, 3/22/94 (11215). has claimed that it is destroying warheads at a rate of 2,000 per year, but this cannot 3/16/94 3/22/94 be verified, as U.S. experts are not allowed U.S. DOE Secretary Hazel O’Leary and It is reported that a planned agreement be- to observe the process. Russia’s Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor tween the U.S. and Russia should result in Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 3/10/94 Mikhailov report that three days of negotia- Russia ending its production of weapons- (11402). tions in Washington, D.C. have resulted in grade plutonium by the end of 1994. This an agreement that calls for one round of is the outcome of a protocol which was 3/12/94 inspections of each country’s plutonium stor- signed on 3/16/94 between Russian Minis- The Deputy Minister of Russia’s Ministry age facilities. The inspections are to be ter of Energy Viktor Mikhailov and U.S. of Atomic Energy, Nikolai Yegorov, and the conducted by the end of 1994. The agree- Energy Secretary Hazel O’Leary in Wash- acting assistant secretary for import admin- ment also covers the establishment of a joint ington, D.C. There are currently three op- istration representing the U.S. Department feasibility study on the replacement of Rus- erating reactors in Russia that produce weap- of Commerce, Joseph Spetrini, sign an sian plutonium-producing reactors with al- ons-grade plutonium, two located in Tomsk amendment to the bilateral antidumping ternative energy sources. The Russian plants and one in Krasnoyarsk. The reactors are suspension agreement. The amendment es- under study are two dual-purpose units at dual-use and supply energy to their respec- tablishes a fifty-fifty match of Russian and the Tomsk-7 nuclear plant and another unit tive regions. Minatom, however, plans to U.S. uranium in the joint sales to potential in Krasnoyarsk, which provide energy for phase out three reactors at the end of their consumers. The amendment also provides surrounding towns. Russia must prove its service lives, which will occur between 1997 for 1) the U.S. importation of 6.6 million intentions to halt plutonium production in and 1998. pounds of Russian U-308 and two million order to be eligible for up to US $75 mil- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/22/94; JPRS-TND-94-008, pounds of SWU during the 1994-95 period; lion to construct a plutonium storage facil- 4/1/94, p. 40 (11362). 2) a total of 43 million pounds of Russian ity under the terms of an amendment to the uranium to be imported through 2003; 3) a 1994 Defense Authorization Act. 5/94 1996 import limit of 1.9 million pounds of Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Control Today, 4/94, p. The U.S. Los Alamos National Laboratory uranium that will increase to 4.3 million 22 (11340). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/26/94, p. 6 in New Mexico signs an agreement with the (11340). Thomas W. Lippman, Washington Post, pounds in 2003; 4) individual companies 3/17/94 (11340). Trust and Verify, 4/94, p. 1 All-Russian Science Research Institute of receiving no more than twenty percent of (11239). Experimental Physics, which provides for

168 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments twenty-four joint research projects at UKRAINE WITH CANADA Arzamas-16, Russia, in areas such as non- proliferation and nuclear reactor safety. UKRAINE 4/1/94 During the next two years the Los Alamos Canadian Foreign Minister Andre Ouellet Laboratory will spend $2 million annually announces at a joint press conference with for the project which promises to secure jobs Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs for one thousand Russian scientists, thereby INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Anatoliy Zlenko that Canada will increase neutralizing the proliferation risk of the its aid to Ukraine to $26.5 million, which brain drain. 2/3/94 includes $15 million for nuclear safety and Russia & Republics Nuclear Industry, 5/25/94, p. The Ukrainian parliament approves the Tri- disarmament. The provision of Canadian 15 (11370). lateral Agreement signed by President technology and expertise in the areas of Kravchuk in 1/94 and thereby removes its 5/5/94 nuclear safety, waste management, and en- objections to the Lisbon Protocol of 5/23/ vironmental rehabilitation will be the re- The Clinton administration proposes an ex- 92 and to the implementation of START-I. sponsibility of the Bureau for Assistance for tensive inventory program for fissile mate- Reuter, 2/3/94; in Executive News Service, 2/4/94 Central and Eastern Europe, while the Ca- rials in Russia and the U.S. Two groups of (11366). nadian Atomic Energy Control Board will representatives from the White House Of- be responsible for aiding Ukrainian officials fice of Science and Technology Policy and 4/1/94 in the development of a regulatory system the State Department are planning to travel The organized crime-fighting department of for the nuclear industry. to Moscow to discuss this project with the the Ukrainian Internal Affairs and security Christopher Guly, The Ukrainian Weekly, 4/17/94, Russian government. One of the groups will Service in Zaporozhe detains a 50-year old p. 3 (11363). be concerned with the long-term disposal unemployed man who reportedly has in his of plutonium, and intends to ask the Rus- possession two containers of cesium-137, sians to agree to outside monitoring of 55 kg in each one. The man, identified as UKRAINE WITH CZECH REPUBLIC nuclear plants and to provide information “P.,” is a Zaporozhe resident, and “other on other areas of the nuclear complex. The criminals were also detained with material 1994 teams also intend to ask Russia to stop gen- evidence,” the containers of cesium. The Czech company Skoda Jaderne eration of plutonium for both military or Ukrayinske Radio First Program (Kiev), 4/1/94; in Strojirenstvi (Skoda Nuclear Engineering) civilian uses, choose LEU instead of HEU FBIS-SOV-94-064, 4/4/94, p. 49 (11320). Holos Ukrayiny (Kiev), 4/5/94; in JPRS-TND-94-010, 5/ signs a contract with Ukraine worth over for its research reactors, and open civilian 5/94, p. 37 (11320). 60 million korunas to supply spent fuel con- nuclear installations to IAEA inspections. tainers to the Rivne nuclear power plant. RFE/RL News Briefs, 5/2/94-5/6/94, p. 5 (11309). 4/8/94 Skoda’s director, Vaclav Lobovsky, states that Deputy head of the Nuclear and Radiation Ukraine is considering providing barter pay- Safety Department of Ukraine’s Environ- ments of electricity or other Ukrainian prod- RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES AND mental Ministry Konstantin Rudya refutes ucts. ISRAEL reports that quote him as saying that Ukraine Vaclav Proks, Hospodarske Noviny (Prague), 3/28/ is not adequately controlling its uranium 94, p. 6; in JPRS-TND-94-008, 4/1/94, p.54 (11279). 3/94 mining and processing facilities. On 4/4/ Reimer Duerr, manager of advanced tech- 94, Itar-Tass had reported that Rudya said nology at the Raytheon Engineers & Con- that his recent inspections of the Zheltiy structors of the U.S. states that in the near Vodiy facilities in Dnepropetrovsk revealed UKRAINE WITH EUROPEAN UNION future the company plans to test its thorium a complete absence of control over the ura- fuel in a Russian pressurized water reactor; nium industry. Rudya says that such prob- 5/16/94 the project will be done with technology lems are inherent to and shared by all other E.U. foreign ministers decide to place a “soft” from Radkowsky Thorium Power Corp., Soviet-built uranium facilities in the CIS. linkage between Ukraine’s accession to the which was founded by Alvin Radkowsky, a Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/8/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-069, NPT and the E.U.’s approval of the Treaty professor at Israel’s Tel Aviv University. 4/11/94, p. 34 (11273). Galina Nekrasova, Itar-Tass, on Partnership and Cooperation with 4/4/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-064, p. 50 (11273). Raytheon has a licensing agreement with Ukraine. Ukraine’s Deputy Foreign minis- Radkowsky to sell the technology. ter Borys Tarasyuk responds by characteriz- Mark Crawford, Energy Daily, 3/8/94, p. 26 ing the E.U.’s pressure as “unconstructive (11334). and illogical,” adding that “any attempt to pressure Ukraine will result in the oppo- site of what is expected.” Ukrainian For- eign Minister Anatoliy Zlenko states in 5/

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 169 Nuclear Developments

94 that “such an approach is unacceptable mament and for safety upgrades at the edly had been transported by passenger train for us.” Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In 1/94, from Arzamas-16, across Nizhniy Novgorod Stephen Nisbet, Reuter, 5/16/94; in Executive News the U.S., U.K., Canada, Japan, Spain, Italy, Oblast, to Kiev to be used in X-ray ma- service, 5/16/94 (11283). Reuter, 5/17/94; in Ex- the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Fin- chines. ecutive News Service, 5/17/94 (11283). Interfax Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 3/12/94 (Moscow), 5/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-089, 5/9/94, land, Denmark, and Norway had expressed (11195). p. 45 (11283). their willingness to assist Ukraine in the disarmament process. Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/20/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-077, 3/6/94 4/21/94, p. 62 (11281). Nihonkeizai Shimbun (Ja- In accordance with the Trilateral Agreement UKRAINE WITH IAEA pan), 4/94 (11281). News From Ukraine, 2/94, p. reached in 1/94 between the Ukrainian, 4 (11281). 1993 Russian, and U.S. presidents, the first ship- ment of sixty Ukrainian nuclear weapons In the spring, IAEA safeguard inspectors arrive in Russia for dismantlement. The pay a second visit to Ukraine. The IAEA UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA missiles left Ukraine on 3/5/94, according inspectors, together with the Ukrainian of- to Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Yuri ficials from Gosatomnadzor establish a site 1/94 Soldatenko. for their monitoring equipment, which au- Gosatomnadzor, the Russian nuclear safety Reuters, AP; in International Herald Tribune, 3/7/ tomatically register all of the transactions agency, declares that Russia will not send 94 (11365). Washington Times, 3/6/94, p. 9 with nuclear fuel. any more nuclear fuel to Ukraine until it (11365). Vestnik Chernobylya, No. 13(532), 2/94, pp. 1-2 accedes to the NPT and accepts formal IAEA (11379). safeguards. The Ukrainian government re- 3/14/94 sponds by stating that this contradicts the A second shipment of 60 nuclear warheads Trilateral Agreement as well as another is sent to Russia, according to Ukrainian UKRAINE WITH JAPAN agreement requiring Russia to supply officials. Valentyn Lemish, head of the Ukraine with nuclear fuel. parliamentary defense commission, states 1/24/94 Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 2/3/94, p. 1 that the warheads are from the Khmelnytsky The Japanese Foreign Ministry states that (11271). Yuriy Aleksandrov, Nezavisimaya Gazeta missile base. The first shipment of sixty by 3/94 Japan plans to complete the outline (Moscow), 2/11/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-031, 2/ warheads came from Pervomaysk. 15/94, p. 26 (11271). ENS NucNet, 2/21/94 agreement for an aid package to Ukraine for John Diamond, Washington Times, 3/22/94, p. A10 (11271). the destruction of nuclear weapons previ- (11367). Aleksey Agureyev and Sergey Balykov, ously owned by the USSR. Diplomats from Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/22/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-056, 2/94 3/23/94, pp. 27-28 (11367). Japan are discussing how much of the $100 Ukrainian and Russian government officials million package, allotted to the CIS in 4/ discuss the transportation schedule of 4/14/94 93, will go to Ukraine. nuclear warheads to Russia, and compensa- Grigoriy Karasin, the director of the Rus- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/24/94; in JPRS-TND-94-005, 2/25/94, p. 51 (11156). tion in the form of nuclear fuel. sian Foreign Ministry’s Press and Informa- Grigoriy Nesmyanovich, Krasnaya Zvezda, 2/11/ tion Department, reports that the first ship- 94, p. 1 (10672). ment of LEU “fuel installations” [fuel as- UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP semblies] from Russia arrived at Ukraine’s 2/23/94 nuclear power station. The LEU is being In accordance with the 1/94 Trilateral Agree- provided as compensation for Ukrainian 3/94 ment, the first shipment of Russian nuclear A four-day “Sarcophagus Safety-94” sym- nuclear warheads that are being shipped to fuel is sent to Ukraine, according to a Russia for dismantling. posium of experts from Belarus, Canada, spokesman for Russia’s Ministry of Atomic Finland, France, Germany, the U.K., Japan, Itar-Tass World Service (Moscow), 4/14/94; in Power. The shipment of 120 fuel assem- FBIS-SOV-94-073, 4/15/94, p. 12 (11210). Poland, Russia, Sweden, the U.S., and blies was sent from the Elektrostal plant near Ukraine is held on the condition of the Moscow to Ukraine’s Chernobyl nuclear 5/94 Chernobyl-4 reactor in Ukraine. power plant. Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhya nuclear power plant Ann MacLachlan, Gamini Seneviratne, and Mark ENS NucNet, 3/3/94 (11275). Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/28/94, pp. 1, 8-10 receives a one-year supply of nuclear fuel (11394). from Russia’s Novosibirsk facility. 3/94 Volodymyr Dupak, Holos Ukrayiny (Kiev), 5/6/94, 4/28/94 Volga-Vyatka Internal Affairs Administra- p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-94-090, 5/10/94, p. 21 (11272). Ukraine’s First Deputy Foreign Minister tion staff members seize several containers states that Ukraine intends to request $20 of radioactive Polonium-210 which report- billion of G-7 assistance for nuclear disar-

170 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 Nuclear Developments

UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED Ukraine’s Yevgeniy Paton Arc Welding In- to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary- stitute, a division of the Ukrainian Acad- General; in General Assembly Security Council, STATES 49th Session, Document A/49/113 s/1994/339, 3/ emy of Sciences. The U.S. program calls 24/94 (11280). 3/21/94 for the establishment of U.S.-Ukrainian joint U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry signs ventures so that the $10 million technology 3/21/94 three agreements whereby the U.S. agrees can be used in U.S. aerospace, nuclear U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry to give Ukraine an additional $100 million power, medical and automaking industries. signs an agreement with Ukrainian Defense in aid for nuclear disarmament. One of the Ukrinform (Kiev), 4/4/94, from Business News Minister Vitaly Radetsky to provide Ukraine Weekly feature, 3/28/94-4/3/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- three agreements allocates an additional $50 065, 4/5/94, p. 37-38 (11282). with an additional $50 million to destroy million (on top of $135 million agreed on 46 SS-24 missile silos. previously) for the dismantlement and ship- 2/94 John Diamond, Washington Times, 3/22/94, p. A10 (11367). ment to Russia of Ukraine’s SS-24 and SS- Several members of a U.S. business consor- 19 nuclear missiles and for the destruction tium, which is seeking to modify two Wash- 5/94 and cleanup of Ukrainian missile silos. The ington-based mothballed nuclear reactors to A delegation from Ukraine visits DOE’s second agreement allocates $40 million to burn surplus plutonium for a profit, visit Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washing- assist Ukraine in defense conversion, and Russia to discuss similar plutonium disposal ton state to exchange information on envi- the third agreement designates $10 million arrangements in Russian PWRs that could ronmental technologies. The Ukrainians are for the development of a strong accountancy be converted to run on plutonium fuel. seeking technologies that can be used to and control system for Ukrainian nuclear Construction of a fuel reprocessing plant in clean up the territories affected by the material. Tomsk, Russia is being discussed. Chernobyl accident. Charles Aldinger, Reuter, 3/21/94; in Executive The Economist, 2/12/94 (11341). News Service, 3/21/94 (11368). Ivan Andreev, NuclearFuel, 5/23/94, p. 5 (11178). Segodnya, 3/23/94, p. 4 (10589). 2/7-8/94 5/12/94 The U.S. Department of Energy and the William Perry, the U.S. Secretary for De- Ukrainian State Committee on Nuclear En- UKRAINE WITH SWEDEN fense, states that the U.S. government has ergy discuss ways for the U.S. to assist given a $5 million grant to the U.S. firm Ukraine in improving the safety of its 2/94 Westinghouse Electric and Ukraine’s nuclear power plants. The U.S. had previ- The government of Sweden approves a $6.1 Khartron Production Association in order ously agreed to provide $30 million in 1994 million aid package for developing nuclear to form the joint venture company Westron. for safety assistance. facility control and inspection systems in This is the first in a series of defense con- Ukrainian Nuclear Update, 2/28/94, p. 12 (11274). Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Rus- version efforts under the Nunn-Lugar plan. sia. The plan calls for Sweden to provide 3/4/94 Westron will manufacture control and in- security systems and make recommendations The U.S. and Ukraine sign the “Joint State- strumentation systems for Ukraine’s nuclear, for controlling and monitoring the commer- ment on Development of United States- coal and hydroelectric power plants. cial use of nuclear materials. Ukrainian Friendship and Partnership.” The Westinghouse will also contribute $20 mil- Nuclear News, 2/94, p. 50 (11214). U.S. and Ukraine state that preventing the lion to the project. ENS NucNet, 5/27/94 (11269). Reuter, 5/12/94; proliferation of weapons of mass destruc- 4/94 in Executive News Service, 5/16/94 (11269). Ukrai- tion is a common goal, and the U.S. reiter- A Swedish citizen visiting Ukraine is ex- nian Weekly, 5/22/94, p. 2. ates earlier pledges of Nunn-Lugar funds pelled for allegedly seeking to make con- for Ukraine’s disarmament. The U.S. tact with nuclear specialists with the goal 5/16/94 pledged $177 million in 1993 and $175 mil- of removing nuclear warhead components Ukraine’s Deputy Prime Minister Valery lion for 1994 and 1995, $100 million of from Ukrainian territory. Shmarov states that it is “only logical” and which would go towards 1994 projects on Unian (Kiev), 4/15/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-075, 4/15/ “wouldn’t cost that much” for Ukraine to 94, p. 52 (11189). defense conversion, the elimination of stra- produce its own nuclear fuel. Shmarov states tegic nuclear weapons, the establishment of that Ukraine has already begun negotiations an export control system, and the develop- with the U.S. firm Westinghouse on initiat- UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES ment of an accountancy and control system ing nuclear fuel production in Ukraine. It for nuclear materials. The U.S. also states is unclear from his comments whether 1994 that it will try to provide an additional $75 Ukraine plans to build reprocessing or en- A U.S. consortium drafts a program for the million in 1995. richment facilities, but, according to gov- U.S. usage of electronic vapor-coating spray Letter dated 18 March 1994 from the representa- ernment officials, the country is likely to tives of Ukraine and the United States of America technologies which were designed by

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994 171 Nuclear Developments improve its ore processing and fuel rod pro- duction plants. Alexander Tkachenko, Reuter, 5/16/94; in Execu- UZBEKISTAN tive News Service, 5/16/94 (11364).

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES AND UZBEKISTAN WITH IAEA RUSSIA 2/94 3/21/94 The IAEA Board of Governors approves a U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry signs comprehensive safeguards agreement with three agreements whereby the U.S. agrees Uzbekistan as required for states party to to give Ukraine an additional $100 million the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of in aid for nuclear disarmament. One of the Nuclear Weapons (NPT). three agreements allocates an additional $50 IAEA Newsbriefs, 2/94-3/94, p. 3 (11344). million (on top of $135 million agreed on previously) for the dismantlement and ship- ment to Russia of Ukraine’s SS-24 and SS- 19 nuclear missiles and for the destruction and cleanup of Ukrainian missile silos. The second agreement allocates $40 million to assist Ukraine in defense conversion, and the third agreement designates $10 million for the development of a strong accountancy and control system for Ukrainian nuclear material. Charles Aldinger, Reuter, 3/21/94; in Executive News Service, 3/21/94 (11368). Ivan Andreev, Segodnya, 3/23/94, p. 4 (10589).

4/19/94 Ukrainian Foreign Minister Anatoly Zlenko states that Ukraine needs over $2 billion to dismantle its nuclear weapons, and adds that the $352 million in U.S. disarmament aid received thus far is just “a beginning.” Rostislav Khotin, Reuter, 4/19/94; in Executive News Service, 4/21/94 (11276). Interfax, 5/30/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-104, 5/31/94, p. 55 (11276).

172 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1994