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The Regional Newspaper in Post-Soviet Russia

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The Regional Newspaper in Post-Soviet Russia JUKKA PIETILÄINEN THE REGIONAL NEWSPAPER IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA Society, Press and Journalism in the Republic of Karelia 1985-2001 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Science of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Paavo Koli Auditorium of the Pinni Building, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere on October 5th, 2002 at 12 oclock' University of Tampere Tampere 2002 Jukka Pietiläinen THE REGIONAL NEWSPAPER IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA Society, Press and Journalism in the Republic of Karelia 1985-2001 Media Studies 1 Academic Dissertation University of Tampere, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication FINLAND Copyright © Tampere University Press Sales Bookshop TAJU P.O. BOX 617, 33014 University of Tampere Finland Tel. +358 3 215 6055 Fax +358 3 215 7685 email [email protected] http://granum.uta.fi Cover design: Mikko Keinonen Page design: Aila Helin Printed dissertation ISBN 951-44-5454-5 Electronic dissertation Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 209 ISBN 951-44-5463-4 ISSN 1456-954X http://acta.uta.fi Tampereen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2002 2 Contents Preface ............................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 9 1. Introduction.............................................................................13 1.1. Challenge of Russia .................................................................... 13 1.2. Research object........................................................................... 16 1.3. Structure of the book .................................................................. 20 2. Media, modernity and Russia ...............................................23 2.1. The foundations of modern society ............................................ 23 2.2. Problems with modernity and modernisation theory ................. 26 2.3. Modernisation and peripheries................................................... 29 2.4. What was socialism? The peculiar modernisation of Russia ..... 32 2.5. Post-Soviet Russia: continuity or new beginning ..................... 44 3. Newspaper and journalism in the historical and social context ...........................................................................57 3.1. Historical development of the press ........................................... 57 3.2. Development of the newspaper form .......................................... 60 3.3. Discovering the news.................................................................. 64 3.4. Journalism as an Anglo-American invention.............................. 68 3.5. Development of an edited society .............................................. 75 3.6. Formation of the journalistic news form .................................... 80 3.7. Peripheries, globalisation, democratisation and journalism ...... 85 3.8. Journalism: one or many? ........................................................... 95 4. Development of the press in the Soviet Union and Russia................................................................................99 4.1. Origins of the Russian and Soviet press ..................................... 99 4.2. Origins and typical features of the Soviet journalism ..............100 4.3. Structure and functions of the Soviet press after 1945.............107 4.4. Developments in the Soviet journalism ...................................112 3 4.5. Soviet media and audience.......................................................115 4.6. Media and the social crisis of the 1980s ..................................119 4.7. Development of the press after the collapse of the Soviet Union .......................................................................123 4.8. Transformation of the Russian journalism ...............................135 4.9. Development of the regional press ...........................................143 4.10. Conclusion: Modernisation and the Soviet background .........155 5. Towards pluralism and competition: The development of the newspaper press in Karelia 1985-2001 ................ 163 5.1. Karelia as a region ....................................................................163 5.2. On the periodisation of the development and selection of the material ...........................................................................167 5.3. Development of the press in Karelia before 1985 ....................168 5.4. Period of the late Soviet press (1985-1989) .............................170 5.5. Press in transformation (1989-1991) ........................................177 5.6. Press encounters the market economy (1992-1994) ................195 5.7. The new kind of press stabilities (1995-1997) .........................215 5.8. Increasing competition and a new struggle for an independent press (1998-2001) ...........................................226 5.9. Karelian development as an example .......................................257 6. Contemporary press and audience structure in the Republic of Karelia....................................................... 261 6.1. Structure of the press ................................................................261 6.2. Press economy in perspective ...................................................269 6.3. Diversity, competition and concentration in the Karelian press......................................................................274 6.4. Newspaper audience in Karelia in the 1990s ...........................280 6.5. The February 2000 Survey. Aims, method and sample ............283 6.6. Newspapers and their audiences ...............................................285 6.7. Peculiarities and universalities: Karelian media audience in international perspective ......................................................314 6.8. Future of the press in Karelia ....................................................317 4 7. Changes in the Main Newspapers in Karelia 1985-1999 ............................................................................. 321 7.1. Introduction ..............................................................................321 7.2. On method ................................................................................322 7.3. Newspaper and journalism in 1985 ..........................................324 7.4. Newspaper and journalism in 1987 ..........................................332 7.5. Newspaper and journalism in 1989 ..........................................339 7.6. Newspaper and journalism in 1991 ..........................................346 7.7. Newspaper and journalism in 1993 ..........................................354 7.8. Newspaper and journalism in 1995 ..........................................361 7.9. Newspaper and journalism in 1997 ..........................................366 7.10. Newspaper and journalism in 1999 ..........................................373 7.11. Trends and directions ...............................................................379 8. Changing journalism in focus ............................................ 383 8.1. Number and size of stories ........................................................383 8.2. Topics and events .....................................................................385 8.3. From the General Secretary to the Chairman of the Government: unedited materials ..............................................395 8.4. Geography of the news .............................................................400 8.5. Social problems ........................................................................411 8.6. Narrative structures ...................................................................423 8.7. Changing journalism in perspective ........................................445 9. Conclusions ........................................................................... 449 9.1. Findings ....................................................................................449 9.2. Concluding reflections .............................................................453 References ................................................................................. 471 Tiivistelmä ................................................................................. 521 English Summary ...................................................................... 523 Resumo en Esperanto .............................................................. 525 Rezyume po-russki ................................................................... 529 5 6 Preface This book is the result of seven years of work, partly carried out alongside other research projects and tasks. The idea to study Karelian newspapers arose incidentally when I was offered the opportunity to visit Petrozavodsk in spring 1995 for one month as part of a research exchange. Since then I have been a regular visitor in Petrozavodsk, but also in Moscow and St. Petersburg when collecting material, having discussions with Russian scholars and journalists and getting to know Russian culture, everyday life and newspapers more thoroughly. My research interest in Russia started with the changes occurring there in 1985 at the beginning of perestroika, when I also entered the University of Tampere for the first time, although I had studied Russian earlier. I started to focus more exclusively on Russian journalism at the beginning of the 1990s when I started to write my master’s thesis. Then the economic recession in Finland and poor work prospects for journalists brought me back to
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