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Insect & Mite Management BANANAS INSECT & MITE MANAGEMENT Bruno Pinese Queensland Fruit &. Vegetable Growers Richard Piper BANANAS INSECT & MITE MANAGEMENT Bruno Pinese Richard Piper DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES QUEENSLAND ISSN 0727-6273 Agdex 231/620 First published 1994 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Pinese, B. (Bruno), 1949-. Bananas: insect and mite management. ISBN 0 7242 5401 3. 1. Banana- Diseases and pests- Control- Queensland. I. Piper, Richard, 1958-. II. Queensland. Dept. of Primary Industries. Ill. Title. (Series: Information series (Queensland. Dept. of Primary Industries); QI93048). 634.77299 Editing, production and printing managed by Publishing Services ©Queensland Government 1994 Department of Primary Industries GPO Box46 Brisbane Q 4001 Cover: Stethorus larva: bunch of Cavendish bananas within a protective polythene sleeve CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgements vi About the authors vii Preface IX Notes to growers X 1 THE INTEGRA TED PEST MANAGEMENT (I PM) CONCEPT 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BANANA PESTS 3 3 MONITORING PROCEDURES 5 4 MAJOR PESTS 9 Banana scab moth (Nacoleia octasema) 9 Banana rust thrips (Chaetanaphothrips signipennis) 13 Mites: Banana spider mite (Tetranychus lambi) 17 Two-spolled mite (Terranychus urticae) 17 Biological control: M ite-eating ladybird (Stethoms) 2 1 Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus) 23 Sugarcane bud moth (Opogona glycyphaga) 26 Banana fl ower Lhrips (Thrips hawaiiensis) 28 5 MINOR PESTS 31 Banana aphid ( Pentalonia nigronervosa) 3 1 Red houldered leaf beetle (Monolepta australis) 32 Banana- il vering Lhrip (Hercinothrips bicincws) 33 Banana fruit fly (Bactrocera musae) 34 Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) 34 Banana fruit caterpillar (Tiracola plagiara) 35 Clu ter caterpillar (SpodopTera litura) 36 Transparent scale (Aspidiotus destructor) 38 Greyback cane beetle (Dermolepida a/bohirwm) 39 Banana- polling bug (Amblypelta lutescens lwescens) 4 1 Fruitspotting bug (A mblypelta nirida) 4 1 Casemolh 42 Gras hoppers 42 Black swanning leaf beetle (Rhyparida discopunctulata) 43 Minor caterpillar pe ts 43 iv Contents 6 QUARANTINE PESTS 44 Spiralling whitefly (Aieurodicus dispersus) 44 Banana skipper butterfly ( Erionora tlrra.x) 44 Banana srem boring weevil (Odoiporus /ongicollis) 45 7 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF SPRAY APPLICATION 46 8 SAFE HANDLING OF PESTICIDES 51 Appendix 1: Insecticide and miticide summary 56 Appendix 2: Banana plant growth stages 58 Appendix 3: Insect and mite pests of bananas -a summary 59 Appendix 4: Field data sheets 61 Glossary of terms 66 FOREWORD Bananas are the largest fruit crop grown in Queensland. With a gross value of production of $182 million, Queensland is Australia's largest suppli er of bananas and plays a vital role in both State and regional economies. The key to s uccess for any industry or business is in providing consumers with what they want. People are demandjng high-quality fruit free of blemish; they also want fruit produced using the rrunjmum amount of cherrucals. Growers who give consumers what they want will find that their bananas are sold faster and attract rugher prices. The Queensland industry is putting a high priority on the development of quality manage ment systems to improve farm efficiency and profitability, and to deliver consistent, high-quality bananas to consumers. Management of insect pests is a key operation in banana production. The Queens land banana industry is committed to integrated pest management (IPM) and other means of reducing chemical use. The banana industry, the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation (HRDC) and the Department of Primary Industries, Queensland have coll aborated over the past four years in a research program specificall y focused on developing an IPM system for bananas. The industry is now ready to spread the word about the success of the research proj ect. It is hoped that thi s book, Bananas: insect a!ld mite management, will e ncourage the adoptio n of IPM strategies and techniques throughout the State. With financ ia l assistance from the Banana Sectional Group Committee and HRDC, it is being distributed to all Queensland banana growers. Many people have contributed to the preparation of this book, but f would particularly thank Bruno Pinese and Richard Piper for their efforts. Banana growers have much to gain from putting lPM into practice on their farms. [ recommend thjs book as a guide and hope that all growers will join in moving the Queensland banana industry into an exciting new era. Len Collins Chain11an Banana Sectional Group Committee Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the generous cooperation of the following growers who a llowed us to undertake studies o n their farms and who kept valuable records of rainfall, chemical applications and crop management: Mr G. Bush (Kennedy), Messrs J. and A. Deluca (Tully), Messrs Y., M., M., and R. Gallagher (East Palmersto n), Mr H. Henry (Murray Upper), Messrs J. & L. Horsford (Utchee Creek), Messrs R., J., S. & G. Mackay (Tully), Mr A. Sellars (Mission Beach), Messrs A. & D . and Mrs L. Sly (East Palmerston and Mr P. Watson (Murray Upper). We would also like to thank the following people who have assisted with identifying specimens: Dr A. Austin (Waite Agricultural Research Ins titute, Adelaide) (bo rers), Dr B . Cantrell (DPI) (Anthomyzidae, Tachinidae), Mr J. Donaldson and the late Mr K. Ho uston (both DPI) (various groups), Dr R. Halliday (CSfRO) (Uropodidae), Dr D. Holdom (BSES. Indooroopilly) (Cladosporium and Erynia), Dr D. McAlpine (Australian Museum) (Stenomicra), Mr R. Storey (DPT) (Coleoptera). Mr D. Meiklejohn and Mr A. Lisle (both DPI) kindly provided assistance with computer programming and data analysis fo r which we are grateful. Ms J. Grimshaw and Mr J. Daniels (DPI) and Mr L. WiJkje (James Cook University) kindly supplied photographs of spiralling whitefly, banana skipper and scab moth respectively. The photograph on the back cover is courtesy of the QFYG. The financial support of the Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers (QFYG) (formerly COD) and the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation (HRDC), who provided matching funding for the project, is g ratefully acknowledged. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Bruno Pinese Bruno Pine e is an entomologist with the Queensland Department of Primary Industrie and is based in Mareeba. He has been clo ely involved with the development of control strategies for banana pests to reduce the overall dependence on chemical control. Hi re earch in 1988 into the use of bunch injection for control of banana scab moth has led to a major reduction in chemical use and has provided the impetu for the development of integrated pest management for bananas. Bruno i currently developing economic injury level for banana weevil borer and mites as well as investigating biological control and efficient pe ticide application methods again t avocado pests. Previou ly, he re earched effective control measure for the prevention of aphid-tran mined viruses in cucurbit with the result that his methods are now recognised controls within the e crops. Richard Piper Ric ha rd Piper has worked in tropical entomology in no rthe rn Australia for the past ten years. ln 1990 he was employed on a three­ year project, funded by the banana industry and HRDC, to develop in tegrated pest management (!PM) in bananas. Ri chard is currentl y working privately in north Queensland, providing assistance to banana growers with the implementation of IPM and other aspects of crop management. 1 THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT What is integrated pest changes. However, a standard EIL can serve as a management? useful guide when deciding on a range of control options. The main components of an The main objective of IPM is to change from a IPM system are shown in figure 1.1. pesticide-dependent system of pest control to a • Equilibrium 1: Pest numbers fluctuate around sustainable program which utilises a range of the equilibrium. The pest numbers are always pest-management options. These include above the ElL and therefore significant biological control (such as beneficial parasites economic losses are inctuTed. and predators), cultural control (hygiene, crop • Equilibrium II: FolJowing the introduction of management) and the targeted use of selective primary management components (parasite/ chemicals, if necessary. predator/management change) the new IPM systems aim to manage pests so that equilibrium is below the EIL and damage is populations remain below economic injury no longer of economic significance. If pest levels (EIL). The EIL is the level of a pest populations exceed the ElL then remedial population at which the damage it causes is measures such as strategically timed equal to the cost involved in its control. Because applications of insecticides can be used. the price of fruit is always changing and The main steps required to establish an IPM production is not always the same, the EIL also program are shown in figure 1.2 (over page). Figure L.l: Population changes of a hypothetical pest, iJ iustrating the principles of IPM (after Rabb, R.L. 'A sharp focus on tnsect population and pest management from a wide­ area view' , 1978, Bulletin of Entomological Society ofAmerica, Vol. 24( 1): 55-61) 2 The integrated pest management concept Figure 1.2: Steps in a typical IPM program As the f low c ha rt illustrates, lPM goes Recomme nded monitoring frequenc ies, through a number of important steps and is a methods, and sample data sheets are included in dynamic process. Improvements in p est this manual for each major pest (see chapter 3 manageme nt are achieved through cons ta nt and Appendix 4). evaluation and modification of the program. The accurate identification of both pests and Pest-management decisions are based o n beneficials is the essential fu·st step in !PM. To regular monitoring o f pests and beneficial use IPM successfully, it is necessary to be able parasites and predators. Monito ring is best to identify each pest (including the main stages carried out by a competent professional pest in the pest's life cycle) and the major parasites scout but can a lso be done by the grower.
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