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4. Uuvs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & Usvs [Nichols]

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4. Uuvs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & Usvs [Nichols] 4. UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] Student Learning Objectives • – To take a birds-eye view of UUVs in service of detecting, assessing, and classifying underwater munitions • – To study the type of sensors and their performance objectives in underwater service • – To focus on a specific UNCLASSIFIED NSWC PCD demonstration of three UUVs used for detection of munitions targets (both proud and buried) • – To look at improvements in survey UUVs / on surface UVs for shallow water studies. • – To see the future of this technology as a Black Swan event.[1] What is the Advanced Weapons Problem that UUVs can solve? There are underwater munitions sites around the world where the quantity and the type of munitions are either unknown or not well documented. These sites are unsafe and can’t be used for any other purpose. The sites need to be surveyed and all the munitions identified and if necessary disarmed. (Leasko, 2014). Underwater munitions falls in the murky purview (CLASSIFIED) of the National Unmanned Systems Shared Resource Center (NUSSRC) located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division (NSWC PCD). It has multiple offices associated with the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Mine Countermeasure (MCM) UUV systems integrated with advanced sonar, magnetic and electro-optical sensors.[2] These systems provide capability for experimentation 194 | UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] and demonstration of current Science and Technology (S&T) and Research and Development (R&D) program assets as they apply to the detection and classification of underwater mines to be used for detection, assessment, and characterization of underwater munitions. (Leasko, 2014) NSWC PCD The Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division (NSWC PCD) is one of many naval installations conducting S&T research around the world. NSWC PCD is a particularly fascinating one and has a huge mission. NSWC PCD Our mission is to conduct research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) and in-service support of the following core mission areas: Mine Warfare Systems, Naval Special Warfare Systems, Diving and Life Support Systems, Amphibious/Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare Systems and other missions that occur in the littoral, or coastal, regions. NSWC PCD’s Technical Capabilities include: Air Cushion Vehicle Systems; Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare Systems Engineering and Integration; Special Warfare Maritime Mobility Mission Systems and Mission Support equipment; Mine Countermeasure Detect and Engage Systems; Modular Mission Packaging; Platform Integration and Handling; Littoral Mission Systems integration and Modular Mission Packages Certification; Unmanned Systems Engineering and Integration; Autonomous Diving and Diving Support Systems; and Surface Life Support Systems for Extreme Environments. Their major facilities include: Diving and Life Support Complex; Mine Warfare Complex; Special Warfare Research and Engineering Complex; Expeditionary Warfare Complex; Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Facility; LCAC Software Integration Laboratory; Human Systems Integration Usability Lab; USMC Amphibious Raids and Reconnaissance; Integration Facility; Coastal Test Range; Prototype Fabrication Facility; Additive Manufacturing or 3D printing for rapid prototyping; and 3D Expeditionary Laser Scanning. This is the purview of just one of the ten plus NSCW UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] | 195 warfare centers. These are all part of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NSSC), “The force behind the fleet.” (NSWC, 2020) Murky Waters We can get a OPEN SOURCE peek into the use of NAVSEA’s MCM UUV assets to evaluate and demonstrate current technologies with advanced detection, assessment, and characterization sensor packages. NSWC PCD published a report (UNCLASSIFIED) on their Post Mission Analysis (PMA) of all sensor data relating to the performance of UUV technologies for the underwater munitions problem so identified. (Leasko, 2014) [3] The PMA data collection / demonstration by NSWC PCD occurred in early 2011. Technology Three specific UUV assets in the NUSSRC inventory[4] that can address the detection and characterization of underwater munitions in an organic fashion are the Remote Environmental Measuring Units 100 (REMUS 100); the Blufin12 Buried Mine Identification (BMI) UUV systems and the REMUS 600 BMI UUV, with a separate magnetic sensor, the Real-time Tracking Laser Scalar Gradiometer (LSG) to collect data over the field too. (Leasko, 2014) REMUS Group REMUS makes four serious UUV products. REMUS 100, REMUS 300, REMUS 600 and the REMUS 6000. Figure 4.1 shows the REMUS 100/MK 18 Mod 1. The first two UUVs are described. Source: (REMUS, 2020) The REMUS 100 is a man-portable Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) designed for rapid deployment, it can be easily transported via helicopter and launched from a dock or any vessel of opportunity. With a maximum operating depth of 100 meters and a mission duration of up to 12 hours, it is ideal for rapid, low-logistics deployments. (REMUS, 2020). The UUV is 67” L x 7.5” D and weighs 196 | UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] 80 lbs. It has a maximum depth of 328 ft and 6 hours operations time. It is equipped with the following: (REMUS -1., 2020) Environmental Sensor – Fluorometer/Backscatter Sensor – Fast Response Conductivity Temperature Sensor – Oxygen Optode – Turbidity Sensor Imaging Hardware – Bathymetric Side Scan Sonar – Video Camera Recorder (VCR) Module – Lightbar for VCR Module – Gap-Filler Sonar Communication/Navigation Equipment – Precision GPS – Military GPS – Wi-Fi Communications – Iridium Communications – NavP Inertial Navigation System with Payload Processor Software – Navlab Post Processing Software – RECON Software – Reflection Post-Mission Analysis Software Figure 4.1 REMUS 100/MK 18 Mod 1 UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] | 197 Source: (REMUS -1., 2020) REMUS 600 The REMUS 600 is a midsized UUV designed for easy transport and maximum versatility, the REMUS 600 (the US Navy MK18 Mod 2 and LBS AUV Program vehicles) is a highly configurable vehicle with a maximum operating depth of 600 meters. Able to be deployed from vessels as small as an 11 meter RHIB and boasting a maximum mission duration of 24 hours, the REMUS 600 can be outfitted with a broad range of sensors to meet the requirements of nearly any mission. (REMUS -2., 2020) The REMUS 600 has the following specifications: Vehicle Diameter 12.75 in; diameter varies depending upon module (for 600 m depth configuration); Vehicle Length Min length ~9 ft to Max length ~18 ft; length varies depending upon module configuration; Max Weight in Air Min ~850 lbs where weight varies depending upon module configuration; Maximum Operating Depth 600 meters (1500 meter configuration available);Energy 5.4 kWh rechargeable Li-ion battery; (Second 5.4 kWh battery tray is optional), exchangeable battery option available; and Endurance Typical mission endurance is up to 24 hours in standard configuration; subject to speed, battery and sensor configurations. (REMUS -3., 2020) It is equipped with the following (See Figure 4.2) : Standard System Configurations – Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) 198 | UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] – Compass or Inertial Navigation System as Standard Depending on Configuration – Acoustic Modem (Low & High Frequency Options Available) – Pressure Depth Sensor – Conductivity & Temperature Sensor – GPS/Wi-Fi/Iridium – Emergency Recovery Equipment – Terrain Avoidance Sonar Optional Equipment – Up to (2) Battery Trays – Responder for Surface Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) – Navigation Aiding – NavP/HG 9900 INS with Payload Processor – Obstacle Avoidance Sonar Optional Sensors – Dual Frequency Sidescan Sonar – HiSAS 2040 Synthetic Aperture Sonar – Dynamically Focused Sidescan Sonar – Optical Environmental Characterization Sensors – Video Camera – Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) – Electronic Still Camera (ESC) – Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP) – Fish Finding Echo Sounders – Oxygen Sensors – Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor – LED Based Lights & Strobes for Cameras – High Precision, Dual-Band GPS Receiver – Terrain Avoidance Sonar (Obstacle Avoidance Sonar optional) – Other Custom Sensor Options Available Shipboard Devices – Shipboard Communications Mast – Power Box with Battery Charger/Conditioner – Shipboard Communications System (GPS, Iridium, Wi-Fi and Optional Freewave) UUVs, Advanced Sensors, Munitions Detection & USVs [Nichols] | 199 – Acoustic Communications Bottle – Ranger Deck Box – Acoustic Transducer Towfish – Releasable Acoustic Transponders – Portable Surface Communications Station Figure 4.2 REMUS 600 UUV “The REMUS 6000 AUV (Figure 4.3) was designed under a cooperative program involving the Naval Oceanographic Office, the Office of Naval Research and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in support of deep-water autonomous operations. The REMUS 6000 AUV boasts the same proven software and electronic subsystems found in our highly successful REMUS 100 AUV, with a depth rating, endurance, and payload that allow for autonomous operations in up to 6000 meters of water.” (REMUS -4, 2020) The REMUS 6000 has Vehicle Diameter 28 in by Vehicle Length 13 ft and weighs in Air 1900 lbs; works at Maximum Operating Depth 6000 meters (4000 meter configuration also available); Energy 12 kWh rechargeable Li-ion battery pack for two pressure housings; a second 12 kWh set can be purchased
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