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A Study of Cohesion in Falam Chin Folktales

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A Study of Cohesion in Falam Chin Folktales A STUDY OF COHESION IN FALAM CHIN FOLKTALES ENG LIAN HNGAK Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS Payap University January 2020 Title: A Study of Cohesion in Falam Chin Folktales Researcher: Eng Lian Hngak Degree: Master of Arts in Linguistics Advisor: Taeho Jang, Ph.D. Approval Date: 20 January 2020 Institution: Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand The members of the thesis examination committee: 1. _________________________________ Committee Chair (Peter Freeouf, Ph.D.) 2. _________________________________ Committee Member (Taeho Jang, Ph.D.) 3. _________________________________ Committee Member (Stephen Doty, Ph.D.) Copyright © Eng Lian Hngak Payap University, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been a privilege to work with Dr. Taeho Jang, my thesis advisor. I am grateful for all of his invaluable comments, suggestions, and guidance throughout the writing process. My thesis examiners, Dr. Steve Doty, and Dr. Peter Freeouf, also gave me thorough feedback which substantially developed the project. I am thankful for their patience, and generous comments in revising this thesis. My family has been faithful in supporting me in many ways. In particular, I am grateful to my mom, Van Nei Par, for all of the sacrifices she made for me, and for doing everything possible to help me succeed in my studies and life. I am grateful to my sister Adrianna Manaugh who offered help both financially and with editing of this thesis. I am truly blessed to have a sister like her, who is thoughtful, loving, and caring. Thank you for believing in me, and for making me believe that I can achieve great things in life. I am also thankful to have received so much support from the students, faculty, and staff of the linguistics department at Payap. I benefited greatly from their teaching, guidance, advice, and friendship, and their help with editing and paperwork. In particular, I am grateful to Aj. Tom Tehan, and Aj. Audra Phillips for their help with the initial sketch of my thesis, to Aj. Terry Gibbs for formatting-magic and friendship, and to Iain Baxter for help with proofreading. Finally, I wish to thank those who offered me financial support at different stages of my study: Dr. Pa Sang, Mr. Jeff German, and my friend Eli Cork. Without their finanancial support, words of encouragement, prayers, and friendship, it would not have been possible for me to finish my studies at Payap University. Eng Lian Hngak (Cross) i Title: A Study of Cohesion in Falam Chin Folktales Researcher: Eng Lian Hngak Degree: Master of Arts in Linguistics Advisor: Taeho Jang, Ph.D. Approval Date: 20 January 2020 Institution: Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Number of Pages: 122 Keywords: Discourse, Folktales, Kuki-Chin, Falam, Cohesion ABSTRACT This paper analyzes three Falam Chin folktales for the purpose of identifying cohesive devices that create relations of meaning in texts. The investigation is based on a theoretical framework formulated out of three cohesion sources. The sources are Halliday and Hasan’s Cohesion of English, Dooley and Levinsohn’s Analyzing Discourse (2001), and Halliday and Matthiessen’s An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2004). The integrated framework covers four major categories of cohesive devices, such as (i) identity, (ii) conjunction, (iii) inflectional pattern, and (iv) lexical relation. The first category, identity, is divided into four subclasses: reference, other pro-forms, substitution, and ellipsis. The second category, conjunction, is divided into eight subclasses: apposition, clarification, addition, variation, spatio-temporal, manner, causal-conditional, and matter. The third category, inflection pattern, deals with devices that mark identity or consistency in a sequence of clauses and sentences. The final category, lexical relation, contain five subsets: repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, and collocation. The theoretical framework is applied to the analysis of the three folktales, and the findings showed that three of the four major categories of cohesion were found in all the stories. These categories are identity, conjunction, and lexical relation. Of these three categories, lexical relation indicates the highest frequency of occurrence at 63%, and the category with the lowest frequency points to conjunction at 6%. The third major type of cohesion, inflectional pattern, was not found in any of the stories. ii ชื่อเรื่อง: การศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ในเนื้อเรื่องของนิทานพื้นบ้านของ ภาษาพะล่าน ชีน ผู้วิจัย: นายเอ็งเลียนงัก ปริญญา: ศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต (ภาษาศาสตร์) อาจารย์ที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์หลัก: ดร. แทโฮ จาง วันที่อนุมัติผลงาน: 20 มกราคม 2020 สถาบันการศึกษา: มหาวิทยาลัยพายัพ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ประเทศไทย จ านวนหน้า: 122 ค าส าคัญ: สัมพันธสาร นิทานพื้นบ้าน กูกี-ชีน, พะล่าน ความสัมพันธ์ บทคัดย่อ งานวิจัยนี้วิเคราะห์นิทานพื้นบ้าน 3 เรื่องในภาษาพะล่าน ชีน โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อบ่งชี้กลไกที่ ก่อให้เกิดความสัมพันธ์ของความหมายในเนื้อเรื่อง การวิเคราะห์นี้ใช้กรอบทฤษฎีที่ดึงมาจาก แหล่งข้อมูลซึ่งเกี่ยวกับความสัมพันธ์ของเนื้อเรื่อง 3 แหล่งด้วยกัน ได้แก่ Cohesion of English ของ Halliday และ Hason, Analyzing Discourse (2001) ของ Levinsohn และ An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2004) ของ Halliday กับ Matthiessen กรอบทฤษฎีที่น ามาบูรณาการนี้ ประกอบไปด้วยกลไลความสัมพันธ์ 4 กลุ่ม ได้แก่ (1) ลักษณะเฉพาะ (2) ค าสันธาน (3) รูปแบบค าผัน และ (4) ความสัมพันธ์ในแง่ความหมาย กลุ่มแรก “ลักษณะเฉพาะ” ถูกแบ่งออกเป็น 4 กลุ่มย่อย ได้แก่ ค าอ้างอิง รูปแทนอื่นๆ การใช้ค าแทน และการละค า กลุ่มที่สอง “ค าสันธาน” ถูกแบ่งออกเป็น 8 กลุ่มย่อย ได้แก่ นามสรรพนาม ค าขยายความ ค าเพิ่มเติมความ ค าแปร ค าที่บ่งบอกเวลาและพื้นที่ ค าที่บ่งบอกลักษณะ ค าที่บ่งบอกเงื่อนไข และค าที่บ่งบอกสถานการณ์ กลุ่มที่สาม รูปแบบค าผัน คือ กลไกที่แสดงให้เห็นถึงลักษณะเฉพาะหรือความสอดคล้องของอนุประโยคและประโยค กลุ่มสุดท้าย “ความสัมพันธ์ในแง่ความหมาย” ประกอบไปด้วย 5 กลุ่มย่อย ได้แก่ ค าซ้ า ค าพ้องความหมาย ค าลูก กลุ่ม ค าแสดงส่วนประกอบ และค าที่เกิดขึ้นร่วมกัน จากกรอบทฤษฎีที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์นิทาน พื้นบ้านทั้ง 3 เรื่อง พบว่ามีการใช้กลไกความสัมพันธ์ 3 ใน 4 กลุ่ม อันได้แก่ ลักษณะเฉพาะ ค าสันธาน และความสัมพันธ์ในแง่ความหมาย โดยปรากฏว่ามีการใช้กลไกความสัมพันธ์ในแง่ความหมายสูงสุดที่ 63% และกลไกความสัมพันธ์ที่น้อยที่สุดได้แก่ ค าสันธาน ที่ 6% กลไกที่ก่อให้เกิดความสัมพันธ์ของ ความหมายรูปแบบที่ 3 “รูปแบบค าผัน” ไม่ปรากฏในนิทานพื้นบ้านใด ๆ ในการศึกษานี้ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... i Abstract ..........................................................................................................................ii บทคัดย่อ ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ x List of Abbreviations and Symbols............................................................................... xi Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 People ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Geography ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Population ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Classification ................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Limitation and scope .......................................................................................... 13 1.7 Contribution ....................................................................................................... 14 1.8 Overview ............................................................................................................ 14 1.9 Summary ............................................................................................................ 15 Literature Review ....................................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Falam Language ................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Grammar overview ............................................................................................ 19 2.3.1 Morphology ................................................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Case Marking .............................................................................................. 25 2.3.3 Noun phrase ...............................................................................................
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