Baluchitherium, ~From the Oligocene of Mongolia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Baluchitherium, ~From the Oligocene of Mongolia Further Notes on the Gigantic Extinct Rhinoceros, Baluchitherium, ~from the Oligocene of Mongolia BY WALTER GRANGER AND WILLIAM K. GREGORY. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VoL. LXXII, ART. I, pp. 1-73 'j- New York I I88se4 Augut 21, 1936 I I ,, ''. 1, V-. -.-., II".IZ: "III",III " .,\-. "" ". I---., " _-.1 ,.,... ".,,f, .,\,JT,-V;. ,;I', II ,,. --,-,i -I ..w ,:;.,;.,:I ,,,,...--.;! ,,,I I,-I,'..'.,.i_ .-'I,-11,...z .,.,,,,..1.1..I-.,II,,,I'A..-.,-.,1.F1.-II44,", ,..,II.-I,IzI1:II-I;, I. .II.,I.I.,,,.,:.,,..,,i,'.,...,.''..,ItI"'A.1.I.. ,,,,,,"I.II..II,..I ,f.),. ,-.,.I--III-"",-."..'..., I,,,1. .1 .,1.. ,.. ..A. ..,.., -'I',,II-..,.-.,".,,,: -.-.,..i.,,...-I-w.v,"-,, ..,,II-,I.-": ...,..I..I..,-1.'. .-I-"iI.;..,.11--.11..;II-..'11'1. i"".II.II.",11-,...1.,,;.. ..I.I",.",1.4.-","I.I.. .... `11-1.I.I,,.,I1. 1, Ii.,...,,,-I." ..II..:-.d- ,,I..,..,.,...'..II",,.,,.,-,."II,,,I,I ."I.,,,,,'.,,--..(.s..t.,,.I-_ .,.I- -.!...II " ..I...-,_.i " .,.II1..:,_.-I:, .,. I.-.1,1,,I,.I I..,.I1-I11.. .1,,-..-I.11I-I!.I,-I.I,II.I...,"., .,,.I -.. .. "', "111 ,,.,.I,,-I1..'I.-III -i,.,.,I0.,.,.',..-,,I ,.,,-I..I-:.'.""'.II.,..,:k ..,. ", -, .".t.. ,,...",.,,-,.II..,-, ,,,",11I..-,;..;.I..,.tI --_. ..t, 'ii,"--II.1:.-7:III..''. ,I:,,-,,I-,.,1. 11-I -.1.. "I,..'.,,..., -, \.., "., I, -I_.I.,.1: .,. ,.,,., " ,,.. .,..,.. ..I-,.,..,--.,I-iwIo-- "I 12..,;,...I,'.,:. ,,_: .-" .,1,--.:-i-.IIjiI:.,:,, ..-I-.-,!,.',I_.I..,.,..I.-..I,IIII'..4.-._I1...,.,._,.;,,.I,",I...,II_..III".-.i,-I:I.,,11II-I-I,11.II -.I.. .I: ,),I ..I-II.,o IIII,.,,.III-"I.-.,,.-II.,...,; ...III- I,..-.-III ;,e--,--,., 11 ,.I,.,,i. ,..II.,..,.IIIII.,IiI1....I.I..,,-I ,.,I.vIiw, -1 -I..,t....I. -....;..-.--1, ,. ;, tt I..--I.':I..",?,.%.I..,6-..T-..,1, ., ,_.-..I....,,..".I...I.,,I..I...11,,,,.,-,...."?,..-.I."I,II-1I..-.I..I,`,.,..IN11kI.1..I.-_,I..1..,.I%..,, .--I 11 ,;.l,'p -.I...-:(-I -"/.,.,"..'.I,I-)11..-,..-1.,..I1- ,.,.,_-, -. -",.1.;:1 -,.f,.I,I.,,II" ...I..,.-, II rI"...,VI .1, .I..If, ..II.,1. ,,,.II ..I.,1II..I-1-olII.t,...,,,,I-..",,.,1.III",!.,,-I,-,.--.-..,..! 11.,,;,I,.,._;. ._-,.I.j,,,...ItI,..,..,..I,/,:I.,I1.",.,I-,-.,,.,. .I,. -,,!.,.,,.,.,II,I.1,,,.,.,I- ..,. .I,., I!,'I."I-.II:,..,...IIII?.,`.-,...,,,,.,,,,..,4.,_4 .,..,1(.. ,,;-.4, / % It.;- ,-' ''...-,.,i..."1, .II"%)I./-,"I.I-.11,,, ,-,.,,.,1-141,,., ;,v,I.,.,,"..I"; ,.1_ I.i,I"I II,,:-,.I." I.I-I?,-,11 ! .,.;....,,I,.I.'.I-I.)-----,.,';,I,_.I._.,II-II..II.,....,.11,. -;k "I.".k,,-,.,y".,.,I..I.,. ",-, ,jI,.,I.?.`I :1.,..,,,I-:I,Ii 1...'. ,"t, II.I--.--,,,).I,.I.1.-.,-.,...,,,-.,,.-..-,, ,I- ,;;;,.".--'(,"-... .,-. -: I. ,.I..,, ,, - ".,,. .,..-.II,,"',....I..' ,,I,. 1I..-.-,11'v .I..'' ,./I.,.;,. "-..`., ". 1, 11 ,.,,,,. ,..,N "', -,. .,I--...1, .. .., -, .. .i,,., I.., I"I.-T -..,,'.,,1.,,1, .,,.,,.. f,r ,.Y. "",1.; .",-III..I .;I,--,...,.1.:II-X.,,N ,III.--.i,, ,I;,_... ,I. ". ..," ",.. .,,4.I,..,,.,.:-;I,,...,...-II,.-.I, -.4., .,%,,"II."..-i,:., ,;1,,i," )..,,,!,,, .; ..__kI., ,,).,/-. I..), "' .; ,_. ,,..t ,.,.,".I,,, ",,,.._.,,"..,,,y..;II ,,,,I..-.1.I.,.,.i.III...-...!, .,..1,",-.,".. ,,."!,,.I..1..,.'0., -. .1'1.I ..,II,I.II..,._)_I.,-_._I,/ .11 _I.,,(I., '). I- 11-I. ._,II' ,'I...t I-I,....., .,. .;.,.Vl_.:-I, .. I1. --'II1.1'1-,1..,IIII-'-,I,,_. I_.". 1, I,-,II-. .", 1....I...,,,.; .I.:,"I.I--,11..-..I.f1..'.I.1.,.111.I..1._..i-f,'i,,. ...I_..&.,.._1IIII .,,/:,,,","Y .1, "I 4' ,': II.I,,,11,. .;t.i ,.I, ;.,,,; -,.,,T,I..i,4___... 11.f,.11 -.-,.1,."11.I: -,.-.," I'.,!) ",,,", ....I. I.III, ..,, ,".._-': .1.I,-,.4 t,,.,,II., :,. 1..,\ ..I.-".",,...,.I.t' ..I" II ,",,,;.1 ;..' ,,..-,I...,III- ,.;..I"."II- ,, 1,.-,,.,.-_,1,,c...I,-,,,,,.."...---.,,,...I,,.11 . I--1 ,. ,,-,,,_j -;, ,!t.,,. ,,01I,,.) --.-III..!1.t .. 17..I.Ll. I'..II.-.I-.,..,I, ,... ,7., .,,.,,.-,,,,tI,. ,.I..I-, 1, ,_. -, , .."',"..L.'- -, -,- .!II,..,.--I,J'.;`, .'l..-.,:-,,,I, .-/I,,.IIT.'. 1, ... ",!., ..,,_-,- %. .1. 112.,,.,,-, ,_I.II-.. .II II.I.._1.,,I.;,:I,....,...I III..,;.-,-..,,,.w,,,_. ",I-.`-" " .11 .1!.,...,,.I.,-....I--t1..II11."II"i-,., -_ -,II, .0.,I,11--.;,,.'."'I.",",,; ...-,I-I. .,?.' ...-,"., .;- -I-,, I,.r""-",41,1,I4.,-I',, ..,., .I .r I.__.II,7...,.I,.,",_4.'1, .:,.,-../,,I- '. .,., ,,,"- "(.k 11,I.",,", - _.,,-"',,- 1...,. 1.-"' .' '- ,II,",I.i.-Ir;-I. ,-I... ,, I- -,,.-". ,., ,, -.1,.-",I.1, - _.% ,.I,-"-7-. .::..t-., I.. ."p. ,..",,-/..J"I.III11..,A,".,,,,.,. -,-,,-I,.".I"\ '' _.,,.4.I,.,.. ,.,,! ,,."I- I,. ..-.,,,...,.III,.. -I I. ,:, ",,,.,.,,..---- ,-/'-,7, ,1:1- :,,..,,1. -..-.I,,,,,:,, ,.."-,.:.\..1,I"__4'm,II11;`:',,,..,I..I-11'._.'..."-,.,I."..;I...I.,-!-..-1-II,,.I..,--.1,.. I, I,,-;-..",,",,.lk i,I,I ,";., I:.,.I,I,, ,%.I..I, .,,;.,.,I -/ ...,,,":, I11, ,., ,1. -1 ,." .,;X,;!_,,..",..I:...I.,"" ,II j...1, I,IO. .;...r-",,.,, It I;I..,;,.. 71...,IV),., 1,,i...;." k..,..; ,'.,-,,;".,.., -- .1.,"I -... "4,.tj.,I11-r-..,.,,-,, ,.', -:.--I-,"..1,I.,.7.11.I-`,..1'1%_ ;.,,-,II-, .,I.1,< II-, ",-.I- "';I". -,I..."-., ..,,-I-I._; 1-.,., "i 11.I I,..Iz...I- -",,"......-, -. ".,... ,..-,,......,..i..-;., I..,.1.!, .. IIf../-A ", ..,-.I.-','ti,.I-A` .",..-. If,..,", ,,I:,.,,,...II("'., 1, /_I11,.11., .1o..,,I,. .,-, I- ,.',,_.kI-11. I,-i.,, I.I.II",...:,, _,."-.":.,..,,"11K'.,I.....I..., I- ..:..I,. .1..III,. ),. f ,,I'..,I `-I4,". 1,VI./. ,/1."I:1.. ,,,,..,.- .,,.....,,,,..,:,-.,-;..'. ;"I,,-iI,,,..-,".,,_:`._/,i4,I,.. -. -'N..,,-,,-.1,,.`.I.,i,,.I I.,. ..,,,,;_,,1-.,.! 11..:,") ,.;- I'.I...--I...1,,I,.,-,,1II,- ", 11 '.,i '_" -,: _ \. I"Ai,.,.,,j..,. K",.,-1.,..,I..,,I.. ,_ ". ,1,,,'Ii..,-.I.I1-,I,,.I,,. 1.,. I I_--,.eI,..,1.,I.., ..'._,.,.:,._.-.t..,,...,-..,I.-1.I,;,,').- 41,,.,_,.,.-.,.-..j-,,":,"1, i, 11. ,,,-L...,4,".,...-,..I 11 ,.,Ii.1,,I"I.,"...II,III. ,..I,-I.- :...I.-.-...-II.","1,.,.t,I.,.I .,,;.I;,j.A. \II... Ir.,_.,,"---.--.,I..,,,11..I"I. .1.",, II,-,.,I.I11..,,,.., ,,,---,., ., ,,-I.-1,I,::..".II.I'i.1.., i;- I"f.-,,-..I1-1T, '. ,.I,.- ". ,.,III IIII",,._ ,.-;"" '. \"', .., .;I.-.I1...z:. IV-.. ,-.,_. .,, ,11.III,.II" :..". .,..-.... I,I,,I.II...,-. I.,i.N,,-,-1,..;"",-- ,_". "I.%.,,'. ,.I I...-,,t., ,., .1. t, ..,-. .---,I.t.,,..IIi1.,.,". ,,-I-It, ..:,,.'.,I..1-:111- -,,I,III,").-i ,-,>, ,,I'..I..... ,.-.. .---.-,--.-,-II \'. I,,I.I.I.I.,II.,,,,--,-I-.1.I, "'-': f,,_;,.....-,1. ,,..C.,,I % ., t,.,..7", 1,.-_.,-,,I,_," i.",I..1,I1.).,...,,, 1,I..:.11,...- .,` ,-.,,...-..,_. ,,. iI..,,,,.,,!, i' - .-0,. ."'.,' ...), ..,.;,.I,:. :.I..,II:..,..,\`I1.,!_.,,,itI....;II,."j,..II II " -I.j IIII,( I. ,,"..,ILI ...%II,",i't",.7.1-...1,...:-,.,,y.(.I..I,:-.-1I.8.,,,.-,.:,, ,-, .,,,..,,...,.I...,,,I .1. .., .;I1. ,-"/,,.,,..,,,., ;/j.-,"..-:,. ;:,-,.'!?I ,I.,".,..,,-,, .1, ,-.,I,.1, ,,.,-,I11...,.,---- .. 'i '.,:,.,;I/-..f.,. .,,, "' -,.,..,I`,.. I.I,II.,-,.,-..-,.%,,I.-,: "1.I..`),,.I,,I,.\.IIk. ,..',...,, .,1.,,. ,9.1, ,,..L:,_r,,.,!I.,,. .I1't,-.k-.., .. .,,,.__ _.111.,,1..I-.1..,..,., -.. ,.' I. ,IIIa.._,.,.,-I,4" I, ,,...II..-%.I;'i',k-, ,A,, III.-I.I-.1.,,i,..,,I,,..,..,.I.;_.".,._,-.. :"-, ...-1,,-p 11 ,."III. , ).,;.,,, I/III-ILII..II-1, .,"117\,,,,,11I-1'1 _r .o,4.,.-,.-;"-,,I.-I.m, _, , - ., ,.,.,,1, ).,_.- "-'),,;--.:,"" ;,-.- ;,., ., 1.) I-.-., .--...I..1I.I! I-\..1 -,--III,Ll.'. ,,,, .I .. ,!,-, .-1 % ,. ,V,.,,""1 -:.,."ZI..,If..e -.,.-.I 4., .,, ,II1- ,:i,. "ii,..''I.,,, .. " I,.II.,,I,"I'll f. ._I-'.-.,; ..,.-.,,./-.,I..I.,Irl.", -. ..-,.%IIj..; .1.,.c, ""..- ,.. 1, ..--_-.,.--,-.--,I.I---,-.... I, ,", ,, .4 1.,,, .". ,. ". ."......,.e.I,.. ,,:, ..,. ..I\.";,,. .-_,'_,,'-,. .,-,'/ ..,., ,; I,.t,,,.--,,,.INi.,I,I,., _., ,.I",.,.I,iI'llII...''i-- -.; .,-.;,,,,:,,,/, ," 1. ,. I1), ----'': r:I I..,III, .,, -, ,,. /-. ,\ .-v .,,,,i..I11.1,-,,.I, 1-1 I7." ," ,,,,.".,,,,i- ,",,., I'.., '. .,'.",,..,..,--.,...-.-.- ,.,,..'-.t,.:) ;. -".I,.. \, .,.F-I,.,1,-..I-'.,1.. ,.1. ..,* ,,, .,,.,.. .?".. .. .:,-:1.oM. I\..1 -1.1.I-,.-\"1,.-, .,\,., ,/,"__.,.1. ".":,,...,."..i,-.,.4,.,w.,.,L.,16..-.1.,f1. 1,,...-..-. -. I...,-. '. .;iI1, .-:.1,-,, ._It.....",1y,--:.I-, ,';,, A,l,,.d,.;Ii,-, 1.,11.." --? ,,.---. -I.II. 1-4,.,i.1I".d,._.I.,,,.,.I." II.,,,:!.--.,':I-.1.,.,.--711..-.,..II1-,,.,,I_..'," .,.t,,-,Y-",..,.,,.-.;..,,;,,I-.,._,,.,III.tI..1.I,.--- 41 .-I.. -I1... .I/,,,\,i". .,..-" ,1..I .-. .,.,-- ,I-I-,1`V-.."Y,.,"I...I,.II. -,-_".1.,-, -,,,- ;.,I1..,.,.I. ."..,, "I 11'., II..., "_-7.11:,:,,,,.".,.! .I.1..I,, .1 .,II,."(. I,\.-j'. ,.,I..1,- .,,,,.., I,I.1.,.II.II...!,,,--I._,_. z,I .I.I.-1:1,I-11-:,,.I.II...1. .., .. "Y -- '.,.,'i'l__1I.-II:e.oa,1.,.:,.,I, ,. 'O,,.'FI-1.----,--,, .. ".! . ,I r-.II"'--I..,,,'i ,,::I.1,.-_111I..,-.I-t.1.1, ,, 'i I..:. .\ ,.I,II Ii.I ''-... .,- .I. ..I,f-..;.I .-/.",.:,t,.,,.,,,:.,.", "..I", -...,,I,'9,,.i.LI.I .-.--;.,,I _,"I. ..-,;- ,..,ilI:-' ,,,- I;, -\ - " .t,,,- ,,,, ,\,..,.t,,-I,.-.,I.11",_..- .4,., ,.,,.,., .`) ,... .,vI.1/."".,'.'I(,.,- j-, X,.I.-III".2:.4-IIII -.. ".-'i .. I., -_ O.,I.I"".,.,,,,,,I,,..,v,-,,.,.', ,1 .,-,-.,-..I.I_',_-,_,--","I-."", ,., ,.:I..'k,",., ,..."I,II,I,.%."\..I1I'.,I".I.";5.,iI..(...1I-...IIIJI,..II-.t ;i-. __. ". -. 1V"',,,,...-,I"..`. ,.,. 11I,.I11I.-._I,,"I.II--.....,.,,.,,,.i.,--,..-,-.-))'. ,II,,.., ,..-I,"..", ,,11 ., .!,." _1. o..- i?I.,I...-I,,AI.,-_;.,II.!,."11,,-.4..\".,..,...,4A,,,I,,.--;I.,1,..11 .;-. ,. .;J,.. .: ,I t-,;,' -,, "iI t- I_I, , "I ..7.1,I..,.,,-1...,.,,o!,,1,-., "."I .-, 1._ 1,,.-.,"..11,1.i,.-C7I1.I.\.":-..,.,I'' .,,-: ,, .., ,."..,.1. ,I ,,.- -, ., ,I.'. .-,i,..-.:.-, ,.-1I "I.V. ,;...iI..,,- ":,.-':.I.',.. \,i.II., I.,II.1,,"-..;-. ;.,,.I...11--,._:.111;I..,.k,- -_x .,,1,.II11..11.,.I....,I..., ..... .I ..I.I.-",II iI..I ., ,_\....", ., .II I..III.1..I,.-..,,.-.I;,..,\,..I!.rI.,-
Recommended publications
  • Timeline of Natural History
    Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it.
    [Show full text]
  • 149-Page PDF Version
    By Bradford Hatcher © 2019 Bradford Hatcher ISBN: 978-0-9824191-8-2 Download at: https://www.hermetica.info/Intervention.html or: https://www.hermetica.info/Intervention.pdf Cover Photo Credit: Found online. Appears to be a conception of an evolved Terran reptilian life form. Table of Contents Part One 5 Preface 5 Puppet Shows 7 Waldo Speaking, Part 1 11 Waldo Speaking, Part 2 17 Wilma Speaks of Spirit 24 The Eck 30 Gizmos and the Van 34 Growing Up Van 42 Some Changes are Made 49 Culling Homo Non Grata 56 Introducing the Ta 63 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ta 67 Vestan, Myco, and Raptor Ta 72 Part Two 78 Progress Report at I+20 78 Desert Colonies 80 The Final Frontier, For Now 85 The Stellar Fleet 89 Remembering Community 94 Prototypes and Lexicons 99 For the Kids 104 Cultural Evolution 112 Cultural Engineering 119 Bioengineering 124 The Commons 128 The Tour 132 Mitakuye Oyasin 137 A Partial Glossary 147 Part One It gives one a feeling of confidence to see nature still busy with experiments, still dynamic, and not through nor satisfied because a Devonian fish managed to end as a two-legged character with a straw hat. There are other things brewing and growing in the oceanic vat. It pays to know this. It pays to know that there is just as much future as there is past. The only thing that doesn't pay is to be sure of man's own part in it. There are things down there still coming ashore. Never make the mistake of thinking life is now adjusted for eternity.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of an Assemblage Massively Dominated by Carnivorans from the Miocene of Spain
    Origin of an Assemblage Massively Dominated by Carnivorans from the Miocene of Spain M. Soledad Domingo1*, M. Teresa Alberdi2, Beatriz Azanza3, Pablo G. Silva4, Jorge Morales2 1 Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, 2 Departamento de Paleobiologı´a, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Madrid, Spain, 3 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad Ciencias, Instituto Universitario de Investigacio´n en Ciencias Ambientales de Arago´n, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain, 4 Departamento de Geologı´a, Universidad de Salamanca, Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de A´ vila, A´ vila, Spain Abstract Carnivoran-dominated fossil sites provide precious insights into the diversity and ecology of species rarely recovered in the fossil record. The lower level assemblage of Batallones-1 fossil site (Late Miocene; Madrid Basin, Spain) has yielded one of the most abundant and diversified carnivoran assemblage ever known from the Cenozoic record of mammals. A comprehensive taphonomic study is carried out here in order to constrain the concentration mode of this remarkable assemblage. Another distinctive feature of Batallones-1 is that the accumulation of carnivoran remains took place in the context of a geomorphological landform (cavity formation through a piping process) practically unknown in the generation of fossil sites. Two characteristics of the assemblage highly restrict the probable causes for the accumulation of the remains: (1) the overwhelming number of carnivorans individuals; and (2) the mortality profiles estimated for the four most abundant taxa do not correspond to the classic mortality types but rather were the consequence of the behavior of the taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 - Introduction
    EURASIAN MIDDLE AND LATE MIOCENE HOMINOID PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE HOMININAE by Mariam C. Nargolwalla A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by M. Nargolwalla (2009) Eurasian Middle and Late Miocene Hominoid Paleobiogeography and the Geographic Origins of the Homininae Mariam C. Nargolwalla Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The origin and diversification of great apes and humans is among the most researched and debated series of events in the evolutionary history of the Primates. A fundamental part of understanding these events involves reconstructing paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic patterns in the Eurasian Miocene; a time period and geographic expanse rich in evidence of lineage origins and dispersals of numerous mammalian lineages, including apes. Traditionally, the geographic origin of the African ape and human lineage is considered to have occurred in Africa, however, an alternative hypothesis favouring a Eurasian origin has been proposed. This hypothesis suggests that that after an initial dispersal from Africa to Eurasia at ~17Ma and subsequent radiation from Spain to China, fossil apes disperse back to Africa at least once and found the African ape and human lineage in the late Miocene. The purpose of this study is to test the Eurasian origin hypothesis through the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, in situ evolution, interprovincial and intercontinental dispersals of Eurasian terrestrial mammals in response to environmental factors. Using the NOW and Paleobiology databases, together with data collected through survey and excavation of middle and late Miocene vertebrate localities in Hungary and Romania, taphonomic bias and sampling completeness of Eurasian faunas are assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet the Gilded Lady 2 Mummies Now Open
    Member Magazine Spring 2017 Vol. 42 No. 2 Mummies meet the gilded lady 2 mummies now open Seeing Inside Today, computerized inside of mummies, revealing CT scans of the Gilded Lady tomography (CT) scanning details about the person’s reveal that she was probably offers researchers glimpses age, appearance, and health. in her forties. They also suggest of mummified individuals “Scans like these are noninvasive, that she may have suffered like never before. By combining they’re repeatable, and they from tuberculosis, a common thousands of cross-sectioned can be done without damaging disease at the time. x-ray images, CT scans let the history that we’re trying researchers examine the to understand,” Thomas says. Mummy #30007, known as the Gilded Lady, is one of the most beautifully preserved mummies from The Field Museum’s collection, and one of 19 now on view in the special exhibition Mummies. For decades, keeping mummies like this one well preserved also meant severely limiting the ability of researchers to study them. The result is that little was known about the Gilded Lady beyond what could be gleaned from the mummy’s exterior, with its intricate linen bindings, gilded headdress, and painted facial features. Exterior details do offer some clues. The mummy dates from 30 BC–AD 395, a period when Egypt was a province of the Roman Empire. While the practice of mummification endured in Egypt, it was being transformed by Roman influences. Before the Roman era, for example, mummies had been placed in wooden coffins, while the Gilded Lady is preserved in only linen wrappings and cartonnage, a papier mâché-like material.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligocene and Early Miocene Mammal Biostratigraphy of the Valley of Lakes in Mongolia
    Palaeobio Palaeoenv (2017) 97:219–231 DOI 10.1007/s12549-016-0264-x ORIGINAL PAPER Oligocene and early Miocene mammal biostratigraphy of the Valley of Lakes in Mongolia Mathias Harzhauser1 & Gudrun Daxner-Höck1 & Margarita A. Erbajeva2 & Paloma López-Guerrero1,3 & Olivier Maridet4,5 & Adriana Oliver 1,6 & Werner E. Piller7 & Ursula B. Göhlich1 & Reinhard Ziegler8 Received: 13 July 2016 /Revised: 28 October 2016 /Accepted: 10 November 2016 /Published online: 15 December 2016 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The Taatsiin Gol Basin in Mongolia is a key area for data. Therefore, we test and evaluate the informal biozonation understanding the evolution and dispersal of Central Asian scheme that has been traditionally used for biostratigraphic mammal faunas during the Oligocene and early Miocene. correlations within the basin. Based on the analysis of the huge After two decades of intense fieldwork, the area is extraordi- dataset, a formalised biostratigraphic scheme is proposed. It narily well sampled and taxonomically well studied, yielding a comprises the Cricetops dormitor Taxon Range Zone large dataset of 19,042 specimens from 60 samples. The spec- (Rupelian), subdivided into the Allosminthus khandae Taxon imens represent 176 species-level and 99 genus-level taxa com- Range Subzone and the Huangomys frequens Abundance prising 135 small mammal species and 47 large mammals. A Subzone, the Amphechinus taatsiingolensis Abundance Zone detailed lithostratigraphy and new magnetostratigraphic and (early Chattian), the Amphechinus major Taxon Range Zone radiometric datings provide an excellent frame for these biotic (late Chattian), subdivided into the Yindirtemys deflexus This article is a contribution to the special issue BThe Valley of Lakes in Mongolia, a key area of Cenozoic mammal evolution and stratigraphy^.
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-01-25 Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores Borkovic, Benjamin Borkovic, B. (2013). Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26635 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/498 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores by Benjamin Borkovic A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2013 © Benjamin Borkovic 2013 Abstract Evidence for sexual dimorphism was investigated in the horncores of two ceratopsid dinosaurs, Triceratops and Centrosaurus apertus. A review of studies of sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate fossil record revealed methods that were selected for use in ceratopsids. Mountain goats, bison, and pronghorn were selected as exemplar taxa for a proof of principle study that tested the selected methods, and informed and guided the investigation of sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs. Skulls of these exemplar taxa were measured in museum collections, and methods of analysing morphological variation were tested for their ability to demonstrate sexual dimorphism in their horns and horncores.
    [Show full text]
  • Paraceratherium 在新疆准噶尔盆地北缘的发现及其意义1)
    第 41 卷 第 3 期 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 pp. 220~229 2003 年 7 月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1~3 Paraceratherium 在新疆准噶尔盆地 北缘的发现及其意义1) 叶 捷1 孟 津2 吴文裕1 (1 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所 北京 100044) (2 美国自然历史博物馆 纽约 10024) 关键词 新疆准噶尔盆地 ,晚渐新世 ,副巨犀 中图法分类号 Q915. 877 2000 年 ,笔者在位于新疆准噶尔盆地北缘的福海县哈拉玛盖乡以南的萨尔多依腊地 区测制乌伦古河组地层剖面时 ,在乌伦古河组和索索泉组之间的一套粗碎屑岩层中发现 了一些哺乳动物化石。其中有孟津在 20004 化石点 (46°35. 779′N ,87°43. 818′E) 发现的一 具副巨犀下颌骨。该下颌保存了这类动物的一些重要特征 ,这些特征对于解决长期以来 人们对于巨犀分类的有关争论以及含化石地层的时代提供了重要信息。 新疆萨尔多依腊的巨犀下颌支和牙齿的形态与 Forster2Cooper (1911 :p. 713 ; 1924 : Fig. 7) 描述的 Bugti 的 Paraceratherium bugtiense 标本在以下几个方面很相似 :1) 下颌水平 支底缘在颊齿列部位向下弯凸 ,其最大深度位于 m1、m2 之间 ;2) 联合部在 p2 前下弯 ;3) p2 之前的联合部上表面呈槽形 ,两侧形成锐脊 ;4) 仅有第一对下门齿 (i1) ,第二、三对门 齿已退化消失 ,该齿呈较长的圆锥形 ,伸向下前方 ,左右门齿基部相靠 ,顶端分离 ,其上无 使用磨蚀痕迹 ,齿根很粗壮 ;5) p2 的形态及 p2 没有被磨蚀的迹象。Forster2Cooper 指出 (1924 ,p. 369) ,他建立的 Paraceratherium 属的很特殊的特征是“a pair of downwardly turned tusks”。换句话说 ,是它具有 1) 下弯的下颌联合部和 2) 较长且呈锥形的第一下门齿。新 疆萨尔多依腊的巨犀在这方面无疑与 Paraceratherium 属是一致的。但它较属型种 P. bugtiense 尺寸大、下颌水平支的相对深度大 ,且 p2 之前的联合部更下弯和背面的凹槽更 深。 自 Forster2Cooper (1911) 创建副巨犀属 ( Paraceratherium) 以来 ,该属的含义多次发生变 化。其原因是 ,在 Bugti 地点发现的巨犀类化石的个体大小相差较大。最初 ,Forster2Cooper 将其中一块尺寸较小、保存较好的下颌作为正型标本记述 ,同时将一块残破的下颌联合 部、一些椎体和肢骨暂时归入了该种。但他指出归入该种的残破的下颌联合部、寰椎和肢 骨相对于正型标本尺寸要大得多 ,可能为雄性个体 ,正型标本则为雌性个体。后来 , Forster2Cooper (1923) 又为大尺寸的寰椎和肢骨建立了新属新种 Baluchitherium osborni ,并认 为该种与 Borissiak 所建立的 Indricotherium turgaicum 的肢骨十分相近 (Forster2Cooper , 1923 : p. 35) 。 1) 国家自然科学基金项目(编号 : 40172010 ,49928201) 资助。 收稿日期 :2003 - 02 - 10 3 期 叶 捷等 : Paraceratherium 在新疆准噶尔盆地北缘的发现及其意义 122 Granger 和 Gregory(1936) 在记述内蒙古发现的 Baluchitherium 时认为
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References
    Samuels, Regnault & Hutchinson, PeerJ Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References Supplementary Table S1: Mammaliaform patellar status$ Inclusive clades Genus and Stratigraphic age of Patellar Comments# (partial) species (and taxon, and location(s) state reference(s) used for 0/1/2 patellar status) (absent/ ‘patelloid’/ present) Sinoconodonta Sinoconodon Jurassic, China 0 Patellar groove absent, suggests no rigneyi (Kielan- patella Jaworowska et al., 2004) Sinoconodon is included on our phylogeny within tritylodontids. Morganucodonta Megazostrodon Late Triassic, southern 0 rudnerae (Jenkins Africa & Parrington, 1976) Morganucodonta Eozostrodon sp. Late Triassic, Wales 0 Asymmetric patellar groove, (Jenkins et al., specimens disarticulated so it is hard 1976) to assess the patella but appears absent Docodonta Castorocauda 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 Semi-aquatic adaptations lutrasimilis (Ji et China al., 2006) Docodonta Agilodocodon 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 scansorius (Meng China et al., 2015) Docodonta Docofossor 160 Mya, China 0 brachydactylus (Luo et al., 2015b) Docodonta Haldanodon 150-155 Mya, Late 0 Shallow patellar groove exspectatus Jurassic, Portugal (Martin, 2005b) Australosphenida Asfaltomylos Mid-Jurassic, South ? Postcranial material absent patagonicus America (Martin, 2005a) Australosphenida Ornithorhynchus Extant 2 Platypus, genome sequenced Monotremata anatinus (Warren, Hillier, Marshall Graves et (Herzmark, 1938; al., 2008) Rowe, 1988) Australosphenida Tachyglossus
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Natural History
    Timeline of natural history Main articles: History of the Earth and Geological his- chondrules,[1] are a key signature of a supernova ex- tory of Earth plosion. See also: Geologic time scale and Timeline of evolution- ary history of life • 4,567±3 Ma: Rapid collapse of hydrogen molecular For earlier events, see Timeline of the formation of the cloud, forming a third-generation Population I star, Universe. the Sun, in a region of the Galactic Habitable Zone This timeline of natural history summarizes signifi- (GHZ), about 25,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[2] • 4,566±2 Ma: A protoplanetary disc (from which Earth eventually forms) emerges around the young Sun, which is in its T Tauri stage. • 4,560–4,550 Ma: Proto-Earth forms at the outer (cooler) edge of the habitable zone of the Solar Sys- tem. At this stage the solar constant of the Sun was only about 73% of its current value, but liquid wa- ter may have existed on the surface of the Proto- Earth, probably due to the greenhouse warming of high levels of methane and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere. Early bombardment phase begins: because the solar neighbourhood is rife with large planetoids and debris, Earth experiences a number of giant impacts that help to increase its overall size. Visual representation of the history of life on Earth as a spiral 2 Hadean Eon cant geological and biological events from the formation of the Earth to the rise of modern humans. Times are listed in millions of years, or megaanni (Ma).
    [Show full text]
  • DSA10 Giourtsakis
    Ioannis X. Giaourtsakis Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München Late Neogene Rhinocerotidae of Greece: distribution, diversity and stratigraphical range Giaourtsakis, I.X., 2003 - Late Neogene Rhinocerotidae of Greece: distribution, diversity and stra- tigraphical range - in: Reumer, J.W.F. & Wessels, W. (eds.) - DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF TERTIARY MAMMALS IN EURASIA. A VOLUME IN HONOUR OF HANS DE BRUIJN - DEINSEA 10: 235- 253 [ISSN 0923-9308] Published 1 December 2003 The present contribution provides a comprehensive overview of the Neogene rhinoceroses of Greece and evaluates their affinities with the European and Asian species. The distribution, diver- sity and dispersal of the family in the Eastern Mediterranean are discussed in detail. Knowledge of rhinos during the Middle Miocene in Greece is still very limited, because of the scarce mate- rial. During the Late Miocene the family was diverse and abundant in Greece. The dominant form, Ceratotherium neumayri, was probably an African immigrant that invaded Southeastern Europe, Anatolia and the Middle East during the Late Miocene. This rather subhypsodont tandem-horned rhino has already achieved most of the apomorphic characters of the living Dicerotina. The con- temporary species Dihoplus pikermiensis is also common, but the origin and evolutionary rela- tionships among its Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene relatives are still controversial. The Greek Late Miocene representatives of the subfamily Aceratheriinae are obviously closer related to the Asian genera Chilotherium and Acerorhinus, than to the typical aceratheres Aceratherium, Alicornops and Hoploaceratherium found in Central and Western Europe at the same time. Chilotherium and Acerorhinus migrated into Greece from Central Asia trough Anatolia at the beginning of the Vallesian.
    [Show full text]