Index

Absolute Power of Alienation. trusts for care of graves, See: Suspension of the Abso­ 447 lute Power of Alienation. trusts for employees, 447 Absolute Power of Disposition. For Benefit of Others than · See: Powers. Minor, 440 Accumulations, xi, 432-44 7 For Benefit of Persons Not Advancements for Education in Being, 439, 606-607 and Support from, 441-442 Married Women, 215, 437, Charity, 435, 447 549 Chattels Personal Michigan Law, xi, 435-447 applicability of Michigan Michigan Statutes statutes, 438, 441-442, amendments, 443-444, 445- 443-444 446 applicability to chattels Common-law Rule Against, personal, 438, 441-444 xi, 432-437, 446 effect of violation, 439, 555 Definition, 432 enactment, 435-436 Direction to Establish Sink­ mixed disposition of land ing Fund, 437-438 and chattels, 443 Direction to Pay Income repeal, 445-446 Quarterly, 442 Minority of Person Not in Direction to Pay Off Encum­ Being, 439, 606-607 brance, 438 Mixed Disposition of Land Duration and Chattels, 443 beyond minority of bene­ New York Statutes, 440, 479- ficiary, 443 483 common-law rules, 433-435, Relation of Rules to Rule 437 Against Perpetuities, xi minorities of several per­ Relation of Rules to Rule sons, 438 Against Restraints on minority of unborn per­ Alienation, xi son, 606-607 Royalties Under Mineral period in gross, 442 Lease, 439 thirty-three year statutory Rule Against Perpetuities, period, 445 xi, 326 English law, 433-434 Statutes Restricting Exceptions to Restrictions on purpose, 480-483 charitable trusts, 447 Termination, 434-435 683 684 INDEX Trusts for Permitted, 437 Appointed Interests. See: Administrative Delays Powers. Rule Against Perpetuities, Ascertainment of Measuring 307-309, 346 Lives. See: Rule Against Suspension of the Absolute Perpetuities, Suspension of Power of Alienation, 573- the Absolute Power of Alien­ 574 ation. Agnatic Family, xii Attachment. See: Creditors. Alienability, See also headings Attainder. See: Treason. for various property inter­ Attornment, 2 ests, e.g., Estates in Fee Simple. Bailment. See: Chattels Per­ English Law Summarized, sonal. 6-7 History, l-7 Bankruptcy Contingent Interests, 140 Alienation. See: Alienability, Restraints on Alienation, Estates Tail, 23 Trusts, 237 Suspension of the Absolute Bargain and Sale, 247 Power of Alienation. Beneficiary. See: Trusts. Alimony, 209 Blue Sky Law, 196 All or Nothing Rule. See: Class Bona Fide Purchaser, 204, 207, Gifts. Alternative Limitations. See: 221, 266 Bonds Rule Against Perpetuities, Restraints on Alienation, Suspension of the Absolute Power of Alienation. 195-196 Borough English, 66 Alternative Measures. See: Rule Against Perpetuities (Period); Suspension of the Cemeteries. See: Graves. Absolute Power of Aliena­ Certainty. See: Rule Against tion (Period). Perpetuities, Suspension of Animals. See: Charities, Hon­ the Absolute Power of Alien­ orary Trusts, Rule Against ation. Perpetuities, Suspension of Cestui Que Trust. See: Trusts. the Absolute Power of Alien­ Charitable Corporations. See: ation. Charities. Annuity Charitable Trusts. See: Chari­ Suspension of the Absolute ties. Power of Alienation, 555- Charities. See also: Trusts. 569 Accumulations, 435, 447 Annuity Contracts Charitable Corporations Restraints on Alienation, conveyance to creates per­ 195-196 petuity, 261, 409-410 INDEX 685 distinguished from charit­ unincorporated societies, able trust, 84-85, 409- 414-415, 425-426 415, 515 vesting of cestuis's inter­ gifts to valid, 412-413, 515- ests, 411-412 516 vesting of trustee's estate, power of alienation, 84, 411-412 509, 515 Condition Subsequent on rule against perpetuities, Gift to, 84-86, 239-240 409-411, 418-419 Cy Pres Doctrine, 449 Charitable Trusts Michigan Statutes, 418-419 accumulations. See: Ac­ Mortmain Statutes, 308, 198- cumulations. 199, 410 benefit of animals, 423 Public Welfare Trusts, 419 definiteness of benefic­ Religious Societies iaries, 416-420 trusts for, 414-415 definiteness of purpose, Restraints on Alienation, 85- 416-420 86 distinguished from charit­ Rule Against Perpetuities able corporation, 84-85, duration, 218, 415-417, 418- 409-415, 515 419, 422-423 duration, 218,415,416-417, remoteness of vesting, 409- 422-423 422, 44 7-448 interest of beneficiaries, Statute of Charitable Uses, 412 12 Michigan law summarized, Suspension of the Absolute 419-421 Power of Alienation, 414- public welfare trusts, 419 417, 418-419, 509, 515-516 religious societies, 414-415 Unincorporated Societies restraints on alienation. conveyances to, 413 See: Restraints on Alien­ trusts for, 414-415, 425-426 ation. Chattels Personal restraints on termination, Accumulations. See: Accum­ 218,415-417,422-423 ulations. restrictions on creation, Alienability, 6 411 bailee's interest, 170-171 rule against perpetuities. blue sky law, 196 See: Rule Against Per­ expectant interests. See: petuities. Expectant Interests. suspension of the absolute interest of chattel mortga­ power of alienation. See: gor and conditional ven­ Suspension of the Abso­ dee, 170-171 lute Power of Aliena­ trusts. See: Trusts. tion. Bailment, 158, 169-172 686 INDEX analogous to estate for years, applicability of years, 171 Michigan statutory re­ Charitable Trusts, 417-421 strictions, 327, 494 Class Gifts. See: Class Gifts. Resale Price Maintenance Commercial Transactions Contracts, 180-194 history, 172-180 Restraints on Alienation. Corporate Stock See: Restraints on Aliena­ restraints on alienation, tion. 62, 195-196 Reversions, 164 rule against perpetuities, Right of Entry, 155, 164, 182 408 Rule Against Perpetuities. See: Rule Against Perpe­ Covenants, 182-183 tuities. Credit Sale, 173 Spendthrift Trusts, 208-210, Disposition on Death, 159 229-239, 428, 430 Easements in, 182 Statute of Uses, 202 Equitable Restrictions on, S u s p e n s i o n of Absolute 183, 189 Ownership Estates for Life in, 321 New York statutes, 483 applicability of Michigan Suspension of the Absolute statutory restrictions, Power of Alienation. See: 327, 483-484, 494 Suspension of the Absolute Estates in Power of Alienation. applicability of Michigan Transfer by Will, 6, 159 statutes, 327 Trusts. See also: Trusts. Estates Tail in, 27, 281, 465 applicability of Michigan Executory Interests in, 164, statutes, 230-231, 327 317-319 Unique Chattels, 157 Expectant Interests in, 155- Vesting, 319, 326-327 160, 163-164, 267, 317-319 applicability of Michigan trust, 160 statutes, 327 Forfeiture Chattels Real. See: Estates for bailee's interest, 171 Years. Child En Ventre Sa Mere, 266, History of Law of, 155-162 297-298, 301, 569, 579 Possibility of Reverter, 155, Children. See also: Class Gifts, 164 Vesting. Powers. See also: Powers. Adopted, 310 applicability of Michigan Construction of Instruments, statutes, 379, 383 310 Remainders, 163-164, 267, Claflin v. Claflin, Rule In. See: 317, 319, 326-327 Trusts (Termination). expectant upon estate for Class Gifts, 358-369 INDEX 687 All or Nothing Rule, 363- class whose members can­ 369, 461, 554 not be ascertained, 506 exceptions, 364-365 rules same as under rule relation to rule of conven- against perpetuities, 491 ience, 365-369 Unit Rule, 363-369, 461, 554 Closing of Class, 361-363 exceptions, 364-365 effect of statutory restric- relation to rule of conven­ tions on estates for life, ience, 365-369 495 Vesting, 362-369, 554 Defined, 358-361 Commencement of Period. See: Effect of Statutory Restric­ Rule Against Perpetuities, tions on Estates for Life, Suspension of the Absolute 495 Power of Alienation. Gift to Group Is, 358-359 Commercial Transactions. See: Gift to Named Persons Is Chattels Personal, Restraints Not, 358 on Alienation. Opening of Class, 361-362 Common Law Requirement of Survival, Includes Plantagenet Sta­ 350-357, 360-361 tutes, 14-16 Right of Survivorship, 361 In Force in Michigan, 13-14, 270 Rule Against Perpetuities, Common-Law Rule Against Ac­ 363-369, 461, 491, 554 cumulations. See: Accumu­ Rule of Convenience, 361- lations. 369 Common-Law Rule Against contrary manifestation of Perpetuities. See: R u 1 e intention, 361 Against Perpetuities. effect of statutory restric­ Common Recovery. See: Estates tions on estates for life, Tail, Estates for Years. 495 Competition, 174, 178, 179, 174- exceptions, 362-363 195 relation to all or nothing Computation of Period. See: rule, 365-369 Rule Against Perpetuities, Survivorship, 350-357, 360- Suspension of the Absolute 361 Power of Alienation. Suspension of the Absolute Concurrent Limitations. See: Power of Alienation Rule Against Perpetuities, class as donee of power, Suspension of the Absolute 520-521 Power of Alienation. class as object of power, Conditional Sale Contract, 170- 521-522 171 class which may include Condition members not in being, Nominal, 52-53, llO, 323 505-506, 554 Survival, 350-357 688 INDEX Condition Precedent Rule Against Perpetuities, Effect of Illegality, 152-153, 356-357 448-449 administrative delays, 307- Prevents Vesting, 312-313, 308 333, 344 Suspension of the Absolute Condition Subsequent. See Power of Alienation also: Restraints on Aliena­ administrative delays, 574 tion, Right of Entry, Suspen­ Vesting. See: Vesting. sion of the Absolute Power Words Which Create Estate of Alienation, Vesting. Tail, 20-21, 30-33 Enures Only to Benefit of Contingent Remainder. See: Grantor, 142, 262 Remainder, Vesting. Conditional Limitation. See: Contracts. See also: Land Con­ Executory Interests, Expec­ tant Interests. tract. Consequences of Invalidity. Restraints on Alienation, See: Restraints on Aliena­ 180-195 tion. Rule Against Perpetuities, Consequences of Violation. 397-398 See: Accumulations, Estates Suspension of the Absolute for Life (Statutory Restric­ Power of Alienation, 515 tions on), Rule Against Per­ Convenience. See: Rule of Con­ petuities, Suspension of the venience. Absolute Power of Aliena­ Coots Case. See: Rule in In Re tion. Coots' Estate. Construction of Instruments Corporate Stock Adopted Children, 310 Restraints on Alienation, 62, Death Without Issue, 322, 195-196 326 Rule Against Perpetuities, Effect of Statutory Restric­ 408 tions on Estates for Life, Co-Tenancy. See also: Joint 495 Tenancy, Tenancy in Com­ Influence of Rule Against mon. Perpetuities, 356-357 Restraints on Alienation, 8 Meaning of "Children," 310 Covenants. See also: Restraints Meaning of "Heirs," 336-337 on Alienat_ion. Meaning of "Wife," 573 Chattels Personal, 182-183, Meaning of "Surviving," 351- 189 353, 583, 594 Creditors Options in Leases, 405-406 Access to Equity of Redemp­ Preference for Early Vesting, tion, 245 339, 345, 348, 354 Access to Estates for Life, 112 Restraints on Alienation, 48, Access to Estates for Years, 148 ll2, 132, 133 INDEX 689 Access to Estates in Fee Estate Tail. See also: Estates Simple, 7, 112 Tail. Access to Estates Tail, 23 interest expectant upon, Access to Legal Interests, 7 22, 25-26, 36, 280-283 Access to Spendthrift Trusts, Executory Interests, 23, 25- 208-209, 230-239, 428, 430- 26, 36, 69, 268, 281-282 431 Expectant Interests in Chat­ Access to Trusts, 207, 228- tels, 268 229, 237 Expectant Interests Under Bankruptcy, 23, 140, 237 Trusts, 268, 409 Estates for Years Reversions, 10 I, 281 conditions against access, Right of Entry, 24 131-132 Rule Against Perpetuities. Michigan statute, 132 See: Rule Against Perpe­ policy considerations, 135- tuities. 137 Spendthrift Trust, 427-431 Power of Appointment, 378- Suspension of the Absolute 379 Power of Alienation. See: Uses Designed to Defraud, Suspension of the Absolute 200 Power of Alienation. Cy Pres Doctrine Trusts, 268, 409, 426-431, 533- Charitable Trusts, 449 549, 572, 576. See also: Rule Against Perpetuities, Trusts (Restraints on Ter­ 449 mination; Termination). Determinable Estate, 139. See Death Benefit Plan. See: also: Possibility of Reverter. Trusts. Direction to Accumulate. See: Debentures, 195-196 Accumulations. Default of Appointment. See: Direct Restraint on Alienation. Powers. See: Restraints on Aliena­ Defeasibility tion. Restraints on Alienation, 8 Disability Plan. See: Trusts. Vesting. See: Vesting. Disabling Restraints. See: Re- Descent. See also: Estates Tail, straints on Alienation. Expectant Interests, Re­ Discretionary Trust, 238 straints on Alienation. Dividends. See: Accumulations. Michigan Statutes, 66 Division, Restraints On, 81-83 Destructibility Doctrine of Worthier Title, 19 Contingent Remainder, 59, Donative Transactions. See: 101, 262-266, 272, 328-329, Chattels Personal, Restraints 409 on Alienation. Estate for Life, 263, 93 Donee. See: Chattels Personal, Estate for Years, 112, 113 Estates Tail, Powers. 690 INDEX Donor (of Power), 370 Equitable Charge D o u b I e Possibilities, Rule Distinguished from Trust, Against. See: Rule in Whitby 559 v. Mitchell Suspension of the Absolute Dower Power of Alienation, 555- Alienability, 140-141, 146-147 556, 559-560, 566, 567 Barrability, 14 7 Equitable Conversion. See: Sus­ Power of Appointment, 379 pension of the A b s o 1 u t e Trust Property, 204 Power of Alienation. Duration. See: Accumulations, Equitable Interests. See also: Estates for Years, Trusts,· Trusts. Contingent Remainders Easements destructibility, 142, 267- Chattels Personal, 182 268, 409 Do Not Prevent Vesting, 394 rule against perpetuities, Restraints on Alienation, 8 271 Right to Exclusive Posses- Equitable Charge sion, 394-395 distinguished from trust, Ecclesiastical Corporations. 559 See: Charities, Mortmain. suspension of the absolute Effect of Invalidity. See: Re­ power of alienation, 555- straints on Alienation. 556, 559-560, 566, 567 Effect of Violation. See: Ac­ Equity of Redemption cumulations, Estates for Life access by creditors, 245 (Statutory Restrictions on), alienability, 242, 245-246 Rule Against Perpetuities, devisability, 245 Suspension of the Absolute estate tail in, 245 Power of Alienation. restraints on alienation, Election to Take Against Will, 245-247 306 rule against perpetuities, Employees' Trusts. See: Trusts. 407 English Law. See also headings suspension of the absolute for specific legal problems power of alienation, 515 and Table of Statutory and Estates for Life, 219, 493 Constitutional Citations. Estates for Years Reception in Michigan, 9-16, restraints- on alienation, 141, 270 208-209 Engrossing, 17 5-178 Estates in Fee Simple, 216, Entails. See: Estates Tail. 218, 219 Entirety. See: Estates by the Estates Tail, 23, 245, 267 Entirety. Expectant Interests En Ventre Sa Mere. See: Child destructibility, 142, 267- En Ventre Sa Mere. 268, 409 INDEX 691 rule against perpetuities, Land, 182-183 271, 387 Equity of Redemption upon estate tail, 267, 268 Access by Creditors, 245 Land Contract Vendee's, 247- Alienability, 242, 245 258 Devisability, 245 alienability, 248-249 Estate Tail in, 245 devisability, 248-249 Nature of Interest, 244-246 heritability, 248 Restraints on Alienation, restraints on alienation, 245-247 59-61, 251-258 Rule Against Perpetuities, rule against perpetuities, 407 407-408 Suspension of the Absolute suspension of the absolute Power of Alienation, 515 power of alienation, 515 Escheat, 262 Old Rule Against Perpetui­ Escrow, 280 ties, 264 Estates by the Entirety, 8, 65 Options, Estates for Life restraints on alienation, Access by Creditors, JI2 87-90, 153, 167 Alienability, 6, 91-92 rule against perpetuities, Changed to Fee, 72, 378-379 88-90, 167, 398-407 Chattels Personal, 321 suspension of the absolute Michigan statutory restric­ power of alienation, 89, tions, 327, 483-484, 494 401, 513-514 ·Devisability, 92 Origin and History, 198-205, Endless Series of, 99-100, 260, 240-249 264, 272-273 Restraints on Alienation. Entailment, 92 See: Restraints on Aliena­ Equitable, 219, 493 tion. Forfeiture, 92, 101, 263 Rule Against Perpetuities. Heritability, 92 See: Rule Against Perpe­ Incidents Fixed, 37-39 tuities. In Estate for Years Rule in Whitby v. Mitchell, remainder on, Michigan 264 statutory restrictions, Suspension of the Absolute 478, 494 Power of Alienation. See: In remainder Suspension of the Abso­ may be vested, 314 lute Power of Alienation. In Uses, 201 Trusts. See: Trusts. Life Tenant's Power to Equitable Restrictions, 8 Lease, 516, 527 Chattels Personal, 182-183, Michigan Statutes, 46, 97-98, 189 108. 477-478 Do Not Prevent Vesting, 394 Motives for Creating, xi 692 INDEX Perpetual Freehold, 99-100, measuring lives, 4 78 260, 264, 272-273 remainder on, 4 78, 494, Pur Autre Vie 500-502 definition, 91 partial repeal, 479, 494, devisability, 92 503 measuring lives, Michigan purpose, 480-483 statu tory restrictions, remainder expectant upon 478 estate for years, 4 78, 494, remainder expectant upon, 503 Michigan statutory re­ chattels personal, 327, strictions, 478, 494, 500- 494 502 statute still in force, 479, special occupant, 92 494, 503 Remainder Expectant Upon, repeal, 479 94, 138, 314, 318 scope and arrangement of Restraints on Alienation. discussion of, 490-492 See: Restraints on Aliena­ successive estates for life, tion. 103, 108-109, 456, 477- Reversion Expectant Upon, 478 94, 138 concurrent estates for Rule Against Perpetuities, life, 498-501 301-302 more than two, 456, 477- Sale of Fee on Petition of 4 78, 496-500 Life Tenant, llO, 286-287 persons not in being, Special Limitation, 314, 318 456, 494-495 Special Occupant, 92 Subject to Estate for Years, Statutory Restrictions on, 312 477-484, 493-503 Tenant's Power to Lease, applicability to chattels 516, 527 personal, 327, 483-484, Types of, 91 494 Unaffected by Quia Emp­ applicability to trusts, 493- tores Terrarum, 94 494, 497, 501-502 Unlimited Power to Dispose beneficial life interest, of Fee, 71, 284-285, 372- 493, 497 373, 378, 529-530 trustee's estate, 493-494, Estate for Years. See also: In­ 501-502 teressia Termini. consequences of violation, Access by Creditors, ll2, 132 502-503, 555 Accumulations effect on class gift rules, direction to replace lease, 495 432 enactment, 477-478, 493 royalties under mineral estates pur autre vie lease, 439 INDEX 693 Alienability, 6, 111-112, 117, chattels personal 118, 132 Michigan statutory re­ Analogies to Bailments, 169 strictions, 327, 494 As Substitute for Mortgage, contingent, 262-263 241 Michigan statutory re­ Commencing on Uncertain strictions, 474, 478, Future Event, 312 494 Destructibility, 112, 113, 118, vested, 263, 312-313 125 Remainder in, 116, 138-141, Devisability, 6, 112 317 Duration expectant upon estate pur constitutional limit, 115- autre vie, Michigan sta­ 116, 137, 474 tutory restrictions, 478 mediaeval situation, 113 Restraints on Alienation. Estate for Life in See: Restraints on Aliena­ remainder on, Michigan tion. s t at u tory restrictions, Reversion Expectant Upon, 478 116, 138, 388, 391 Estates Tail in, 26, 267, 281, Right of Entry, 391 465 Rule Against Perpetuities. Executory Interest Cutting See also: Rule Against Per­ Off or Following, 312-313 petuities. Expectant Interest Cutting endless series of five-year Off or Following 312-313 terms, 287 Expectant Interests in, 116- options in leases, 399-406 117, 267-268, 317, 318-319, Shifting Interest in, 114 324-325 Statute of Uses, 202 Forfeiture, 112, 118, 125 Statutory Restrictions on Freehold Estate Subject to, suspension of a b s o 1 u t e 312-313 ownership, 4 78, 508 History, 111, 169-170 Suspension of A b s o I u t e Incidents Fixed, 37-38 Ownership, 478, 508 In Uses, 201 Suspension of the Absolute Land Contract Vendee's In­ Power of Alienation, 276, terest, 249, 257 484 Life Tenant's Power to Trusts. See also: Trusts. Create, 516, 527 applicability of Michigan Michigan Statutes, 46, 116, statutes, 231 478 passive, 216 On Special Limitation, 312- Estates in Expectancy. See: Ex· 313 pectant Interests. Remainder Expectant Upon, Estates in Fee Simple 116-117, 138, 312-313, 317 Access by Creditors, 7, 112 694 INDEX Alienability, 3, 39, 42, 43, 94 Alienability, 21-26 Devisability, 4, 5, 67-68, 143, Barrability 200, 201, 221 common recovery, 22, 25- Equitable Estates in, 216, 26, 220, 260, 266-267 218-219 fine, 22, 267 Estate for Life Changed to, perpetuity, 260 72, 378-379, 529-530 restraints on, 25, 26, 83 Estates Tail Converted into, 1331-1472, 21-22, 220 36, 325 warranty, 23 Expectant Interest Cutting Chattels Personal, 27, 281, Off or Following, 318-319 465 Heritability, 66 Converted into Fee Simple, Incidents Fixed, 37-39, 44, 28, 36, 325 47, 94 Created by De Donis Condi- In Uses, 201 tionalibus, 20 Michigan Statute Recogniz­ Cy Pres Doctrine, 449 ing, 46 Descent, 66 Mortgagor's Interest, 246, Devisability, 24 251 Discontinuance, 24, 83, 139 Remainder Expectant Upon, Equitable Interests, 23, 245, 39, 261, 318-319, 324 267 Restraints on Alienation. Estate for Life, 93 See: Restraints on Aliena­ Estates for Years, 26, 267, tion. 281, 465 Reversion Expectant Upon, Expectant Interest Cutting 39, 43, 261, 388 Off or Following, 22-23, 26, Sale on Petition of Life Ten­ 36, 268, 281-283 ant, llO, 286-287 Fee Simple Conditional, 18, Subject to Estate for Years, 33, 38 312-313 Forfeiture, 22, 23-24, 200 Estates in Fee Simple Condi­ How Created, 20-21, 31-33 tional. See: Estates Tail. Incidents Fixed, 37-39 Estates in Joint Tenancy. See: In Equity of Redemption, Joint Tenancy. 245 Estates in Land (Types of), 38, Interests Expectant Upon 46, 273, 323-325 destructibility, 22-23, 25- Estates Pur Autre Vie. See: 26, 36, 281-282 Estates for Life. equitable, 268 Estates Tail rule against perpetuities, Abolished in Michigan, 28- 281-282 29, 36, 325, 450 In Uses, 201 . Access by Creditors, 23 Maritagium, 17, 18, 21, 38 INDEX 695 Meaning Before De Donis Destructibility, 22-23, 25-26, Conditionalibus, 28 36, 69, 268, 281-282 Michigan Statutes, 27-30, 325 cutting off or following New York Statutes, 29 estate tail, 281-282 Not Affected by Quia Emp­ Devisability, 141, 143 tores Terrarum, 20 Differences Between Remain­ Remainder Expectant Upon, ders and 20, 22, 25-26, 33-36, 138, abolished in Michigan, 324 281-282, 312-315, 318, 325, Estate for Years to Com­ 465 mence on Uncertain Fu­ barrability, 22, 25-26, 36, ture Event, 312-313 281-282 Expectant Upon Estate in Restraints on Alienation, 21- Fee Simple, 318-319 22, 24, 25-26, 83 Future Estates in Michigan, Reversion Expectant Upon, 323, 325 20, 22-23, 138 Heritability, 141, 143 abolished in Michigan, 388 Interesse Termini, 317 barrability, 22-23, 25-26 Interest Subject to May be Roman Law, 21 Vested, 316-317, 343 Taltarum's Case, 22 Interest Subsequent to, 315, Evidences of Debt (Restraints 317, 320 on Alienation), 195-196 In Uses, 201 Execution. See: Creditors. May Become Remainder, Executory Devise. See: Execu­ 320 tory Interests. Michigan and New York Sta­ tutes, 69 Executory Interests Michigan Statutes Convert to Alienability, 140-141, 143- Remainder, 324-325 144, 485, 507 On Failure to Alienate, 69 Chattels Personal, 163-164, Permitted by English Law, 319 312 Cutting Off Estate in Fee Restraints on Alienation. Simple, 318 See: Restraints on Aliena­ Cutting Off or Following tion. Estate for Years, 312-313 Rule Against Perpetuities, Cutting Off or Following 317-322, 387 Estate Tail cutting off or following destructibility, 22-23, 25- estate tail, 281-282 26, 36, 281-282 generally subject to, 387 equitable, 267, 268 some are exempt from, rule against perpetuities, 320-321, 330-332 281-282 Shifting, 317-318 Defined, 317-319 Springing, 317-318 696 INDEX Suspension of the Absolute expectant upon estate tail, Power of Alienation, 504- 22-23, 25-26, 36, 281-282 516 interests under trusts, 268, Types of, 139, 158, 317-319 409 Vesting, 317-332 Devisability, 141, 143 certain to become posses­ Estates for Years, 116-117, sory, 320-321, 330-332 267-268, 312, 317, 319, 324- cutting off or following 325 estate for years, 312-313 Executory Interest. See: Ex­ deferred possession, 319- ecutory Interests. 323, 330-332, 343 Expectant Upon Estate in English law, 319-323 Fee Simple, 318-319 Michigan law, 326-332 Expectant Upon Estate Tail non-possessory interest, 320 destructibility, 22-23, 25- not contingent, 319-320 26, 36, 281-282 Executory Land Contract. See: equitable, 267, 268 Land Contract. rule against perpetuities, Expectant Interests. See also: 281-282 Executory interests, Interes­ Future Interest (Definition), sia Termini, Possibility of 311 Reverter, Remainders, Re­ Heritability, 141-143 versions, Rights of Entry, Trusts. Interesse Termini. See: Inter­ Alienability, 8, 140-141, 143, essia Termini. 275, 393, 485, 507 In Uses, 201 Chattels Personal, 155-160, Michigan Statutory Classifi- 163-164, 267-268, 317, 319 cation, 69, 143, 323-325 Course of Descent, 141 Motives for Creating, xi Cutting Off Estate in Fee Option, 398 Simple, 318-319 Perpetuity, 261 Cutting Off or Following Possibility of Reverter. See: Estate for Years, 312-313 Possibility of Reverter. Cutting Off or Following Remainder. See: Remainders. Estate Tail, 22-23, 25-26, Restraints on Alienation. 36, 268, 281-282 See: Restraints on Aliena­ Destructibility tion. chattels personal, 267-268 contingent remainders, 59, Reversion. See: Reversions. 101, 262-266, 272, 273, Right of Entry. See: Rights 328, 409 of Entry. executory interests, 22-23, Rule Against Perpetuities. 25-26, 36, 69, 268, 281- See: Rule Against Perpe­ 282 tuities. INDEX 697 Suspension of the Absolute Future Estates. See: Expectant Power of Alienation. See: Interests, Executory Interests, Suspension of the Absolute Interessia Termini, Remain­ Power of Alienation. ders, Reversions, Trusts. Trusts. See: Trusts. Future Interests. See: Expec­ Types of, 69, 138-140, 143, tant Interests, Executory In­ 157-158, 311-312, 317-319, terests, Interessia Termini, 323-325 P o s s i b i l i t y of Reverter, Powers, Remainders, Rever­ Fair Trade Laws, 185-187, 193- sions, Rig h t s of E n t r y, 194 Trusts. Michigan Statute, 193-194 Non-Signer Provisions, 185- Gap in Seisin, 262, 263 187, 193-194 Gavelkind, 66 Family Endowments. See: Per­ General Power. See: Powers. petuity. Gift. See: Chattels Personal, Fee Simple. See: Estates in Fee Class Gifts, Powers. Simple. Gift in Default of Appoint­ Fee Simple Conditional. See: ment. See: Powers. Estates Tail. Graves Fee Tail. See: Estates Tail. Trust for Care of, 418-419, Feoffee to Uses. See: Uses. 423-425, 447 Fine. See: Estates Tail. Gross Period. See: Accumula­ Fine for Alienation, 3, 135-136 tions, Rule Against Perpetui­ Forcible Entry and Detainer, ties, Suspension of the Abso­ 133 lute Power of Alienation. Foreclosure, 244 Forestalling, 174-178 Forfeiture. See also: Estates for Heirs Life, Estates for Years, Pos­ Meaning of Term, 336-337 sibility of Reverter, Re­ Remainder to, 19, 30-31, 43, straints on Alienation, Right 44, 334-338 of Entry. Honorary Trusts, 423-425 Attainder of Treason, 200 Bailee's Interest, 171-172 Illegal Conditions and Limita­ Estates for Life, 93, 101, 263 tions, 152-153, 448-449 Estates for Years, 112, 118, I n c i d en t s of Estates. See: 125 Estates for Life, Estates for Estates Tail, 22, 23-24, 200 Years, Estates in Fee Simple, Land Contracts, 251-258 Estates Tail, Interessia Ter­ Michigan Statutes, 93 mini. Part of Estate, 25 Incorporeal Interests. See: Right of Entry, 140-141, 145 Easements, Profits a Prendre. 698 INDEX Indestructible Future Interests. Issue, Possibility of. See: Pos­ See: Destructibility, Rule sibility of Issue. Against Perpetuities, Suspen­ sion of the Absolute Power Joint-Stock Companies. See: of Alienation. Corporate Stock. Indestructible T r u s t s. See: Joint Tenancy Trusts. Michigan Statutes, 63, 76, Indirect Restraint on Aliena­ 323 tion. See: Restraints on Alie­ Restraints on Partition, 63- nation. 65, 75-80 Ingrossing, 17 5-178 Right of Survivorship, 63, Injunction. See: Restraints on 361, 588 Alienation. Right to Partition, 75, 76 Insurance. See: Accumulations, Just Price, 172-174 Rule Against Perpetuities. Just Wage, 172 Insurance Policies Restraints on Alienation, Knight Service, 5 195-196 Interessia Termini Laissez Faire, 177-180 Alienability, 140, 143 Land Contracts Defined, 138, 312 Contract to Make Will, 74-75 Devisability, 141, 143 Dower Barred by Joinder in, Executory Interest, 317 147 Future Estate in Michigan, Forfeiture, 251-258 323-325 Restraints on Alienation, 59- Heritability, 141, 143 61, 251-258 Not Strictly on Estate, 138 Rule Against Perpetuities, Permitted by English Law, 407-408 311-312 Specific Performance, 247 Restraints on Alienation. Suspension of the Absolute See: Restraints on Aliena­ Power of Alienation, 515 tion. Vendee's Interest, 247-258 Rule Against Perpetuities, alienability, 248, 252 312, 317-319 devisability, 248 Interest (on Debts), 240-243 equitable estate, 251 Invalidity, Effect of. See: Ac­ estate for years, 249, 257 cumulations, Estates for Life heritability, 248 (Statutory Restrictions on), restraints on alienation, Illegal Conditions and Limi­ 59-61, 251-258 tations, Restraints on Aliena­ Vendor's Interest tion, Rule Against Perpetui­ alienability, 248 ties, Suspension of the Abso­ Landlord and Tenant. See: lute Power of Alienation. Estates for Years. INDEX 699 Leases. See: Estates for Years. New York decisions, 484- Legacy 485 Suspension of the Absolute partial adoption of New Power of Alienation, 555 York, xiii Lien revision of 1846, ix., 213- Suspension of the Absolute 214 Power of Alienation, 555- gradual piecemeal re­ 556 peal, xiii Life Estate. See: Estates for single act, 493 Life. Unique, xiii Life Insurance. See: Accumu­ Miller - Tydings Amendment. lations, Rule Against Perpe­ See: Restraint of Trade. tuities. Minority. See: Accumulations, Livery of Seisin, 247 Rule Against Perpetuities, Lives. See: Estates for Life, Suspension of the Absolute H o n o r a r y Trusts, Rule Power of Alienation. Against Perpetuities, Suspen­ Monastic Corporations. See: sion of the Absolute Power Charities, Mortmain. of Alienation. Monopolies, 178, 184 Lives in Being. See: R u 1 e Moore v. Littel. See: Rule in Against Perpetuities, Suspen­ Moore v. Littel. sion of the Absolute Power Mortgages of Alienation. Chattel Mortgages assignment by mortgagor, Married Women 170-171 Accumulations, 215, 437, 549 Dower Barred by Joinder in, Married Women's Act, 57 147 Restraints on Alienation, Equity of Redemption, 244- 206, 426-427 247 Maritagium. See: Estates Tail. access by creditors, 245 Measuring Lives. See: Estates alienability, 242, 245-246 for Life, Honorary Trusts, devisability, 245 Rule Against Perpetuities, estate tail in, 245 Suspension of the Absolute nature of interest, 245-246 Power of Alienation. restraints on alienation, Mercantile System, 175 245-247 Michigan Law. See also head­ rule against perpetuities, ings for specific legal prob­ 407 lems and Table of Statutory suspension of the absolute and Constitutional Citations. power of alienation, 515 Statutes Estate for Years as Substitute, interpretation, weight of 241 700 INDEX Foreclosure, 244 Object (Power of Appoint­ History of, 240-245 ment), 370 Michigan Law, 250-251 Occupancy, Restrictions on, 61 Mortgagee's Interest Old Rule Against Perpetuities, alienability, 246 99-100, 264, 272-273 Mortgagor's Interest. See Options also: Equity of Redemp­ Construction, 404-406 tion. Indirect Restraints on Alien­ alienability, 242, 245-246 ation, 399 legal under lien theory, Mortgagee, 246 248, 251 Restraints on Alienation, 87- restraints on alienation, 90, 153, 167 245-247 Rule Against Perpetuities. Rule Against Perpetuities, Se~:. Rule Against Perpe­ tmttes. 407-408 Suspension of the Absolute Suspension of the Absolute Power of Alienation, 89, Power of Alienation, 515 401, 513-514 Trust Mortgages, 251 Mortmain (Conveyances in), Partition 198-199, 410 Michigan Statutes, 76, 79 Restraints on, 63-65, 75-80, Necessaries (Claims for), 209 147-148 Negotiable Instruments Partnership (Renewal Lease), Restraints on Alienation, 196 126 New York Decisions Partnership Shares Weight in Michigan, 484-485 Restraints on Alienation, New York Statutes. See also 195-196 headings for specific legal Patents, 184 problems and Table of Statu­ Payment of Sum in Gross. See: tory and Constitutional Cita­ Trusts. tions. Penalty Restraints. See: Re­ straints on Alienation. History of 1829 Revised Sta­ Pension Plan. See: Trusts. tutes, 210 Period. See: Accumulations Partial Adoption in Michi­ Estates ·for Years, Rul~ gan, xiii Against Perpetuities, Suspen­ Remoteness of Vesting, 275, sion of the Absolute Power 276, 480-483, 506-508, 519 of Alienation, Trusts. Revisers of, 21 0 Perpetual Freehold, 99-100, Revision of 1829 260, 264, 272-273 revisers' notes, 480-483 Perpetual Trusts. See: Trusts Notes. See: Promissory Notes. (Duration). INDEX 701 Perpetuity. See also: Rule Possibility of Reverter Against Perpetuities. Alienability, 140-141, 145- Charitable Corporation, 260, 146, 393 409-410 Chattels Personal, 155, 164 Evils of, 259-260 Defined, 139, 146 Indirect Restraint on Aliena­ Devisability, 141 tion, 259 Heritability, 141 Meaning of Term Indirect Restraint on Aliena­ estate of ecclesiastical cor- tion, 392-393 poration, 260 Interest Subject to May be indestructible trust, 260 Vested, 316, 332, 343 perpetual freehold, 260 Prevents Development of remote future interest, 260 Land,393 unbarrable entail, 260 Recognized in Michigan, 146 Motives for Creating, xii, Reversion Expectant Upon 259 Estate in Fee Simple, 39, Perpetual Freehold, 99-100, 43, 261, 388 260, 264, 272,273 Rule Against Perpetuities, Purposes of, xii, 259 389-390 Strict Settlement, 19, 265-267 Suspension of the Absolute Types of, xi, 260 Power of Alienation, 514- future interests, 260 515 restraint on alienation, 260 Vesting, 317, 332-333, 343, unbarrable entail, 260 388-390 Personal Property. See: Chat­ Posthumous Child tels Personal, Estates for Michigan Statutes, 297, 570 Years. Remainder to, 262 Philosophic Realism, xii Postponement of Enjoyment. Plats (Michigan Statute), 81 See: Trusts. Political Party (Trust for), 423 Power of Alienation. See: Sus­ Possession pension of the Absolute Class Gifts Power of Alienation. rule of convenience, 361- Power of Termination. See: 363 Right of Entry. Not Necessary for Vesting of Powers Remainder, 313-314, 330 Absolute Power, 378-379, Right to, as easement, 394- 491, 530-531 395 Definitions, 370, 516-519 Whether Required for Vest­ Donee ing of Executory Interest, defined, 370, 518 319-320, 330-332, 343 need have no other inter­ Possibility of Issue, 309-311, est, 375 491, 573 Donor defined, 370 702 INDEX Dower, 379 Testamentary Powers, 370- Effect of Non-Exercise, 453 372, 374-375, 383-385 General and Special Powers To Appoint Use by Will, 200 statutory changes in defi­ To Change Beneficiary. See: nitions, 377-383, 517 Rule Against Perpetuities. General Powers, 372-377 Pre-Emptive Provisions. See: definition, 283, 517 Restraints on Alienation. peculiar Michigan defini­ Presumption of Possibility of tion, 283, 517 Issue, 309-311, 491, 573 Interest Subject to May be Price Fixing, 173-178, 180-194 Vested, 316-317, 343, 370 Principal and Income. See: Ac­ Life Tenant's Power to Ap­ cumulations, Trusts. point Fee, 70-72, 284, 372- Prior Limitations. See: Rule 373, 377, 529-530 Against Perpetuities, Suspen­ Life Tenant's Power to sion of the Absolute Power Lease, 517, 527 of Alienation. Michigan Statutes, 377-379, Privity of Estate, 123 516-519, 526-530 applicability to chattels Probate Order (Res Judicata), personal, 379, 383 567, 601 effect of repeal of suspen­ Profits, Unearned, 172-175 sion statutes, 386 Profit-Sharing P 1 a n. S e e : Mortgagee's Interest as, 407 Trusts. New York Statutes, 378-379, Profits a Prendre 518 Accumulations Not Interest in Property, 373 royalties under mineral Object Defined, 370 lease, 439 Overriding, 520-522, 524-526 Appurtenant, 125 Powers Appendant, 379 Divisibility, 118, 149 Power in Trust, 517, 518 Do Not Prevent Vesting, 394 Release, 517, 520-522, 524- Indirect Restraints on Alien- 528 ation, 8 Revocation, 520-522, 524-525 Prohibited Estates for Life. Rule Against Perpetuities. See: Estates for Life. See: Rule Against Perpe­ Prohibitory Restraints. See: tuities. Restraints on Alienation. Special Powers, 370-372, 374- Promissory Notes 375, 385-386, 517, 518 Restraints on Alienation, Suspension of the Absolute 195-196 Power of Alienation. See: Public Welfare Trusts, 419 Suspension of the Absolute Pur Autre Vie. See: Estates for Power of Alienation. Life. INDEX 703 Quia Emptores Terrarum destructibility, 59, 101, Alienation of Part, 81 262-266, 272, 273, 328- Applicable to Remainder Ex­ 329, 409 pectant Upon Estate Tail, equitable, 267, 271, 409 20 expectant upon estate for Enactment, 3 years, 262 Fixed Incidents of Fee statutory restrictions, Simple, 47 474, 478, 494 Inapplicable to Estates for expectant upon freehold Life, 94 estate, 262 Inapplicable to Estates Tail, implied condition of sur­ 20 vival, 144-145, 351-361 Made Estates in Fee Simple invalid in thirteenth cen­ Alienable, 3, 6-7, 39, 94 tury, 19 Principles Basic in Michigan may not suspend absolute Law, 16 power of alienation, 506- Prohibited Fines for Aliena­ 513 tion, 136 person not ascertainable, Prohibited Remainder on 315, 333 Fee Simple, 39, 94 rule in In re Coots' Estate, Prohibited Reversion on Fee 354-356 Simple, 39, 44, 261 trust to preserve, 19, 265- Qui Tam Actions, 177 266 unborn person, 315 Racial Restrictions, 61 validity, 19, 138, 262 Realism, xii Creation of, 261-262, 3ll Reception. See: English Law, Cutting Off Prior Estate, 261- Rule Against Perpetuities. 262, 324 Regrating, 175-178 Defined, 312, 324-325 Release of Power. See: Powers. Remainders Devisability, 141, 143 Chattels Personal, 163-164, Differences Between Execu- 267-268, ·317, 319, 326-327 tory Interests and expectant upon estate for abolished in Michigan, 324 years, Michigan statu­ Equitable tory restrictions, 327, expectant upon estate tail, 494 267, 268 Contingent. See also: Vest­ old rule against perpetui­ ing. ties, 264 alienability, 140, 143, 275, rule in Whitby v. Mitchell, 485, 507 264 definition, 262, 312-313, Estate for Life in, May be 326, 343 Vested, 313-314 704 INDEX Executed Use, 267 destructibility, 22, 25-26, Executory Interest May Be­ 36, 281-282 come, 320 equitable, 267, 268 Existed in Thirteenth Cen­ may be vested, 314 tury, 19, 157 Michigan law, 33-36, 325 Expectant Upon Contingent on special limitation, 315, Prior Estate, May Be 318 Vested, 315 rule against perpetuities, Expectant Upon Estates for 281-282 Life, 94, 138 Expectant Upon Executory on special limitation, 314, Interest, 315, 317, 320 318 Following Gap in Seisin, 262 pur autre vie Heritability, 141, 143 statutory restrictions, In Estates for Years, 116, 138, 4 78, 494, 500-502 140, 317 Expectant Upon Estates for expectant upon estate pur Years, 116, 138, 312-313, autre vie, statutory re­ 317 strictions, 4 78 chattels personal, statutory In Uses, 201 restrictions, 327, 494 Michigan Statutory Defini­ Michigan statutory restric­ tion, 325 tions, 327, 474, 478, 494, Permitted by English Law, 503 311 present estate, 312-313 Posthumous Child, 262, 297, remainder for life, statu­ 570 tory restrictions, 478 Restraints on Alienation. vested, 263, 312-313 See: Restraints on Aliena­ Expectant Upon Estate in tion. Fee Simple, 39, 261, 318, Rule Against Perpetuities. 324 See: Rule Against Perpe­ Expectant Upon Estate in tuities. Fee Simple Conditional, Subject to Condition Prece­ 33 dent, Not Vested, 313 Expectant Upon Estate on Subsequent to Executory In­ Special Limitation, 262, terest, ·315, 317, 320 314, 318, 332-333 To Heirs, 19, 30, 43, 44, 325, Expectant Upon Estate Pur 333-338 Autre Vie, Types Permitted, 138, 261- statutory restrictions, 4 78, 263 494, 500-502 Unborn Child of Unborn Expectant Upon Estate Tail, Child, 264, 272-273 20, 33-36, 138, 325, 465 Vested INDEX 705 alienability, 140, 143 Michigan law summar­ definition, 326 ized, 168-169 destructibility, 101 penalty restraints, 155, estate for life, 314 163-169 expectant upon estate for prohibitory restraints, years, 262, 312-313 165-168 subject to charge, 345 English law, 155-163, 170- 172, 181-183 what is, in Michigan, 343 equitable interests, 206- Vesting, 311-317, 326-356. 207. See also: Trusts. See also: Vesting. intangibles, 195-196 Rent. See: Accumulations. resale price maintenance Rents and Profits. See: Trusts. contracts, 180-194 Repair Costs. See: Accumula- restraints on intestate suc- tions. cession, 166 Resale Price Maintenance. See: restraints on testation, 166 Restraints on Alienation. rules apply to, xii Res Judicata (Probate Or­ shares in business enter­ der), 567 prises, 62, 195-196 Restraint of Trade, 178-179, spendthrift trusts, 208-209, 183-195 229-239, 428, 430-431 Restraints on Alienation Conditions Precedent effect of invalid, 152-153, Charities, 85-87 448 Chattels Personal, 155-197 Consequences of Invalidity, bailment, 169-172 448-449 commercial transactions, Contingent Remainders 169-197 Michigan law summarized, Michigan law summar­ 153-54 ized, 194-195 penalty restraints, 141-143, resale price maintenance 149, 151-153 contracts, 138-150 prohibitory restraints, 143, scope of treatment, 195- 149, 151-153 197 Corporate Stock, 62, 195-196 corporate stock, 62, 195- Covenant Against Aliena­ 196 tion, 53-54, 55, 62, 65, 107, difference between dona­ ll7-ll8, ll9, 123-124, 129- tive and commercial 135 transactions, 161 specific enforcement, 112, donative and testamentary ll3, 120-122, 134-135 transactions, 155, 163- Direct and Indirect Distin­ 169 guished, 7-8 706 INDEX Disabling Restraints. See: equitable interests, 206-209 Prohibitory Restraints, expectant estates, 153-154 Distinction Between Prohibi­ Michigan law summarized, tory and P e n a 1 t y Re­ 134-135 straints, 7-8, 24 penalty restraints, 42, 113- Effect of Invalidity, 448 137 Equitable Interests, 94, 198- policy considerations, 134- 258 137 cestui que trust's interest, prohibitory restraints, 112- 97, 205-209, 229-239, 428, 113, 120-123, 125, 134- 430-431 135 English law, 203-207, 245- Estates in Fee Simple, 37-90, 246, 249 488 equity of redemption, 245- contract to make will, 73- 247 75 estates for years, 208-209 covenant against aliena­ land contract vendee's in­ tion, 53-55, 62, 65 terest, 59-61, 252-258 English law, 37-46, 65-69, options, 87-90, 153, 167 75, 81, 83-85, 87-88 policy considerations, 96- equitable estates, 206-207, 97 208 Equity of Redemption, 245- expectant estates, 148-154 247 in conveyance to charity, Estates for Life, 91-110 84-87, 239-240 covenant against aliena- Michigan law summarized, tion, 107 65 English law, 93-96 penalty restraints equitable interests, 206-209 against all alienation, expectant estates, 150, 154 40-41, 48-49, 53-54, 62, Michigan law summarized, 65 109-110 limited as to alienees, penalty restraints, 94-107 41-42, 45-46, 59-61, 65 prohibitory restraints, 93- limited in duration, 45, 94, 99-106, 109-110 46,.48, 50-51, 55-57, 65, tortious alienation, 94, 104 488 Estates for Years, 111-13 7 pre-emptive options, 87-90, covenant against aliena­ 153, 167, 399 tion, 117-118, 119, 123- prohibitory restraints, 39- 124, 129-134 40, 49-52, 58-59, 65, 260, enforcement by injunc- 488 tion, 120-122, 135 restraints on division, 81- English law, 112-115 83 INDEX 707 restraints on inheritance, Insurance Policies, 195-196 65-69, 166 lnteressia Termini, 142-143, restraints on partition, 63- 153-154 65, 75-80, 147-148 Land Contracts, 59-61, 251- restraints on testation, 67- 258 75, 166 Legal Theory, 41-45, 51-52, tortious alienation, 83 96-97 Estates Tail, 25-26, 83 Married Women, 206, 426- Executory Interests 427 Michigan law summarized, Mortgagor's Interest, 245-247 154 Negotiable Instruments, 195- penalty restraints, 141-143, 196 149, 151-154 Not Favored in Michigan, prohibitory restraints, 141- 48, 148 143, 149, 151-154 Options, 87-90, 153, 167, 399 Expectant Interests, 138-154 Penalty Restraints. See also: English law, 141-142 Estates in Fee Simple, equitable, 209 Estates for Life, etc. Michigan law summarized, defined, 7, 24 153-154 do not suspend the abso­ penalty restraints, 143, 148- lute power of alienation, 154 489 prohibitory restraints, 143, Perpetuity, 260 148-154 Pre-Emptive Options, 87-90, Gifts to Charity, 84-87, 239- 153, 167, 399 240 Prohibitory Restraints. See Illegal is Void, 448 also: Estates in Fee Simple, Indirect Restraints . Estates for Life, etc. contingent future interests, defined, 7, 24 8 suspend the a b s o I u t e co-tenancy, 8 power of alienation, 488 defeasibility, 8 void at common law, 485, easements, 8 488 equitable use restrictions, Purpose of Rules Against, 8 xii, xiii, 96-97 future interests, 8 Relation of Rules Against to interests in unborn per- Rule Against Accumula­ sons, 8 tions, xi option, 399 Relation of Rules Against to perpetuity, 259 Rule Against Perpetuities, possibility of reverter, 392- xi, 489 393 Relation of Rules Against to profits a prendre, 8 Statutes Restricting Sus- 708 INDEX pension of the Absolute Scope of Rules Against, xii, Power of Alienation, xi­ xiii xii, 489-490 Spendthrift Trusts, 97, 208- Remainders 209, 229-240, 428, 430-431, contingent 488 Michigan law summar­ Suspension of the Absolute ized, 154 Power of Alienation Dis­ penalty restraints, 142- tinguished, 9, 488-490 142-143, 148-149, 150 Suspension Statutes do not prohibitory restraints, Validate, 488-490 142-143, 149, 151-153 Trusts vested by trustee, 203-204, 207- Michigan law summar­ 208, 213, 216-217 ized, 154 cestuis' interest, 97, 205- penalty restraints, 51, 209, 229-240, 428, 430- 142-153, 148-149, 150 431, 488 prohibitory restraints, penalty restraints, 205- 51, 143, 148-154 208,239 Resale P r i c e Maintenance prohibitory restraints, Contracts, 180-194 97, 205-209, 229-239, Restraints on Division, 81-83 428, 430-431, 488 Restraints on Inheritance charitable, 84-87 and Intestate Succession, married women, 206, 426- 65-69, 166 427 Restraints on Partition, 63- spendthrift trusts, 97, 208- 65, 75-80, 148 209, 229-240, 428, 430- Restraints on Testation, 67- 431, 488 75, 166 Vendee's Interest Under Restrictions on Occupancy, Land Contract, 59-61, 251- 61 258 Reversions Vested Remainders Michigan law summarized, Michigan law summarized, 154 154 penalty restraints, 142-143, penalty restraints, 142-143, 149-151 148-153 prohibitory restraints, 142- prohibitory restraints, 142- 143, 149-151 143, 148-153 Rules Against Not Super­ Restraint on Division, 81-83 seded or Modified by Sta­ Restraint on Enjoyment. See: tutes Restricting Suspen­ Trusts. sion of the Absolute Power Restraint on Inheritance, 65 of Alienation, 488-490 69, 166 INDEX 709 Restraint on Intestate Succes­ In Estates for Years, 138, 140, sion, 65-69, 166 143, 146 Restraint on Partition, 63-65, In Uses, 201 75-80 Michigan Statutory Defini­ Restraint on Testation, 67-75, tion, 388 166 Possibility of Reverter, 139. Restraint on Termination. See: See also: Possibility of Re­ Trusts. verter. Restricted Minority Provision. Present Estate, 261 See: Suspension of the Abso­ Restraints on Alienation. lute Power of Alienation. See: Restraints on Aliena­ tion. Restrictions Rule Against Perpetuities, Equitable, 8 388-389 . chattels personal, 182-183, Suspension of the Absolute 189 Power of Alienation, 514- does not prevent vesting, 515 394 Tortious Conveyance by Life land, 182, 183 Tenant, 101 Estates for Life. See: Estates Types of, 138 for Life. Vesting, 261, 388-389 Occupancy, 61 Waste, 200 Resubdivision. See: Restraint Rights of Action on Division. Alienability, 140-141, 145-146 Retailer, 173, 175-176 Devisability, 141 Reversions Discontinued Estate, 139 Alienability, 140, 143 Heritability, 141 Chattels Personal, 164 Rights of Entry Definition, 388 Alienability, 140-141, 145-146 Destructibility, 101 Chattels Personal, 155, 164, Devisability, 141, 143 182 Expectant Upon Estates for Destructibility by Discontin- Life, 94, 138 uance, 24 Expectant Upon Estates for Devisability, 141 Years, ll4-115, 116, 138, 141, 146, 388, 389, 390 Estates for Years, 391 Expectant Upon Estates in Forfeiture for Alienation, Fee Simple, 39, 43, 94, 261, 140, 145 388 Heritability, 141 Expectant Upon Estates Interest Subject to May be Tail, 20-23, 25-26, 138, 388 Vested, 316-317, 343 Heritability, 141, 143 Invalidity, Effect of, 448-449 Incidents of, 138, 143 Of Disseisee, 139, 144-145 710 INDEX On Breach of Condition, ascertainment of measur- 139-141 ing lives, 290-293, 581 Prevent Development of class gifts, 358-369 Land, 393 effect of destructibility, 575 Rule Against Perpetuities, English law, 304-310 390-393, 407 facts considered in deter­ Suspension of the Absolute mmmg, 304-306, 370- Power of Alienation, 514- 372, 385, 386, 491, 532, 515 575 Vesting, 391 gift in default of appoint­ Right of Survivorship. See: ment, 370-372 Class Gifts, Joint Tenancy. power of appointment, Royalties, 439 372-376 Rule Against Accumulations. presumption of possibility See: Accumulations. of issue, 491, 309-311, Rule Against Double Possibili­ 573 ties, 99-100, 264, 272-273 unborn widow, 306-307, Rule Against Perpetuities 357, 573 Accumulations. See also: Ac­ vesting. See also: Vesting. cumulations. accumulations, 433 condition precedent to when certainty must exist, vesting, 433 304-306, 575 Administrative Delays, 307- Certainty that Power Cannot 309, 346 be Exercised so as to Vio­ All or Nothing Rule, 363- late, 376 369, 461 Certainty that Power Will be Applicable to M i c h i g a n Exercisable within the Pe­ Land Since 1949, 279 riod, 372-373 Applicability to Mixed Dis­ Certainty that Power will not positions of Land and be Exercisable Beyond the Chattels, 276-277 Period, 374-376 Certainty of Vesting Re­ Charitable Trusts, 218, 409- quired, 280, 304-357, 572- 423, 447 573 Charities absolute c e r t a i n t y re­ accumulations, 435, 447 quired, 306-311, 572-573 duration, 422-423 accumulations, 433 remoteness of vesting, 409- administrative delays, 307- 412, 418-421 309, 346 Class Gifts, 358-369, 461, 554 analogy to suspension sta­ all or nothing rule, 363- tutes, 491, 532, 572-573 369, 461, 554 appointed interests, 376- rule of convenience, 361- 386, 532, 575 363 INDEX 711 rules same under suspen­ splitting single contin­ sion statutes, 491 gency, 463 unit rule, 363-369, 461, 554 subsequent interests, vesting, 360-369, 461, 554 468-476 Common-Law Rule Against verbally separate contin­ Accumulations. See: Ac­ gencies, 462-463 cumulations. substantially the same as Consequences of Violation, consequences of violat­ 448-476 ing statutes restricting effect on alternative and suspension of the abso­ concurrent limitations, lute power of alienation, 461-468 453-454, 516 verbally separate contin­ violating interest void, 449 gencies, 462-465 disposition of property effect on prior limitations, involved, 450-451 454-460 Cy Pres Doctrine, 449-450 may become indefeas­ Destructibility, 280-287, 371, ible, 452 372, 379, 531-538, 572, 575 not enlarged, 452 contrasted with suspension effect on subsequent limi­ statutes, 531-538, 572 tations, 468-476 gifts in default of appoint­ ment, 371 excision of violating inter­ power of revocation, 379 est, 280, 448-454 power to change benefi­ disposition of property ciary, 283 involved, 450-451 Does Not Prohibit Remote­ prior interest may be­ ness of Possession, 314-315 come indefeasible, 452 Endless Series of Five-Year prior interests not en­ Terms, 287 larged, 452 English Background, 259-270 other interests normally Exceptions valid, 450, 453 administrative powers, 387 separability, 450, 454-476 charitable limitations, 409- alternative and concur­ 421 rent interests, 461-468 charitable trusts, 411-421, mixed dispositions of 447 land and chattels, 276- corporate stock, 408 277, 465-467 destructible interests, 282- prior interests, 454-460 287, 371, 372, 379, 532- single clause exercising 538 power and disposing devises and bequests to of owned property, municipal corporations, 467 413 712 INDEX equity of redemption, 407 destructible interests, 282- executory interests, 320- 287, 371, 372, 379, 532- 321, 330-332 538 executory land contracts, dispositive powers, 387 407-408 equitable contingent re­ gifts to charitable corpora­ mainders, 271 tions, 409-411 equitable future interests, interessia termini, 312, 319 271, 387 interests expectant upon equity of redemption, 407 estates tail, 281-284 estates for the life of a liv­ mortgages, 407, 408 ing person, 301-302 options in leases, 399-407 executory interests, 317- possibility of reverter, 389- 323, 330-332, 387 390 executory land contracts, public welfare trusts, 419 407-408 remainder expectant upon expectant interest under estate for years, 312-313 trust, 271, 279, 387 right of entry, 390-394, 407 expectant upon estate tail, trusts for care of graves, 280-282 418-419, 424-425 future interests only, 453- trusts for employees, 409, 454, 460, 539 419 gift to charitable corpora­ Executory Interests, 317-323 tion, 409-411 Honorary Trusts, 423-425 interessia termini, 312, Inapplicable to Michigan 317-319 Land, 1847-1949, 89, 275- interests expectant upon 276, 327 estates tail, 280-282 Influence on Construction of interests in chattels per­ Instruments, 345, 356-357 sonal, 276, 387 In Force in Michigan Before interests of a transferor, 1847, 99-100, 270-273 388-396 mixed dispositions of land Interests to Which it Ap­ and chattels, 276-277, plies, 387-408 465-467, 484 appointed interests, 387 mortgages, 407-408 beneficial interest under options, 88-90, 167, 397-407 private trust, 409 for perpetual renewal of charitable trusts, 411-421 lease, 400, 405-407 contingent remainders, in leases, 399-400, 403- 272-273, 311-317, 387, 407 393 to repurchase, 396 contracts, 397-398 present interests, 453-454, corporate stock, 408 539 INDEX 713 possibility of reverter, 389- escrow, 280 390 general rule, 280-281 powers of appointment, gifts in default of ap- 370, 372-373, 387, 396 pointment, 370-372 power of revocation, 396 life insurance policy, 283 private interest following computation, 287-303 trust, 409 alternative m e as u r e s, public welfare trusts, 419 302-303 remainders, 271-273, 311- animal lives, 291, 424 317, 387, 393 ascertainment of measur­ expectant upon estate ing lives, 290-293 for years, 312-313 general, 287-291, 301 reserved option to repur­ gifts in default of ap­ chase, 396 pointment, 371 reserved power of appoint- life of child en ventre sa ment, 396 mere, 266, 296-298, reversions, 261, 388-389 301 right of entry, 390-394, 407 lives in being, 290-395 summarized, 387 lives of descendants of trust of land Queen Victoria, 292 direction to convert, minority of unborn per- 547, 577 son, 298-299 power of sale, 278 parts of lives, 294-296 power of termination, period of gross, 298-301 548-549 periods of gestation, 266, unissued corporate stock, 296-298, 301 408 permissible number of vested interests, 274, 539 lives, 292-293 Michigan Statute Restoring, when there are no meas­ 279 uring lives, 298-299 Mixed Dispositions of Land development, 270-271 and Chattels, 276-277, 465- differences from suspen- 467, 484 sion statutes, 571-572 Old Rule Against Perpetui­ extinction of issue, 465 ties, 99-100, 264, 272-273 general, 269-270 Options, 88-90, 167, 397-407 strict settlement, 265-267 Period Perpetual Freehold, 99-100, commencement, 280-287 264, 272-273 appointed interests, 287, Postponement of Enjoyment. 376-386, 571-572 See also: Trusts. effect of destructibility, accumulations, 433-435, 281-287, 371, 372, 379, 440-441 532-538, 572, 575 Powers, Administrative, 387 714 INDEX Powers of Appointment, 370- Remoteness of Possession 386 Not Prohibited, 313-314 absolute power of disposi­ Remoteness of Vesting Pro­ tion, 491 hibited, 314 appointed interests, 287, Restraints on Enjoyment. 376-387, 572, 575 See also: Trusts. certainty that power can­ accumulations, 433-435, not be exercised so as to 440-441 violate, 376 Rule Against Double Possi­ certainty that power will bilities, 99-100, 264, 272- be exercisable within pe­ 273 riod, 372-373 certainty that power will Rule in Whitby v. Mi,tchell, not be exercisable be­ 99-100, 264, 272-273 yond period, 374-376 Separability. See: Conse­ gifts in default of exercise, quences of Violation. 370-372 Shifting Interest in Estate for powers themselves, 287, Years, ll4 372-376, 387 Stated, 269, 280 powers which prevent vio­ Statutes Restricting Suspen­ lation, 283-287, 370-372, sion of the Absolute Power 376-383 of Alienation Were Substi­ Power of Revocation, 396 tute for, 453, 490-491 Presumption of Possibility of Strict Settlement, 265-267 Issue, 309-311 Theory and Operation Dif­ Prohibits Remoteness of fers from Statutes Restrict­ Vesting, 311-315 ing Suspension of the Ab­ Purpose, 269-272, 409 solute Power of Aliena­ Reception in Michigan, 270- tion, 453-454, 487-489 279 Trusts Relation to Rule Against Ac­ accumulations. See: Ac­ cumulations, xi, 434 cumulations. Relation to Rules Against charitable, 218, 409-423, Restraints on Alienation, 447 xi, 488-490 duration. See also: Trusts, Relation to Statutes Restrict­ 218, 220-221, 418-419, ing Suspension of the Ab­ 421-431, 454 solute Power of Aliena­ accumulations. See: Ac- tion, xi-xii, 273-278, 453- cumulations. 454, 485-492 charitable trusts, 418- Remainder, 271-273, 3ll-317, 419, 422-423 387, 393 honorary trusts, 423-425 INDEX 715 private trusts, 220-221, Rule in Whitby v. Mitchell, 99- 426-431, 454 100, 264, 272-273 public welfare trusts, Rule of Convenience, 361-363, 419 365-369, 494-495 trusts for unincorpo­ Sales. See: Chattels Personal. rated societies, 425-426 Security Transactions. See: for care of animals, 423- Land Contracts, Mortgages. 425 Seisin. See: Gap in Seisin, for care of graves, 418-419, Right of Entry. 423-425 Separability. See: Rule Against for employees, 409, 419 Perpetuities, Suspension of for political parties, 423- the Absolute Power of Alie­ 425 nation. for promotion of sports, Servitudes. S e e: Easements, 423-425 E q u i t a b 1 e Restrictions, honorary, 423-425 Profits a Prendre. of land, 278 Settlement. See: Strict Settle- public welfare, 419 ment, Trusts. remoteness of vesting, 409- Settlor. See: Trusts. 412, 417-421 Severability. See: Separability. restraints on termination, Shares of Stock: See: Corporate 421-431. See also: Trusts, Stock. honorary trusts, 423-425 Shelley's Case. See: Rule in private trusts, 224-226, Shelley's Case. 426-431, 434-435, 551- Shifting Executory Devise. See: 552. Executory Interests. trusts for unincorpo- Shifting Use. See: Executory rated societies, 425-426 Interests. Unborn Widow, 306-307 Sinking Fund. See: Accumula­ Unit Rule, 363-369, 461 tions. Vesting. See also: Certainty Societies (Unincorporated) of Vesting Required, Vest­ Capacity to Hold Legal ing. Title, 413 Michigan decisions, 1847- Trusts for, 413, 425-426 1949, applicable, 327 duration, 425-426 Rule in Claflin v. Claflin, 224- restraints on termination, 226, 421-431, 434 425-426 Rule in In Re Coots' Estate) validity, 425-426 354, 356 Special Limitation, 139. See Rule in Moore v. LiUel, 333- also: Possibility of Reverter, 343 Rule Against Perpetuities, Rule in Shelley's Case) 19, Vesting. 30-31, 43, 44, 325, 333-338 Estate for Life, 314, 318 716 INDEX Estate for Years, 312-313 When Required, 144-145, Interest Following May be 350-361 Vested, 332-333 Suspension of Absolute Owner­ Interest Subject to May be ship, 4 78, 483, 508 Vested, 316-317, 332-333, Suspension of the Absolute 343-344 Power of Alienation Special Occupant, 92 Administrative Delays, 573- Special Power. See: Powers. 574 Spendthrift Trusts. See: Trusts. Certainty, 572-576 Sports (Trust for Promotion absolute certainty re­ of), 423-424 quired, 572-574 Springing Executory Devise. administrative delays, 573- See: Executory Interests. 574 Springing Use. See: Executory analogy to rule against Interests. perpetuities, 491, 532, Stock. See: Corporate Stock. 572-575 Stock Bonus Plan. See: Trusts. ascertainment of measur­ Stock Dividends. See: Accumu- ing lives, 581-582 lations. effect of destructibility, Strict Settlement, 19, 265-267 575-576 Subdivision. See: Plats, Re­ facts considered in deter­ straints on Alienation (Re­ mining, 491, 532, 571- straints on Division). 576 Subinfeudation, 1-3 presumption of possibility Subsequent Limitations. See: of issue, 311, 491, 573 Rule Against Perpetuities, unborn widow, 573 Suspension of the Absolute when certainty must exist, Power of Alienation. 575-576 Substitution, 1 Charitaole Corporation, 509, Successive Estates for Life. See: 515-516 Estates for Life. Charitable Trusts, 414-423, Summary Proceeding for Pos­ 509, 515-516 session, 126 Chattels Personal, 276-277 Support, Trusts for, 208-209 Michigan statutes inap­ Surviving. See: Construction of plicable~ 483-484 Instruments. mixed dispositions of land Survivor. See: Estates for Life and chattels, 276-277, (Statutory Restrictions on), 465-467, 484 Suspension of the Absolute Class Gifts Power of Alienation (Per­ class as donee of power, iod). 520-521 Survivorship class as objects of power, Class Gifts, 360-361 521-522 INDEX 717 class which may include charities, 418-419, 515-516, members not in being, 569 505-506 devises and bequests to class whose members can­ municipal corporations, not be ascertained, 505- 413 506 infant unable to alienate, rules same as under rule 515 against perpetuities, 491 insane person unable to Consequences of Violating alienate, 515 Statutes, 448-476, 516 land contract, 515 effect on alternative and mortgage, 515 concurrent limitations, options, 88-89, 400-407, 461-468, 516 513-514 effect on prior limitations, personal incapacity to alie­ 454-460, 516 nate, 515 effect on subsequent limi­ possibility of reverter, 514- tations, 468-476, 516 515 excision of violating inter­ reversions, 514-515 est, 448-454, 516 rights of entry, 514-515 power which violates, 520 trusts for employees, 409, separability. See: Separa­ 419 bility. trusts for care of graves, substantially the same as 418-419, 424-425, 569 consequences of violat­ trusts for public welfare ing rule against perpe­ purposes, 419, 569 tuities, 453-454, 516 vested legal future inter­ trusts, 554-555 est, 504-506 Destructibility. See: What Future Interests. See also: Prevents Suspension. What Suspends. Differences between New number of prior interests York and Michigan Sta­ not limited, 580 tutes, 483-484 number of takers not lim­ ited, 580 Equitable Conversion, 277- 278, 484, 523-538, 546-548 number of takers of prior interests not limited, 580 Estate for Life of Survivor Infant Unable to Alienate, of Four Persons, 107-108, 515 594-595 Insane Person Unable to Estates for Years, 276, 484 Alienate, 515 Exceptions to Statutory Re­ Interest Which Does Not strictions on Suspend May be Void as alienable contingent fu­ Restraint on Alienation, ture interest, 506-513 577 718 INDEX Interest Which Does Not separability, 450, 454-476, Suspend May be Void 602-604 under Rule Against Perpe­ separate conveyances, 590- tuities, 577 .591 Land Contract, 515 two lives in being, 576-604 Meaning of the Phrase, 485- ascertainment of meas­ 490 uring lives, 581-582 Mixed Property, 276-277, child end ventre sa 465-467, 484 mere, 579 Mortgage, 515 life of survivor of group, Options, 88-89, 400-407, 513- I 07-108, 582-602 514 lives of animals, 579 Period of Permissible Sus­ lives of corporations, 579 pension, 570-612 lives of persons who take administrative delays, 573- no interest, . 579-580 574 lives of plants, 579 alternative measures, 609- parts of lives, 579 612 separability, 602-604 commencement, 571-572 what is a life in being, effect of destructibility, 576-580 532-549, 572-576 Personal Incapacity to Alien­ interests created by ex­ ate, 515 ercise of power, 528- Possibility of Reverter, 514- 532, 572-576 515 settlor also beneficiary Powers of trust, 568-569 absolute power, 378-380, d i ££ e r e n c e s from rule 491, 524, 529-531 against perpetuities, 571 interests created by execu­ effect of destructibility, tion of, 528-532, 571-576 532-549, 572-576 powers which cause sus­ interests created by exer­ pension, 516-528 cise of power, 528-532, powers which prevent sus­ 572-576 pension, 277-278, 504, minority of unborn per­ 524-528, 532-549 son, 571, 604-608 Present Interest in Trust, periods in gross, 571, 608- 277, 539 612 Public Welfare Trusts, 419 alternative measures, Purpose of Statutes Restrict­ 609-612 ing, 4 79-483 part of life distin­ Relation of Statutes Restrict­ guished, 579 ing to Rule Against Perpe­ restricted minority pro­ tuities, xi, xii, 273-278, vision, 571, 604-608 453-454, 485-490 INDEX 719 Requirement of Certainty. tinguished, 485-488, 506- See: Certainty. 513, 520 Restraints on Alienation Dis­ Trusts. See also: What sus­ tinguished, vii, 9, 109, 488- pends. 490 charitable, 414-421, 509, Reversion, 514-515 515-516, 569 Right of Entry, 514-515 for care of graves, 418-419, Scope and Arrangement of 424-425, 569 Discussion of, 490-492 number of beneficiaries Separability, 450, 454-476, not limited, 497, 580 public welfare trusts, 419, 602-604 569 alternative and concurrent Vesting. See also: Vesting. interests, 461-468 rules same as under rule concurrent trusts, 461-462, against perpetuities, 491 602-604 unvested future interest may validate all interests, may not suspend, 506- 602-604 513 may validate separable in­ vested legal interest does terests, 450, 453-4 76, 602- not suspend, 504-506 604 What Prevents Suspension mixed disposition of land destructibility, 532-549, and chattels, 276-277, 572-576 465-467, 484 differences from rule parts of single trust, 460 against perpetuities, prior interests, 454-460 532-538 single clause exercising future interests, 533-538 power of disposing of trusts, 539-549 owned property, 467 direction to convert, 277- subsequent interests, 468- 278, 484, 523, 538, 546- 476 548 Separate Conveyances, 590- persons in existence who 591 can convey a fee, 506- Statutes Restricting, xi, xii, 507' 510-513 89, 108-109, 217, 273-278, power of court to order 380, 414, 429, 477-484, 504 sale of fee, 504 adopted in thirteen states, power of sale, 231, 277-278, 480 542-546 enactment, 4 77 power to convert, 542-549 repeal, 218, 279, 380, 429, power to override power, 479 520, 522, 524-526 revisers' notes, 480-483 power to release power, Suspension of Vesting Dis- 520, 522, 524-528 720 INDEX power to revoke power, unvested interest may 520, 522, 524-525 not, 506-513 power to terminate trust, vested legal interest does 548-549 not, 504-506 powers which prevent, 277- indestructible trusts, 217- 278, 520-528, 530-549 218, 274-275, 277, 429, settlor also beneficiary of 454, 460, 486-487, 549- trust, 568-569 569 What Suspends annuities, 555-569 administrative delays, 574 care of graves, 419, 423- annuities, 555-569 425 Michigan law summar­ charitable, 414-421, 509, ized, 567-568 515-516 charities, 414-419, 509, 515- for payment of a sum in 516 gross, 555-569 class gifts, 491, 505, 506, for receipt of the rents 554 and profits of land, conditions precedent, 506- 277, 539, 550-555 513 future interests under, contingent remainder, 504. 506-516, 553 516 not anticipated by re­ destructible trusts, 539-549 visers, 486 equitable charge, 555-556, present interests under, 558,560, 566-567 277, 539 equity of redemption, 515 public welfare trusts, estate for years, 276, 484 419 executory interest, 504-516 settlor as beneficiary, indestructible future inter- 568-569 ests, 275 454, 504-516 to pay annunities, 555- class which may include 569 members not in being, to satisfy a charge, 555- 505 558 corporation not in be­ to sell lands for the ing, 504 benefit of creditors, contingent interest may 556, 558 not, 506-513 to sell, mortgage or lease person not in being, 504- for the benefit of lega­ 505, 553 tees, 555-558 person not presently as­ infant's interest does not, certainable, 505-506, 515 553 interests created by exer­ under trusts, 553 cise of powers, 528-532 INDEX 721 land contract, 515 vested interests, 274-275, legacy, 555-556 504-506 lien, 555-556 lunatic's interest, 515 Taltarum's Case. See: Estates mortgage, 515 Tail. mixed dispositions of land Taxes. See: Accumulations. and chattels, 276-277, Tenancy by the Entireties. See: 465-467, 484 Estates by the Entirety. options, 88-89, 400-407, Tenancy in Common 513-514 Restraints on Partition, 75- penalty restraints on alien­ 80 ation, 489 Right to Partition, 75-76 personal incapacity to alie­ Tenant for Years. See: Estates nate, 515 for Years. possibility of reverter, 514- Tenants in Chief, 3 515 T e r m. See: Accumulations, powers which cause sus­ Estates for Years, Trusts, Sus­ pension, 516-528 pension of the Absolute administrative powers, Power of Alienation. 522-523 Termination. See: Trusts. beneficiaries not in be­ Testamentary Power. See: ing or not ascertain­ Powers. able, 521-523 Testation. See: Restraints on donee not in being or Alienation, Wills. not ascertainable, 520- Tortious Conveyances, 26, 83- 521 84, 94, 101, 104 power to convert, 523 Trade. See: Restraint of Trade. power to create a trust, Trade Associations, 181 524-526 Treason (Effect of Attainder), power to sell, lease, 3, 22, 23-24, 200 charge or encumber, Trustee. See: Trusts. 522-523 Trusts powers which violate Access by Creditors, 206-209, rule against perpetui­ 228-238, 428, 430-431 ties, 519-520 Accumulations. See: Accum­ present interest under ulations. trust, 277, 454, 539 Alienability prohibitory restraint on by trustee, 203-204, 207- alienation, 488-489 208, 213, 216-217, 221-227, reversions, 514-515 231-232, 277, 428, 539 right of entry, 514-515 common-law rules, 203- unvested future interests, 204, 207-208, 216-217, 275, 506-513 231-232 722 INDEX Michigan statutes, 213- Cestui Que Trust 216-217, 221-227, 277, alienability of interest. 428, 539, 550-551 See: Alienability. New York statutes, 213, animal, 423 221-222, 428-429, 550- ascertainability, 409-412, 551 417-421 trusts of chattels per­ charitable trust, 412, sonal, 231-232, 327 417-421 trusts of land, 230-231, definiteness, 417-421 327 definition, 203 . will, 221 interest of life beneficiary cestui's interest, 5-6, 205, not life e,state, 493-494, 208-209, 212, 216-217, 497 220, 227, 230-232, 277, no limit on number of, 497 380, 428, 485-486, 539, restraints on alienation. 543, 550-552, 568 See: Restraints on Alien­ common-law rules, 5-6, ation. 205, 208-209, 216, 232 unincorporated . societies, Michigan statutes, 212, 425-426 220, 227, 230-232, 277, Charitable. See: Charities. 380, 429, 485-486, 539, Chattels Personal 543, 550, 568 applicability of Michigan New York statutes, 212, statutes, 230-232, 327 230, 428, 539, 550 Definiteness of Beneficiaries, settlor also beneficiary, 417-421 568-569 charitable trusts, 417-421 spendthrift trust, 208- public welfare trusts, 419 209, 229-240, 428, 430- trusts for care of graves, 431 418-419, 447 trust for support, 208- trusts for employees, 409, 209 419, 447 Definiteness of Purpose, 414- trust of chattels per­ 421 .. sonal, 230-232, 327 trusts of land, 230-232 charitable trusts, 414-421 Applicability of Statutory public welfare trusts, 419 trusts for care of graves, Restrictions on Estates for 418-419, 447 Life, 493-494, 497, 501-502 Destructibility, 268, 409 426- Beneficiary. See: Cestui que 431, 532-549, 572, 575-576. Trust. See also: Termination. Bona Fide Purchaser, 204, Device for Creating Expec­ 207-208, 221 tant Interests in Chattels, Cestui in Possession, 216 160 INDEX 723 Disability and Death Benefit Exceptions to Statute of Plans, 409, 419, 447 Uses, 5, 202 Discretionary Trust, 238 Expectant Interests (destruc­ Dower, 204 tibility), 268, 409 Duration, 216-221, 421-431, For Care of Animals, 423-425 434-435, 551-555, 570-612 For Care of Graves, 418-419, accumulations. See: Ac­ 423-425, 447 cumulations. For Employees, 409, 418-419, charitable trusts, 218, 422- 447 For Religious Societies, 415 423 honorary trusts, 423-425 For Support, 208-209 For Unincorporated So- married women, 426-427 cieties, 415, 425-426 Michigan law summarized, History of, 202-205 428-431 Honorary Trust, 423-425 private trusts, 224-227, 426- Interest of Life Beneficiary 431, 434-435, 551-555, Not Estate for Life, 493, 570-612 497 public welfare trusts, 419 Interest of Trustee May be rule against perpetuities, Estate for Life, 493-494, 218, 418-419, 421-431, 501-502 454 Michigan Statutes, 210-216, suspension of the absolute 228-231, 277, 414, 493-494 power of alienation. See: applicability to trusts of Suspension of the Abso­ chattels personal, 230- lute Power of Aliena­ 231, 327 tion. New York Statutes, 210-213, trusts for care of graves, 229-230, 428-429, 551, 557 418-419, 423-425 Pension Plan, 409, 419, 447 trusts for employees, 409, Perpetuity (indestructible 419 trust), 260 trusts for unincorporated Postponement of Enjoyment, societies, 415, 425-426 216, 224-227, 232-233, 347, Equitable Charge Distin­ 427-431, 440-441, 443, 551- tinguished, 559 552, 563 Estates for Life Principal and Income. See: applicability of statutory Accumulations. restrictions, 493-494, 496, Profit-Sharing Plan, 409, 419, 501-502 447 Estates for Years (passive), Public Welfare Trusts, 419 216 Purposes for Which Per­ Estates in, 203 mitted, 212-215, 218-221, Estates Tail, 267 414, 549 724 INDEX accumulations, 435-437 Suspension of the Absolute charity, 414-421 Power of Alienation. definiteness, 416-421 Settlor (also beneficiary), Michigan statutes, 214-215, 568-569 418-419, 549 Spendthrift Trusts, 96-97, Restraints on Alienation. 208-209, 229-239, 428, 429- See: Restraints on Aliena­ 431, 488-489 tion. Michigan law, 229-239, Restraints on Enjoyment. 429-431 See: Postponement of En­ policy considerations, 238- joyment. 239 Restraints on Termination, termination, 429-431 224-227, 421-431, 434-435, Statute of Charitable Uses, 550-552, 563 12 accumulations. See: Ac- Statute of Uses, 5, 12, 139, cumulations. 201,202 charitable trusts, 218, Stock Bonus Plan, 409, 419, 422-423 447 honorary trusts, 423-425 Suspension of the Absolute married women, 426-427 Power of Alienation. See: private trusts, 224-227, 426- Suspension of the Absolute 431, 434-435, 551-552 Power of Alienation. rule against perpetuities, Termination, 216, 224-227, 218, 418-419, 421-422, 232-236, 426-431, 434, 550- 453-454 552, 563 rule in Claflin v. Claflin, accumulations, 434-435, 224-227, 421-431, 434 443 spendthrift trusts, 232-235, English law, 426, 433 428, 430-431 presumption of possibility trusts for care of graves, of issue, 309-310 418-419, 423-425 restraints on. See: Re­ trusts for employees, 409, straints on Termination. 419 rule in Claflin v. Claflin, trusts for unincorporated 224-227,421-431,434 societies, 415, 425-426 spendthrift trusts, 427-428, Rule Against Perpetuities. 430-431 See: Rule Against Perpe­ To Preserve Contingent Re­ tuities. mainders, 19, 265-266 Rule in Claflin v. Claflin, Trustee 224-227, 421-431, 434 alienation by. See: Alien­ Separability. See : R u I e ability. Against Perpetuities (Con­ definition, 203 sequences of Violation), devisability of interest, 221 INDEX 725 dower in interest, 204 Raised by Bargain and Sale, heritability of interest, 221 247 interest may be estate for Remaniders in, 267 life, 493-494, 501-502 Usury. See: Interest. Trust Mortgages, 251 Trust Mortgages, 251 Vesting, 311-357 Two Lives in Being. See: Sus­ Accumulation Condition pension of the Absolute Precedent to, 433 Power of Alienation. Administrative Delays, 307- Two Lives Statutes. See: Estates 309, 346 for Life (Statutory Restric­ Bearing on Restraints on tions on) , Suspension of the Alienation, 142-143, 149, Absolute Power of Aliena­ 153-154 tion, Remainders. Certainty of Enjoyment not Necessary to, 314, 343-344 Unborn Persons. See also: Certainty of Possession not Estates for Life, Expectant Necessary to, 314, 343-344 Interests, Rule Against Per­ Certainty of Required by petuities, Suspension of the Rule Against Perpetuities. Absolute Power of Aliena­ See: Rule Against Perpe­ tion, Vesting. tuities. Alienability of Interests, 7 Charitable Corporations, Unborn Widow, 306-307, 573 409-411 Unique Chattels. See: Chattels Charitable Trusts, 411-421 Personal. Chattels Personal, 319-320, Unit Rule. See: Class Gifts. 326-327 Use and Occupation. See: Chat­ Class Gifts, 358-369, 554 tels Personal (History of Condition Precedent Pre­ Law of). vents, 312-313, 333, 344 Use Restrictions. See: Equit­ Construction of Instruments, able Restrictions. 339, 343-357 Uses Constructional Preference Alienability, 4, 201 for Early, 339, 345, 348, Alienation by Feoffee to, 200- 354 201, 203 Contingency as to Person or Devisability, 201 Event, 333-343 Enforcement in Equity, 200- Defeasibility Does Not Pre­ 201 vent, 316-317, 343, 344-345, Estates in, 201, 268 349, 363-369 Expectant Interests in, 201, Easement Does Not Prevent, 268 394 History of, 198-202 English Law, 311-323 726 INDEX executory interests, 317- Power of Appointment Does 323 Not Prevent, 316-317, 343- remainders, 311-317 344, 370 Equitable Restriction Does Presumption of Possibility of Not Prevent, 394 Issue, 309-311 Estates for Life, 313-314 Profit a Prendre Does Not Estates for Years Prevent, 394 suspension of absolute Remainder, 311-317, 326-357 ownership, 478, 508 condition precedent pre­ Executory Interests, 317-332, vents, 312-313, 333, 334 343 certain to occur, 313 certain to become posses­ sory, 319-321, 330-332 condition subsequent does cutting off or following not prevent, 316-317, estate for years, 312-313 344-345 deferred possession, 317- conditional on preceding 323, 330-332, 343 estate terminating in a English law, 317-323 particular manner, 313- Michigan law, 326-332 314 non-possessory interests, defeasibility does not pre­ 320 vent, 316-317, 343-345 not contingent, 319-320 class gift exception, 363- Gift in Default of Appoint­ 365 ment, 370-372 deferred possession does Implied Condition of Sur­ not prevent, 313-317, vivorship, 144-145, 354-356 330, 343 Interest Subsequent to Ex­ English law, 311-317 ecutory Interest, 315, 317, estate for life, 314 320 executory limitation does Michigan Law, 323-357 not prevent, 316-317, Michigan Rules Differ from 343-344 Common Law, 154 expectant upon estate for Michigan Statutes, 326 life on special limita­ punctuation, 336 tion, 314 Options, 398 expectant upon estate for Possession Not Required for years, 262-263, 312-313 Remainder, 313-315, 330 Michigan statutory re­ Possession Required for Ex­ quirement, 474, 478 ecutory Interest, 317-323, expectant upon estate tail 330-333, 343 on special limitation, Possibility of Reverter, 316- 315 317, 332-333, 343-344, 389- heirs of living person, 316, 390 333-338 INDEX 727 Michigan law, 326-357 S u r v i v o r s h i p (when re­ summarized, 343 quired), 350-361 peculiar class gift rule, S u s p e n s i o n of Absolute 363-365 Ownership, 478, 508 power of appointment Suspension of Not Suspen­ does not prevent, 316- sion of lh e Absolute Power 317, 343-344, 370 of Alienation, 506-513, remainderman not in be­ 519-520 ing or not ascertainable, Suspension of the Absolute 315-416, 333 Power of Alienation. See rule in In re Coots' Estate, also: Suspension of the Ab­ 354-356 solute Power of Aliena­ rule in Moore v. Littel, tion. 333-343 rules same as under rule special limitation does not against perpetuities, 491 prevent, 316-317, 332- suspension of vesting not 333, 343-344 suspension of the abso­ subject to charge, 345 lute power of alienation, subsequent to executory 506-513, 519-520 interest, 320 T r u s t s. S e e a I s o : Rule Remoteness of Against Perpetuities. New York statutes, 275- cestui's interest 276, 484 charitable trust, 411-412 Rule Against Perpetuities. trustee's estate See: Rule Against Perpe­ charitable trust, 411-412 tuities. Unborn Widow, 306-307, 573 Reversion, 261, 388-389 Violation, Effect of. See: Ac­ Right of Entry, 316-317, 332- cumulations, Estates for Life 333, 343-344, 390-391 Rule Against Perpetuities. (Statutory Restrictions on), See also: Rule Against Per­ Rule Against Perpetuities, petuities. Suspension of the Absolute Michigan decisions, 1847- Power of Alienation. 1949, applicable, 327 rules same under suspen­ Warranty (Barring Entail), 23 1 sion statutes, 491 Waste, 93 2 Rule in In re Coots' Estate, Wasting Assets. See: Accumula­ 354-356 tions. Rule in Moore v. Littel, 333- Whitby v. Mitchell. See: Rule 343 in Whitby v. Mitchell Strict Settlement, 265-266 Wholesaler, 173 Subject to Executory Inter­ Will Contest (Compromise), est, 316-317, 343-344 234 728 INDEX Wills Mortgages, 245 Accumulations. See: Accum- Possibility of Reverter, 141 ulations. Powers. See: Powers. Chattels Personal, 6, 159 Remainders, 141, 143 Class gifts. See: Class Gifts. Restraints on Testation, 67- Construction. '6~e: Construc- 75, 166 tion of Instfuments. Reversions, 141, 143 Contract to Make, 73-76 Right of Action, 141 Effective Date, 280, 571-572 Rights of Entry, 141 Equity of Redemption, 245 Rule Against Perpetuities. Estates for Life, 92 See: Rule Against Perpe­ Estates for Years, 6, 111-112 tuities. Estates in Fee Simple, 3-5, Statutes, 67, 143 67 Suspension of the Absolute Estates Tail, 23-24, 67 Power of Alienation. See: Executory Interests, 141, 143 Suspension of the Abso­ Expectant Interests, 141, 143 lute Power of Alienation. Interessia Termini, 141, 143 Testamentary Powers, 370- Land, 3-5, 23-24, 67, 111-112, 372, 374-375, 383-386, 530- 141, 143, 201, 221 531 cestui que use, 200, 201 Trustee, 221 Michigan statutes, 67, 143 Trusts. See: Trusts. trustee, 221 Uses, 200, 201 Land Contracts, 248 Worthier Title, Doctrine of, 19