DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Application Nuremberg Green Capital City 2012/2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Application Nuremberg Green Capital City 2012/2013 FINAL APPLICATION NUREMBERG Green Capital City 2012/ 2013 Award year Award year: Either 2012 or 2013 Municipality: Name of municipality: Nuremberg Country: Germany Size of municipality (km²): 186 Number of inhabitants in municipality: 495459 Name of mayor: Dr. Ulrich Maly Address of mayor's office: Stadt Nürnberg Rathausplatz 2 90403 Nürnberg Contact info Contact person: Dr. Susanne Schimmack Address: Umweltreferat Hauptmarkt 18 90403 Nürnberg Telephone: 0049-911-2315942 Fax: 0049-911-2313391 E-mail: [email protected] - 1 - 1. Local contribution to global climate change 1a. Describe the present situation and developments over the last five to ten years regarding (max. 1,000 words): 1. Total CO2 equivalent per capita, including emissions resulting from use of electricity; 2. CO2 per capita resulting from use of natural gas; 3. CO2 per capita resulting from transport; 4. Gram of CO2 per kWh used. 1.1. The present situation and developments over the last five to ten years The City of Nuremberg has put considerable effort into its municipal climate policy and has experienced some success. The City attaches great importance to energy issues. Increased use of renewable forms of energy and high energy efficiency are two tools to fight climate change. Since 2000 Nuremberg has been a member of the Climate Alliance of European Cities, the largest European city network for climate protection. As a member of the Climate Alliance, Nuremberg has committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions continuously. Since 2009 Nuremberg, has also been a member of the Covenant of Mayors. Numerical values are available for the year 2008. These values include the conversion of the local power plant Nuremberg-Sandreuth. The power plant produces electricity and district heating in environment-friendly and energy-efficient combined cycle gas & steam technology. 1.1.1. Total CO 2 per capita including emissions resulting from use of electricity The methodology for calculating emissions between 1990 and 2008 is based on the former guidelines of the Climate Alliance of European Cities. Since 2010, the City of Nuremberg has calculated emissions with the ECO2Region preferred by the Climate Alliance. Figure 1: CO 2 equivalent emissions per capita 12,0 10,7 9,8 9,5 9,3 10,0 7,4 8,0 5,0 4,0 Tons CO2- 4,0 3,9 equivalent per 6,0 1,8 capita 4,0 3,5 3,8 3,4 3,4 3,6 2,0 2,2 2,1 2,1 2,1 1,9 0,0 1990 1996 2000 2004 2008 Transport Electricity Heat Total CO2 equivalent emissions The development of CO 2 emissions and other greenhouse gases is linked to final energy consumption. Between 2000 and 2008, Nuremberg’s final energy consumption was reduced by 4.9%. CO 2 emissions decreased continuously between 1990 and 2008. This is a sign of greater efficiency, both in energy production and consumption. The most important sources of CO 2 - 2 - emissions are the use of the final energy carriers electricity, natural gas, heating oil, district heating and fuels for transport. Nuremberg's greenhouse gas emissions have reduced considerably during the last twenty years. Between 1990 and 2008, CO 2 emissions decreased by 29.4% overall. Between 2000 and 2008, CO 2 emissions were reduced by 19.5%. The main contributing factor was the decrease in domestic energy consumption, especially for heating. Another reason was the change from fossil fuels, such as heating oil and coal, to more environmentally-friendly natural gas. 1.1.2. Use of natural gas In Nuremberg, natural gas is an important energy carrier for industry and private households. Final energy consumption and CO 2 emissions from use of natural gas were relatively constant between 1996 and 2008. But the use of natural gas in industry and private households also has another advantage: natural gas has replaced coal and heating oil which have a worse CO 2 equivalent emission factor. Figure 2: CO 2-equivalent emissions from use of natural gas 1,80 1,60 1,40 1,20 Tons CO2- 1,00 equivalent per 1,63 capita 0,80 1,55 1,54 1,60 0,60 1,35 0,40 0,20 0,00 1990 1996 2000 2004 2008 Natural gas 1.1.3. CO 2 per capita resulting from transport Transport is one of the three main sources of CO 2 emissions. Although the City of Nuremberg has a good public transport system, emissions from cars and HGVs are enormous. The public transport system consists of various means of transport, such as busses, trams, underground and suburban trains. Walking and cycling are also popular in Nuremberg. The public transport system is still improving. New suburban railways to neighbouring cities, such as Ansbach, Erlangen and Neumarkt are under construction. The new underground line U3 from Maxfeld to Gustav-Adolf- Straße is the third underground line, and it will be extended further. Nuremberg's good public transport system means that it is possible to live in the city without using a private car. Without the public transport system, CO 2 emissions would be substantially higher. - 3 - Figure 3: CO 2-equivalent emissions per capita from public and private transport Tons CO2- Covered distance equivalent per capita km per capita 3,0 9.000 8.294 8.182 8.036 8.579 8.000 2,5 8.381 0,11 0,13 0,12 7.000 0,13 0,13 2,0 6.000 5.000 1,5 4.000 1,0 2,1 2,0 3.000 2,0 1,9 1,8 2.000 0,5 1.000 0,0 0 1990 1996 2000 2004 2008 Private transport: Cars and HGVs Public Transport: Underground, busses, trams, trains Covered distance - total: Cars and public transport 1.1.4. Carbon Intensity: Grams of CO 2 per kWh used Between 1990 and 2008 , the average CO 2 equivalent in grams of CO 2 per kWh used was reduced by 19.9%. The average CO2 equivalent emission factor includes the use of electricity, natural gas, district heating, process heating, heating oil, coal and transport, but not the emissions for waste water management and waste disposal. Figure 4: Carbon Intensity: Gram CO 2 per kWh used 800 800 700 700 600 600 CO2-equivalent 500 392 500 Average CO2- 367 347 emissions 400 337 400 equivalent emissions 294 gram CO2 per kWh gram CO2 per 300 300 kWh used used 200 200 100 100 0 0 1990 1996 2000 2004 2008 Electricity (German Electricity Production Mix) Heat Transport Average CO2 -equivalent emissions Nuremberg uses the German electricity generation mix (> 600 g CO 2 / kWh electricity). The major share of German electricity generation is based on fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas. This results in higher CO 2 emissions, as compared to other cities with a national electricity generation - 4 - mix based on nuclear power and renewables. The generation of district heating was switched from coal to natural gas between 2004 and 2006. Figure 5: German electricity generation mix: carbon intensity per kWh electricity 666 689 648 120 612 700 615 100 600 German electricity Share of energy source / 500 80 Percentage production mix: 400 gram CO2-equivalent per 60 300 kWh electric 40 200 20 100 0 0 1990 1996 2000 2005 2008 Nuclar power Fossil fuels (gas,oil, coal) Renewables (wind, water, solar,biomass) Electricity production mix (German national electricity mix) 1.1.5. Share of renewables in electricity production Renewable energy sources are also used in Nuremberg: hydroelectric power is the most important renewable resource. In 2008, almost 9,400 MWh of electricity were generated this way. Photovoltaic and solar-thermal energy are also popular. The photovoltaic energy share increased by 656% between 2000 and 2006. Nuremberg boasts the highest amount of energy production per capita from photovoltaics and solar-thermal energy of all German cities of over 500,000 inhabitants. In Nuremberg, the photovoltaics systems installed produced an overall 9,300 kWpeak in 2008, generating 8,400 MWh of electricity per year. Every year, 7,560 t of CO 2 emissions are avoided because of photovoltaics. In 2008, solar-thermal devices covered an area of 20,400 m² and saved CO 2 emissions of 2,134 t CO 2 per year. In 2009, the project association “8KU” (an association of eight municipal companies) was founded, with the goal of extending regenerative electricity generation. Figure 6: Reduction of CO 2 by renewables in the City of Nuremberg: Percentage of electricity consumption from renewables and CO 2 reduction from renewables Percentage of electricity CO2 reduction from consumption from renewables sources/ renewable sources tons of CO2 25.000 0,90% 0,75% 0,79% 0,69% 0,80% 20.000 0,70% 0,60% 0,60% 15.000 0,50% 0,40% 10.000 0,30% 5.000 0,20% 0,10% 0 0,00% 1996 2000 2004 2008 Water power (electricity) Biomass and sewage gas (electricity) Photovoltaics (electricity) Solarthermal devices (heating) Percentage of electricity consumption from renewable sources - 5 - 1.1.6. Percentage of citizens connected to district heating Almost 5,000 buildings in Nuremberg are connected to district heating. The percentage of citizens connected to district heating increased from 14.5% in 1990 to 20.7% in 2007. Between 2004 and 2006, the local power plant in Nürnberg-Sandreuth was converted to the energy-efficient combined cycle gas & steam technology. Increased electricity generation with less CO 2 gains for the current has decreased CO 2-equivalent emissions by 643,106 t of CO 2 emissions between 1990 and 2008. Figure 7: Local district heating and electricity production in cogeneration in the local power plant Nuremberg-Sandreuth; percentage of citizens connected to district heating 20,7% 1.600.000 18,9% 20% 1.400.000 17,3% 14,5% 15,0% 1.200.000 15% 1.000.000 Percentage of 800.000 10% citizens connected MWh 600.000 to district heating 400.000 5% 200.000 0 0% 1990 1996 2000 2004 2007 Electricity production District heating production Citizens connected to district heating 1b.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Office Market Profile
    Office Market Profile Nuremberg | 4th quarter 2019 Published in February 2020 Nuremberg Development of Main Indicators High take-up thanks to large-scale lettings Nuremberg’s off ice space market remained a sought-aft er business location. Positive net absorption confi rmed the steady growth of the Franconian city. The market was char- acterised by strong demand for off ice space, but also by low supply. For the fi rst time, there was a clear alignment of two submarkets in terms of the prime rent. In 2019, 133,600 sqm of off ice space was taken up on the Nuremberg off ice space market - almost double the previous this size category was concluded by Design Off ices GmbH in year’s result of 67,300 sqm and the third-best result within the the City Centre Fringe submarket (approx. 10,000 sqm). last ten years aft er 2016 (142,000 sqm) and 2017 (137,900 sqm). This strong performance was attributable to fi ve leases The Nuremberg real estate market remains a sought-aft er in the large-scale size category. With a total volume of 76,500 business location and continues to expand. Over the past 12 sqm, these lettings accounted for more than half of the overall months, this has been evident from the net absorption fi g- result. By far, the largest letting was concluded by the City of ure which has improved by 59,000 sqm in terms of the vol- Nuremberg in “The Q” (approx. 42,000 sqm). Another lease in ume of occupied off ice space.
    [Show full text]
  • Internationally Coordinated Management Plan 2015 for the International River Basin District of the Rhine
    Internationally Coordinated Management Plan 2015 for the International River Basin District of the Rhine (Part A = Overriding Part) December 2015 Imprint Joint report of The Republic of Italy, The Principality of Liechtenstein, The Federal Republic of Austria, The Federal Republic of Germany, The Republic of France, The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, The Kingdom of Belgium, The Kingdom of the Netherlands With the cooperation of the Swiss Confederation Data sources Competent Authorities in the Rhine river basin district Coordination Rhine Coordination Committee in cooperation with the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) Drafting of maps Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany Publisher: International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen 15, D 56068 Koblenz P.O. box 20 02 53, D 56002 Koblenz Telephone +49-(0)261-94252-0, Fax +49-(0)261-94252-52 Email: [email protected] www.iksr.org Translation: Karin Wehner ISBN 978-3-941994-72-0 © IKSR-CIPR-ICBR 2015 IKSR CIPR ICBR Bewirtschaftungsplan 2015 IFGE Rhein Contents Introduction .................................................................................. 6 1. General description .............................................................. 8 1.1 Surface water bodies in the IRBD Rhine ................................................. 11 1.2 Groundwater ...................................................................................... 12 2. Human activities and stresses ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nobles and Nuremberg's Churches
    Durham E-Theses Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany: A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s POPE, BENJAMIN, JOHN How to cite: POPE, BENJAMIN, JOHN (2016) Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany: A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11492/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s Benjamin John Pope Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, Durham University 2015 1 CONTENTS 1. Introduction . 7 The Medieval Debate. 9 ‘Not exactly established’: Historians, Towns and Nobility. .18 Liberals and Romantics . .20 The ‘Crisis’ of the Nobility . 25 Erasing the Divide .
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Pleasure, and Pollution: Water Use in Pre-Industrial Nuremberg
    Klaudyán: internetový časopis pro historickou geografii a environmentální dějiny Klaudyán: Internet Journal of Historical Geography and Environmental History Ročník 4/2007, č. 2, s. 5–18 Volume 4/2007, No. 2, pp. 5–18 Power, pleasure, and pollution: Water use in pre-industrial Nuremberg and Prague 1 Florian Ruhland [email protected] University of Bamberg, Department of Geography, Historical Geography Abstract: F. Ruhland: Power, pleasure, and pollution: Water use in pre-industrial Nuremberg and Prague. – Klaudyán, 4, No. 2, pp. 5–18. By looking at the uses of water in late medieval and early modern Nuremberg and Prague, the paper aims at contributing to the profile of pre-industrial cities in environmental history. After a brief overview of the role pre-industrial cities have played in environmental history and related fields, the paper discusses the relationship between water and city in the light of three issues: water as a source of power, water as a polluted resource, and piped water as a commodity. The first point is how water mills and riverside crafts were shaping the rivers in both cities. Secondly, the paper reviews cases of river water pollution in both cities and places them in a contemporary context. Thirdly, the paper looks at the development of technical systems of water supply consisting of water works, water towers, conduits, a few public fountains and dozens of private taps. Apart from being physical networks, these infrastructures networked consumers of running water in a sometimes conflicting way. The paper argues that the provision of piped water turned water into a commodity even before the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • I University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan S I
    71 - 27,439 BUCK, Lawrence Paul, 1944- THE CONTAINMENT OF CIVIL INSURRECTION: NURNBERG AND THE PEASANTS' REVOLT, 1524-1525. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 History, medieval i University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan s i :. Q Copyright by Lawrence Paul Buck 1971 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE CONTAINMENT OF CIVIL INSURRECTION: NURNBERG AND THE PEASANTS* REVOLT, 1524-1525 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lawrence Paul Buck, B.A., M.A, jjg jjg 5*5 The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Department of History PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this dissertation was completed - while I was a Fulbright Graduate Fellow in Germany. I would like to acknowledge my appreciation to Dr. Gerhard Hirschmann, Director of the Nttrnberg City Archive, and to Dr. Otto Puchner, Director of the Bavarian State Archive, Nttrnberg. Both men were very generous in opening to me the vast sources in their care. I also wish to thank my family and my friends for their continual encouragement. I am deeply indebted to my adviser, Professor Harold J. Grimm, who has assisted me in every aspect of this work, and whose example as a scholar and teacher has stood as a constant source of inspiration for me. ii VITA October 6, 1944 Born - Pittsburg, Kansas 1966*......... B.A., Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 1966-196 7..... Woodrow Wilson Fellow, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967*..•••••••• M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1967-1969*••••• NDEA Fellow, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1970 ,...
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, die quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Journal of German-American History Published by the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland
    A JOURNAL OF GERMAN-AMERICAN HISTORY Cover: Deutsches Haus (ca. 1925) Collection of the Maryland Historical Society VOLUME XLI 1990 A JOURNAL OF GERMAN-AMERICAN HISTORY PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF THE GERMANS IN MARYLAND RANDALL DONALDSON KLAUS WUST CO-EDITORS BALTIMORE, MARYLAND COPYRIGHT 1990 THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF THE GERMANS IN MARYLAND P.O. Box 22585 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21203 ISSN: 0148-7787 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EDITORIAL STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 4 MEMBERS AND OFFICERS .............................................................................................. 5 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1886-1990 ............................................................................. 7 INVITATION ............................................................................................................... 9 FROM THE EDITOR ..................................................................................................... 11 A SALUTE TO THE GERMAN-AMERICAN BUSINESS ENTERPRISES OF BALTIMORE By WILLIAM H. McCLAIN ............................................................................... 13 MAJOR GENERAL THE BARON JOHANNES DE KALB: A FORGOTTEN MARYLAND PATRIOT By GERARD WM.WITTSTADT, SR ..................................................................... 17 THE GERMANTOWN PROTEST AND AFRO-GERMAN RELATIONS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND MARYLAND BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR By LEROYT. HOPKINS ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fließgewässer in Nürnberg
    Inhaltsverzeichnis 0. Erläuterung von Abkürzungen und Fachbegriffen 1 1. Sachverhalt 3 2. Grundsätzliches 3 3. Überblick über die Fließgewässer dritter Ordnung in Nürnberg 3 4. Die Fließgewässer im Rahmen der Planung und des Ökokontos 4 5. Gewässerpflege und Gewässerunterhalt 5 6. Beteiligung Stadtentwässerung und Umweltanalytik Nürnberg 9 am Gewässerunterhalt 7. Anthropogene Einflüsse auf die Gewässer III. Ordnung 9 7.1 Konflikte aufgrund der allgemeinen Siedlungs- und 9 Planungstätigkeit 7.1.1 Inanspruchnahme von Gewässerflächen 9 7.1.2 Einleitung von Gewässern in die Kanalisation 10 7.2 Konflikte mit Grundstückseigentümern 11 7.3 Hochwasser und Überschwemmungsgebiete 13 8. Belastungen der Gewässer durch Einleitungen 17 8.1 Verbesserung der Gewässergüte und Ergebnisse der 17 biologischen und chemischen Untersuchungen 8.2 Die Entwicklung der Gewässergüte im Raum Nürnberg 19 8.3 Gewässergüte einzelner Gewässer 20 8.3.1 Langwassergraben 20 8.3.2 Bucher Landgraben 22 8.3.3 Fischbach 24 8.3.4 Goldbach 25 8.3.5 Gänseried- und Ludergraben 25 8.3.6 Entengraben, Eichenwaldgraben 25 und Gaulnhofener Graben 8.3.7 Kothbrunngraben 26 8.3.8 Gründlach (Gewässer II. Ordnung) 26 9. Neuerungen durch die Wasserrahmenrichtlinie 27 10. Resümee 28 Anlagen 1. Reduzierung der entlasteten / eingeleiteten Wassermengen 30 und Frachten 2. Definition der biologischen Gewässergüte 32 3. Verhältnis der genehmigten Entlastungswassermengen 33 zur Mittelwasserführung der Gräben 4. Genehmigte Entlastungswassermengen 34 Gewässer III. Ordnung Bericht über den Zustand kleiner
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Weiherlandschaft Im Volkspark Dutzendteich
    7 Weiherlandschaft im Volkspark Dutzendteich Zur Weiherlandschaft zählen neben den beiden Dutzend- teichen die beiden Nummernweiher, der Flachweiher und der Silbersee. Der große Dutzendteich wird heute gern für den Wassersport genutzt, der kleine Dutzendteich und die Weiher haben einen eher naturnahen Charakter. Neben dem Langsee ist der kleine Dutzendteich das ein- zige Gewässer in Nürnberg, in dem das Baden ofiziell erlaubt ist. Der Dutzendteich wurde wahrscheinlich im 13. Jahrhun- dert durch Aufstauung des Langwassers und weiterer kleinerer Bäche künstlich angelegt und diente der Was- serspeicherung und der Fischzucht. Der Dutzendteich und das umliegende Gelände haben eine wechselvolle Geschichte. Bereits im 17. Jahrhundert war der Dut- zendteich ein beliebtes Auslugsziel der Nürnberger, die Landes-, Industrie-, Gewerbe- und Kunstausstellung und die Eröffnung des ersten stadteigenen Tiergartens auf dem Gelände des heutigen Volksfestplatzes folgten. Östlich an den Volkspark angrenzend wurde zwischen 1926-1928 ein Sportpark angelegt. Das NS-Regime überprägte das Dutzendteichgelände und den Luitpoldhain mit den Plänen zum NS-Partei- tagsgelände sehr stark. Der Dutzendteich wurde durch den Bau der großen Straße in den kleinen und großen Dutzendteich geteilt. Die Baugrube des geplanten Deut- schen Stadions bildet heute den Silbersee. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg konnte sich das Dutzend- teichgelände wieder zu einem Naherholungsgebiet ent- wickeln und fand eine Aneignung des Freiraumes statt. Noch heute sind die Spuren der wechselvollen Geschich- te auf dem Areal des Volksparks Dutzendteich ablesbar. Neben den noch erhaltenen baulichen Anlagen der NS- Zeit liegen die vielfältigen Freiraumnutzungen scheinbar ungeordnet nebeneinander. Der Volkspark Dutzendteich ist heute ein großzügiger Erholungsraum für die angrenzenden Quartiere und ein beliebtes Auslugsziel für den Wassersport.
    [Show full text]
  • Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955
    GERMANS DISPLACED FROM THE EAST: CROSSING ACTUAL AND IMAGINED CENTRAL EUROPEAN BORDERS, 1944-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amy A. Alrich, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Alan Beyerchen, Advisor Professor Birgitte Soland _______________________ Professor Robin Judd Advisor Department of History Copyright by Amy A. Alrich 2003 ABSTRACT At the end of World War II the Allies demilitarized, divided, and democratized Germany. The dismantling of Germany involved setting up four zones and eventually two states, the Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic (GDR), and also giving large German territories to Poland and the Soviet Union, which required the initiation of a forced population transfer of the Germans who lived in those areas. Whether they fled as the Soviet troops advanced, or faced the postwar expulsions arranged by the Allies, the majority of Germans from the Eastern territories, approximately 12 million altogether, survived the arduous trek West. Roughly 8 million ended up in West Germany; 4 million went to the GDR. This dissertation comparatively examines the postwar, post-flight experiences of the German expellees in the Federal Republic and GDR in the late 1940s and 1950s. This analysis involves an examination of four categories of experience: official images of the expellees, their self-images, their images as outsiders, and expellees' reaction to these outsider-images. The two Germanies' expellee policies differed dramatically and reflected their Cold War orientations. West Germany followed a policy of expellee-integration, which highlighted their cultural differences and encouraged them to express their uniqueness.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobles and Nuremberg's Churches
    Durham E-Theses Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany: A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s POPE, BENJAMIN, JOHN How to cite: POPE, BENJAMIN, JOHN (2016) Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany: A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11492/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Relations between Townspeople and Rural Nobles in late medieval Germany A Study of Nuremberg in the 1440s Benjamin John Pope Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, Durham University 2015 1 CONTENTS 1. Introduction . 7 The Medieval Debate. 9 ‘Not exactly established’: Historians, Towns and Nobility. .18 Liberals and Romantics . .20 The ‘Crisis’ of the Nobility . 25 Erasing the Divide .
    [Show full text]
  • Typesetting Telephone Numbers with Latex
    ENUMB N E O 3 2 1 R H 4 S P 5 Version 2.3 T y 20th August 2021 X p 6 E e T s A L e 7 t h t t in 8 0 i g 9 w te rs lep be hone num Package author Keno Wehr Bug reports https://github.com/wehro/phonenumbers/issues This package makes it possible to typeset telephone numbers according to dif- ferent national conventions and to link them when required. German, Austrian, French, British, and North American phone numbers are supported. Phone numbers from other countries are supported rudimentarily. A German version of this manual is available in the file phonenumbers-de.pdf. Contents 1 Quick Start 4 1.1 Germany ................................. 4 1.2 Austria ................................... 4 1.3 France ................................... 5 1.4 United Kingdom ............................. 5 1.5 North America .............................. 6 1.6 Other Countries ............................. 6 2 General Principles 7 2.1 Basic Ideas of the Package ....................... 7 2.2 Commands ................................ 7 2.3 Linking of Phone Numbers ....................... 8 2.4 Options .................................. 9 2.5 Invalid Numbers ............................. 11 2.6 Licence .................................. 11 3 German Phone Numbers 12 3.1 Structure of the Numbers ........................ 12 3.2 Options .................................. 13 3.3 Invalid Numbers ............................. 14 4 Austrian Phone Numbers 16 4.1 Structure of the Numbers ........................ 16 4.2 Options .................................. 17 4.3 Invalid Numbers ............................. 18 5 French Phone Numbers 20 5.1 Scope ................................... 20 5.2 Structure of the Numbers ........................ 20 5.3 Options .................................. 22 5.4 Invalid Numbers ............................. 23 6 British Phone Numbers 24 6.1 Scope ................................... 24 6.2 Structure of the Numbers .......................
    [Show full text]