27. Arbeitstagung Der Anatomischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 29.09
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27. Arbeitstagung der Anatomischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 29.09.2010 bis 01.10.2010 Vorträge des Satellitensymposiums „Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus“ Vortrag 1 Rubrik: 12. Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus Abstract Nr.: Titel: "Anatomy in the Third Reich: A review of the current status of research" Autoren: Hildebrandt S.(1), Adressen: (1)University of Michigan|Division of Anatomical Sciences|Ann Arbor|USA; email:[email protected] Abstract: Although it is known that anatomists working in Germany during the Third Reich used bodies of victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for dissection and research, a comprehensive history of the anatomy in the Third Reich has not yet been written. Such a history has to address questions about the anatomists’ political activities and ideological support of NS policies as well as about the sources of the body supply for anatomical institutions. This review of the currently available literature gives a first outline of the field. The main conclusions are: 1. German anatomists were both, supporters and victims of NS policies. In a survey of 190 anatomists, political data were available for 128. Of those, 51 were dismissed, emigrated or suffered other career interruptions for racial and political reasons. Of the 77 remaining anatomists, 67 were members of at least one of the NS organizations, with varying political activity. 2. Without exception, all anatomy departments used the bodies of NS victims for dissection and research, including those of executed prisoners. This practice was independent of the political affiliation of individual anatomists. 3. Third, German anatomists under the leadership of Eugen Fischer were instrumental in developing the biological foundation of racial hygiene, which became the scientific justification of NS policies such as sterilization, extermination and mass murder. Anatomists were involved in the research, practice and teaching of racial hygiene. This first overview shows that the interactions between German anatomists and the NS regime were complex and need further exploration. Kategorie: Vortrag Vortrag 2 Rubrik: 12. Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus Abstract Nr.: Titel: "„... a corpse can be put at your disposal“ – Judicial and administrative basis for the supply with bodies from executions in the Third Reich" Autoren: Viebig M. Adresse: Memorial Site "Roter Ochse", Halle, Germany; email: [email protected] anhalt.de For more than 15 years, the memorial site „Roter Ochse“ in Halle/Saale, Germany, has studied documents of special and military courts in Mitteldeutschland (central Germany). Hundreds of death sentences have been executed during the last years of the war in the former state prison of Halle. The resulting corpses were used in biomedical research and teaching. The number of executions was marginal before 1933 but increased steadily after the Nazis seized power. The judiciary delivered an increasing number of death sentences against political opponents and persons who were to be eradicated from the “Volksgemeinschaft” (national community) according to racist ideology. However, the corpses were not distributed evenly to each of the anatomical institutes. The distribution depended on factors such the distance of the institute to an execution place, the court responsible for the sentence, and whether the state or relatives had the right to dispose of the bodies. At the beginning of the year 1939, the Reichsjustizministerium (department of justice) issued a decree that changed the distribution process of corpses. As a rule, after the responsible ministry informed the anatomical institute of a pending execution, the institute confirmed the pick-up day of the body. Details of the actual delivery of bodies can be found in execution protocols, reports by execution overseers, receipts of body deliveries, body registers of the institutes, etc.. This lecture will review the historical progression of ministerial decisions and demonstrate how administrative documents can be used as a point of departure for current research projects. Kategorie: Vortrag Vortrag 3 Rubrik: 12. Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus Abstract Nr.: Titel: „Corpses of executed victims in the Anatomical Institute of the University of Giessen“ Authoren: Sigrid Oehler-Klein, Volker Roelcke Adressen: Institute for the History of Medicine, Giessen University, Jheringstr. 6, D-35392 Gießen; e- mail: [email protected] Abstract: Ferdinand Wagenseil, the director of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Giessen since 1940, converted the Institute into an asylum for racially or politically persecuted medical students whereas his predecessors had acted in tune with national socialist policies. But Wagenseil had to face the effects of radicalisation in the course of World War II: In 1942, the delivery of corpses of victims, executed because of political resistance or even marginal breaches of law, extremely increased, parallel to the number of medical students due to the demand for physicians in the war: Up to 600% more students had to be instructed. Although Wagenseil was shocked by the praxis of executions, the relative lack of corpses induced him to complain about the insufficiencies of anatomical teaching. In consequence, the „Reichsstatthalter” asked the General State Prosecutor for a proportional increase in the number of corpses to the nearby universities. On the basis of the anatomical registration book in Giessen, which shows specifically marked entries, the places of delivery (and sometimes the exact causes of death) the number of delivered executed victims can be reconstructed. Following a comparison with a list of executions performed in the prison of Frankfurt-Preungesheim the names and the sentences of over 50 % of the victims are known today. Historical inquiries disclosed individual fates, like that of a slave-labourer from Poland, who had been hanged because of a “violation of racial law”, or the decapitation of a couple who had distributed flyers against national socialist policies. Kategorie: Vortrag Vortrag 4 Rubrik: 12. Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus Abstract Nr.: Titel: „Hermann Stieve and the use of execution victims for research“ Author: Andreas Winkelmann Adresse: Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum für Anatomie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Berlin anatomist Hermann Stieve (1886–1952) was one of Germany's leading researchers into female reproduction. Some of his scientific insights derived from histological investigations on the genital organs of executed women. These investgations benefited from the extreme increase in executions during the Nazi regime. While Stieve's research made a relevant contribution to contemporary scientific debates, his use of the organs of execution victims, some of them resistance fighters, meant that he participated in the Nazi justice system, which was a system of injustice. Moreover, he used the terror of death row as a sober scientific variable for his research on the nervous influences on genital morphology. Even if Stieve did not interfere with the execution victims during their lifetime, his use of their bodies meant a critical interference with their biographies. If Stieve's contemporaries criticised this interference at all, it was not primarily because the bodies stemmed from executed women but because certain victims were thus treated like "common criminals". Hermann Stieve never joined the NSDAP, and the case of his research remains multifaceted. It can therefore serve as a good starting point for a discussion about how we want to judge anatomical research during the "Third Reich". This discussion should produce clear ethical criteria for such a judgement, acknowledge possible historical change of these criteria, and formulate lessons for today's researchers at a time when body donation programs have relieved anatomists of the stigma of being part of a punishment process but still confront them with ethical challenges. Kategorie: Vortrag Vortrag 5 Rubrik: 12. Anatomie im Nationalsozialismus Abstract Nr.: Titel: „Bavarian anatomies and the executed (1933-1948)“ Author: Thorsten Noack Adressen: Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute for the History of Medicine, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Building 23.12.04, D-40225 Duesseldorf; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: During National Socialism the bodies of the executed were used in Bavaria on a large scale for anatomical research and teaching as in other regions of Germany. Since 1933 the institutes of Munich, Wurzburg and Erlangen had played a decisive role in the usage of the dead. They started a macabre competition for the bodies. In very rare cases, when relatives were courageous enough, it was possible however to get the dead out of the institutes for a personal funeral and grave as the example of the resistance fighters of the White Rose shows. What happened to the dead, who had been executed in the Third Reich, in the anatomical institutes after the liberation in 1945? The situation was determined by several conflicting factors. On the one hand anatomists complained about an extensive deficit of bodies for dissection courses, so that they tended to use the dead for medical purposes. Their position was supported by the popular view on resistance fighters who were seen as traitors to the fatherland and not as honorable political victims. Of course, on the other hand this opinion was contradicted in particular by the survivors of the Nazi regime and the