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Workpapbrs in Indonesian Languages and Cultures WORKPAPBRS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 9 - IRIAN JAYA Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Cenderaw8sih University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Cultu-re J Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 9 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Printed 1991 Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia copies of this publication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics P.O. Box 1800 Jayapura, Irian Jaya 99018 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other pUblications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from . Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ISBN 979-8132-734 Prakata Saya menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures , Volume 9 - Irian Jaya. Penerbitan ini merupakan bukti kemajuan serta keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh Proyek Kerjasama Universitas Cenderawasih dengan Summer Institute of Linguistics , Irian Jaya. Buku ini juga merupakan wujud nyata peranserta para anggota SIL dalam membantu pengembangan masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan Irian Jaya khususnya. Selain berbagai informasi ilmiah tentang bahasa-bahasa daerah dan kebudayaan suku-suku setempat, buku ini sekaligus mengungkapkan sebagian kecil kekayaan budaya bangs a kita yang berada di Irian Jaya. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, diharapkan penulis-penulis yang lain akan didorong minatnya agar dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuan yang berguna bagi generasi-generasi yang akan datang dan untuk kepentingan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para peneliti dan tenaga teknis SIL yang telah berupaya serta bekerja keras sehingga buku ini dapat diterbitkan. Saya mengharapkan semoga buku ini berguna bagi para ilrnuan, masyarakat akademis, para mahasiswa, pejabat pemerintah, dan masyarakat pembaca pad a umumnya. Jayapura l Agustus 1991 Universitas Cenderwasih , vV----------- Drs. August Kafiar, MA i Preface Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures is published by the Cooperative Programs between the Summer Institute of Linguistics and Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, Pattimura University in Maluku and Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya. Its purpose is to share some of the results of research projects conducted by these cooperative programs. On occasion the findings of other researchers are also included. Volume 9 in this series focuses on the Lakes Plain region of Irian Jaya. Irian Jaya, Indonesia's eastern-most province is home to more than 250 diverse languages, many of which are still undocumented. One of the least known areas is the Lakes Plain, which lies in the flood plain of the Idenberg and Roufaer rivers. These languages are unique in several ways. Among these are the absence of phonemic nasals, and the presence of 'fricative' vokoids (possibly resulting from the coalescence of a vowel and consonant) which a.re represented in this volume by the symbols ,~, and 'e'. There are other 'surprises' as well. The articles in this volume are preliminary descriptions of the sound patterns of four Lakes Plain languages. Peter and Gudrun Dommel have reported on the Kaure language. Scott and Priscilla Jenison, Dave Martin and Lawrence and Kay McAllister have analyzed three related languages, Obokuitai, Sikaritai and Doutai respectively. It is hoped that the data presented in these papers will serve to increase understanding of the Lakes Plain and ,stimulate further res"earch. The editors would like to express our deep appreciation for Cenderawasih University and the government of Indonesia. Their sponsorship and encouragement have made this research possible. LaLani Wood Abepura, Irian Jaya June, 1991 A Language Map of The Lakes Plain Sudirman Mts. 111~ ( (. rl ~ I ~ ~ '\. - BAOZI ~O NQPUX I) 1 ~ J ERIT~ ~ BUd)rman Mts. SIKARITAI ~ BIRITAI OBOKDITAI\ PAPASENA •. RISA ....... 1 ) TAUSE'Rou~fae... I.....ru-o.~ ~ HOOP! TURU ~ Hulia Key: Hulia. Government Centers sudirman Kts. Geographical Fea.tures DCUTAI Langullge Na.mes iv Workpapera in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 9 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors .TABLB OP CONTBNTS KAURE PHONOLOGY Peter R. & Gudrun E. Dommel 1 Summer Institute of Linguistics OBOKUITAI PHONOLOGY D. Scott & Priscilla B. Jenison 69 Summer Institute of Linguistics SIKARITAI PHONOLOGY Dav·id L. Martin 91 -. R.B.M.U. International THB PROCBSS OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGB IN DOUTAI Lawrence and Kay McAllister 121 R.B.M.U. International v KAURE PHONOLOGY Peter R. and Gudrun E. Dommel 1. Introduction 2. The Phonological Word (PW) 3. Suprasegmentals 3.1 Introductory Remarks 3.2 Stress 3.3 Length 3.4 Tone 4. The Syllable 4.1 Consonant Clusters and Sequences 4.2 Vowel Clusters and Sequences 4.3 Basic Syllable Types 5. Phonemes 5.1 Phonetic Charts 5.2 Description of Phonemes 5.3 Phoneme Charts 6 Orthography 6.1 Orthography Tests 6.2 Suggested Orthography Appendix Notes References 1. INTRODUCTION The Kaure language of Irian Jaya is a Non-Austronesian language which belongs to the Kaure Family (Voorhoeve, 1975). With regard to its relationships to other languages, Wurm (1982) says that its "lexical relationship ,within the Kaure Family is on the lower medium to high family level." He classifies Kaure, 1 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Narau, Kosare, Sause, and Kapori as members of this family. Our informants state that they do not understand the Kapori or the Rosare languages; they do, however, understand the Narau language. Lexical similarity between Kaure and Sause was found to be only 1% as determined from a word list of Sause which we took in the Sause village of Badrun in May 1985. 1 Most Kaure speakers live in villages in Kecamatan Kaure, Kabupaten Jayapura in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. According to a population survey conducted in August 1985 in the three Kaure villages of Harna, Masta, and Wes, the Kaure language is spoken ,by 407 people. These villages are located around the Lereh airstrip about 50 miles southwest of Sentani, near the Nawan river. Harna, with about 130 Kaure speakers, is situated at the weste~n end of the airstrip, and Masta, with about.IOO Kaure speakers, at its eastern end. Wes, with about 180 Kaure speakers, is located about 200 m south of Masta. The nearby Sause village of Badrun was. recently built about 1 km west of ijarna. The houses around the airstrip are government buildings (schools, administrative and military structures, and a first-aid station), church buildings, and others which are inhabited by government employees. Another dialect of Kaure, which is spoken by about 100 people, can be found in the village of Aurina about 40 krn south-west of Lereh. Most of the inhabitants of Harna and Masta are native to these villages. Wes was recently built by the government in order to gather all Kaure people who lived in small isolated villages. These were often several days' walk from medical help and sChooling. Most of thes~ villages have now been vacated in favor of 'the larger villages. Others live in the capital Jayapura. A few have married into other language groups and live in the villages of their spouses. Although there is no reliable population survey available, it is estimated that the total number of Kaure speakers is less than 500. Some of the women married to Kaure men are from different language groups. Many of them do not speak Kaure well. These were not included in the count of native Kaure speakers. The people of Barna and Masta speak a similar dialect while those of Wes speak a different dialect; however, mutual intelligibility is very high. Our' research was conducted primarily with the people of Harna and Masta. 2 Kaure Phonology All Kaure people are bilingual in Kaure and Indonesian; those married to outsiders know some of the language of their spouses as well. Nonetheless, in the viliages, Kaure speakers use Kaure exclusively amongst themselves. Ourl study of the Kaure language was begun in June 1985 and was conducted under the Cooperative Program of the University of Cenderawasih and the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Our research was based on the SIL standard word list, on a thesaurus of about 2500' entries3 , 60 short elicited conversations4 , and a collection of several hours of tape-recorded texts, mainly Kaure narrativs, folktales and conversations about various aspects of Kaure culture. Instead of I.P.A. symbols, we have used Pike's 'notation as we are more familiar with it. 5 2 • THB PHONOLOGICAL WORD (PW) .A basic phonological word unit in Kaure is defined as a phonological unit having one main stressed syllable ('S) when occurring in isolation. The stressed syllable can be preceded by up to two unstressed syllables and followed by up to three non­ stressed syllables. (5) (S) 'S (S) (5) (5) Examples: /kal +mai1+lokI2 / [ka3 .mai2 .'loRI2] 'took' 2 1 2 /n€ l'ma lIon 1/ r n e: • 'rna • 1(5 ] 'man' /yaL tla12 / [ya2 .,'tla12 ] 'heron' /kalko1'ho1p£llik1/ [ka3,. x02 • 'ho1 .'p€2 .liR3'] 'mixed up' , /'ha1mtin1 / [ , h~ 1.mu2 ] 'wasp' If the basic phonological word unit ~s affixed, it can receive up to four syllables that carry secondary stress ("5). The main word stress of the extended phonological word is always on the last stressed syllable. The phonological word can consist of up to 15 syllables. Examples: /kal+"01se:1'koe1ial+te:1hal/ 'to set free' [ka2."01.se:2,'kwel.ya2.te:2.ha3] 3 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures /kal+"lolkol'llilj+gll+al/ 'to shed' [ka2."lol.x02.'llil.j~2.1a3] /kal"kal+01s~I."kw~lial+tel"heil+ 'will not seilninl+saiI2+sEil+nol'hoelial/ intend to set 2 2 2 i [ka 2. "xa 1.0 • ~e2 . n kwe 1. ya . te . "he: 1. free si2 • ni2 • "sai 12. si2 . n02 • ' hwe 1. ya2 ] completely' (dual form) /kahkal+ialte:lpel"keil+tel"he:il+ 'will not se:ilninl+sai12+seil+nol'hoelial/ intend to lift [ka2."xal.ya2.te3.pe2."x~il.te:2."heil.
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