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Gajah Mada Sang Maha Patih Pemersatu Nusantara Di Bawah Majapahit Tahun 1336 M - 1359 M

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Gajah Mada Sang Maha Patih Pemersatu Nusantara Di Bawah Majapahit Tahun 1336 M - 1359 M Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Riset Sosial Humaniora (KAGANGA) Volume 1, No 1, Juni 2018 e-ISSN : 2598-4934 p-ISSN : 2621-119X GAJAH MADA SANG MAHA PATIH PEMERSATU NUSANTARA DI BAWAH MAJAPAHIT TAHUN 1336 M - 1359 M Agus Susilo1, Andriana Sofiarini2 1,2 Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau Email. [email protected] ABSTRAK Kerajaan Majapahit merupakan salah satu Kerajaan terbesar di Nusantara yang memiliki wilayah kekuasaan sangat luas bahkan sampai ke Madagaskar. Masa kejayaan kerajaan Majapahit dimasa kepemimpinan Raja Hayam Wuruk, yang merupakan raja terbaik membentuk Majapahit menjadi makmur dan mengalami masa yang sangat jaya. Hal ini tak lepas dari Jasa Mahapatih Gajah Mada yang mengucapkan Sumpahnya yang terkenal dengan nama sumpah Amukti Palapa. Dimana sumpah Amukti Palapa berbunyi : —/amun huwus kalah 1usantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tanjung Pura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa“. 0engandalkan strategi militer dan politik yang baik, 0ahapatih Gajah Mada mampu mengaplikasikan sumpah Amukti Palapanya, sehingga menjadikannya Patih yang paling disegani di Kerajaan Majapahit maupun di wilayah-wilayah lain. Sampai pada akhirnya keterlibatan Mahapatih Gajah Mada dalam perang Bubat menyebabkan namanya semakin berkurang kharismanya dilingkungan Majapahit. Akhirnya Mahapatih Gajah Mada pun mencapai Moksa dan meninggalkan Kejayaan Majapahit. Kata Kunci : Gajah Mada, Nusantara, Majapahit ABSTRACT Majapahit Kingdom is one of the largest Kingdom in the archipelago that has a very wide territory even to Madagascar. The heyday of Majapahit kingdom during the leadership of King Hayam Wuruk, who is the best king to form Majapahit prosper and experience a very glorious period. This can not be separated servis from Mahapatih Gajah Mada who pronounces his famous oath by the name of oath Amukti Palapa. Where the oath of Amukti Palapa reads: "Seagrass huwus lost Nusantara isun amukti palapa, seagrass loses ring desert, ring seran, Tanjung Pura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa". Relying on a good military and political strategy, Mahapatih Gajah Mada is able to apply the Amukti Palapanya oath, making it the most respected Patih in the Majapahit Kingdom as well as in other regions. Until the end of Mahapatih Gajah Mada's involvement in Bubat war caused his name to diminish his kharisman in Majapahit environment. Finally Mahapatih Gajah Mada reached Moksa and left the Majapahit Glory. Keywords: Gajah Mada, Archipelago, Majapahit 62 2018. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Riset Sosial Humaniora (KAGANGA) 1 (1): 62-71 PENDAHULUAN Majapahit terutama penerapan sistem Kepulauan Indonesia berada persekutuan daerah atau monco-lima- pada posisi yang strategis, merupakan desa bukan merupakan daerah hukum, penghubung benua Asia dan benua tidak mempunyai pemerintahan Australia. Bangsa Indonesia dikenal sendiri, tetapi seorang warga dari dengan bangsa yang pandai monco-pat atau monco-lima-desa mengarungi lautan samudra dan kota- ditunjuk sebagai kepalanya. Karena kota di Nusantara tumbuh menjadi bukan daerah hukum, tidak ada nama pusat-pusat perdagangan di beberapa untuk wilayah kesatuan antara daerah pesisir Pulau Sumatera dan kerajaan Jawa dan Nusantara Jawa. Kepulauan Indonesia (Nugroho, Irawan Djoko, 2011). merupakan bagian dari satu kesatuan Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit daerah lalu lintas barang. Pada dalam sejarah bangsa Indonesia tidak permulaan perhitungan tarikh Masehi, bisa melepaskan dari Kerajaan Indonesia menjadi kiblat perdagangan Singasari. Dari sini dapat disebutkan dunia, khususnya pedagang dari India. bahwa secara garis keturunan, pendiri Peristiwa ini kemudian disusul oleh Kerajaan Majapahit merupakan kejadian-kejadian yang serupa pewaris kekuasaan Kerajaan Singasari menimbulkan hubungan kebudayaan yang sebelumnya runtuh. Pembukaan yang disusul oleh hubungan politik hutan Tarik untuk mendirikan antar bangsa-bangsa luar di Indonesia Kerajaan Majapahit oleh Raden sehingga memunculkan kebudayaan Wijaya merupakan pendiri dari Hindu dan Buddha (Suwardono, 2013). Kerajaan Majapahit. Raden Wijaya Dalam sejarah kerajaan di Jawa berusaha menarik simpati penduduk yang bermula dari Kerajaan Mataram sekitarnya, sehingga ia kemudian Kuno sampai Kerajaan Mataram Islam banyak disukai oleh para penduduk tidak dapat dilepaskan dengan politik. sekitar. Banyak sekali orang-orang Melalui politik, suatu kerajaan dapat yang mempunyai keinginan untuk berdiri mencapai kejayaan kemudian bertempat tinggal di Majapahit saat itu. mengalami kehancuran sebelum Raden Wijaya sebenarnya akan munculnya kerajaan baru. Berkaitan menjadikan Majapahit sebagai dengan politik yang cenderung kerajaan yang menghancurkan digunakan raja-raja atau tokoh-tokoh Jayakatwang (Pinuluh, Esa Damar, Kerajaan di Jawa untuk mencapai 2010:). kekuasaan yang mana politik Kembalinya armada Tartar ke digunakan untuk mendapatkan atau negerinya, dengan sendirinya merebut kekuasaan dari pihak lain kekuasaan Jawa menjadi kosong. (Achmad, Sri Wintala, 2016). Kesempatan inilah yang ditunggu oleh Sebagai Kerajaan Maritim Wilaya untuk menobatkan dirinya nasional, Jawa didukung oleh menjadi Raja Majapahit. Penobatan itu Kerajaan-Kerajaan lain, yang terjadi 10 November 1293 M (Djafar, kapasitasnya sejajar dan tidak 2009). Raden Wijaya menjadi Raja berhadapan maupun diperintah mutlak Majapahit dengan gelar Sri oleh Jawa. Sistem administasi wilayah Kertarajasa Jayawarddhana. Pengikut- 63 2018. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Riset Sosial Humaniora (KAGANGA) 1 (1): 62-71 pengikut Kerajaan Majapahit metode sejarah. Menurut Gottschalk diberikan kesempatan untuk (2008), —metode seMarah adalah proses menikmati hasil perjuangannya menguji dan menganalisis secara kritis (Suwardono, 2013). rekaman dan peninggalan masa Pada masa itu, tepatnya pada lampau. Rekontruksi yang imajinatif abad ke-14, lahirlah seorang tokoh dari pada masa lalu berdasarkan data bangsa dari kalangan rakyat jelata, yang diperoleh dengan menempih dari kasta yang tidak diperhitungkan. proses itu disebut historiografi Berbekal falsafah persatuan Nusantara (penulis sejarah)“. yang tertuang di dalam serat Pararaton, Menurut Kartodirdjo (1992) Sumpah Amukti Palapa, yang —metode seMarah adalaah alat untuk diucapkan di Paseban Agung mengorganisasi seluruh tubuh Majapahit pada tahun 1334, Gajah pengetahuan serta mensrtukturasi Mada seorang tokoh politik pada pikiran. Jadi, metode sejarah berkaitan zaman itu telah memberikan inspirasi dengan bagaimana seorang untuk yang sangat besar bagi pembentukan memperoleh penegetahuan mengenai negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia. masa lampau“. Keberhasilan mempersatukan bangsa Dapat diartikan bahwa yang heterogen ini telah memperkaya penelitian historis adalah cara yang budaya bangsa menjadi bangsa yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan suatu besar dan berwibawa di mata negara masalah dengan menganalisis secara tetangga. Falsafah persatuan dan kritis peninggalan masa lampau kesatuan yang dicanangkannya itu berupa data dan fakta atupun dokumen terbukti telah membawa bangsa ini ke yang disusun secara sistematis, dari zaman keemasan (Masmada, Renny, evaluasi yang objektif dari data yang 2003). berhubungan dengan kejadian masa Mahapatih Gajah merupakan lampau untuk memahami kejadian seorang tokoh nasional pada masa atau kejadian baik masa lampau kejayaan Kerajaan Majapahit. Di maupun masa sekarang. dalam Kakawin Gajah Mada Penulis disini membatasi dalam ditemukan berbagai teknik, strategi, pembuatan artikel ilmiah ini yang profil pemimpin, dan ajaran berjudul —GaMah 0ada Sang 0aha kepemimpinan yang dilaksanakan oleh Patih Pemersatu Nusantara di Bawah Mahapatih Gajah Mada yang kiranya Majapahit Tahun 1336 M ± 1359 0“ masih relevan untuk dikaji dari waktu pembuatan diperkirakan selama perspektif model kepemimpinan 3 bulan. Hindu dalam masyarakat Bali, Tahap-tahap penelitian dengan tentunya ada pula hal-hal yang negatif melandaskan pada teori dan metode yang tidak patut diteladani (Dharma serta teknik penelitian yang telah Putra, Anggara Putu, 2010). dijelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya. Pelaksanaan penelitian METODE PENELITIAN dilakukan melalui tahapan sesuai Berdasarkan tema penelitian dengan metode penelitian yang yang digarap peneliti mengunakan digunakan yaitu metode historis. 64 2018. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Riset Sosial Humaniora (KAGANGA) 1 (1): 62-71 Peneliti mengunakan tahapan Untuk mendapatkan ontentisitas penelitian sebagimana yang dan kredibilitas sumber, peneliti diungkapkan oleh Sjamsuddin (2007), mencoba melakukan kritik sumber. yaitu pengumpulan sumber (heuristik), Menurut Gottschalk (2008) —NritiN kritik sumber, serta interprestasi dan kerja intelektual dan rasional yang penulisan sejarah (historiografi). mengikuti metodologi sejarah guna Pengumpulansumber (Heuristik) mendapatkan objektivitas suatu dilakukan setelah peneliti menentukan keMadian“. Dalam metodologi sejarah topik yang akan dikaji peneliti kritik sumber meliputi dua tahapan, penyusunan artikel ilmiah. Peneliti yaitu kritik eksternal dan kritik memilih topik bahasan berkaitan internal. Kritik eksternal adalah usaha dengan pemikiran tentang Gajah Mada mendapatkan otentisitas sumber Sang Maha Patih Pemersatu Nusantara dengan melakukan penelitian fisik di Bawah Majapahit Tahun 1336 M ± terhadap suatu sumber. Kritik 1359 M. Setelah penentuan topik, eksternal selalu dilakukan sesuai tahapan selanjutnya mencari dan dengan anak zaman, terkait dengan mengumpulkan sumber-sumber
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