2018 MS NHBB Nationals Bee Round 10
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George Tames Washington Photographer for the New York Times PREFACE In 1846, an unknown cameraman took the first photograph of the United States Capitol, a view of the East Front. Thereafter the Capitol, from all angles, became the subject of countless amateur and professional photographers. During the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth most photography took place outside the building, due both to its dimly lit interior and to the antipathy many committee chairmen felt about the distractions of flash powder and bulbs. Eventually, photographers moved into the building, shooting everywhere at will, except within the Senate and House chambers. By the 1980s, television cameras penetrated even this haven. Nearly a century after that first photo, George Tames began photographing the people and events of Capitol Hill, first for Time-Life and later for the New York Times. During the course of a long career that ranged from the 1940s through the 1980s, Tames developed access to, and captured the likenesses of more significant members of Congress, and had his work reproduced more widely in influential publications than any other photographer in American political history. He developed a style contrary to the "herd instinct" that led other photographers to group together outside a closed door waiting for a standard shot. Instead, his pictures demonstrate an artistic eye, an intense sense of place, and a special intimacy with his subjects. George Tames was born in the shadow of the Capitol Dome, in a Washington alley house on January 21, 1919, into a Greek-Albanian immigrant family, and "born into the Democratic party" as well. -
Electoral College Reform: Contemporary Issues for Congress
Electoral College Reform: Contemporary Issues for Congress Updated October 6, 2017 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43824 Electoral College Reform: Contemporary Issues for Congress Summary The electoral college method of electing the President and Vice President was established in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution and revised by the Twelfth Amendment. It provides for election of the President and Vice President by electors, commonly referred to as the electoral college. A majority of 270 of the 538 electoral votes is necessary to win. For further information on the modern-day operation of the college system, see CRS Report RL32611, The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections, by Thomas H. Neale. The electoral college has been the subject of criticism and proposals for reform since before 1800. Constitutional and structural criticisms have centered on several of its features: (1) although today all electors are chosen by the voters in the presidential election, it is claimed to be not fully democratic, since it provides indirect election of the President; (2) it can lead to the election of candidates who win the electoral college but fewer popular votes than their opponents, or to contingent election in Congress if no candidate wins an electoral college majority; (3) it results in electoral vote under- and over-representation for some states between censuses; and (4) “faithless” electors can vote for candidates other than those they were elected to support. Legislative and political criticisms include (1) the general ticket system, currently used in all states except Maine and Nebraska, which is alleged to disenfranchise voters who prefer the losing candidates in the states; (2) various asserted “biases” that are alleged to favor different states and groups; and (3) the electoral college “lock,” which has been claimed to provide an electoral college advantage to both major parties at different times. -
The Construction of Ottonian Kingship Ottonian of Construction The
INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY Grabowski The Construction of Ottonian Kingship Antoni Grabowski The Construction of Ottonian Kingship Narratives and Myth in Tenth-Century Germany The Construction of Ottonian Kingship The Construction of Ottonian Kingship Narratives and Myth in Tenth-Century Germany Antoni Grabowski Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Interior of Collegiate Church of Quedlinburg Source: NoRud / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY-SA 3.0 de (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 723 4 e-isbn 978 90 4853 873 7 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462987234 nur 684 © Antoni Grabowski / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2018 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Note on Citations 9 Introduction 11 1 Aims and State of the Art 12 2 What is Myth/Mythology? 15 3 Liudprand’s Biography 19 4 Origins of Antapodosis 23 5 Language of Antapodosis 27 6 Other Contemporary Sources: Widukind’s Res gestae saxoni- cae; Continuation of the Chronicle of Regino of Prüm; Hrotsvit’s Gesta Ottonis 29 7 Interpreter of Liudprand: Frutolf of Michelsberg 30 8 Understanding Liudprand’s Works: Textbooks -
Lyon on Bowlus, 'The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: the End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West'
H-German Lyon on Bowlus, 'The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West' Review published on Tuesday, May 1, 2007 Charles R. Bowlus. The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. xxiv + 223 pp. $94.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7546-5470-4. Reviewed by Jonathan R. Lyon (Department of History, University of Chicago)Published on H- German (May, 2007) A New Theory on the Campaign that Ended the Hungarian Invasions In 955 Otto I, the ruler of the East Frankish kingdom, led an army comprised predominantly of Bavarians, Swabians, Franconians, and Bohemians against a Magyar (Hungarian) military force that had launched a raid into the south of the kingdom from the Carpathian basin. The two armies first came into contact with one another near the Lech River, in the region around Augsburg, in what is today the German state of Bavaria. Though few extant sources provide details about how the battle unfolded, it is clear that the encounter between the two sides eventually resulted in a decisive victory for Otto I. After approximately a half-century of raids into Italy and the East Frankish kingdom, the Magyars would never seriously threaten the Latin West again. Indeed, in subsequent centuries they would convert to Christianity and emerge as an important buffer between western Europe and other nomadic peoples from the steppes of Asia. For Otto I, the victory set the stage for his emergence as the dominant ruler in Latin Christendom. -
Firearms and Artillery in Jan Długosz's Annales Seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae
FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXV, PL ISSN 0860-0007 JAN SZYMCZAK FIREARMS AND ARTILLERY IN JAN DŁUGOSZ’S ANNALES SEU CRONICAE INCLITI REGNI POLONIAE Jan Długosz (Johannes Dlugossius), whose 600th birth- and a metal arrow being thrown from its barrel. Another day anniversary will be celebrated in 2015, is counted handwritten copy by Walter de Milimete, entitled De secre- among the greatest chroniclers of fifteenth-century Europe. tis secretorum, containing a figure representing a similarly As the present volume of „Fasciculi Archaeologiae His- shaped cannon surrounded by four gunners, is held at the toricate” is devoted to the issue of firearms and artillery, British Museum in London. I would like to come back to the remarks on this question As far as battlefield activities are concerned, the year made by undoubtedly the most outstanding Polish annalist 1331, when cannons were used during the siege of Civi- in his largest work entitled „Annales seu Cronicae incliti dale del Friuli in northern Italy, deserves special attention. Regni Poloniae”1. The use of cannons was also mentioned during sieges in *** France and England throughout 1338, as well as in Spain It is a well known fact that in the case of firearms and in 1342. Cannons were recorded in the municipal accounts heavy guns, projectiles are launched due to a propelling of Aachen, Germany, in 1346. In the same year, pieces force generated by the combustion of gunpowder (originally of artillery were first used in open battle at Crécy. Those only black powder was used for this purpose). This propel- were the beginnings of artillery in Europe. -
Why Obama Probably Can't Win--But Romney Could Still Lose July 24, 2012
Why Obama Probably Can't Win--But Romney Could Still Lose July 24, 2012 G. Terry Madonna & Michael L.Young It’s known as Ockham’s razor. Attributed to 14th-century philosopher William of Ockham, it advocates seeking the simplest explanation necessary to make sense of things. The popular acronym KISS captures its spirit—“keep it simple stupid.” Alas, Ockham’s adage finds few takers today among contemporary electoral analysts. Amid the pundit literati predicting presidential elections, the slogan might be, “seek complexity, lots of it.” This criticism applies particularly to the various and sundry “models” used by the “punditocracy” to predict who will win the next election. These models usually include dozens of variables using arcane statistics to make electoral predictions. Complex and convoluted, they use bazookas to hunt flies when a good, serviceable fly swatter works just as well. But the even more serious problem with some of the presidential predictions models is that they ignore much of the enormous changes in the history of presidential elections since the end of World War II. Not well understood is that American electoral history divides sharply into two very different eras. The first era now largely irrelevant to modern elections ranged from 1800-1945. During this period, one or the other of America’s two major political parties tended to dominate presidential elections, sometimes for decades at a time. From 1800-1856, the Democrats dominated, winning 13 of 15 elections while opposition Whigs won only two. Then from 1860-1928, the Republicans had their turn, winning 18 elections while holding Democrats to just two presidents, each winning two terms. -
Voters Overwhelmingly Positive On
The Harris Poll b For release: Sunday AM, July 17, 1988 1988 W57 ISSN 0895-7983 VOTERS OVERWHELMINGLY POSITIVE ON DUKAKIS NOMINATION: GOVERNOR RATED MORE PCSJTIVELY THAN BUSH ON LEADERSHIP SCALE By Louis Harris As Governor Michael Dukakis prepares for his nomination as the Democratic candidate for President, he is more positively perceived by the voters than nearly any Democrat in many years. For example, a substantial 77-17 percent majority of the voters say they feel positive about his upcoming nomination this week in Atlanta. Even a 66-26 percent majority of Republicans say they are reacting positively to his being named, as does a higher 81 percent of Democrats who left their party four years ago to vote for the President. A just finished Harris Poll, taken by telephone between July 7th and 12th, asked a cross section of 1,252 voters nationwide to rate the two current candidates and Presidents Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, and John F. Kennedy as "leaders," on a scale of 1 to 10, with one the most negative and 10 the most positive. These results reveal how well Dukakis stands on the eve of the Democratic convention: L -- A dramatically high 81-15 percent come up positive on President Kennedy as a leader. -- A substantial 65-34 percent are positive about Ronald Reagan as a leader. -- Close behind Reagan comes Dukakis, rated positively as a leader by a 55-38 percent margin. -- Vice President George Bus\ emerges on this same measurement at 50-47 percent negative. -- Finally, the American people give President Jimmy Carter a 61-37 percent negative rating on his leadership capabilities. -
The Grunwald Trail
n the Grunwald fi elds thousands of soldiers stand opposite each other. Hidden below the protec- tive shield of their armour, under AN INVITATION Obanners waving in the wind, they hold for an excursion along long lances. Horses impatiently tear their bridles and rattle their hooves. Soon the the Grunwald Trail iron regiments will pounce at each other, to clash in a deadly battle And so it hap- pens every year, at the same site knights from almost the whole of Europe meet, reconstructing events which happened over six hundred years ago. It is here, on the fi elds between Grunwald, Stębark and Łodwigowo, where one of the biggest battles of Medieval Europe took place on July . The Polish and Lithuanian- Russian army, led by king Władysław Jagiełło, crushed the forces of the Teutonic Knights. On the battlefi eld, knights of the order were killed, together with their chief – the great Master Ulrich von Jungingen. The Battle of Grunwald, a triumph of Polish and Lithuanian weapons, had become the symbol of power of the common monarchy. When fortune abandoned Poland and the country was torn apart by the invaders, reminiscence of the battle became the inspiration for generations remembering the past glory and the fi ght for national independence. Even now this date is known to almost every Pole, and the annual re- enactment of the battle enjoys great popularity and attracts thousands of spectators. In Stębark not only the museum and the battlefi eld are worth visiting but it is also worthwhile heading towards other places related to the great battle with the Teutonic Knights order. -
All of That Aside, All the History Aside, It Really Is a Place, and I'm Going To
All of that aside, all the history aside, it really is a place, and I’m going to say something that’s going to sound a little bit supercilious, and that is, it’s like Comic-Con, and for those of you out there, students who know what Comic-Con is, it’s just the same thing. It’s a bunch of people, instead of comic books and action figures and movies, it’s politics. It is a massive love, of the process. It’s meeting people who you haven’t seen sometimes in 4, 8, and 12 years. The 1992 Clinton, New York convention, there was a huge party for those of us who worked on Bobby Kennedy’s campaign in ‘68, I hadn’t seen some of those people in 20 years. And both parties, it is an opportunity for people who are in the business of politics in 50 individual states to find one moment in time when they can all come together and basically say, “aren’t we lucky we chose the best business in the world to be in?” People don’t think of conventions as being internal, they think of conventions as being external, because they are external in the sense of sending a message. But they’re also internal, Republicans find other Republicans and they say, “Oh my god, I am right. Look at all the people who agree with me.” Democrats do the same thing. So, there’s a lot of subset things that are going on at these conventions, that aren’t going to be picked up by television and aren’t going to be taught by the teachers. -
Speaker Biographies
Speaker Biographies Philip W. Johnston to 2017, Phil served as Chairman of the University Chairman, of Massachusetts Building Authority Board of Massachusetts Directors. He was recently elected Vice Chair of Health Policy Forum the University of Massachusetts Foundation. In 1984, Governor Phil has served on the Board of Directors of Blue Michael S. Dukakis Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts since 1998. In appointed Phil the 2002, he was appointed to Chair the Board of the Secretary of Health Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts and Human Services in Massachusetts. As Foundation, which has an endowment of $115 Secretary, he was responsible for the million dollars and provides grants to administration of seventeen state agencies in the Massachusetts nonprofit organizations, which health and human services field, which work in the healthcare field on behalf of low- comprised over fifty percent of the state income citizens. In addition, Phil is the Board budget. Just prior to his appointment as Chair of the Massachusetts Health Policy Forum, Secretary, Phil had begun his fifth consecutive an organization funded by Massachusetts health term as an elected State Representative from the providers and payors, which serves both as a Fourth Plymouth District of Massachusetts. health policy research organization and as a convenor of key players in the health field to In 1991, Phil served as the Executive Director of address key health policy issues confronting the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, in Washington, state and the nation. The Forum has a close D.C., an organization established by the Kennedy affiliation with Brandeis University. family to continue to carry on Robert F. -
W Gietrzwałdzie
W GIETRZWałdzie Menu Nie żałowali sobie starzy Warmiacy jadła i napitku, Może więc dlatego, że jedli dużo, ale niewymyślne proste potrawy i dlatego że gorzałkę i miód pili z umiarem, często żyli sto lat i dłużej. Tu w Karczmie Warmińskiej będziecie mieli okazję posmakować tej niewyszukanej, autentycznej kuchni, a jakże smakowitej i zdrowej. Pamiętaj, że Stwórca, każąc człowiekowi jeść, aby mógł żyć, za zachętę dał mu apetyt, a za nagrodę – przyjemność. Zanim poznasz rozkosze naszej kuchni, w oczekiwaniu na realizację zamówienia chcemy zachęcić Cię do posmakowania naszego smalcu domowego, który wraz z dodatkami serwujemy na koszt firmy. Życzymy smacznego • Czas oczekiwania na dania do 40 minut Old Warmians didn‘t stint on food and drink they ate a lot of common and simple dishes, they drank vodka with honey but in moderation and maybe that‘s why they often live one hundred years and longer. Here, in Karczma Warmińska, you can take the opportunity to taste this simple, authentic cuisine, so appetizing and healthy. Remember that The Creator told us to eat, so that we could live. Moreover He gave us also the appetite and the pleasure of eating. So please sit down Dear Guest because the dises are already waiting for You. Before you begin to taste our dishes we encourage you to try our home – made, free lard. Bon appetit! • Waiting time – up to 40 minutes Die alten Ermländer waren Speisen und Getränken nicht abgeneigt. Vielleicht deswegen, weil sie viel einfache Gerichte aßen und zu schätzen wussten, aber dazu guten Schnaps mit Honig nur in Maßen tranken, lebten sie hundert Jahre und länger. -
The Small War in the Late Middle Ages
Samuel Beňa The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and TITLE OF THE THESIS Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor Budapest May 2014 CEU eTD Collection I, the undersigned, Samuel Beňa, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography.