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Simon Pepper, ―Aspects of Operational Art: Communications, Cannon, and Small War,‖ i War,‖ Small and Cannon, Communications, Art: Operational ―Aspects of Pepper, Simon - 1750, ed. Frank Tallett and D.J.B. Trim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 181 2010), Press, University Cambridge TrimYork: D.J.B. (New and ed.Frank Tallett 1750,

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France, ― France, A summary of this idea, including relevant references can be found in found be can references relevant including idea, this of summary A rne ― France, á szervező, A kora újkori hadügyi fejlődés Kelet fejlődés hadügyi újkori kora A szervező, 1

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ih Cvly Hay aar, Hor Cavalry, Heavy Cavalry, Light T er he end of theof end he - oig ocs f obnd rs Te aoiy of majority The arms. combined of forces moving ,‖ 498 ,‖ ‖ 501 ,‖ secondary secondary - – thinking the Origins of the ‗Irish‘ hobelar,‖ hobelar,‖ ‗Irish‘ the of Origins the thinking – 517. France states that the Western European cavalry during during cavalry European Western the that states France 517. -

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Ibid., 967 Ibid., Two major names feature: Jean de Wavrin and Jean de Bueil, both veterans of the Hundred Yea Hundred the of veterans both Bueil, de Jean and Wavrin de Jean feature: names major Two Jim Bradbury, Bradbury, Jim - - fort, French, late medieval experience as a paradigm to which the Bohemian case can be be can case Bohemian the which to paradigm a as experience medieval late French, ,

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For the period following the battle of Lipany see Jaroslav Čechura, Čechura, Jaroslav see Lipany of battle the following period the For For the political background of the struggle for the Bohemian crown see Antonín Kalous, Kalous, Antonín see crown Bohemian the for struggle the of background political the For - 1490 –

aus 40. B 1490). Aside from suffering and attempts at religious reconciliation, the period the reconciliation, religious at attempts sufferingand from Aside period, historical following The George. The struggle turned in favor of Matthias after George of Poděbrady‘s death Poděbrady‘sdeath of George after Matthias of favor in turned struggle The George. :

Böhmen hrk a Český a Uherský 34

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indeed 75, 133 75, — 1526, volume I] (Prague: Libri Press, 2010), 13 2010), Press, Libri (Prague: I] volume 1526, h cnet a te oe rdtoa caatr f pwr struggle power a of character traditional more the had contest the

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it is sometimes called the second Hussite war. Unlike the former former the war.Unlike Hussite second the called sometimes is it 168. 168.

- Mtha Criu 1443 Corvinus [Matthias Poděbrad struggle saw the spread of the Czech vernacular in vernacular Czech the of spread the saw struggle Poděbrad

nistic attitude of attitude nistic the Bohemian the – 1471), and the Hunga the and 1471), 15

in a vast area sprawling from the Baltic to Baltic the from sprawling area vast a in Frankenberger, Frankenberger, - 40 Hnain n Bhma king] Bohemian and Hungarian 1490: - Hungarian war (1468 war Hungarian - elite backgrounds developed their developed backgrounds elite s which up to that point had been had point that to up which s České rian king, Matthias Corvinus Matthias king, rian - Husitské 113. An overv An 113.

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70; Branislav Varsik, Varsik, Branislav 70; Čec old Czech vernacular addressed to his subjects and political allies in Bohemia and some some and Bohemia in allies political and subjects his to addressed vernacular Czech old hura, hura,

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, 265 ,

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phenomenon of mercenaries see also Kalous, Kalous, also see mercenaries of phenomenon Husitské 48 –

Vlček from Čenov (? Čenov from Vlček

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m Slovenskej ercenary ercenary Grunwald: problem problem Grunwald: po

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problem problem odirto Stredoveké žoldnierstvo. fetv i te il, sn sud aevr ad ipaig good displaying and maneuvers sound using field, the in effective – 110. An interesting analogy is the battle of Lučenec (1451) between a Hungarian Hungarian a between (1451) Lučenec of battle the is analogy interesting An 110.

s republiky, 2004), 196 republiky,2004), ervice, ervice,

wybrane w side rae in arfare wybrane 218 ,

and a small a and - 1466), former 1466), , , 59 - – aristocrat class posed new challenges for military for challenges new posed class aristocrat – 224; Bernard Nowaczyk, Nowaczyk, Bernard 224; 21 66,116 - m expeditio

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Letopisy 23

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CEU eTD Collection common in the period period in the common Verlag (Berlin: Roth Gunhild ed. by (1468) Třebíč around 61 hypothetical describing text militaryI complement maneuvers,the tacticalobs will didactic a with conjunction in place taken already had that in side. by side fight to had have would enemies old the 1490, in died Matthias after II Vladislaus under united lands Bohemian and and them against eve fought perhaps Vlček that probable is It Corvinus. Matthias Hungary, of king previous the of reign the during Bohemians the against fought Rascians of Units experience.

Atrocities on on Atrocities Vlček By combining the data from the two different sources, that is that sources, different two the from data the combining By nat would Vlček ‘s text. ‘s text. n witnessed the atrocities of the Hungarian king‘s troops. king‘s Hungarian the of atrocities the witnessed n U rqit oein prertd y ―Raiczen by perpetrated Bohemians traquist

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the period Silesian chronicler chronicler Silesian period the urally know about this phenomenon as he had a great deal of combat combat of deal great a had he as phenomenon this about know urally Tresp, Tresp, Waxmann, 2003), 725. 725. 2003), Waxmann,

Söldner This is, however, perhaps the only layer of bias of layer only the perhaps however, is, This

aus

24 Böhmen

Peter Eschenl Peter Rivalry between different military groups was quite was groups military different between Rivalry , 74 , s – ervations a in morefashion. balanced ‖ are mentioned in the context of operations operations of context the in mentioned are ‖ 75.

oer, oer, Ges ch ichte der Stadt Breslau Stadt der ichte 61 , a narrative of events events of narrative a ,

When the Hungarian the When

present present , part 2, part ,

CEU eTD Collection 64 sieges war―big‖including withinthe needed, Where parties. war for 63 terminology diverse used footnotes. the separately languages in treated are words individual European various Ages, Middle the In 62 secondaryliteratuthe in noted as foot) fighton to close the crossbow; the versus longbow the of p (use weapons mind missile of in employment bear to tried I data the Whilst interpreting skirmishes). and ambushes, (assaults, Rogers by outlined scenarios combat basic the to according them divided and them, translated Annals, Bohemian Old the from passages experience T yetdistraction party for an afort tostorm assault. another by trap. the into victims intended the lure to bait as sent was party small a or individual an when skirmish, a first include to scenario ambush the for common was it Thus, interaction. war small complex a in intertwined often scenarios main ( Assaults static. essentially them makes which time, and place proper the at arrives victim the once off go to meant trap, mechanical a like are Ambushes concealment. from an is ambush The beforehand. intelligence quality high without achieve to difficult combatants. hundred ma ( assaults and ambushes, skirmishes, scenarios: combat basic three into divided be

The case in case point The See Rogers, Rogers, See For purposes of clarity I clarity of purposes For in ) ae tak o ad aig f otfe pae b parties. by places fortified of taking and on attacks are ) - . combat troops ratio) troops combat

saraypitdottetei takes thesis the out pointed already As could encounters war small then Rogers, by outlined terminology the follows one If Skirmishes are essentially small ―battles‖ between groups composed of several several of composed groups between ―battles‖ small essentially are Skirmishes

as a paradigm to which the Bohemian the which to paradigm a as Soldier’s Soldier’s is the capture of Luxembourg in 1443 by Burgundian by in 1443 ofLuxembourg capture the Lives through History through Lives

use the genera the use A skirmish often included an element of surprise, although this was this although surprise, of element an included often skirmish A 4. Methodology and Comparative4. Methodology and Analysis , the different uses of horses (mounted combat versus dismounting versus combat (mounted horses of uses different the ,

, and and , l military history terms terms history military l ibid., 237 ibid., ,

83 - 93, 114 93, - 25 253, for small war itself. for war253, smallitself.

the - re

117,126 case is case . otential

Anglo The aim is to look for emergingpatterns,for look to is aim The his action may also have served as a a as served have also may action his

party -

133,174 compared. – European) (Northwestern French 64 or or

modi detachments, see i see detachments,

detachment - 176, for elements of the small war small the of elements for 176,

yn fcos uh s the as such factors fying 63 I have have I

to to elt, hs three these reality, describe such such describe taken out relevant out taken bid. 248. bid. isl to missile

coups de de coups coups de coups groups. attack

CEU eTD Collection 67 66 1981), Goodman, History Jouvencel Le Bueil‘s de Jean in Orders Marching History: War man a of version lighter 65 war combatnamely: scenarios, small the of context the within types troop various of use the to connected points key several to answerresearch the question. attempt will turn in These formulated. be will statements general approach this inductive mainly on Based cases. English and Bohemian the between differences and commonalities,

Ibid., Ibid., Rogers, Rogers, (Oxford: Osprey, 200 Osprey, (Oxford:

176

91. (2009): 7 Research on military operations of the Hundred Year‘s War done by Rogers reveals reveals Rogers by done War Year‘s Hundred the of operations military on Research 1. 3. 2. Soldier’s Lives through History Livesthrough Soldier’s Soldier’s Lives through History, through Lives Soldier’s –

The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and the English Society English the and Activity Military Roses: the of Wars The

181. 181. at (so parties pillaging defense strategic archers. mounted and lancers equipped lightly more by accompanied often Men sword. and lance with primarily fighting and period the of well werethese of reconnaissance covering duty, sentinel scouting, The However ambushes.‖ or cavalry of parties between engagements meeting of form the took these Usually skirmishes. many fought inevitably forces harassing and covering Rogers lightercomposedand offootmen horsemen. The - arms their ownpillagers. protected(covered)

pillaging parties sent out to devastate to out sent parties pillaging 132 soldiers known as as known soldiers

– further - 3. n nln o te ae eid ih lan light period same the of England In 133. , at

0), 20 0), - he he arms was called a called was arms also

- – observes - in armed men armed 21. For their role see role their For 21. dtcmns f man of detachments , -

force. Rogers points out that in the that out Rogers points force. adds

- cal

, led ―shadowing‖). In offensive operations, however, men however, operations, offensive In ―shadowing‖). led

84 outriders

ht cag cm in came change a that that: 84 coutilier – – - 85. 85. at 85, 90 85, - ―M

arms 26

e , see David Nicolle, Nicolle, David see , – ( n 93. Matthieu Chan Tsin, ―Medieval Romances and Military Military and Romances ―Medieval Tsin, Chan Matthieu coureurs – - at armored from head to foot in the latest a latest the in foot to head from armored In the mid the In

- Introduit aux armes,‖ armes,‖ aux Introduit arms engaged in composite duel composite in engaged arms - at

- enemy territory enemy pillagers, rs utd on unrbe enemy vulnerable down hunted arms 66 )

carrie - 65 to late fifteenth century French army the the army French century fifteenth late to cers were called called were cers

h futet cnuy n that: and century fourteenth the French Armies of the Hundred Years’ Hundred the of Armies French ot the out d

, 1452 , Hundred Year‘s War War HundredYear‘s and what is known as as known is what and Journal of Medieval Military Military Medieval of Journal

– and secure forage were were forage secure and 1497 (London: Routledge, Routledge, (London: 1497 motn dte of duties important prickers - at , see Anthony Anthony see , - rs were arms s

between theatre rmor In 67 -

CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 MilitaryHistory, 69 195. III Edward under Aristocracy Ayton, Andrew Compare century. fifteenth the of end Anglo of parties 68

Ibid., Ibid. Rogers, Rogers, Rogers,

, 96, , 116 96, 114 6. 5. 4. Soldier’s Lives through History Livesthrough Soldier’s Soldier’s Lives thr Lives Soldier’s Soldier’s Lives through History through Lives Soldier’s .

oh h ame o te ude Yas Wr s el s h Bhma army Bohemian from ranged armament the defensive whose combatants of as spectrum wide a included well as War Years‘ Hundred the of armies the Both on agriculturalambushes soon.‖ ontheand road workers, constr or seized position, a defended in up themselves set would but siege complete a attempt normally ―not would march.‖ scal small such several army, the surrounding outriders and detachments foraging of cloud the In observes: ladders. of help the with sometimes and fire missile of cover the under Assault arms. men the of advance in scout to out sent were cavalrymen unarmed Similarly, men The scenarios. ambush in bait as served often horsemen, unarmed and soldiers foot of composed parties, Pillaging the dichotomy of foot.‖ on place take to combats such ― n oh ein wt a ait o sml ad oe ope waos (spears, weapons complex more and simple of variety a with regions both in a offensive The defense. open foot humble the to horses) of array th though cavalry fights were remained fairly common, it became more usual for usual more became it common, fairly remained were fights cavalry though – epnie ans o a eie man elite an of harness expensive e - 117. 117. 133. 130, ‖ French men French - 69 faced helmet and a quilted jack (arming jacket) or other sort of textile textile of sort other or jacket) (arming jack quilted a and helmet faced

s by parties parties by s 71

lo avne pris smtms n h srnt o a ml army, small a of strength the in sometimes parties, advanced Also,

at ough History ough (Woo - e coups de main might be attempted in the course of a single day‘s single a of course the in attempted be might main de coups e arms and archers to dismount before combat. This habit lasted at least until the the until least at lasted habit This combat. before dismount to archers and arms

mounted

dbridge: Boydell Press, 1994), 9 1994), Press, Boydell dbridge: ( coups , 96 , rmament , , 93. On 93. ,

92.

. combat

de main de

Several period commentators observed the peculiar custom of of custom peculiar the observed commentators period Several 27 unarmed , Knight

versus comprised of pole of comprised ucted, and harass the town with raids, attacks raids, with town the harass and ucted, )

- 68 odes h wr, t et amd ih an with armed best, at were, who soldiers were conducted by a rush of armored men men armored of rush a by conducted were

Thus s and Wa and s - -

at at cusse hnTi, ―Medieva Tsin, Chan see scouts

dismounting before engage - - rs hn tuk u o concealment. of out struck then arms rs dressed arms ,

– th 25. Goodman, Goodman, 25. rhorses: Military S Military rhorses: is

is another observation observation another is - arms cap 72 , The Wars of the Roses, the Warsof The

was also quite similar similar quite also was - a ervice and the English English the and ervice - pie l Romances an Romances l icuig an (including ment 70 stressing .

Rogers 163 - at d – - CEU eTD Collection Frank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010): 203 2010): Press, University Cambridge B. Trim(Cambridge: J. D. and FrankTallett s the phen of decades equipment traditional the opening progressed century the As arquebuses. the In tactics. crossbowmen and equipment traditional their of adoption the with coupled Vistas in Overrated?‖ Been Commonplace Fire of Rate the Has (1346): mounted to lancers of proportion higher slightly 75 a probably had crossbowmen companies mercenary and retinues noble hist ― See crossbowmen. mounted seven to lancer one approximately be should there horsemen 450 of shield. 74 118 73 Pohusitské

For pros and cons of both weapon systems see Russell Mitchell, ―The Longbow ―The Mitchell, Russell see systems weapon both of cons and pros For Foot Andrew W. Boardman, Boardman, W. Andrew ory of Czechoslovakia, part I], ed. Richard Marsina et al. (Prague: Nańe (Prague: al. et Marsina Richard ed. I], part Czechoslovakia, of ory – mnn e Cifr J Rgr, Tcis n te ae f ate‖ in Battle,‖ of Face the and ―Tactics Rogers, J. Clifford see omenon 154. Phillippe Contamine, Contamine, Phillippe 154. e. . . Andrew J. L. ed. ,

- A military summons for the feudal levy of nine Bohemian counties fro counties Bohemian nine of levy feudal the for summons military A soldiers armed with crossbows with armed soldiers

vojenství‖ [The art of war after the Hussites] in in Hussites] the after war of art [The vojenství‖ longbowsmall use and in their late the crossbow. with medieval compared when weaknesses and strengths different had which F the both summarize, To foot and horsemen century. Bohemian fourteenth the during increase marked a saw which weaponry, missile of use the in lay regions two the between difference war European Central East the as such weapons impact peculiar including poleaxes, lances, , – and longbowmen were used in conjunction with the new infantry sporting pikes (long spears) and spears) (long pikes sporting infantry new with the conjunction usedin were longbowmen and rench, and Burgundians, in contrast, perfected the use of the longbow, a weapon a longbow, the of use the perfected contrast, in Burgundians, and rench,

compare compare

Tresp, Tresp, illn e Villalon h Mdea Slir n h Wr o te Roses the of Wars the in Soldier Medieval The the - Guerre, Guerre, Söldner lis o war or flails, pike and and pike

al. t 75

worked in conjunction with conjunction in worked

état et sociéte a la fin du Moyen Age Moyen fin la du a sociéte et état

aus

h ls pit s hs h dcooy f rsbw and crossbow of dichotomy the thus is point last The Lie: rl, 08, 233 2008), Brill, (Leiden: shot

Böhmen

(longspear and arquebus) and (longspear - -

soldiers were mainly crossbowmen. mainly were soldiers alt o te Engli the of mallets war encounters. 28 , , 377

– 379. 379. Vojenské

was The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Different II): (Part War Years Hundred The the the

phased out. phased 258. 258. dĕjiny pavisiers who carried a specific type of of type specific a carried who pavisiers

infantry The spread of better quality armor armor quality better of spread The

uoen afr, 1350 Warfare, European Vojsko, 1985), 273 1985), Vojsko,

1998), Publishing, Sutton (Stroud: československa, díl I díl československa, h archers). sh (Paris: Mouton, 1972), 277 1972), Mouton, (Paris: m 1470 points out that in a body body a in that out points 1470 m ixteenth century the pavisiers, pavisiers, the century ixteenth

forced both regions to modify modify to regions both forced For a detailed analysis of this this of analysis detailed a For - Crossbow Shootout at Shootout Crossbow - 216.

73 74

– h greatest The The English, The 299.

Petr [The military military [The

- However, However, 1750

Klučina, – 319. Crécy ed. ,

CEU eTD Collection Warwick G.1383 K. illust Dillon, Viscount 1490s; an of part (ca. Warwick 1389 of a earl Beauchamp, Richard is of deeds the celebrates scene that Pageant Beauchamp The crossbowmen. French against men of Depiction 4.1: Figure - – at 49. lhuh t eit erir vns t s a dn i te aho o 1480s of fashion the in done was is it events earlier depicts it Although 1439). -

arms chasing their French counterparts. In the lower part English archers shoot shoot archers English part lower the In counterparts. French their chasing arms – 1439 Pageant of the Birth Life and D and Life Birth the of Pageant a

(London:LongmansGreen, 1914), 79. late medieval English army. The upper part of the image shows image the of part upper The army. English medieval late 29

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CEU eTD Collection Wroclaw chronicler, Peter Eschenloer is of moreuse. is of Eschenloer Peter Wroclawchronicler, description their however Corvinus], European Matthias of army the of tactics army the taktika a výzbroj ―Organizácia, Segeń, Vladimir catalogue Exhibition 1490, Matthias ― Rázso, Gyula works scholarly of amount greater much a received Corvinus 77 Heymann‘s, G. Frederick 491 1965), Press, University Princeton NJ: (Princeton in provided also is digression, occasional 76 or politically were strategically whichimportant. those than rather tactics military of description detailed most depict choose to tried have I troops. stipendiary household and levies feudal mercenaries, of use made kings Both parties. contesting two the of fortune i strong points. supplying and storming, keeping, of goal the with conducted were campaigns instead. Bohemia of king the become to him wanted and Corvinus Matthias Zdeněk noble affluent an by led force by rule ( Sile kingdom Bohemian of fringes the on fighting of fou w small of paradigm North in generalized encounters a represent Roses, the of War The and War Years‘ 1468

For the army of George of Poběbrady see Poběbrady of George of army the For Kalous, nd primarily vernacular narrative inCzech Vlček‘s work. sources and didactic i, oai ad uai drn te is to er o the of years two first the during Lusatia and Moravia sia, – 1469 ' Army ' einl od ad iis hne sds codnl wt te hnig military changing the with accordingly sides changed cities and lords Regional depiction the from come fragments following the of majority text Vlček‘s from Aside Hundred of operations the on based observations, tactical six aforementioned The chroniclers such as such chroniclers Matyáš ).

,‖ in in ,‖ 76 in 1465 in Mátyás fe te f the After

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. A league of predominantly Catholic lords called Jednota called lords Catholic predominantly of league A . Western Europe. I will compare this paradigm to small war encounters war small to paradigm this compare will I Europe. Western zsoldosseregének

77 of , ed. ed. ,

Jan Długosz and Antonio Bonfini offer offer Bonfini Antonio and Długosz Jan ie ngtain wt papacy, with negotiations ailed the - Péter 1490 1468

Farbaky –

126 1469 1469 Konopińťský

hadművészetéről – Klučina, ―Pohusitské Klučina, 139. An English overview of of overview English An 139. prtos n oei is Bohemia in operations ( .

vojska uaet Bdps Hsoy uem 2008 Museum, History Budapest Budapest: 30

– Vojenská 568.

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especially the semi the especially ‖ 117 ,‖ –

Mateja

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vojenství,‖ – 147. See also also See 147.

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276

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Ńimek,

we honec honec Vlček Václav of text didactic the of analysis comparative A iy rias atv; n bre dw te rpris rud h suburb, the around properties the down makinggreat tothe damage Germans. burned and captive; artisans city w who those from theyaside seventy than so more spot the and on down Germans; the of midst the into himself threw and forces his aftern held Strela lord but Zittau [ to came and harm no took they T could. king the that them. against Strela commander his t Havel, Saint T re in fact similar to the Romano to similar fact in re honci Staré e emn iein ad h Srs ahrd together, gathered Sorbs the and Silesians German he illows, bogs and ditches. And they took more than two and a half hundred hundred half a and two than more took they And ditches. and bogs illows, (pl. Podě of [son Henry Duke till oon

], and their lords their and ], ]. begins his text with the order for cavalry fo cavalry for order the with text his begins Letopisy

e king‘s he And they [the [the they And honci ‘ Husitské s servants are after them, they immediately fled, immediately they them, after are servants s

o lift the siege of castle Kos castle of siege the lift o ties of outriders stretche outriders of ties České ) . Vokabulář (Prague: Královská (Prague: Both the context in which the which in context the Both Pod e wn atr them after went men 141. , were

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e h Gras on u te news the out found Germans the hen brad] appeared out of the woods with woods the of out appeared brad] group called group

pl n psig hog te mountain the through passing and t. K t. which

inhabitant anned to capture the outriders the capture to anned ing George ing

honci outriders nauk, 1898), 265 1898), nauk, provide Te taus Ceh ognzd a organized Czechs Utraquist The . rces. These were composed of 18 of composed were These rces.

sdd with sided s appear and its semantic content semantic its and appear honce McGeer s other examples examples other s

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atis Corvinus Matthias ]

had sent had ba outriders sed the the

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CEU eTD Collection later only the handgun is mentioned and the crossbow is absent. See Královský Český Archiv Zemský, Archiv Český Královský See absent. is crossbow the and mentioned is handgun the only later 82 81 80 museum see stoletj terms period other the on Lipanech commentary general a For moment. the at absent be to seems which study, linguistic specialized a from would benefit terminology military German) [thus unit large a signify word the of version of division great from everything for flock] a [lit. 79 leading the that Vlček from infer can One reserve. a as used and the back and kept occur were lancers might that skirmishes any in element leading the were they that probable first are gear cavalryman‘s the of part a forgeneralmentioned ina ofa document levy summon inthe 1540s. as firearms and bows use not did horsemen Schützen Czech a suggests Tresp by discussed evidence documentary period As the equipment of terms in counterparts

Tresp, Tresp, Frankenberger, The order from 1546 allows the marksmen to be armed either with a crossbow or a handgun ( handgun a or crossbow witha either armed be to marksmen the allows from1546 order The Here I use the term squadron in a general way, denoting a basic tactical unit. Vlček uses the old Czech old the uses Vlček unit. tactical basic a denoting way, general a in squadron term the use I Here 100 horsemen 100 [lrfcto o cran rhi trs n h ffenh etr Ceh r o war] of art Czech century fifteenth the in terms archaic certain of [Clarification ‖

10 (1836): 40 (1836): 10 Given However body of four people wide; in the other detachment three at the point, four four point, the at three detachment other behind abreast them andfinally five riding inorder. the in wide; people a in four rest of the finally body and them following three point, the at horsemen two be andthe other inthe 35 in horses, 25 one in detachments, two horsemen, hundred be should squadron Item. then four shouldfollowthem. squadron], the [of point the at lancers two squadron, the detachments [two] in marksmen two be should there horsemen 50 of squadron the in and them; lead to commander one have posilcích detachment outrider an Item. K Söldner , 171 , Czech , opinník – 176 and and 176 200 horsemen you should order the following way: in support of the first the of support in way: following orderthe youshould horsemen 200 You shall order hundred horsemen in the following way: 20 horsemen in horsemen 20 way: following the in horsemen hundred order shall You

the fact that marksmen comprised the majority of Bohemian cavalry it is also is it cavalry Bohemian of majority the comprised marksmen that fact the aus Husitské wehr t whether , ] i ruhy oprbe o man a to comparable roughly is )

[Houfek]

and a 50 in a squa a in 50 a and Böhmen, S

– division to include to division třelec 57. Tom

válečnitcví valní áń

, n h ohr ad ws mutd crossbowman. mounted a was hand, other the on ),

to it before added was adjective an instead or size small its out point to used is 377 Burian

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Lipa

dron following them. Eachsquadron them. following dron squadron 140. In squadron the 140. is not clear from from clear not is

nech both ] 3 hree i a upr detachment support a in horsemen 30 , , 185. , thousands to a body of fifty men. Sometimes a diminutive diminutive a Sometimes men. fifty of body a to thousands

32 lancers

and názwů we wálečném we názwů the -

at [ stracence - marksmen (mounted crossbowmen) (mounted marksmen first should detachmentthere rs Te mark The arms. narrative sources. sources. narrative 80 Frankenberger, Frankenberger,

lancer three after them and them after three ]

from both sides of sides both from 82

uměnj (German (German 79 Husitské

[ mn (German sman huf Vlček envisioned Vlček

Čechůw and perhaps even even perhaps and ] Časopis

ručnice has to 81

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[ patnáctého v -

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CEU eTD Collection Polish cavalry, which used a similar lancer/crossbowman setup. setup. lancer/crossbowman similar a used which cavalry, Polish Universytetu Historyczny poświęcone in armies] knightly of tactics and organization the on remarks 84 83 1546 II part times, české an describes annalist The detail. lacks description the but ambushes, and skirmishes in Corvinus the precedingevidence sources.The combat.missile mounted of element an introduced which crossbowmen, mounted of also but lancers, the ofapoint cavalry and at squadron shoot opponents‘horses coming blows: before to of front in ride to marksmen the wants He squadron. king‘s the including cavalry his in Further front. in probably and wedg Thus, in the Bohemian army the cavalry skirmishes would not have been the domain only of of only domain the been have not would skirmishes cavalry the army Bohemian the in Thus,

Frankenberger, Frankenberger, Compare Mateusz Goliński and Jerzy Maroń, ―Uwagi w sprawie organizacji i taktyki rycerstwa‖ [Certain [Certain rycerstwa‖ taktyki i organizacji sprawie w ―Uwagi Maroń, Jerzy and Goliński Mateusz Compare : e of a cavalry squadron was made up of lancers and covered by marksmen on the flanks the on marksmen by covered and lancers of up made was squadron cavalry a of e od t s ifcl t fi to difficult is It squadrons will bewell off. of ranks three be should detachments] these [of b Furthermore, stand as expected from fo proper the to a make than should fugitives the farther division, major the flee to next There, to division. major not instructed, be should they forbid, God which squadron marks these and order; their destroy will they horses, their hurt they when that so horses, their into especially and fray the into enters squadron the before enemy, the at [ point the of sides pages T mentioned. already as flanks the t cover near maces and swords naked of ranks two of composed be should squadron king‘s the of ahead are which squadrons two other the also And division. major the guard would which 100, or horses sword [of rank one and macem and banners the with rank the before maces and swords naked of rank one place be, will your Highness which in division, major the In

léta 1526 až 1526 léta

pamięci

[of the lancers] the [of Husitské – 84 1557] (Prague: Zemský Výbor Českého K Českého Výbor (Prague:1557] Zemský . In case our squadrons in the van should be pressed or disordered, or pressed be should van the in squadrons our case In .

en] behind it. If you wish you can also have your own squadron, 50 your 50 squadron, youhave own you alsocan wish If behind en] it.

Prof po e sol b na te point the near be should men

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1546 Korty

83 Lipanech major division major

– work , 1557 1557

lk. This should be ordered be toevery squadron. should lk. This 1919

composed of two ranks of of ranks two of composed ragd n hs a, o w God way, this in Arranged , 187 , , 33 [Bohemian state assemblies from 1526 until contemporary contemporary until 1526 from assemblies state [Bohemian Vlček discusses the general combat approach of of approach combat general the discusses Vlček – 99 e. ae Derewich Marek ed. 1999, – –

– 255. Goliński discusses the tactics of tactics the discusses Goliński 255. Poděbrad 18 he marksmen which marksmen he

8. he banner. The footsoldiers should should footsoldiers The banner. he there should be should there .

rálovství T Memoriae amici et amici Memoriae his should be ordered to every every to ordered be should his

war suggests that they were targeted targeted were theythat suggests war , 1880), 22, 169. 22, 1880), ,

a detachment. E detachment. a

fine are magistri: studia magistri: t al et

should shoot shoot should ahead of of ahead

lancers and lancers lig the illing,

(Wrocław contemporaneous

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historyczne : Institut Institut :

CEU eTD Collection time, the rhetoric of plausibility entails that such a scenario had to be be to had scenario a such that entails ofplausibility rhetoric time, the 85 cleverambush bytheopposingcommanders: of mercenary one s both on participated commanders Bohemianmercenarywhich in Poland, of Kingdom and Order Teutonic the between fought 1454 in Chojnice of battle the records annalist The methods. covert by than rather horsemen of clashes armed preceding of by mentioned as men‖ ―unarmed using of stratagem the if clear not is it though Annals, are Bohemian the horsemen in recorded involving Ambushes ambushes. in bait as served and scouting for Europe Bohemia in1427: an on ambush

Ńimek, s one ot lgtr osmn n uamrd cus ee sd n north in used were scouts unarmored and horsemen lighter out, pointed As od o i tee s o proper no is there if for good are what but Oh similarly. fare would he first through him to suitable deemed which number in pass them letting he and place, one this through but after of squadron place the choose men, his ordered and side other squadro the on pass them of some let he this, lord Bernardsaw when At that moment, squadrons. bogswith some those crossed lake, the forded king] Polish the of service in mercenary Czech out set Poles people the that their saw Bernard lord Thus late. too wasput it them for alas but array, to the into wanted and them of aware becoming Poles the and lake, agreed. all so And array!‖ battle proper no know they since numbers, their afraidof not be and them againstoff set us let Lords, ―Dear said and own his to back went he that after And order. be rode himself lord then Chojnice, Bernartvillage the near is king Polish the that heard they When slayingcut them.There them downbadly, they killing several hundreds chase and them town against turned and said city the of burgers the and Nisa to sort came Orphans the there From slain. were whom of many Germans, the attacked counter and ranks their redressed Chrastava to commanderofThe Staré Zittau ied against them. The brothers [the orpha [the brothers The them. against ied

Letopisy

n to attack them, and so he defeated them. It seems to me, that Bernardthat me, to Itseems defeated hethem. so and attackthem, to n Ń

Utraquist raiding force during the Hussite wars near Chrastava, northern northern Chrastava, near wars Hussite the during force raiding Utraquist for provisions. The Germans gathered The provisions. at for Germansambushed and together them umbersky [ umbersky ;

him and slay them slay and him here the here

and

České fore the army of the of army the fore Jean de Bueil de Jean

he waited for them behind that lake; th lake; that behind them for waited he , 55. 55. , the y the fight the

a maul

Czech in Teutonic service] went against them; and he and them; against went service] Teutonic in Czech Orphans [ Orphans Although the event event the Although ed

on purpose so his enemies could not get to him, to get not could enemies his so purpose on them badly, especially the the especially badly, them was ever used. They seem to have happe have to seem They used. ever was in such a way. P way. a such in iiay discipline military a radical Hussite factionradicalHussite a They went against the Poles near a certain a near Poles the against went They 34 P olish king and reconnoitered their battle battle their reconnoitered and king olish

wa d svrl decades several s

ns] ns] the Germans back to the ditches, the to back Germans the erhaps, if the Poles would let would Poles the if erhaps, lured them further away from from away further them lured at least at Cud h kn perhaps king the Could ?

ides. The battle opened with a with openedbattle The ides. e feasiblein reality. foragers. ] and his people wentpeople his and ] n Albrecht Kost Albrecht n

removed from the writer‘s own own writer‘s the from removed superior

The Czechs The

numbers .

ned as a result a as ned 85 k

a [ a a western CEU eTD Collection 87 Zdisław see skirmishes, 1462 Świecino 1454 with enemy the test the first to to Kostka of advice Spieralski, sage the refused command Polish 86 advised by Vlček: is units larger by ambush an to led then is who enemy the to confidence false bait: by done ambush an records Bohemian the of theatre another

Ńimek, Ńimek,

Polish art of war, vol. 4] (Warsaw: Wydawnictvo obrony narodowej,1958), 36; 36; narodowej,1958), obrony Wydawnictvo (Warsaw: 4] vol. war, of art Polish

home. And that small squadron of yours will spring back into the enemy‘s enemy‘s the into back spring will yours of squadron small that And home. w seeing and panic enemy will you The with together men. coming reinforcements own your support to squadron after squadron routed not send are they If you. to back them lead will squadron the them, chases before stop should it enemy two they enemy][the your notbeafraid when the sincewill ofthem.And close is to squadron or them by one routed be them not will against enemy the sent horsemen; mai your strong of the hundred men is thousand [that is army enemy the the near or If hill force]. a behind way secret a in squadrons you;youryou, against place place with sentries [your or forces], ortoskirmish scout to squadrons, several in field the in you against move enemy the Should give that parties smaller of flight simulated the involving stratagem, similar A which a taken down and ambushed, were they a When chased. them; being after themselves chase and order battle enemies proper without haste in city John ambush to went they there From down. Hradecký [ lord the Thus overlord rebellious the of domain the Bohemia, Southern turns man a When more afraidrabbit. than a master? only their is he that him remind Staré Staré Konopińťský Wypisy ] showed up before the city, they [the forces of city of of city of forces [the they city, the before up showed ]

Letopisy Letopisy and chased and they Hradec tookto for ransom d they nd

żródłowe do historii do żródłowe at Kraví Hora in Hora Kraví at , , 69 eig hs disorder this seeing ad ae ih i fre t Tjo t laa n te bre it burned they and Vltava at Tajno to forces his with came and ,

–

České České

109. 109. ] …

did not have time even to array their wagons. They were cut were They wagons. their array to even time have not did [L on of John Zděnek

for half a mile back to the city the to back mile a half for , 134. , , r Jh‘ forces] John‘s ord 116 Konopińťský

–

117. s o Lord son ‘s 86

– polskiej those woods. And so, when the horsemen [of horsemen the when so, And woods. those Ro

Hungarian struggle. The engagement at Vodňany in 1468 in Vodňany at engagement The struggle. Hungarian

Jan Dlugosz, a major Polish chronicle Polish major a Dlugosz, Jan it; as if to negotiate with the enemy. If the enemy enemy the If enemy. the with negotiate to if as it; ņ br md a alac w alliance an made mberk ld eoe h fre of forces the before fled

sztuki Vodňany ‘s soldiers with the use of skirmishers who served as served who skirmishers of use the with soldiers ‘s 35

John . wojennej, wojennej, 87 350 around captured and killed

, and coming to Vstrp, they laid an laid they Vstrp, to coming and ,

took his forces and those of of those and forces his took

almost almost vol. . Their .

4 [Segments of primary sources pertaining pertaining sources primary of [Segments 4 at the bridge bridge the at

wagons and guns and wagons

r for the time, adds that the high high the that adds time, the for r Zděnek ill try to flee back back flee to try ill t Lord ith oňn ad let and Vodňany Vodňany o lgt h is he flight, to

Konopińťský they Nowaczyk, Nowaczyk, ] left the left ] nd their their nd

Zděnek people people

were Lord were John John also n

Chojnice Chojnice

was was CEU eTD Collection 90 generalterm. more interchangeable extent, an to were, words two these that probable 89 88 and trumpet bydrums: given signals acoustic including approach, aggressive an advises Vlček preceded theou sg. (N. skirmishers were array prescribed his in elements Anglo the of absence the on light further shed may

Frankenberger, Frankenberger, Frankenberger, bd,17 A te naeet t Zit at engagement the As 187. Ibid.,

of description The they numbers insuperior wouldbe y and them, after squadrons other and wagons the with move And further. any chase not and stop instantly to drums hear would they when and on press rapidly to trumped of sound the chase to pipers, of chase, help to when the skirmishers] the with [to them do to signal should he this And advance. could he which with and enemy the on press could he which with individual, smart a to them a in all them unleash battle, of order the for unsuited scum that Vlachs, and Rascians had you if even And Turks. mighty those against times five made be can squadrons the times so and further; themselves three go could big squadrons These the that more. so big be should detachments the are formations these and king Dear shoul skirmishers of commanders the receive other. skirmishers a knoweach sothat banner the skirmishers; the behind is he of1000 detachments has in which horsemen division the into battle; the begins which lord the of banner horsemen into duke; other some 2000 of is banner a put with there division the where into division king; Bosnian the of banner into the put outriders; 3000, the of banner the put 4000 with into banner; Moravian the put horsemen 6000 with division the Into banner. Czech the put horsemen 7000 be should there which in division, main the Before horsemen. be should there where division, main the into banner Hungarian the Put youown squadron god and will your with come will you meantime the In them. shadow and them beat back, . And order them [the skirmishers] to obey this, when they would hear would they when this, obey to skirmishers] [the them order And . Husitské Husitské triders triders

the one which has 5000 put the Silesian banner; into the division division the into banner; Silesian the put 5000 has which one the

válečnitcví válečnitcví ( honci

qarn [iie] n eahet cn i tr, divide turn, in can, detachments in [divided] squadrons vanguard units vanguard )

po po a ( tau

Lipanech Lipanech ou will god will ou outriders put some commander‘s some put outriders 1469 - willing cut and them defeat off them showed ) – . , 185. , , 90 their composition and role and composition their 188 36

against the Turks the against the division with 1500 horsemen put the put horsemen 1500 with division the

- willing overthrow the enemy, even if even enemy, the overthrow willing honci skirmish. Give a command over command a Give skirmish. -

French ―unarmed men‖. The leading leading The men‖. ―unarmed French – lo efre te oe f krihr. t is It skirmishers. of role the performed also although the outrider ( outrider the although h and by drums to stop thei stop to drums by and arcovník ; [emphasis mine] [emphasis 89

;

– N. pl N. banner, so that so banner,

as outlined by Vlček Vlček by outlined as . honec . 88 harcovn

also d ) seems to be a be to seems ) 8000 thus í r ci

) who who ) CEU eTD Collection 92 Ottoman The Murad: Sultan and Wladislas H 91 the at (1468) Laa near Moravian Corvinus Matthias and Poděbrady of George between faceoff wagon a of deployment the mar to order in constantly assaults such used Corvinus Matthias of soldiers the observed, Frankenberger As deployed. thr experience: pre instance the and Annals Bohemian Old the in once only forces marauding mind in challenge this with written was advice Vlček‘s Perhaps time. the Nor the in comparable nothing wasThere itself. army Ottoman Rumelian mounted of divisions separate These booty) significant seized pillagers the if (Especially beys. border the as vanguard own its by preceded was army Ottoman The Ottoman the from came originally horse with paired

istory of the Ottomans Ottomans the of istory Ńimek, On a o a asut y n nm dtcmn o te wagon the on detachment enemy an by assault an of eat akinci . a 91 uiu axey on i te zc vraua sucs hwvr i te constant the is however, sources, vernacular Czech the in found anxiety unique A men by assault war small a of example An to out lay Instructions a had he although way, smart a in act didn‘t he because successful, not however men same That kincis Staré

scaling ladder with himself. And so he withdrew withshame.scaling with himself.And ladder sohe withdrew - akincis Austrian border inthe border followingAustrian way: s

enemy - n ohr rnir nt o te toas e Mesut see Ottomans the of units frontier other and at Letopisy . Just as in the West, t West, the in as Just . - arms to overtake Tabor; he wanted to take to wanted he Tabor; overtake to arms

ee nros n ie smtms ubrn a mn a te whole the as many as numbering sometimes size, in enormous were - light light er [1438] year archers, as vanguard skirmishers. As mentioned earlier these these earlier mentioned As skirmishers. vanguard as archers,

České

(Oxford: ABC Clio, 2009), 57 2009), Clio, ABC (Oxford: horsemen , 85. ,

lih f il wn selhl fo Pau wt his with Prague from stealthily went Cilli of Ulrich e the infamous the e

that should be shadowed be should that hese - - ugra bre ad ee used were and border Hungarian Christi

men were in turn covered by better armed better by covered turn in were men an Conflict from Conflict an 37

–

61. 61. Rascian - Compare at - arms arms –

- 1438

s fort. The annalist recounts recounts annalist The fort.

yr n Ewr J Erickson, J. Edward and Uyar often composed of pillagers known pillagers of composed often

the city by betrayal. He was He betrayal. bycity the and Vlachs and John Jefferson, Jefferson, John using scaling ladders is recorded is ladders scaling using - aggressive 1444 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 216 2012), (Leiden: Brill, 1444 - fort before it can be properly properly be can it before fort - ae te r o Včks war Vlček‘s of era the dates 92 , gis the against ly

lightly armed lancers armed lightly thwestern Europe of of Europe thwestern

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vast hordes of of hordes vast men of the of men Ottomans A n early an cavalry M troops – 219. ilitary

CEU eTD Collection (Vienna: Kaiserlisch (Vienna: Beiträge uni Háj‘s from Francis of strength the that out points 93 drivers units: and other of necessity the shows it manner, convoluted a in written is account the Although column. marching Bohemian whole the of order the disrupted and detachment covering a eliminated army, opposing the shadowed Corvinus of horsemen The commander the Zdeněk under Poděbrad to loyal force Bohemian a Moravia, in (1468) Zvole At

Ńimek,

disrupt the spreading of the column or would like would or column the of spreading the disrupt to would like enemy ifthe thatreason, for behind, and people and placed some [Bohemian] The youway of should disruption thewagons prevent the situatio a in up end would k Lord as advantage this of Zděnek aware as not were two lords into Hungarian divided and people Austrian their and apart torn are wagons their time, to Konopińťský Zděnek Lord foot wagon [K They redressed. be could array arrayed He enemy the against arrangingthemselves wagons. the against near horsemen forces and his footmen behind point trailing that At was might. his George all King with George King after went news, the hearing they and footsoldiers with unit] against themselves part a sent They way: defended following They them. defeat of lure out to people reason, that for and army, George‘s king the to men good many with se had king w people of lots having Laa, in well. as him joined lords and Moravia to headed and could, Podě [of George king the Then zur Geschichte Böhmens Geschichte zur Kostka Staré ing to back down from the fight. …If you …If fight. the from down back to ing ie n wn wt te t La T Laa… to them with went and side K men] putthe wagonmen] array disorder. into

n Matthias: ing eigd hm n to te ot y tr. h Hnain ig upon king, Hungarian The storm. by fort the took and them besieged

n te mkn to oun o wgn, et gis te together them against went wagons, of columns two making then and Letopisy - . They only saw their enemy ready for battle and talked the Hungarian the talked and battle for ready enemy their saw only They . and horsemen [of squadrons other the of maneuvers the since array

z Postupic z – Königliche Hof Königliche nt nt

České

the Francis from Háj [a mercenary captain of Matthias Corvinus] Corvinus] Matthias of captain mercenary [a Háj from Francis

army moved with all the columns at once [because of mud] of [because once at columns the all with moved army

wago ,

― was annihilated by Matthias Corvinus‘ ar Corvinus‘ Matthias by annihilated was 135 Dear King, let us fight them now! You can see it‘s the the it‘s see can You now! them fight us let King, Dear

thus und seiner Nachbarländer Nachbarländer seiner und

– – 136. A letter from Brno to Wrocław (both pro (both Wrocław to Brno from letter A 136. ns and to divide them into two into them divide to and ns

und Staats und

n like this, do think with prudence, how and in what in and how prudence, with think do this, like n they made them flee to Martinice to flee them made they T knew this very well, what is happening is what well, very this knew ith himself, papal and imperial … T … imperial and papal himself, ith e king he

y i [ig Mat [King him he as much as forces, his gathered brady] druckerei

of horsemen of t here he assemb he here 38 ing

t was 200 horsemen. See Frantińek Palacký, Palacký, Frantińek See horsemen. 200 was t arrayed

[ e ugra kn hd apd near camped had king Hungarian he eres army George‘s lit. turning; lit. ,1860), 526 ,1860),

im would end up, or someone else, else, someone or up, end would i wagons his

against them [against Francis‘ [against them against Zeitalter Georg´s von Podiebrad von Georg´s Zeitalter ha] T thias]. led his army. his led – to strike from behind into behind from strike to

527. 527. cooperation between the wagon the between cooperation . točiti 93 hs srtgm i the in [stratagem] this

hd o ers their redress to had ] and there somewhere there and

] e qarn were squadrons he and and so that the wagon the that so

[a city] [a my under Francis of Háj. of Francis under my - Corvinus cities in the war) the in cities Corvinus put his people people his put T he Hungarian he he Moravian Moravian he ,

. And here And . and spoke spoke and . ‖

Some Urkundliche

1450 –

- 1471 1471 -

CEU eTD Collection wálečném See recoil. the halt to order in etc.) wagons (walls, cover of piece a to a cannons; Polish and Bohemian medieval late establish. 96 95 95. see attack; night a as way general more a in engagement 94 behind theback wagonsreturn the marching and tothe safetyof column: from sally could who horsemen importantly, most perhaps and, artillery mobile wall‖, a ―as from aside wagon capable assaults: such against countermeasures several provide instructions His fort.

Frankenberger, Frankenberger, Ibid. Ńimek, Ńimek,

, 1

hud e eea sudo gn, hc ae o e pcal crid around, carried specially be to whereespecially against necessaryand theTurks. are which guns, squadron several be should well; hook as army the of two be should there [ guns squadron army the of edge [ the on cart each And reinforce should squadron other the pressed, be [instead]. would rear the if And it. reinforce should squadron one trouble, into get would van the if and horses, t mine]… men armed border the of side left and right rear the assault and inside storm to like would horsemen enemy case squa of amount same the way: following the in wagons the into arrayed be should people The wagon a of weaknesses and strengths the knew Vlček commander, field old an As stop prevent to overseer one be captured should there wagons 10 between and columns also before people fearless and good they point put way: following the in this avoid you, that to happen would this like something at and them pressed behind. left the uncovered wagons the so and navigation] with help column wagon this before go to anyone order didn‘t they But [ wagons those specify ordered they them], [lit. after shadowing rode only kept slowly but maneuvers, wagon the from them prevent not that so wagons, the 87. Houfnice hákovnice

uměnj Staré

The precise correspondence between technical parameters and names of firearms is difficult to to difficult is firearms of names and parameters technical between correspondence precise The . 94

Letopis – Husitské Čechůw which

drivers he stresses t stresses he drivers was probably a medium a was probably 95 hen there should be two squadrons at the place where there are are there where place the at squadrons two be should there hen ]

, behind those columns, those behind , ad owr i fot f h fak hr sol b a lat 10 least at be should there flank the of front in forward and ; T y

] to follow the other wagons, so as to close up the whole army. whole the up close to as so wagons, other the follow to ]

he válečnitcví ancéo stoletj‖ patnáctého České drons should go in front and in back of the wagon column, in column, wagon the of back in and front in go should drons houfnice

[enemy] , the army the

. Then the wagon drivers went ahead went drivers wagon the Then . and around the flanks of the army, on the outside, there outside, the on army, the of flanks the around and 138. Other period sources including including sources period Other 138.

] and ten skirmish guns [ guns skirmish ten and ] po

Lipanech disruption of the wagons and give and wagons the of disruption qarn o horse of squadrons he use of use he -

sized field cannon. fieldcannon. sized could defend against this. this. against defend could 41 - wagons should appointed be appointed should wagons háko – 3 cmae a Szymczak, Jan compare 43; fo , 193 to defe to 39 vnice otsoldiers sentinel parties who were to defend the colu the defend to were who parties sentinel

Frankenberger, Frankenberger,

was a portable firearm with a hook that was attached attached was that hook a with firearm portable a was nd the wagons as a wall a as wagons the nd H

arcovnice and the good people who were were who people good the and men 96 harcovnice Burian, ―Obgasněnj Burian,

Husitské et gis te and them against went Eschenloer

was the smallest and most nimble of of nimble most and wassmallest the h anls de not does annalist the L W r Brk Ad if And Borek. ord of Początki hen the enemy did enemy the hen

], and in the back the in and ],

squadrons of 100 of squadrons the other wagons wagons other the válečnitcví

order [presumably to to [presumably

and Długosz depict the the depict Długosz and

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i po

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it názwů we názwů

, 93 , mn – CEU eTD Collection 101 100 99 fort. wagon usedthe have seem to not do Burgundians, the unlike and, fortifications field by impressed not were commentators period but artillery 98 97 2004),41 (1383 war the tower, a as manned being than rather that see can assaults. infantry and cavalry fromprotection high gave allegedly turn in platforms Such thick chain. by together by bound and planks reinforced were that wagons peasant defensive simple from as converted interpreted platforms are fighting these Traditionally conjecture. some of matter a however, war made written specially period to refer Yet also sources provisions. and infantry for vehicles transportation were ones basic halt and chaos might wagons the pulled that equines wagon whole the of links weakest The horses. their and drivers t but footsoldiers, and horsemen English. the among experienced been have to seem skirmish peculiar of kind a created cavalrymen light

Čornej, Čornej, Frankenberger,

Compare Goodman, Goodman, Compare Tresp, Tresp, See – 1533) Jefferson A period Bohemian wagon train would have included several types of wagons. The The wagons. of types several included have would train wagon Bohemian period A useful the of combination The – back themain into column. near border inside be the should rest the of some and earlier, outlined as column, army … close too skirmish cannot Each needed. wherever them deploy border to or there and here them move could several army, of sides both from wagons border the inside guns have necessary, if And Söldner 45, 58 45, Tajemství

[The beginnings of firearms in Poland, in firearms of beginnings [The , – - The The 61.

wagon, should also have two hook two have also should wagon, Husitské aus

českých

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ensue.

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kronik , , 27 99

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once some of these were eliminated the whole could column could whole the eliminated were these of some once ee epcal drn mrhs hd o oe te wagon the cover to had marches, during especially hese, –

169. 97 Lipanech

h cvly qarn sol b i te main the in be should squadrons cavalry The u cmesm wgn ra i rgos ih many with regions in array wagon cumbersome but 170 , ] with special horses so that their operators operators their that so horses special with ]

, 190. , - wagons. 1383 40 – 7. English 174. 101

–

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Łódź h bsc ein f uh wagons such of design basic The [

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CEU eTD Collection Przybyłok si been have might on tactics based žoldnierstvo their originally was thus Matthias and king veterans of mercenary footsoldiers mercenary Bohemian of core the out points literature secondary 105 104 Čornej, Technology Military Warfareand Medieval of See Encyclopedia reconstruction. historical of purposes the kron for works such as of value such the works judge to hard is it Theoretical thus and antiquity Classical from India. machines of design the by to influenced heavily was author Spain the Yet from stretching timeframes and Bellifortis regions various in popularity 103 History Lives through 102 near Třebíč attempte and finallycrossbowmen/marksmen (swords, using falchions, sidearms etc.). pole with armed men by followed pavisiers by led was charge actual the and shower Perhapsthe pavisiers. are the the secondbest and gunners the are soldiers valued most the encampments and fortifications of defense the to similar type unit a shares and forces infantry own his of arrangement an describes He infantry. Bohemian of detachments by made assaults of nature the lighton more sheds Corvinus Matthias King Vlček for mining) and bombardment (by breach a prepare to advance in sent be to then was vanguard This wagons. on loaded equipment siege and cannons special including and men thousand five of up made purpose, that for army smaller special a assemble should ofcoeval guncarriages. the development with gun moveable

Frankenberger, Frankenberger, e h lutain fsc aosfo ae fifteenth late a from wagons such of illustrations the See The matter, however, is far far is however, matter, The ee, ―Organizáci Segeń, ik , 185 ,

urges guardingurges theenemy against sallyingparties. That kind of an assault, with the support of cannon bombardment, was probably probably was bombardment, cannon of support the with assault, an of kind That ho observations, These kingthe that advisesHe siege. formal a of context the onlyin assaults discussesVlček

,― d by a party of the Hungarian king‘s foot king‘s Hungarian the of party a by d (ca. 1405) (ca. – Pavisemen Pavisemen , 123 189. On the evolution of cannon carriages see Robert Douglas Smith, ―Artillery‖ in in ―Artillery‖ Smith, Douglas Robert see carriages cannon of evolution the On 189.

(1468) in the hotly The inthe contested annalist Moravia. (1468) recounts: – - 124 turret. that of the Bohemians the of that Husitské

by Konrad Kyeser include creations which might have bee have might which creations include Kyeser Konrad by , , 73, 82. 73, , A a, výzbroj a taktika vojska kraal Mateja Korvína,‖ 59. 59. Korvína,‖ Mateja kraal vojska taktika a výzbroj a,

áofli ―ig Matthias ―King Pálosfalvi, rmour 102

válečnitcví

t s ehp n cicdne ht th that coincidence no perhaps is It

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Lipanech – the pavisier. He writes that during the assaults on and on assaults the during that writes He pavisier. the , 41 191 coups de main coups 103

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192

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29 (2012):261 29

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CEU eTD Collection 108 107 106 Court Royal the Hungarian Renewal in and Tradition Pavise, ―The Szabó. B. János men and men longbow Burgundian of companies Si century. fourteenth of half first the to least at goes combat before dismounting men mounted of units English mixing of practice The approach: arms. horsem of mention

Goodman, Goodman, wagon ofa the defence only is The exception Ńimek, 107 s o h qeto o mutd ess obt n ot n krihs hr i no is there skirmishes in foot on combat versus mounted of question the to As no one retain should hope anyoffleeing. the battle of fight field all they the abandoned, are horses reaching On horses. pack even horse, of will sort they any therefore ride journey: the of fatigue the by tired not and fresher arrive use butthey because horseback, from fight to accustomed are soldiers] [English they that Not and he himself se took and them defeated and them, with skirmish to water the Th them. to Hungarian The more. and damage more huge did and Henry] and army [Gdulinec their into mightily shot took and force his with went king Hungarian the never Třebíč Gdulinec son. his help burn force, a and gathered development, city the stormed Třebíč resist not could D from of town the in strong men Poděbrady] of [George King Bohemian The

Staré oii Mancini Dominic uke Viktorin sallied out of the c the of out sallied Viktorin uke

The Wars of the Roses the Warsof The

Č thought Letopisy

and made camp under a hill a under camp made and enov. oatr. ee h Hnain ig eigd Viktorin besieged king Hungarian the Here monastery.

s h mi cmadr A … commander main the as n imutn i cma a ws h cs wt Anglo with case the was as combat in dismounting en

České T that the hill overlooking their force would be would force their overlooking hill the that H got wounded he Hungarian king king Hungarian he sn his sent e him horses to carry them to the scene of the engagement, so as to as so engagement, the of scene the to them carry to horses

Infantry Shield of Matthias Corvinus‘ Army,‖ in in Army,‖ Corvinus‘ Matthias of Shield Infantry , 136 , a iio t Egad n 43 sme u te ainl o this of rationale the up summed 1483, in England to visitor a ,

and

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t on Kn Gog, ern o this of hearing George, King down. it ity to fight the Hungarian king but king Hungarian the fight to ity

106 lead by lead Mtha Criu] eigd hm there. them besieged Corvinus] [Matthias

together under the same condition so that so condition same the under together ih i force his with

[presumably in a wagon a in [presumably

1458

Frankenbe 108 – ryn ter wagons their rraying 1490 his son Viktorin and Vá and Viktorin son his –

at left a garrison a left – , 298 , gis te ugra kn to king Hungarian the against arms in the army of Charles the Bold the Charles of army the in arms – at rger, rger,

– position on position – had , arms with longbow men and then and men longbow with arms 299. 299. Husitské

o era inside retreat to

of so

Matthias Corvinus, the King. King. the Corvinus, Matthias

válečnitcví – several thousand several

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CEU eTD Collection 112 111 pre ofthe armour armsand poleaxes 110 Burgundy of ValoisDuke last The Bold. the Charles 1346 Crécy, 109 it as entirety its in capturescomplexityof tactics minor the infieldengagements: passage relevant the cite I postulated. is footsoldiers and horsemen soldiers the of formation combat the out lay instructions The units. larger with principle same the extrapolates and men 100 of body a from begins He units. larger to smaller from starting fashion. ( 1433 Frankenberger, Ibid., 1 Ibid., nrw yo, Tpgah ad rhr: ute Rfetos n h Btl o Céy‖ in Crécy,‖ of Battle the on Reflections Further Archery: and ―Topography Ayton, Andrew Sudlica – 1477) were ordered, from small to large size units, to cooperate together in a similar similar a in together cooperate to units, size large to small from ordered, were 1477) . See Eduar See . thebehind enemy shoot the pavisiers, should before horses and afterthe cover should formation combat enemy the when And friendly can they position. that firm so a spot, the in on remain stay and themselves brace should ho instead the with but together combat into out go not should footsoldiers The with thecould help defendofthese spears themselves in horsemen, shoul and pavisiers and pavisiers; 15 voštípy sudlic put of room number same a the of again length those behind the after and pavisiers the behind [ the arquebuses detachmentswith in footsoldiers 20 takefashion: 40 or 300 array to are you way, same the In them approach cannot horsemen enemy that hurt without so pavisiers, the over placed sudlica room sudlica a of three length the by after followed them after pavisiers three Put instead. crossbows givethem those have not theywould if and arquebuses,and pavises I cavalry as way same the in soldiers foot of force a array to how describes Vlček f you have to array 100 footsoldiers, put detachment of six men with smaller with men six of detachment put footsoldiers, 100 array to have you f valní 90 109

is e. nrw yo e a. Wobig: h Byel Press, Boydell The (Woodbridge: al. et Ayton Andrew ed. , –

191. 191. a

catch houf . And the banner spear, without the banner itself should be laid over the over laid be should itself banner the without spear, banner the And . - Husitské spear long and again bearers –

horsemen] it is at that point that the footsoldiers should advance should footsoldiers the that point that at is it horsemen] neetnl ised f imutn a obnd rs prah between approach arms combined a dismounting of instead interestingly d Wagner Wagner d - ; all term for Bohemian polearms, some more or less similar to to similar less or more some polearms, Bohemian for term all

. 111 a large unit composed of horsemen] of composed unit large a

case these would want to penetrate the penetrate to want would these case the flanks, if possible. possible. if flanks, the

n with crossbows. Put ten pavisiers before the before pavisiers ten Put crossbows. with n – válečnitcví

Hussite and Hussite period, 1350 period, Hussite and Hussite , et al. et after b frl pae it te rud gis te enemy the against ground the into placed firmly be d

, Kroj, zbroj a zbraně a zbroj Kroj,

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43 ( Woodbridge s

te ot sd o bnes sol be should banners, for used sort the , n te akmn wih r placed are which marksmen, the And

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0 foot 0 před :

a The Boydell Press, 2002 Press, Boydell The - arquebus

err o mn re with armed men or bearers husitské a husitské a husitské and put ten sudlic ten put and - h rs o te pavisiers the of rest The

soldiers. 500 in a similar similar a in 500 soldiers. can . footsoldiers, so that they that so footsoldiers, 112

05, 358 2005), o b dsogd [by dislodged be not

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- ihr Vaughan Richard rsemen, rsemen, bearers bearers – clash. 1450 and behavior behavior and – 210. 210. The Battle of of Battle The 110

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Ńimek, Frankenberger, Frankenberger, s s paet rm h tx, n h cnet f io fed naeet, Vlček engagements, field minor of context the in text, the from apparent is As with two hundredwith two and horsemen with baggage of lots with Pragu to headed who horse The Whoever this looksinto do. document to knowwhat will commande flanks enemy‘s their with enemy‘s the up break will footsoldiers the since advance, th at squadrons cavalry two the that after and enemy, the occurs. clash the t [Then] when themselves brace should footsoldiers and horsemen the thereafter and enemy, the shoot and ahead advance should marksmen mounted these clash, a Before the of detachments the to belong which before And instead. squadrons cavalry two between in footsoldiers put also can you want you If fashion. similar a in cavalry the of flanks the cover If footsoldiersto out. pointed int already them of more send footsoldiers more have you If Staré irfront. ain kih Petr knight valiant men

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po Gdulinec passed through Prague with two hundred hundred two with Prague through passed Gdulinec o hv foslir na hree odr the order horsemen near footsoldiers have you

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114

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Verbruggen Jean de Bueil observed that ―All those who advance advance who those ―All that observed Bueil de Jean a led who writer, and commander military major a Monluc de Blaise of memoirs the from infer can one This Spears with hooks are traditionally assumed to have been for defending the wagons. Such weaponry was was weaponry Such wagons. the defending for been have to assumed traditionally are hooks with Spears the fighting Frederick I of Ansbach and Bayreuth, the margrave of Brandenburg was allegedly hit by an an by hit allegedly was Brandenburg of margrave the Bayreuth, and Ansbach of I Frederick fighting the o o hs evns o tp h poiin at; b party; provision the stop to a into themselves servants his of lot to near came Strela when And half. a and Hradiń to footsoldiers] of amount them of some sent had and footmen, the over took Henry Duke Brod and here they were taken captive. And so the Czechs positioned positioned Czechs the so And captive. taken were they here and Brod Uhersk into escaped they so squadrons, the by pressed badly were lancers, his John including captives many took they So captives. taking and down them cutting [ The description of figh of description The cavalry. enemy from cover needed crossbowmen that suggest France from Analogies teas unit Strela‘s - combat potential ofdefensivelycombat arrayedfoot soldiers.

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