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Report of an Archeological Survey at Red Bank Battlefield Park (Fort Mercer), National Park, Gloucester County, New Jersey

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Report of an Archeological Survey at Red Bank Battlefield Park (Fort Mercer), National Park, Gloucester County, New Jersey "IT IS PAINFUL FOR ME TO LOSE SO MANY GOOD PEOPLE" REPORT OF AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY AT RED BANK BATTLEFIELD PARK (FORT MERCER), NATIONAL PARK, GLOUCESTER COUNTY, NEW JERSEY PREPARED FOR GLOUCESTER COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION PREPARED BY AMERICAN BATTLEFIELD PROTECTION PROGRAM GRANT GA--- COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE GROUP, INC. WEST CHESTER, PENNSYLVANIA +VOF ARPA COMPLIANT COPY "IT IS PAINFUL FOR ME TO LOSE SO MANY GOOD PEOPLE" Report of an Archeological Survey at Red Bank Battlefield Park (Fort Mercer), National Park, Gloucester County, New Jersey Prepared for Gloucester County Department of Parks and Recreation Prepared by Wade P. Catts, RPA Robert Selig, Ph.D. Elisabeth LaVigne, RPA Kevin Bradley, RPA Kathryn Wood and David Orr, Ph.D. American Battlefield Protection Program Grant GA-2287-14-004 Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc. 535 N. Church Street West Chester, PA 19380 FINAL June 2017 This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior ABSTRACT This report presents the goals, methods, and results of an historical and archeological survey at Red Bank Battlefield Park, a park owned and administered by Gloucester County, New Jersey. The Park commemorates the American Revolutionary War battle fought October 22, 1777, between the American defenders of Fort Mercer (remnants of which are located in the Park) and a reinforced Hessian brigade. The project was funded by the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) and followed the guidelines established by the ABPP as well as those of the state of New Jersey. Historical research was intended to focus on primary accounts of the battle and the landscape, and the archeological research sought to investigate potential locations within the Park where evidence of Fort Mercer or the burial locations of Hessian soldiers could be found. The ABPP survey reported herein was the first systematic survey of the Park's grounds by metal detection. Looking at approximately 22 acres out of the Park's 44 acres, the survey completed over 400 hours of metal detection. Metal detection recovered about 400 artifacts, and many of these artifacts date to the period of the battle, including dropped and impacted lead shot (rifle balls, musket balls, and buckshot), a small amount of artillery shot (case shot and at least one fragment of a howitzer shell), buttons, buckles, gun parts, and personal artifacts. A second large component of recovered metal detected artifacts include reenactor items, most notably reproduction military buttons, some gun tools, cartridge box plates, and other items. A smaller component of World War II artifacts were found as well, related to the use of the site circa 1942-43 by Battery B of the 601st Field Artillery. Limited archeological excavations (six excavation units), following the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR), succeeded in identifying the interior ditch associated with the reduced Fort Mercer and investigated several other anomalies originally seen in the GPR survey. Overall, approximately 1,200 artifacts were found in the excavations, including Native American artifacts associated with the occupation (circa 1000 BCE) of Red Bank long before the American Revolution. Attempts to identify unmarked burial locations were unsuccessful. An unexpected discovery was the location and excavation of a large iron cannon fragment, one of the two that burst during the siege of Fort Mifflin in October and November of 1777. Recommendations for future studies at the Park are presented including revision of the National Register nomination to reflect more recent historical and archeological scholarship, regular archeological field days at the Park, and additional archeological excavations to follow up on some of the results of the ABPP-funded survey. i Acknowledgements The Commonwealth Heritage Group project team extend their thanks to the following individuals who contributed their time, talents, and expertise in the completion of this project. BRAVO Volunteers Gloucester County Chapter, Archeological Society of Ken Amann New Jersey James Barnet Eugene Andrews Steve Bacho Chris Brown Adrian Devine Rebecca Brown John Fallon Guy DiGuigno Larry Frudden Michael DiGuigno Glen Gunther Jane Lueder Robert Gunther Peggy Marks Robert Hall Maryann Minutillo Richard Harris Eileen Shanahan William Hermstedt Leslie Watson Carlo Iovino Drew Stanzeski Marylou Iovino Edward Norako Maryland Archeology Conservation Laboratory Timothy Reno Francis Lukezic Pat Thomson Jeff Thompson Robert Smrek James Stinson Dan Sivilich Eric Sivilich The Gloucester County Historical Society Library and Dr. William Chadwick, Anthropology Department, Museum Indiana University of Pennsylvania Kathy Flemming Jennifer Janosfky, former Curator Whitall House Patty Hrynenko Nicole Belolan, Curator, Whitall House Dr. R. Scott Stephenson, Curator, Museum of the American Revolution Dr. Thomas Crist, Utica College Allan Gutches, Curator, Fort Pitt Elwood Taylor Gary Wheeler Stone, Ph.D. Timothy Riordan, Ph.D. Donald Londahl-smidt, Ph.D. Todd Braisted ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page number Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vi List of Tables xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Historical Overview 1 1.2 Environmental Setting 3 1.3 Known Archeological Sites at Red Bank 5 2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 3. METHODS 8 3.1 Background Research on the Battle to develop the Historical Context 8 3.2 Period Maps and Depictions of Fort Mercer and Red Bank 8 3.3 Later Depictions of Fort Mercer 13 3.4 Archeological Field Methods 19 3.5 Public Outreach 25 4. MILITARY TERRAIN ANALYSIS 27 4.1 Defining Features 28 5. OPPOSING FORCES AT RED BANK 43 5.1 Hessian Order of Battle 43 5.2 American Order of Battle 45 6. RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 49 6.1 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Grids 49 6.2 Archeological Excavation Units 56 7. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS 71 7.1 Munitions 71 iv 7.2 Artillery 77 7.3 Weapons 81 7.4 Uniform Parts 82 7.5 Personal Artifacts 86 7.6 Cannon Barrel 89 7.7 Lead Fragments 93 7.8 Reenactor Artifacts 93 7.9 World War II-era Artifacts 95 8. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96 8.1 Research Questions 96 8.2 Threats to Red Bank Battlefield 99 8.3 Recommendations for Future Studies 102 9. SOURCES 103 APPENDICES I. Artifact Inventory II. Hessian and British Accounts III. American and French Accounts IV. Site Form v FIGURES Figure Title Page Figure 1. Red Bank Battlefield County Park location (USGS Woodbury 7.5-minute 3 quadrangle, 1995). Figure 2. Plan of Fort Mercer, by Mauduit du Plessis, 1777 (Historical Society of 9 Pennsylvania). Figure 3. Detail of Villefranche Map for the Defense of the Delaware River, 1778 (RG 27, 9 Series #27.39, Pennsylvania State Archives). Figure 4. Plan der Expedition zum Fort Redbank bei Philadelphia am 21. und 22. Oktober 10 1777, by Friedrich Werner (Hessisches Staatsarchiv) (Marburg). Figure 5. Detail showing Fort Mercer, from Martin's Plan der Stadt Philadelphia mit 11 Armeelager und Befestigungen, 1778 (Marburg Digital Archives). Figure 6. Johann Ewald's map (1777), Plan, von dem Angriff aufs Fort bei Red Bank 11 (https://library.bloomu.edu/Archives/Maps/map101.htm). Figure 7. Red Banke (1777) British Engineers Map, (Peter Force Collection, G&MD Library 12 of Congress). Figure 8. Profile of Red Bank, a detail from A survey of the city of Philadelphia and its 13 environs… Surveyed & drawn by P. Nicole (G&MD Library of Congress). Figure 9. Benson Lossing’s Map of Fort Mercer, from Field Book of the American 13 Revolution (1842). Figure 10. Plan of Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, N.J., published circa 1865 (Barber and Howe 14 1975:210). Figure 11. Red Bank, from the Delaware River (Barber and Howe 1975:212). 15 Figure 12. Plan of the U.S. Property at Red Bank, (US Army Corps of Engineers Map, 1872). 16 Figure 13. Sketch of the Government Reservation at Red Bank, NJ. (Raymond 1896). 17 Figure 14. Plat of the Abandoned Red Bank Military Reservation, in Gloucester Co., New 18 Jersey (Kidder 1905). Figure 15. Site Plan of the James Whitall House (HABS 1935). 19 Figure 16. Depiction of the geophysical grids during the April and June 2015 GPR surveys 21 (ESRI World Imagery aerial layer). vi Figure 17. Depiction of the geophysical grids of data collected during the April and June 2015 22 GPR surveys overlain on last-return processed LiDAR data which shows the location of the modern trench (the striping in aqua is due to lack of data between parallel flights) (ESRI World Imagery aerial layer). Figure 18. Map showing of the 1935 Historic American Buildings Survey map of the James 23 Whitall property (HABS 1935) overlain with the relevant features, GPR survey areas, and modern trench. Figure 19. Map showing the Saunders 1842 plan of Fort Mercer (Heston 1900:10) overlain 23 with the relevant features, GPR survey areas, and modern trench. Figure 20. Map showing the Villefranche 1778 map overlain with the relevant features, GPR 24 survey areas, and modern trench. Figure 21. Map showing the Ewald 1777 map overlain with the relevant features, GPR survey 24 areas, and modern trench. Figure 22. Location of Metal Detection Grids (ESRI World Imagery aerial layer). 26 Figure 23. View to the east over the Delaware River, looking toward Red Bank, showing the 30 project area. Figure 24. Big Timber Creek, view to the east from the current bridge crossing on Broadway 32 at Westville, showing the earlier crossing point. Figure 25. Overview of the approximate Avenue of Approach and Retreat by von Donop’s 34 column, based on the work of other historians (base map: USGS Wilmington Delaware - New Jersey - Pennsylvania - Maryland 30x60-minute quadrangle, 1984).
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