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Haramza Márk a 9–10. Századi Kárpát-Medencei Szablyák DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.BTK.2019.012 HARAMZA MÁRK A 9–10. SZÁZADI KÁRPÁT-MEDENCEI SZABLYÁK ARCHEOMETALLURGIAI ÉS HADTÖRTÉNETI VONATKOZÁSA Szövegkötet Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola Hadtörténeti M űhely Doktori iskola vezet ője: Dr. Őze Sándor DSc Hadtörténeti M űhely vezet ője: Dr. Horváth Miklós DSc Témavezet ők: Dr. Veszprémy László DSc, Dr. Török Béla PhD Budapest 2019 0 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.BTK.2019.012 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ............................................................................................................... 4 BEVEZETÉS .................................................................................................................................... 6 METODIKA .................................................................................................................................... 7 Alkalmazott társtudományok, pozíció a történetírásban ............................................................. 7 Hadtörténetírás és historiográfia ................................................................................................. 8 A honfoglaló hadikultúra régészete ............................................................................................. 11 Irányvonalak a fegyvertörténeti kutatásokban ............................................................................ 14 A leíró fegyvertörténet .................................................................................................................. 14 Az összehasonlító fegyvertörténet ................................................................................................ 19 Kronologikus problémafelvetés: a szablya fejl ődéstörténete .......................................... 20 Kategorikus problémafelvetés: a szablya-kard fegyverváltás ......................................... 21 Interdiszciplinaritás a fegyvertörténetben ................................................................................... 23 A vasm űvesség kutatástörténetének korai szakasza .................................................................... 26 Klasszikus interdiszciplinaritás: a természettudományok integrációja ...................................... 28 Gyakorlati megközelítés: rekonstrukciós kísérletek .................................................................... 32 Módszertani nehézségek ............................................................................................................. 34 Az értekezés metodikája és célkit űzései ..................................................................................... 37 HADTÖRTÉNETI HÁTTÉR .............................................................................................................. 42 A hadm űvészet jellemz ői a 9–10. századi hadjáratok tükrében .................................................. 42 A közelharci fegyverek taktikai alkalmazása ............................................................................... 59 A temetkezésekb ől ismert fegyverfajták ........................................................................................ 59 Közelharci fegyverek alkalmazása az írott források tükrében ..................................................... 62 Összegzés ..................................................................................................................................... 68 TIPOLÓGIA .................................................................................................................................... 70 Az értekezés primer forráscsoportja: a fegyverleletek ................................................................ 70 Szúró-vágó fegyverek klasszifikációja ........................................................................................ 74 1 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.BTK.2019.012 A szablya tipológiai rendszerezése .............................................................................................. 78 Formacsoportok és metrikus adatok ............................................................................................ 82 A markolat ................................................................................................................................... 82 Markolatgomb ................................................................................................................. 82 Ellenz ő ............................................................................................................................. 84 A hüvely ....................................................................................................................................... 89 Függeszt őfül .................................................................................................................... 89 Hüvelyvég ........................................................................................................................ 89 A penge formai jellemz ői ............................................................................................................. 90 Metrikus vizsgálatok .................................................................................................................... 92 Értelmezési lehet őségek .............................................................................................................. 93 Klasszifikáció a leíró statisztika módszereivel (EDA, korrelációszámítás, klaszteranalízis) ...... 95 Chorológia ................................................................................................................................... 106 Összegzés ..................................................................................................................................... 108 TECHNOLÓGIA .............................................................................................................................. 114 Metallográfiai bevezetés ............................................................................................................. 114 El őzmények és célkit űzések ......................................................................................................... 117 A vizsgált példányok .................................................................................................................... 123 Alkalmazott módszerek ................................................................................................................ 124 Eredmények .................................................................................................................................. 125 Minta 1: Ellenz őgomb, Karos II/5. ............................................................................................... 125 Minta 2: Szablyapenge, Miskolc-Repül őtér (Szirmabeseny ő), 5. sír ........................................... 126 Minta 3: Szablyapenge, Karos II/20. ........................................................................................... 127 Minta 4: Szablyapenge, Ismeretlen lel őhely ................................................................................. 128 Minta 5: Ellenz őgomb, Miskolc-Repül őtér (Szirmabeseny ő), 5. sír ............................................. 129 Minta 6: Ellenz őgomb, Miskolc-Repül őtér (Szirmabeseny ő), 5. sír ............................................. 130 Chaîne opèratoire ......................................................................................................................... 132 1. Vasércbányászás ........................................................................................................... 133 2. Ércpörkölés ................................................................................................................... 135 3. Kohósítás ...................................................................................................................... 135 4. Homogenizálás ............................................................................................................. 137 5. Alakítás üll őn ............................................................................................................... 142 2 DOI: 10.15774/PPKE.BTK.2019.012 6. Precíziós munka (6.1. Felcsiszolás) ............................................................................. 146 7. H őkezelés ...................................................................................................................... 147 8. Összeillesztés ................................................................................................................ 153 Összegzés .................................................................................................................................... 155 FEJL ŐDÉSTÖRTÉNETI KITEKINTÉS ................................................................................................. 158 Tárgyak mozgása .......................................................................................................................... 162 Mesterek mozgása ........................................................................................................................ 169 A technológia elméletének terjedése ............................................................................................ 170 Összegzés .................................................................................................................................... 171 BEFEJEZ Ő GONDOLATOK ............................................................................................................... 173 ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ ............................................................................................................................
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