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Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: the Case of Kaunas M.A

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Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: the Case of Kaunas M.A Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs 2021, Volume 5, Number 2, pages 197– 208 Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė , Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania E mail 1: [email protected], Email 2: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO: Article History: ABSTRACT Received 9 July 2020 Accepted 29 August 2020 Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, Available online 18 September communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to 2020 influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of Keywords: this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse Community; recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various Urban planning; urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This Spatial planning; study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban Decision-making processes. planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n2-3 www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2020 Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, Aušra Mlinkauskienė. This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com 1 . Introduction Public participation has become an important theorists and practitioners actively advocate topic of governance in the 20ttcenturyArnstein public participation in spatial planning. in 1969 described public participation as Accordingly, Marcus Lane observed that follows: “The idea of citizen participation is a government has been replaced by little like eating spinach: no one is against it in governance (Marcus, 2005). Activity, due to principle because it is good for you”. In her public participation, is driven by theoretical article, the author describes the influence of and practical reasons. In practice, public society in government decision-making as a ladder, where at the bottom of the ladder are *Corresponding Author: Manipulation (first step) and Therapy (second Kaunas University of technology, Civil engineering and step), at the topmost - (seventh step) are architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania Delegated Power and (eighth step) Citizen Email address: [email protected] Control (Arnstein, 1969). Today, planning How to cite this article: Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, L., & Mlinkauskienė, A. (2021). Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 5(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n2-3 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021 participation is the key of the democratic Historical analysis of public participation in process. This makes government institutions spatial planning was performed to find out the accountable to the society, enables it to development of involvement in decision- incorporate non-professional knowledge into making, historical stages, implemented reforms decision-making, improves public policy and their impact. The analysis of the most support and improves planning outcomes. important documents describing the public Participation in itself is valuable as a political participation in the territorial planning goal, as it increases social capital and gives processes was performed to find out the ways, citizens more opportunities when they want a means and emerging problems of public stronger voice in decision-making. involvement in the territorial planning Lithuanian researchers examine the issue of processes in Lithuania. public participation both on a theoretical Non-random convenient selection, voluntary (legal basis) and on an empirical basis sampling was used for the sociological survey. (Bardauskienė, 2007; Jakaitis, 2005; Cirtautas, Data were collected using social networks vis- 2011). However, the activity of society in a-vis: i). Facebook, by submitting a survey on political life and decision-making is more often multiple community accounts and sharing the examined (Merkys, 2020). In the field of urban profile through personal accounts. This method planning, the attitude of the population in the of data collection was used purposefully to find formation of urban architecture, the activity of out who and the extent of those active in social the society in the consideration of urban plans, networks and how much they are interested in and the causality of the passivity of the society territorial planning problems. Before the survey, are most often examined. Examining the it was hypothesized that Kaunas city residents articles of foreign authors on sociological were very little interested in participating in the research related to public participation, it is spatial planning processes. noticeable that the connections with certain The following sociodemographic variables social aspects are usually examined. Most were examined in the study: Gender, Age, authors have studied community participation Education, Occupation, Community activities through social and demographic factors and and Place of residence. Analysis in this study is less analysis of the impact of social and quantitative and Quantitative analysis and IBM physical variables on a given problem (Bottini, SPSS was used for the analysis. The level of 2018). statistical significance was defined as p <0.05. This article discusses short historical development and the main spatial planning 3. Historical and document analysis of public documents related to public participation in participation in spatial planning spatial planning processes in Lithuania, and the 3.1. Historical analysis of public participation opportunities for residents to express their views in spatial planning in Lithuania and make suggestions on the projects. A pilot Changes in the territory of Lithuania are closely sociological survey was conducted using related to the political, economical, social and community social networks to find out how other factors. These factors have a direct active and involved the population is in Kaunas impact on the spatial structure of the city spatial planning processes. The survey aim landscape. Lithuania has undergone many was also to understand the activity of the social land reforms over the centuries, but land network, its main audience and the rational for reforms in the last few centuries are of this type of audience. particular importance. According to the Wallachian reform (16th century), the land of 2. Materials and Methods all manors was declared as the complete A pilot study was conducted to analyze public property of the Grand Duke and was participation in spatial planning by literature combined into one area measured into the analysis and spatial planning documents, Wallachians (about 21.38 ha). The villages were raising a hypothesis, conducting the research organized and distributed, a three-field system and drawing conclusions. An analysis of the was established. As part of the land reform, literature and documents is provided in towns and church villages were established, chapters 3.1 and 3.2. The results of the study are manor houses, street-planned and scrappy presented in chapter 4 and the conclusions villages, residential areas were also connected and suggestions in chapter 5. M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 198 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021 with the road network (Jankauskaitė- development of activities in Lithuania territory Jurevičienė, 2016). (Law on Spatial Planning of the Republic of From the middle of the 19th century until the Lithuania, 1995, 2019). Thus, spatial planning is middle of the 20th Lithuania territory was a complex process that combines the interests managed and used as an individual farming of the groups interested in spatial system. At the time of these reforms, public development, the needs of society and the participation in land management was not protection of the environment. possible, because land management was Major changes in the regulation of spatial sorely within the jurisdiction of the nobility. planning took place in 2014 and are valid until The annexation of Lithuania in the 1940s by the now. The new regulation aims at simplifying, Soviet Union began the destruction of accelerating and improving the spatial traditional, cultural and spiritual values and the planning process. With the creation of the new creation of new political-social structures - spatial planning system, new levels of this collective farms. During the Soviet land reform, planning were established, the principle of private land was nationalized, after which parcel planning was abandoned and the manors and small individual farms disappeared projects of land holdings were removed from (Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, 2016). Thus, the the system of spatial planning documents. period from the 1940s until 1991 is the collective Therefore, it is very important to identify the farm period (Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, 2016). existing problems in the
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