The Nature of Soviet Power: an Arctic Environmental History Andy Bruno Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14471-2 - The Nature of Soviet Power: An Arctic Environmental History Andy Bruno Index More information

Index

abatement methods, 117, 202, 208, 213, All-Union Association of the Chemical 215 Industry, 89, 98, 106 air filters, 107, 112, 116 Alps, 233 dust collectors, 112, 116 aluminum, 10, 110, 114, 115, 120, 199, environmental monitoring lab, 259 247 relocations, 117, 119, 201 Alymov, Vasilii, 139, 141, 143–146, 149, sanitary-defense zones, 116, 194, 201 152 smokestacks, 192, 194, 205, 259 Anderson, David, 123, 141 sulfur dioxide conversion, 181, 197, Andreeva Bay, 262, 264 206, 213, 214 Andrushechko, Aleksandr, 220, 221, 254 tailing dumps, 116, 119, 120 Anthropocene, 15, 18, 191, 271 ventilation, 112, 197 Apatit, 69, 73, 88, 89, 93–120, 122, 148, water purification, 95, 116 153, 179, 211, 228–231, 235, 236, water recycling, 119 237, 257 Academy of Sciences, 82, 85, 92, 95, 110, apatite, 27, 74, 77–81, 83–85, 87–88, 90, 196, 212 95–99, 103, 105–107, 110, 112, acid rain. See pollution 116–120, 124, 171, 234, 247, 269, Africa, 32, 147, 186 272 agriculture, 2, 10, 21–23, 27, 36, 39, 63, Apatite-Nepheline Commission, 87, 88 64, 77, 84–85, 89, 102, 103, 108, Apatity, 72, 117, 122 125, 132, 134, 142, 143, 147, 149, Aral Sea, 172 153, 154, 157, 162, 165, 169, 241, Arctic Circle, 2, 55 255 arctic fox, 78 Ahlander,˚ Ann-Mari Satre,¨ 172 Arctic Ocean, 37, 187, 257, 261, 265 air. See pollution Arctic, historiography of, 17–18 air filters. See abatement methods Arkhangel´sk, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 49, 59, Aleksandrov, Anatolii, 249 60 Aleksandrovsk, 2, 41, 46, 251. See also Arkhangel´sk province, 1, 36, 37, 39, 41, Poliarnyi 43, 53, 128, 130–132, 225, 228 Aleksandrovsk district, 225, 228 Arkhangel´sk Society for the Study of the Alexander II, 34 Russian North, 43, 48 Alexander III, 1, 39, 41 Arkhipov, Fedor, 137 Allied Powers, 46, 57, 59–61, 188 Arkhipov, Kondrat, 148, 149

276

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14471-2 - The Nature of Soviet Power: An Arctic Environmental History Andy Bruno Index More information

Index 277

Arktikugol´, 232 Brovtsev, Sergei, 180 Arnol´dov, Aron, 65, 67 Brown, Kate, 220 Artiev, Ivan, 146 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 216 assemblage, 9, 269 Buchanan, George, 46 assimilation of nature, 12–14, 27, 30–32, Buck-Morss, Susan, 271 40, 41, 65, 67, 72, 75, 93, 122, 139, 175, 193 Campbell, Robert, 241 Association of Kola Sami, 164 Canada, 33, 38, 51, 65, 84, 168, 178, 184, Aswan High Dam, 234 188, 205, 218 Atomflot, 250 capitalism, 14–16, 19, 20, 27, 28, 36, 43, atomic energy. See nuclear power 73, 76, 77, 97, 123, 165, 172–175, autarky, 28, 175, 178, 185 178, 179, 199, 208–211, 215, 219, authoritarianism, 24, 28, 172, 174–175, 271, 273, 274 242 Caspian Sea, 260 avalanches, 22, 86, 95, 113, 269 Castro, Fidel, 210 Averintsev, Sergei, 12 central planning, 84, 273 Avrorin, Nikolai, 91, 108 Chaikovskii, Nikolai, 60 Chal´mny-Varre, 158. See also Ivanovka Baikal, Lake, 172, 198 Charnoluskii, Vladimir, 121, 124, Bailes, Kendall, 39 139–142, 144, 147, 151 Baltic countries, 186. See also specific Cheka, 64 countries Chekhov, Anton, 225 Barents Sea, 2, 30, 34, 35, 114, 237, 244, Chernobyl accident, 172, 220, 253, 261, 248, 254, 257, 265 262 Bel´kov, Igor, 269 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, 253, 261 Beliaev timber factory, 226 China, 32, 174, 234 Bellona, 216, 222, 264 Chirkin, Gennadii, 12, 29, 42, 48, 65, 67, Bennett, Jane, 9 231, 239 Beresnev, Ivan, 187 Chizhov, Fedor, 37 Beriia, Lavrentii, 187 Chudzíavr, 158 Bibikov, Sergei, 53, 54 Chuna tundra, 185 birds, 2, 17, 80, 81, 263 city design. See urban planning Blackbourn, David, 31 civil society, 212 Blaikie, Piers, 53 class, 93, 143–146, 148, 151 blizzards, 62, 86, 104, 181 climate, 2, 18, 21, 22, 35, 41, 53, 56, 59, Bol´shevik collective farm, 158, 160, 161 60, 62, 65, 74, 86, 91, 94, 98, 102, Bolotova, Alla, 76, 117, 255 107, 117, 129, 170, 193, 194, 236, Bolsheviks, 12, 17, 20, 31, 40, 62–64, 68, 239, 255 74, 81, 93, 113, 115, 134, 138, 180, climate change, 17, 18, 169, 259, 265, 275 187, 223, 227, 267. See also closed cities, 250 Communist Party coal, 28, 50, 99, 213, 222, 224, 229, 232, Bonhomme, Brian, 20 233, 240, 241, 247, 252, 258–260 Boris and Gleb Hydroelectric Station cobalt, 176, 181, 185–187, 197, 201 (GES), 244 cold, 22, 23, 50, 54, 57, 61, 71, 82, 83, 86, Brain, Stephen, 20, 76, 154 104, 105, 124, 173, 182, 235, 236, Brandstr¨ om,¨ Elsa, 52 269 Brazil, 174 Cold War, 19, 159, 174, 175, 191, 193, Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 59 199, 204, 208, 213, 220, 250, 272 Brezhnev, Leonid, 13, 213, 260 collective farms. See specific collective farms Britain, 51, 192, 223, 226, 257 collectivization, 13, 84, 102, 142–149, Broido, Evgenii, 252 151, 156, 157

278 Index

colonization, 2, 12, 27, 29, 32–37, 41–43, respiratory problems, 116, 171, 201 48, 64, 66, 67, 83, 86, 87, 102, 132 rheumatism, 53 Columbia River, 233 rhinitis, 194 command economy, 28, 84, 172, 174, 175, rickets, 105 209, 273 scurvy, 52–54, 58, 62, 63, 70, 105 Committee of the North (Committee for silicosis, 194 Assistance to the Peoples of the tuberculosis, 53, 70, 105, 112 Northern Borderlands), 139. See also typhoid fever, 105 Murmansk Branch of the Committee typhus, 54, 70, 105 of the North Distant Early Warning line, 199 communism, 1, 6–9, 14–16, 18–20, 24, 28, Dnepr River, 234 29, 39, 62, 68, 144, 172–175, 178, Dnepr-1, 257 196, 203, 208–211, 215, 222, 224, Dnepr-2, 257 260, 269–271, 273, 274 Dobrovolets collective farm, 158, 160, Communist Party, 10, 13, 70, 88, 102, 161. See also Saam work association 106, 108, 111, 113, 115, 119, 124, Dohan, Michael, 179 143, 144, 148, 149, 154, 177, 182, dominance over nature, 13, 75, 93, 122, 183, 193, 196, 209, 215, 236, 247. 176, 231, 273 See also Bolsheviks Donetsk, 233 complex utilization of natural resources, dualistic conception of nature, 11–15, 27, 10, 15, 97, 111, 181, 273 77, 93, 272. See also assimilation of conquest of nature, 11–14, 27, 30–32, 37, nature, conquest of nature, dominance 45, 56, 67, 69, 71, 75, 76, 89, 93, over nature, and harmony with nature 122, 186, 252, 268, 269, 272 dust. See pollution conservation. See abatement methods and dust collectors. See abatement methods reindeer and reindeer herding Dwyer, Mark, 124 consolidation of collective farms, 14, 123, Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 64 125, 155–161, 167 Convention on Long-Range Eastern Europe, 220. See also specific Transboundary Air Pollution countries (LRTAP), 213 ecocide, 19, 172 copper, 6, 27, 98, 171, 176–177, 179, ecosystem, 2, 13, 18, 24, 74–76, 78, 89, 183–185, 187, 189, 193, 194, 197, 105, 120, 130, 132, 138, 176, 184, 201, 204–206, 210, 215, 218, 189, 191, 194, 201, 202, 204, 210, 270 214, 225, 236, 245, 257, 272, 273 Coronil, Fernando, 124, 242 eczema. See diseases Costlow, Jane, 133 Egypt, 234 Council of Labor and Defense, 64 Eikhfel´d, Iogan, 85, 108 Crimean War, 34 Ekaterina harbor, 40–42, 251 Crutzen, Paul, 191 Elíavr-Chai stream, 243 Cuba, 210 electricity, 9, 16, 160, 222, 224, 229–237, 239, 242–244, 247–248, 254, 264. Danilevskii, Nikolai, 36, 44 See also hydroelectricity DeHaan, Heather, 90 Ena, 71 de-kulakization, 70, 93, 102, 143, 145, Engel´gardt, Aleksandr, 1, 2, 6, 36, 37, 41, 148 65, 131 Denmark, 33, 168 enterprises. See specific enterprises diseases, 53–55, 61, 70, 109, 116, 160, environmental monitoring lab. See 187. See also reindeer diseases abatement methods eczema, 194 environmentalism, 14, 18, 20, 21, 76, 175, measles, 105 198, 211, 216, 262, 274

Index 279

ethnicity, 2, 6, 9, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34, 36, 51, fossil fuels. See coal, natural gas, and oil 54, 122–125, 131, 133, 134, 137–139, France, 57, 78, 176 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152, Fridolin, Vladimir, 85, 86, 110 156, 157, 163, 164, 167–169 Friendly Jr., Alfred, 172 ethnography, 24, 25, 27, 121, 123, 127, fuel, 4, 18, 36, 49, 50, 54, 62, 64, 66, 221, 134, 137–141, 151, 168 224–233, 240, 241, 247, 250, 252, extensive growth, 28, 175, 191–202, 210, 253, 257–260, 262, 265 241, 270 Gaddy, Clifford, 173, 179 Falconbridge, 205 Gare, Arran, 174 famine and hunger, 22, 36, 50, 53–55, Gatrell, Peter, 52 59, 61–63, 70, 105, 148, 182, 194, Gazprom, 265 235 General Engineering Company, 98 Fedorov, Pavel, 45 Germany, 59, 115, 174, 185, 188, 190 Fersman, Aleksandr, 10, 66, 73, 74, 82, Giddens, Anthony, 248 83, 87, 93, 97, 110, 111, 177, 181, Gille, Zsuzsa, 9, 196 231, 273 global economic pressures, 16, 20, 28, 175, fertilizer, 6, 16, 74, 77, 80, 83–85, 106, 179, 208, 270, 273 119 Goldman, Marshall, 202 Feshbach, Murray, 172 Gor´kii, Maksim, 75 Filtzer, Donald, 19, 192, 193 Goriachkovskii, Vladimir, 51 Finland, 1, 45, 53, 64, 71, 127, 152, Great Acceleration, 191 167, 178, 186–188, 214, 218, 243, Great Break, 73, 77, 84, 87, 88, 90, 149, 254 165, 170, 176, 179, 229, 232, 270 Finnmark, 33, 36, 40 Great Reforms, 34, 40 Finno-Ugric languages, 126 green Marxism, 173 Finns, 2, 36, 51, 151, 214, 236 Greenland, 199 fires, 50, 107, 109, 152, 153, 182 Gudlevskii, A. F., 231 firewood, 28, 36, 50, 54, 55, 62, 66, 71, Gulag, 13, 23, 69–71, 94, 121, 182, 104, 107, 222, 224–230, 240–241, 186–188, 198, 230, 233, 237, 244, 258 267, 273 fish and fishing, 2, 9, 26, 29, 34–36, 41, Gulf Stream, 2 42, 44, 46, 64–67, 108, 110, 114, Gutsol, Natalia, 156 117, 120, 122, 126, 127, 137, 139, 141, 144, 161, 163, 167, 225, 235, Hanson, Philip, 209 237, 243, 245, 246, 253, 255 harmony with nature, 11–15, 21, 27, 75, five-year plans, 27, 68, 73, 74, 85, 87, 89, 76, 89, 90, 93, 97, 122, 180, 193, 97, 106, 165, 176, 229, 239 211, 219, 231, 256, 273 floods and flooding, 30, 49, 61, 158, 182, health and medicine, 4, 54–56, 58, 63, 74, 222, 238, 242, 245, 255 85, 91, 103, 105, 106, 111, 116, 120, food. See agriculture, famine and hunger, 140, 171, 172, 189, 194, 256, 262, and rationing 263 forced labor, 26, 69, 70, 71, 93, 97, 102, heating, 90, 103, 225, 226, 232, 233, 247, 104, 105, 109, 181, 187, 226, 236, 255, 258 237, 238, 271, 273 heavy metals. See pollution forest question, 225 Herald of the Murmansk Railroad, 64 forests, 2, 4, 12, 20, 21, 50, 61, 62, 66, Hill, Fiona, 173, 179 76, 83, 90, 106, 107, 153, 154, 168, Hiroshima, 249 171, 180, 182, 205, 211, 212, Holiday of the North, 92, 163 225–229, 237, 240, 247, 257, Holquist, Peter, 24, 43 268 Hønneland, Geir, 255, 265

280 Index

housing, 56, 70, 90, 102–105, 107, 109, Iuksporiok River, 94 161, 182, 183, 187, 193, 194, 236 Iuksporr, Mount, 78, 83, 95, 111, 113 apartment buildings, 113, 155, 161, Ivanovka, 146, 158. See also 255 Chal´mny-Varre barracks, 53, 57, 105, 182, 237 Izhemtsy. See Komi mud-huts, 237 shalmany (temporary barn-like Jones, Polly, 268 structures), 104, 105 Josephson, Paul, 19, 31, 174 tents, 103–105, 181, 182 hunting. See reindeer and reindeer herding Kagan, V. I., 228 Huron, Lake, 205 Kaigorodov, Dmitrii, 225 hydroelectric stations, 229, 235, 237, 239, Kaitakoski Hydroelectric Station (GES), 240, 243, 244, 247, 254. See also 244 speciﬁc stations Kandalaksha, 4, 34, 46, 49, 55, 61, 110, hydroelectricity, 114, 232, 233, 239, 247, 114, 199, 225, 228–229, 235, 237, 269 240, 242 Kandalaksha Aluminum Plant, 110, 114, Iablokov, Aleksei, 262 199 Ianiskoski Hydroelectric Station (GES), Kandalaksha Bay, 242 244 Kara Sea, 257 Iceland, 199 Karelia, 39, 46, 48, 55, 64, 66, 67, 94, 151, IG Farben, 189 153, 186, 187, 225, 228, 231, 254 Imandra, Lake, 2, 4, 46, 61, 70, 78, 110, Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist 114, 119, 120, 177, 199, 221, 235, Republic, 228 236, 245, 251, 253, 268 Karelian Labor Commune, 64 Imatran Voima, 244 Karelians, 36, 152 Imeni V. I. Lenina state farm, 158, Kazakhstan, 253 160–162, 165. See also Olenevod Kedd´k, 168 Agricultural Production Cooperative Kem, 49 imperialism, 12, 29, 32, 33, 37, 45, 53, 68, Kem district, 225 138, 220, 272 Kertselli, Sergei, 133, 136. See also V–r In the Fight for Nickel, 180 Khevoskoski Hydroelectric Station (GES), Inari, Lake, 243 244 incentives for living in the north, 37, 102, Khibinogorsk, 69, 70, 73, 89, 91, 95, 99, 117, 245, 255 104–106, 109. See also Kirovsk Industriia state farm, 108, 242 Khibinogorsk City Council, 109 Infonor, 168 Khibiny Experimental Agricultural Point, Ingold, Tim, 117, 124 85 Institute of Mechanical Processing of Khibiny Mountain Station, 92 Mineral Resources, 83 Khibiny Mountains, 2, 14, 15, 27, 69, Interlaken, 98 73–93, 95–99, 101–108, 110, 111, International Nickel Company (Inco), 178, 114–120, 136, 143, 170, 176, 179, 187, 188, 205 180, 199, 234, 236, 252, 257, 267, Interros, 216 269, 270, 273 Iokanga, 54, 58, 61, 251. See also Kildin Island, 158 Ostrovnoi Kirkenes, 188 Iokanga River, 2 Kirov, Sergei, 13, 70, 106, 107, 109, 177, Iovskaia Hydroelectric Station (GES), 243 267 Isakov (employee of Apatit), 112 Kirovsk, 72, 73, 106, 110, 111, 113, Istomin, Kirill, 124 115–117, 119, 122, 182, 236, 258, Iuksporiok, 111 269. See also Khibinogorsk

Index 281

Kirovsk City Council, 115 Kovdor, 71, 72, 199, 255 Kirovsk State Regional Electric Station Krasnaia Tundra collective farm, 145–148, (GRES), 247, 252, 259 158. See also Olenevod work Kiselev, Aleksei, 182, 193, 228 association and Imeni V. I. Lenina Kislaia inlet, 248 state farm Kislogubskaia Tidal Electric Station, 247 Krasnoe Pulozero collective farm, 122, Kniazhegubskaia Hydroelectric Station 159–160 (GES), 243 Krasnoshchelé, 136, 158, 161, 163, 166, Knox, Alfred, 50 167 Kol´stroi, 115 Kreps, German, 20, 134–137, 153, 177 Kola Base of the Academy of Sciences, 92. Kriuchkov, Vasilii, 212 See also Kola Branch of the Academy Krugel¨ (German specialist on phosphates), of Sciences and Kola Science Center 99 Kola Bay, 4, 7, 36, 37, 40, 46, 237, 262, Kuel´porr mine, 257 265 Kukisvumchorr, Mount, 78, 83, 87, 92, Kola Branch of the Academy of Sciences, 94, 99–101, 111 92, 212. See also Kola Base of the kulaks, 93, 104, 106, 115, 144–149, 151, Academy of Sciences and Kola Science 152, 273 Center Kumskaia Hydroelectric Station (GES), 243 Kola Mining and Metallurgy Company Kurchatov, Igor, 249 (GMK), 216, 219 Kursk, 264 Kola Nuclear Power Plant (Kola AES), 220–222, 251–257, 261–265 Labuntsov, Aleksandr, 83 Kola Production Association of Energy and Ladoga, Lake, 186 Electrification (Kolenergo), 229, 231, lakes. See specific lakes 239, 242–245, 247, 254–255, 258, Landry, Marc, 233 259 Lapin, Aleksei, 168 Kola Science Center, 92. See also Kola Lapland Nature Reserve, 10, 20, 121, 124, Branch of the Academy of Sciences and 151, 153, 154, 159, 164, 177, 185, Kola Base of the Academy of Sciences 211, 243 Kola State Regional Electric Station, 252. Laplanders. See Sami See also Kola Nuclear Power Plant Lapp Expedition, 139 (AES) Lapps. See Sami Kolenergo. See Kola Production Large Vud˝iavr, Lake, 78, 94, 95, 104, Association of Energy and 111, 112 Electrification (Kolenergo) Latin America, 80. See also specific Kolosioki, 189, 190. See also Nikel´ countries Kolyma, 267 Latour, Bruno, 9 Komi, 2, 27, 124, 125, 128–131, 133, 134, Latvia, 39 137–142, 144–147, 150, 152, 156, Lebedeva, V. E., 107, 111 161, 259 legibility, 27, 123–124, 138, 156, 162 Komsa, 126 Lenin, 250 Konakov, Nikolai, 129 Lenin, Vladimir, 64, 222–224 Kondrikov, Vasilii, 10, 68, 71, 81, 88, 89, Leningrad, 72, 87–88, 90, 102, 259, 267. 91, 99, 106, 112, 113, 115, 153, 179, See also Saint Petersburg and 180, 231, 267, 270 Petrograd Konstantinov, Yulian, 166 Leningrad region, 13, 88, 103, 106, 177, Kornai, Janos,´ 172 234 Kossov, M. M., 228 Leningrad Regional Party, 183 Kotkin, Stephen, 90, 208 Leninskii Komsomol, 250 Kovda River, 234 Lepse, 262, 264, 265

282 Index

Libau, 39, 41 Mitchell, Timothy, 39, 241 lichen, 2, 9, 129, 130, 135, 141–143, 152, modernity, 12, 16, 17, 39, 44, 48, 81, 123, 153, 155, 159, 261 124, 138, 156, 169, 173, 238, 248, List, Frederick, 38 249, 256, 257 Little Vud˝iavr, Lake, 78, 107 modernization, 122, 168, 271, 272, 274 livestock, 36, 49, 58, 103, 108, 114, 131, Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. See 132, 142, 148 Soviet-German non-aggression pact Lonely Planet, 170, 171 Monche tundra, 151, 176–183, 185, 187, Loparki River, 109 192, 196, 200, 206, 237, 268, 270, Lovozero, 2, 72, 129, 147, 155, 156, 158, 273 161, 163, 199, 254 Monchegorsk, 13, 70, 170–171, 176, Lower Teribersk Hydroelectric Station 179–183, 187, 188, 190–196, 201, (GES), 254 212, 215, 237, 268, 274 Lower Tuloma Hydroelectric Station Monchegorsk Executive Committee, 201 (GES), 237–240, 242, 244, 245 Monchegorsk worker, 209 Lumbolka, Lake, 180 Monchelag, 186 Lumbovka River, 167 Monche-Olenía railroad line, 71 Lysenko, Trofim, 154 Mond Nickel Company, 188, 189 Morocco, 80, 84, 106 Magadan, 267 mosquitoes, 26, 53, 57, 82, 85, 110 Magnitogorsk, 73, 90 Munts, Oscar, 90 marshes, 49, 52, 53, 83, 85, 86, 132, 230, Murman coast, 2, 30, 32–46, 48, 54, 63, 231, 235, 238, 242 65, 199, 222, 231, 250, 266, 272 Marxism, 19, 90, 178, 223. See also green Murmansk, 4, 14, 26, 46, 58–61, 63, 67, Marxism 72, 147, 188, 193, 233, 237, 248, Maslov, Pavel, 62 250, 258–261, 266. See also Maynard, Charles, 50 Romanov-on-Murman mazut (residual fuel oil or unprocessed Murmansk Branch of the Committee of the diesel), 258–260 North, 139–148 McNeill, John, 191, 224 Murmansk Executive Committee, 146 measles. See diseases Murmansk Experimental Mekhelin, Leo, 35–37, 40 Reindeer-Herding Point, 136 Melkefoss Hydroelectric Station, 244 Murmansk Experimental metallic waste regime, 196 Reindeer-Herding Station, 160 Middle Ages, 2, 33 Murmansk Hydrometeorological Service, militarism, 4, 28, 30, 37, 45, 48, 68, 69, 211 71, 158, 174, 185–191, 199, 223, Murmansk Meat Combine, 162, 166 249–251, 272 Murmansk railroad, 12, 26, 29–33, Miller, Evgenii, 60 44–72, 74, 82, 94, 102, 107, 114, Ministry of Finance, 37, 38, 40 134, 135, 221, 226–228, 236, 251, Ministry of Forest Management, 154 273 Ministry of Medium Machine-Building, construction, 44–57 249 industrial-colonization-transportation Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, combine, 64, 67 215 Office of Forest and Peat Procurement, Ministry of Public Health, 194 62, 227 Ministry of the Environment (Norway), proposals, 37–44 218 Zhelles, 66 Ministry of the Environment (Soviet Zhelryba, 66 Union), 274 Zhelsilikat, 66 Ministry of Transportation, 37, 53 Zhelstroi, 66

Index 283

Murmansk region, 2, 42, 61, 63, 143, 145, Nittis-Kumuzhía, 177, 183, 184, 206 151, 156, 182, 201, 221, 229, 231, Niuduaivench, 177, 183, 206 234, 239, 244, 247, 250, 252, 255, Pil´guiavr, 192, 200 257, 258, 262, 263, 272 Sopchuaivench, 177, 183 Murmansk regional government, 169, 217 sulfides, 176, 178, 184, 206 Murmansk Regional Soviet, 59 Ufal, 176, 189 Murmansk Regional Studies Museum, 13 Zhdanovsk deposit, 200, 206, 211 Murmansk Shipping Company, 250, 257, Nikel´, 171, 172, 190, 206, 215. See also 262 Kolosioki Murmansk Thermal Electric Station, 233, Nikel´ Association, 200 240, 259 Nikitin, Aleksandr, 264 Murmanskoe gas field, 266 Nile River, 234 Murmashi, 237, 238 Niva River, 2, 89, 114, 234, 236, 242, 245 Museum of the History of Kola Sami, 155 Niva-1 Hydroelectric Station (GES), 242 Niva-2 Hydroelectric Station (GES), 70, Nachtigal, Reinhard, 52 235–237 Nagasaki, 249 Niva-3 Hydroelectric Station (GES), 242, Napoleonic Wars, 33 243 National Cultural Center of the Sami, 155 Nivastroi, 234–236 nationalism, 36, 37, 134, 152, 270 Nixon, Rob, 256 Russian, 36, 37, 134 Nizhnyi Niud, 201 Sami, 152, 270 Nizhnyi Novgorod, 90 nationality, 21, 24, 27, 115, 125, 130, 132, Norfrys-Polarica, 166 133, 137, 138, 147 Noril´sk Nikel´, 164, 215–219 natural gas, 213, 229, 241, 260, 265 North America, 65, 80, 84, 125, 199, 233. natural hazards, 22, 106, 198. See also See also specific countries specific hazards North Atlantic Treaty Organization nature as actor, 6–9 (NATO), 199, 250, 272 Nazis, 116, 174, 185, 188, 189, 240, 243 Northern Fleet of the Soviet Navy, 114, Neiden, 34 199, 250, 251, 257, 262, 264, 272 Nekrasov, Nikolai, 225 Northern Sea Route, 250 Nelson, Amy, 133 Norway, 33, 35, 127, 188, 199, 214, 216, Nenets, 2, 27, 124, 128–130, 138, 141, 218, 232, 243, 264 142, 145, 146, 152, 161 Norwegians, 2, 35, 36, 214, 244 neoliberalism, 25, 165, 208 Notozero, Lake, 237, 245 neo-traditionalism, 125, 168, 169 Novgorod, 34 nepheline, 10, 77, 78, 99, 106, 107, nuclear 110–111, 115, 119, 120, 270 accidents, 221, 236, 245, 249, 250, 254, Netherlands, 232 263, 265. See also Chernobyl accident New Caledonia, 176, 184, 204 dumping, 222, 257, 261 New North, 17, 84, 85 explosions, 257 Nicholas II, 41, 56 icebreakers, 4, 250 nickel, 6, 13, 14, 16, 19, 26, 27, 70, 72, leakage, 222, 262 114, 120, 164, 169, 170–219, 239, radiation exposure, 22, 26, 221, 257, 240, 242, 244, 247, 258, 268–270, 261–263, 265 272, 274 submarines, 4, 248, 250, 264 nickel deposits, 72, 177, 185, 187, 188, wastes, 4, 14, 222, 249, 257, 261–263, 193, 210 270 Kammikivi, 192 weapons, 193, 220, 249, 261 Kaula, 192 nuclear power, 4, 220–222, 248–254, laterites, 176 261–265

284 Index

nuclear reactors, 16, 248, 262, 263 perestroika, 162, 164, 213, 215, 261, 268 RBKM, 253 permafrost, 2, 21 VVER-213, 254 Petrograd, 82. See also Leningrad and Saint VVER-230, 252–254 Petersburg Petrograd Soviet Executive Committee, 81 Obninsk, 249 Petrozavodsk, 45–46, 55 oil, 17, 28, 168, 222, 224, 229, 241, 246, Petryna, Adriana, 263 248, 258, 260 Petsamo. See Pechenga region Oldenburg, Aleksandr, 54 Petsamo Nickel, 189 Olen´ia railroad station, 70 Pika, Alexander, 168 Olenegorsk, 163, 199 Pinozero, 72, 242 Olenegorsk Mechanical Factory, 215 Piper, Liza, 84, 249 Olenevod Agricultural Production Pirenga, Lake, 242 Cooperative, 165–167. See also Imeni Plesozero, Lake, 242 V. I. Lenina state farm Podoliak, V. A., 160 Olenevod work association. See also pogosty (parishes), 144, 145, 150 Krasnaia Tundra collective farm and Semiostrov, 145 Imeni V. I. Lenina state farm Voron´e, 145 Olonets province, 38, 45 Poland, 186 Onega, Lake, 46 polar day, 2, 55, 82, 85 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 179, 184 polar night, 2, 7, 56, 85, 87 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Polar Pravda, 17, 116, 211, 212, 231, 240, Countries (OPEC), 248 252, 259 Orsk, 178, 189 Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden, 91 Oshanin, Lev, 101 Poliarnye Zori, 220, 252, 256 Ostrovnoi, 251. See also Iokanga Poliarnyi, 251. See also Aleksandrovsk Owen, Thomas, 36 political ecology, 8, 53, 173 Pollock, Ethan, 196 parks, 90, 91, 107, 180, 274 pollution, 4, 6, 10, 13, 15, 19–20, 27, 74, Pasvik River, 243–245 75, 94, 95, 108–113, 120, 164, Pauling Company, 51 169–176, 180, 181, 184, 189, 191, peat, 10, 28, 86, 222, 229–231, 237 194, 197, 200–219, 252, 258–260, Pechenga Monastery, 225 265, 270–273 Pechenga region, 34, 72, 178, 187–193, acid rain, 4, 181, 205, 259 196, 206, 242, 244 air, 4, 112, 194, 202, 205, 213, 214, 259 Pechenganikel´, 19, 171, 176, 192–218, dust, 91, 107, 110–113, 116, 119, 180, 244, 259 194, 197, 201, 206 Pechora Experimental Agricultural Station, egregious, 20, 28, 175, 202–212, 216 131 heavy metals, 201, 202, 204, 205, 215, Pechora River, 125, 128 218 Pechora-Izhma River basin, 125, 128, 129, nuclear wastes. See nuclear 232, 241, 260 soil, 4, 171, 194, 202, 205 Pen´kov, Ivan, 147 sulfur emissions, 14, 171, 180, 181, 184, People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry, 194, 200–208, 213–218, 259, 260, 179, 186 270 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs water, 4, 108–113, 120, 171, 180, 194, (NKVD), 115, 186–187 202 People’s Commissariat of the Military, 64 Pomors, 2, 34–37, 44, 46, 51, 126, 131, People’s Commissariat of the Navy, 64 139, 225 People’s Commissariat of the Ponoi River, 2, 158, 167, 255 Transportation, 64 Potanin, Vladimir, 216

Index 285

Potemkin, Leonid, 211, 219 husbandry, 6, 122, 125, 130–131, 134, power, 6, 7–11, 26, 28, 59, 73, 122, 177, 168, 170 222–224, 229, 271 large-scale herding, 14, 27, 122, 129, Pravda, 212 149, 156, 157, 160, 166, 168 Pravilova, Ekaterina, 40 migration, 4, 10, 125, 127, 128, 132, Priestland, David, 223 135, 141, 144, 150, 159 Prishvin, Mikhail, 80 nomadism, 2, 10, 34, 122, 127, 138, prisoners of war (POWs), 23, 30, 58, 59, 143 62, 69, 71, 226 pastoralism, 2, 27, 124, 127, 129, 130, privatization, 164–166, 216 133, 136, 139, 142, 161, 164, 166, Problems of Colonization, 42 168 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 217 poaching, 122, 151, 159, 169 Provisional Government, 57–59 population, 125, 129, 135, 136, 143, Ptitsyn, Vladimir, 247 144, 148, 150, 151, 153, 160, 164 Pulozero, 146, 148, 159 reproduction, 125, 126, 130 slaughter, 144, 150, 163, 166, 167, Rabot, Charles, 78 169 Rachamimov, Alon, 52 small-scale herding, 122, 127, 130, 137 radiation and radioactivity. See nuclear transportation, 50, 101, 126, 131, 136, Raiakoski Hydroelectric Station (GES), 141, 153, 162, 177 244 venison, 54, 123, 136, 144, 150, 162, rain, 82, 83. See also acid rain 166, 261, 270 Ramsay, Wilhelm, 78 wild, 10, 13, 27, 121–128, 130, Rasvumchorr, Mount, 78, 83 134–137, 144, 149–151, 153–155, rationing, 50, 60, 62, 70 159–160, 164, 167 recruited workers, 23, 50, 51, 97, 101, year-round surveillance, 129, 130, 137, 102, 104, 105, 147, 181, 182, 235, 143, 150 252 reindeer diseases, 129, 144, 148, 152 Red Army, 60, 115, 153, 187 anthrax, 129 reindeer and reindeer herding, 2, 4, 6, 10, hoof disease (kopytka), 148, 152 13, 14, 23–27, 49, 54, 65–67, 78, 120, religion, 9, 34, 54, 126, 128, 132, 267 121–169, 170, 177, 225, 255, 261, Resettlement Administration, 12, 29, 42, 270, 272 43, 48, 64, 231, 239 behavior, 10, 124, 126, 154, 159, 167, respiratory problems. See diseases 269 Revda, 72, 199, 254 conﬁnement, 4, 124, 150, 157, 161 Revolution of 1905, 42 conservation, 4, 10, 13, 20, 27, rhinitis. See diseases 121–125, 137, 149, 151, 153–155, rickets. See diseases 159, 160, 164 Rikhter, Gavriil, 81, 177 count, 137, 150 rivers. See speciﬁc rivers displacement, 155–161, 254 Robbins, Paul, 8 domestic, 10, 74, 122, 126–130, Rochev, Polikarp, 129 134–137, 143, 144, 148–150, 153, Romania, 186 155, 159–161, 167, 169 Romanov-on-Murman, 58. See also earmarks, 26, 130, 149, 159, 163, Murmansk 167 Rosneft, 266 free release for summer grazing, 127, Rowe, Lars, 216 129, 131, 142, 162, 167 Russell, Edmund, 44 hunting, 2, 6, 34, 78, 122, 124, 126, Russian Civil War, 13, 32, 57–63, 68, 188, 127, 130, 137, 141, 144, 153, 155, 227, 230, 234, 270 159–161, 163 Russian Revolution, 57–59, 270

286 Index

Russian Sanitation and Evacuation Section, Shatov, A. P., 227 54 Shishkin, Ivan, 225 Russian State Geographic Society, 139 shock-therapy policies. See privatization Russians, 2, 4, 51, 124, 131, 132, 152 Shtern, Evgenii, 240 Russo-Japanese War, 42 Shternberg, Lev, 132 Rybachi Peninsula, 186, 250 Shtokman gas field, 265 Siberia, 14, 34, 38, 166, 267 Saam work association, 145, 158. See also silicosis. See diseases Dobrovolets collective farm Silver Fox, 188 Saint Petersburg, 39, 45. See also Skachko, Anatolii, 138, 145 Leningrad and Petrograd Skogfoss Hydroelectric Station, 244 Salazkin, Aleksandr, 142, 152 Slavophile capitalism, 36–37 Salla region, 186 smokestacks. See abatement methods Salt Lake City, Utah, 98 snowdrifts, 61, 94, 105, 182, 189, 270 Sami, 2, 4, 27, 33, 34, 46, 51, 78, 82, 121, snowstorms. See blizzards 124–131, 133, 134, 137–142, socialism, 7, 9, 10, 12–17, 22, 27, 31, 57, 144–153, 155, 156, 158, 161–163, 59, 60, 73–77, 84, 87, 89–90, 92, 97, 167–170, 177, 179, 225, 255, 261, 104, 120, 122, 123, 134, 137–139, 270, 271 155, 162, 163, 165, 173, 174, 176, Sami Council, 164 179, 180, 193, 198, 208, 213, 230, Samoed. See Nenets 238, 255, 267, 269, 271, 273 Samorukova, Antonina, 156 Society for Regional Studies, 112 Sanchez-Sibony, Oscar, 179 Society of Proletarian Tourism and sanitary-defense zone. See abatement Excursions, 92 methods soil. See pollution sanitation, 53, 54, 58, 91, 95, 103, 105, Solovki prison camp, 69, 70 106, 112, 181, 187, 201, 237 Soroka, 46, 49, 55 sanitation inspectors, 107, 108, 112, 194, South Africa, 186 201, 258 Soviet-German non-aggression pact, 185, Scandinavia, 33, 126, 164, 166. See also 186 specific countries sovkhoism, 166 Scientific Institute for Fertilizer, 83 special settlers, 70, 102–106, 113, 142, Scott, James, 123, 124, 156 182, 230, 235, 236, 251. See also scurvy. See diseases de-kulakization and kulaks Semenov bight, 46 Spitsbergen, 232, 259 Semenov-Tian-Shanskii, Oleg, 20, 124, Ssorin-Chaikov, Nikolai, 123 154, 159, 212 stagnation, 24, 199, 208, 273 sentient ecology, 123, 124, 166 Stalin Plan for the Transformation of Serebriansk Hydroelectric Stations, 158, Nature, 154 254, 255 Stalin, Joseph, 13, 17, 20, 32, 68, 72, 73, Sergin, Artamon, 153 84, 89, 111, 155, 165, 186, 196, 198, Severomorsk, 4, 251 270, 273 Severonikel´, 19, 70, 71, 164, 171, Stalinism, 6, 7, 13, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32, 63, 176–218, 229, 230, 239, 240, 244, 68, 69, 72–77, 84, 88–90, 93, 105, 245, 258, 259 106, 113–116, 120, 122, 149, 157, Cobalt Department, 197, 201 175, 176, 179, 185, 198, 210, 229, Refining Department, 201 268, 270, 273 sewage, 94, 108, 112, 116 Stalinist terror, 6, 68, 149, 151–153, 184, sewer systems, 90, 94–95, 108–110, 180, 270 193 Stammler, Florian, 255

Index 287

State Colonization Institute, 64 Tsarevskii, Mikhail, 181, 187 State Committee for Nature Protection of Tsibulćhik, Mikhail, 196 the USSR, 214 tuberculosis. See diseases State Committee for the Defense of the Tuloma River, 2, 114, 237, 245 USSR, 190 tundra, 2, 10, 26, 27, 42, 66, 75, 78, 88, State Electrification Plan (GOELRO), 234 89, 93, 97, 104, 114, 117, 120, state farms. See specific state farms 122–124, 129–133, 142, 152, 157, Steffen, Will, 191 161, 162, 166, 176, 180, 247, 252, Stepanchenko, M. K., 235 257, 272. See also Chuna tundra and Stolypin, Petr, 42 Monche tundra Stronski, Paul, 90 Tundra Agricultural Production Stuhl, Andrew, 17, 84 Cooperative, 165–167 Sudbury nickel works, 184, 205, 218 Tundra collective farm, 147, 149, 156, sulfur dioxide conversion. See abatement 158, 160, 161 methods Tundra state farm, 161–162 sulfur emissions. See pollution typhoid fever. See diseases Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), 88, 234 Umba, 226, 229, 240 Svalbard. See Spitsbergen Unified State Political Organization Sweden, 33, 78, 127, 166 (OGPU), 102–103, 115 Switzerland, 98 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), taiga, 2, 14, 78, 122, 130, 221, 257, 270 164 tailing dumps. See abatement methods United States, 33, 38, 65, 84, 167, 175, Tartakovskaia, Inna, 267–269, 273 192, 199, 203, 204, 223, 257, 264, Tashkent, 90, 240 266 taskscape, 117 Upper Teribersk Hydroelectric Station technical experts, 6, 39, 40, 49, 92, 94, (GES), 254 98–101, 104, 111, 177, 188, 221, Upper Tuloma Hydroelectric Station 226, 227, 236, 242, 245, 254, 257, (GES), 239, 244–245 259, 267 Ural Mountains, 1, 103, 104, 111, 152, technocratic disposition, 27, 31, 32, 39, 176, 187, 232, 253 40, 43, 46, 63, 64, 130, 272 urban planning, 89–97, 179–181, 256 Terentév, Ivan, 129 Uzbekistan, 242 Teriberka, 266 Teriberka River, 234, 254 V–r,131, 133. See also Kertselli, Sergei territorial formation (zemleustroistvo), Varzina River, 167 141, 150 Varzino, 158, 160, 161 Tersk coast, 2, 126, 226 Varzuga River, 2 Terziev, Fedor, 211 Venezuela, 242 Thaw, 121, 198, 199, 210, 245, 267, 270 ventilation. See abatement methods Thompson nickel works, 218 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 82 Three Gorges Dam, 234 Vinogradova, Svetlana, 156 timber, 29, 61, 66, 67, 102, 123, 155, 224, Virgin Lands campaign, 14, 157 225, 228, 240 Vite Bay, 209 Tomsk, 267 Vize, Vladimir, 133 Tomskii, Mikhail, 68, 88, 89 Vladimirova, Vladislava, 166 tourism, 92, 117, 164, 167, 170, 210 Volga River, 234 Trans-Siberian railroad, 38, 69 Volkov, Aleksandr, 253, 256 Trepov, Aleksei, 53 Voronía River, 254, 255

288 Index

Vorontsov, Nikolai (environmentalist), Winter War, 71, 185–188, 190 214, 274 Witte, Sergei, 37–41, 45, 65 Vorontsov, Nikolai (industrialist), 97, 170, Wolfson, Zeév, 203, 260 179, 184, 273, 274 wolverines, 78 Voshchinin, Vladimir, 42, 64, 65, 231 wolves, 78 Vpered collective farm, 158, 161 wood. See firewood and timber World War I, 12, 13, 21, 26, 30, 32, 41, Wall Street Journal, 185 42, 44–57, 59, 68, 69, 72, 129–131, War Communism, 24, 63 178, 226, 251, 273 War Ministry, 39 World War II, 71, 80, 111, 115, 149, 153, wastes. See nuclear and pollution 158, 162, 175, 178, 185, 188–191, water. See abatement methods, pollution, 211, 240, 243, 249 sewage, specific water bodies, and world-systems theory, 173, 210 water supply water purification. See abatement methods Yangtze River, 234 water recycling. See abatement methods Yeltsin, Boris, 262 water supply, 26, 53, 90, 94–95, 108–110, 112, 119 Zambia, 210 weather, 53, 72, 83, 144, 247 Zapadnaia Lista River, 188 Weiner, Douglas, 20, 154, 174, 212 Zapadnaia Litsa, 250 White Bay, 119 Zapoliarnyi, 171, 200, 206, 215 white coal, 65, 233, 234. See also zapovedniki (nature reserves), 20, 137, hydroelectricity 151, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 211, White forces, 57, 61, 81, 227 212, 243 White River, 78, 87, 95, 97, 108–110, Zarkhi, Matvei, 243 116 Zasheek, 240, 251 White Sea, 4 zemstvo (regional self-governance body), White Sea-Baltic Combine, 70, 94, 182, 35, 60 237, 239 Zhdanovsk mining and enrichment White, Richard, 234 combine, 200 Widdis, Emma, 30, 32 Zhilinskii, Aleksei, 42, 48 wind, 23, 42, 59, 82, 86, 94, 95, 101, 104, Zhuravskii, Andrei, 131–134 113, 124, 183, 222, 225, 231, 270 Znamenski, Andrei, 34