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Русские Художники: Путь На Север the North in the Art of Russian Painters

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Русские Художники: Путь На Север the North in the Art of Russian Painters русские художники: ПУТЬ НА СЕВЕР THE NORTH IN THE ART OF RUSSIAN PAINTERS Cтолетиями северные окраины Российской империи оставались Over the centuries the northern borderlands of the Russian Empire мало изученными и недоступными для освоения. Несмотря на remained underexplored and inaccessible for development. Although то, что с XV века эти места постепенно обживались стараниями followers of St. Sergius of Radonezh, who built monasteries and учеников преподобного Сергия Радонежского, возводивших мо- educated locals, had settled there in the 15th century, the area did not The largest collection of the prominent Norwegian artist Kaare Espolin настыри и просвещавших местное население, лишь с середины engage public interest before the mid-19th century. The change was Johnson (1907-1994) is housed at the Espolin Gallery. He is well known ХIХ века пробудился подлинный интерес к этому региону, отча- partly due to the discovery of unique artefacts of vernacular culture, for his portrayal of the coastal people’s lives in Northern Norway. сти вызванный открытием здесь уникальных памятников народ- especially in the field of folklore. Groups of scholars began to visit The Gallery Espolin was opened in 1992 and is located in Kabelvåg, ной культуры, особенно в области фольклористики. Для сбора и the regions near Lake Onega, the Pechora river and the White Sea Lofoten. It is run by a Ltd company whose stocks are exclusively owned by Vågan municipality, a donation from the artist. Today the collection записей сказок, былин и пословиц в Заонежье, на берега Печоры regularly to hear and write down fairy tales, sagas and proverbs orally consists of 250 artworks and is the largest in Norway. The community и Белого моря совершались регулярные научные экспедиции. passed down through generations. is small with only 9000 inhabitants, but in the summer season some 300.000 tourists visit the Lofoten Islands. Но еще более притягательными стали природные богатства But the countless resources of this inclement country had an even этого сурового края. Крупный промышленник и финансист, ор- greater appeal. Fyodor Chizhov – a prominent industrialist and The artist Kaare Espolin Johnson spent his childhood years in ганизатор Московского купеческого общества, общественный financier, a founder of the Moscow Society of Merchants, a public man Northern Norway – Vadsø/Jarfjord close to the Russian border. From деятель-славянофил и публицист Ф.В. Чижов, воодушевленный of Slavophile convictions and a talented social commentator driven the age of 10 his family moved to Bodø and from the age of 20 and патриотическими чувствами и страстью предпринимателя, заду- by patriotism and passionate entrepreneurialism – had long been until he died he lived in Oslo. He received his art education from the Arts and Crafts school and the Art Academy. After finishing school мался о том, чтобы завести на этой далекой земле свое дело. Он contemplating commercial activity in the remote land from which his he worked as an illustrator for many years until he became a full time решил продолжить железную дорогу от Вологды до Архангель- grandfather had come. As a first step, he decided to build a railway artist around 1950. It was around 1950 that he visited Lofoten for the ска, а затем, учредив Архангельско-Мурманское срочное паро- from Vologda to Arkhangelsk, to establish a regular steamship line first time, later returning to the place every summer for inspiration. ходство по Белому морю и Ледовитому океану, постепенно раз- between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk in the White Sea and the Arctic вить среди поморов рыбные и звериные промыслы, основать в Ocean, to promote fishing and hunting among the local residents, the It should be noted that throughout the years Kaare Espolin Johnson городе Кола Северный банк. «Мне уже рисуется,– писал он,– как Pomors, to build new towns, and to open a Northern Bank in the town has been tormented by his poor eyesight. He was born near sighted, and мы оживим наш Север, заведем там города на берегах Ледовито- of Kola. He wrote: “I’m already envisioning how we put spirit into our when he moved to Bodø, he was given his first pair of glasses, which were quite strong – minus 8. Over time his eyesight became gradually го океана, прочистим Северную Двину, будем туда возить хлеб с North, build towns on the shores of the Arctic, clean up the Northern 1 worse and in 1941when he was already an actively working artist he lost Волги, а оттуда привозить дешевую рыбную пищу» . В 1876 году Dvina River, bring bread there from the Volga, and bring from there his eyesight completely on one eye. Around 1965 he develops cataracts с ознакомительной целью он отправился туда вместе с А.Д. По- cheap fish foodstuffs.” 1 In 1876 he set out on a voyage of familiarisation on his “good eye” and his nearsightedness grows to a minus 26. In 1972 леновым, старшим братом известного художника, впоследствии to this area in the company of Alexei Polenov, the older brother of the he discovers a new world – the world around him. The good eye was опубликовавшим интересный и подробный отчет о поездке 2. famous artist Vasily Polenov, who later published an engaging and operated and he gained normal eyesight. detailed account of the trip 2. Однако в 1877 году Ф.В. Чижов скончался, и за осуществление его планов взялся молодой компаньон-единомышленник С.И. Ма- However, Chizhov died in 1877, and his plans were picked up монтов, с двадцативосьмилетнего возраста, сразу после смерти by the young Savva Mamontov who, after his father’s death in отца в 1869 году, ставший председателем Общества Московско- 1869, had become, aged 28, the chairman of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Ярославской железной дороги. Railway Company. НОРВЕГИЯ - РОССИЯ: НА ПЕРЕКРЕСТКАХ КУЛЬТУР 102 I HAVSNØD русские художники: ПУТЬ НА СЕВЕР THE NORTH IN THE ART OF RUSSIAN PAINTERS КОНСТАНТИН КОРОВИН. ГАММЕРФЕСТ. СЕВЕРНОЕ СИЯНИЕ. 1894–1895. ХОЛСТ, МАСЛО. 176,5 × 106,7. ГТГ / KONSTANTIN KOROVIN. HAMMERFEST. POLAR LIGHTS. 1894–1895. OIL ON CANVAS. 176.5 × 106.7 CM. TRETYAKOV GALLERY NORWAY - RUSSIA: ON THE CROSSROADS OF CULTURES 103 ПАВИЛЬОН КРАЙНЕГО СЕВЕРА НА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ВЫСТАВКЕ 1896 ГОДА. ФОТОГРАФИЯ / PAVILLION OF THE FAR NORTH AT THE 1896 NIZHNY NOVGOROD EXHIBITION. PHOTO In 1894 Mamontov submitted to the minister of finance Sergei Witte a memorandum in which he described the riches of the Russian North, and proposed to build a railway from Vologda to Arkhangelsk across the impassable swampland and forests. Witte, before replying, decided to see the region with his own eyes and proposed to Mamontov to join him and a special committee on a cruise around the North; one of the government’s objectives was to find in Murmansk near the Barents Sea an ice-free harbour where a part of the Russian navy could be stationed. As was usual with such expeditions, the team included a graphic artist, in this case the future famous painter, then a student at the Academy of Fine Arts, Alexander Borisov, and the writer Yevgeny Lvov (Ye.L. Kochetov), who published in 1895 a book “Out in the Cold Sea. A Journey to the North”. The expedition lasted a little more than three weeks. The team reached Arkhangelsk over the rivers Sukhon and Northern Dvina, where they boarded an ocean steamship which took them to the Solovetsky Islands and the Yekaterininsky В.С. МАМОНТОВА И О.Н. АЛЯБЬЕВА В ПАВИЛЬОНЕ КРАЙНЕГО СЕВЕРА harbour in Murmansk, from where the travellers proceeded along НА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ВЫСТАВКЕ 1896 ГОДА. ФОТОГРАФИЯ VERA MAMONTOVA AND OLGA ALYABIEVA AT THE PAVILLION OF THE the shores of Norway, arriving in Finland and then returning to FAR NORTH, THE 1896 NIZHNY NOVGOROD EXHIBITION. PHOTO St. Petersburg by train. НОРВЕГИЯ - РОССИЯ: НА ПЕРЕКРЕСТКАХ КУЛЬТУР 104 В 1894 году Мамонтов подал министру финансов С.Ю. Витте до- In the grip of powerful aesthetic emotion engendered by the sights кладную записку, в которой, описывая богатства Русского Севера, seen in Arkhangelsk and eager to share his feelings with others, предлагал провести через непроходимые топи и леса железно- Mamontov in 1894 financed an expedition to the region consisting of дорожную магистраль от Вологды до Архангельска. Министр фи- his painter friends Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin, the latter нансов, прежде чем дать ответ, решил воочию познакомиться с recently returned from France, where he had lived for about 18 months. этим краем, предложив С.И. Мамонтову вместе с ним в составе “What an awful mistake to chase French tones when you have such специальной комиссии совершить поездку по Северу. Тем более, beauty here,” 3 Mamontov opined, alluding to Korovin. что в задачу правительства входило отыскание на Мурманском побережье незамерзающей гавани для размещения там русского But besides such pure emotion, this decision was also driven by sound военного флота. Как и полагалось в подобных случаях, в состав common sense. When the patron of arts and industrialist received the экспедиции были приглашены рисовальщик – известный в буду- authorisation to build the railway to Arkhangelsk – a project which щем художник, а тогда ученик Академии художеств Александр was successfully completed in 1897 – he wanted to introduce this Борисов – и писатель Евгений Львов (Е.Л. Кочетов), издавший в exotic locale to the Russian public in advance. The most convenient 1895 году книгу «По студеному морю. Поездка на Север». opportunity for this seemed to present itself at the Nizhny Novgorod Exhibition of Industry and Art in 1896, where a pavilion devoted to Путешествие продолжалось чуть более трех недель. Сначала the Far North was erected. Mamontov decided to enlist the services участники экспедиции плыли по Сухоне и Северной Двине до of Korovin, whom he knew as a fine stage designer, to design the Архангельска, а затем отсюда на океанском пароходе отправи- pavilion and the exhibition, and for the execution of ten large murals. лись на Соловки и в Екатерининскую гавань на Мурмане, далее The artists’ journey was vital for the realisation of this ambitious прошли вдоль берега Норвегии, прибыли в Финляндию, а отту- undertaking because the goal set for Korovin was “to create in the vast да поездом вернулись в Петербург.
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