Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos Análisis Genómico De

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Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos Análisis Genómico De Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Universidad del Perú. Decana de América Dirección General de Estudios de Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Unidad de Posgrado Análisis genómico de plásmidos de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 y Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 aislados de una zona minera de Cerro de Pasco - Perú TESIS Para optar el Grado Académico de Doctora en Ciencias Biológicas AUTOR Mg. Ruth Hortensia GARCÍA DE LA GUARDA ASESOR Dr. Pablo Sergio RAMÍREZ ROCA Lima, Perú 2021 Reconocimiento - No Comercial - Compartir Igual - Sin restricciones adicionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Usted puede distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir del documento original de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor del documento y se licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones. No se permite aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros a hacer cualquier cosa que permita esta licencia. Referencia bibliográfica García, R. (2021). Análisis genómico de plásmidos de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 y Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 aislados de una zona minera de Cerro de Pasco - Perú. [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado]. Repositorio institucional Cybertesis UNMSM. Hoja de metadatos complementarios Código ORCID del autor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-5642 DNI o pasaporte del autor 06041081 Código ORCID del asesor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9309-7021 DNI o pasaporte del asesor 06183797 Genómica funcional de microorganismos y Grupo de investigación biorremediación - MICROGEN 1) Perú Ministerio de la Producción. Programa financiero: Innóvate Perú Contrato-188- IB-FINCyT-2013 2) Perú Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos – Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado. UNMSM-VRIP. Agencia financiadora Programa Multidisciplinario de Investigación. Código PMI2016F02 3) Perú Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos – Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado. UNMSM-VRIP. Promoción de Tesis de Posgrado-Doctorado. Código B17100016a Perú, Lima, Lima, Lima, UNMSM. Ubicación geográfica Latitud: -11.85 donde se realizó la investigación Longitud: -76.45 Latitud S: 11° 50’ 59.017’’ Longitud O: 76° 26’ 59.806’’ Año o rango de años en que se 2016-2019 realizó la investigación Disciplinas OCDE Bioquímica, Biología molecular https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 FINANCIAMIENTO Esta tesis ha sido financiada por los siguientes proyectos: ✓ Innóvate Perú, titulado “Biolixiviación de minerales por microorganismos acidófilos psicrotolerantes aislados de zonas mineras altoandinas del Perú para su aplicación en procesos industriales”, con Contrato-188-IB-FINCyT-2013, siendo Coordinador General e Investigador Principal el Dr. Pablo Sergio Ramírez Roca. ✓ Multidiscilplinario de la UNMSM, titulado “Caracterización de plásmidos de cepas de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans aislados de zonas mineras del Perú con potencial uso en biorremediación”, con Código PMI2016F02, bajo la responsabilidad de Mg. Ruth Hortensia García de la Guarda. ✓ Promoción de Tesis de Posgrado Doctorado, titulado “Análisis genómico de plásmidos de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 y Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 aislados de una zona minera de Cerro de Pasco – Perú”, con código B17100016a, bajo la asesoría del Dr. Pablo Sergio Ramírez Roca. ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi profundo agradecimiento a mi asesor y amigo, Pablo Ramírez Roca, por invitarme a participar en sus proyectos de investigación y financiar la presente Tesis, sin lo cual no habría sido posible cumplir con esta meta tan importante para mí. Asimismo, le agradezco por su siempre acertada orientación en el tema de la tesis, su exigencia y por enseñarme a perseverar y tener constancia. A los miembros del jurado por sus acertadas correcciones y recomendaciones. Agradezco a mi colega y amiga Débora Alvarado Iparraguirre por su sabiduría en los consejos que dá, sus inteligentes y amenas conversaciones y por darse el tiempo de brindarme sus opiniones para mejorar. A todos los ayudantes y tesistas del Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotenología, por estar siempre prestos a apoyar en lo que era necesario, especialmente a Anika Eca, Ivette Fuentes y Gustavo Mormontoy, por ayudarme con la purificación de los plásmidos y su envío a secuenciar. A Miguel Cervantes por tener la paciencia, voluntad y buena disposición para atender mis dudas y preguntas sobre bioinformática. A Michel Abanto Marín por revisar el secuenciamiento de los plásmidos y brindarme valiosas enseñanzas y consejos. A Luis Solís por su valiosa ayuda en la preparación de las prácticas y avance de mis proyectos, dándome más tiempo para dedicarle a la tesis. A todas y todos mis amigos que de una u otra manera me han estimulado para avanzar con la tesis. Y a mi familia, David y Gilberto, lo que más amo en el mundo, por su paciencia, comprensión, aliento y apoyo en todo lo que he necesitado para poder cumplir con esta meta, postergada por varios años. iii DEDICATORIA A mis padres, Ruth y Rómulo, siempre presentes en mi mente, por haber dedicado su vida a darme amor, educación y bienestar. A mi hijo, David, por su amor incondicional y la sabiduría, a pesar de su corta edad, para tolerar mis ausencias en casa, alentarme y animarme constantemente a alcanzar esta meta A mi esposo, Gilberto, por darme siempre su apoyo, aliento y compañía A mi querida maestra, colega y amiga Dra. Juana María Coha Gonzáles, por conducirme hacia la investigación y por enseñarme que la biología molecular era el camino a seguir en el campo de la microbiología. Siempre la tendré presente. Al Dr. Alejandro Venegas Esparza, quien fue mi asesor de tesis de maestría en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile allá por 1995-1998, y quien me enseñó el ABC de la biología molecular como el gran maestro y mejor persona que fue. iv CONTENIDO Pág. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS VII ÍNDICE DE TABLAS VIII RESUMEN IX ABSTRACT X 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. ANTECEDENTES 4 2.1. Biominería 4 2.1.1. Biolixiviación 4 2.1.2. Biorremediación de ambientes contaminados con metales 6 2.2. Diversidad microbiana en hábitats de drenajes ácidos de minas 7 2.2.1. Acidithiobacillus 9 2.2.1.1. Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans 10 2.2.1.2. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 11 2.3. Plásmidos 12 2.3.1. Plásmidos de Acidithiobacillus 13 2.3.1.1. Genes de resistencia a metales en plásmidos 16 a) Operón ars 16 b) Operón mer 18 3. HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS 19 3.1. Hipótesis 19 3.2. Objetivos 19 3.2.1. Objetivo general 19 3.2.2. Objetivos específicos 19 4. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 20 4.1. Cepas de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 y At. ferrooxidans 20 PQ506 4.2. Aislamiento de plásmidos de Acidithiobacillus 20 4.3. Secuenciamiento y análisis bioinformático 21 4.3.1. Evaluación de la calidad de las secuencias 21 4.3.2. Ensamblaje de las secuencias 21 4.3.3 Anotación de las secuencias 22 4.3.4 Mapa circular de los plásmidos 23 4.3.5 Análisis del %GC de los plásmidos 23 4.3.6 Análisis comparativo del operón arsADCRB 24 4.3.7 Búsqueda de elementos genéticos móviles 25 25 5. RESULTADOS 26 5.1 Análisis bioinformático de los plásmidos pAfPQ510-1, pAfPQ510- 26 2 y pAfPQ510-3 de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 v 5.1.1 Anotación de los plásmidos pAfPQ510-1, pAfPQ510-2 y 28 pAfPQ510-3 de Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 5.2 Análisis bioinformático del plásmido pAfPQ506-1 de 36 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 5.2.1 Anotación del plásmido pAfPQ506-1 de Acidithiobacillus 38 ferrooxidans PQ506 5.2.2 Análisis comparativo del operón arsADCRB 41 5.2.3 Análisis filogenético de los plásmidos y del gen arsC 46 5.2.4 Análisis comparativo entre los plásmidos más relacionados 51 6. DISCUSIÓN 55 6.1 Caracterización molecular y genómica de los plásmidos de 55 Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans PQ510 6.2 Caracterización molecular y genómica del plásmido de 75 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 6.2.1 Análisis genómico comparativo de los genes de resistencia 93 al arsénico ars 6.2.2 Análisis filogenético de plásmidos de bacterias ambientales 97 con énfasis en las procedentes de ambientes mineros 7. CONCLUSIONES 99 8. RECOMENDACIONES 101 9. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 102 10. ANEXOS 128 vi ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Pág. Fig. 1 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans y su posible papel en la biolixiviación. 5 Fig. 2 Metabolismo de Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. 11 Fig. 3 Plásmidos aislados de las cepas provenientes de zonas mineras de Cerro de Pasco. 16 Fig. 4 Calidad de las secuencias crudas recibidas del DNA plasmídico de Acidithiobacillus 26 ferrivorans PQ510. Fig. 5 Características del plásmido pAfPQ510-1 de 28369 pb de At. ferrivorans PQ510. 33 Fig. 6 Características del plásmido pAfPQ510-2 de 16745 pb de At. ferrivorans PQ510. 34 Fig. 7 Características del plásmido pAfPQ510-3 de 12365 pb de At. ferrivorans PQ510. 35 Fig. 8 DNA plasmídico extraído de la cepa Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans PQ506 enviado a secuenciar. 36 Fig. 9 Calidad de las secuencias crudas recibidas del DNA plasmídico de Acidithiobacillus 37 ferrooxidans PQ506. Fig. 10 Características del plásmido pAfPQ506-1 de 14204 pb de Acidithiobacillus 40 ferrooxidans PQ506. Fig. 11 Localización de los genes arsA, arsD, arsC, arsR y arsB que conforman el operón 42 arsADCRB en el plásmido pAfPQ506-1. Fig. 12 Plásmidos bacterianos con genes homólogos a arsADCRB del plásmido pAfPQ506- 45 1 obtenidos usando el servidor RAST. Fig. 13 Árbol de distancias genéticas Neighbor Joining basado en la secuencia completa de 63 plásmidos de bacterias procedentes de ambientes mineros, suelos, lagunas, 48 océanos y algunas de origen clínico. Fig. 14 Árbol filogenético de Máxima verosimilitud basado en la secuencia nucleotídica de arsC de los plásmidos portadores de genes de resistencia a arsénico de bacterias 49 procedentes de ambientes mineros, suelos, lagunas, océanos y algunas de origen clínico. Fig. 15 Árbol filogenético de Máxima verosimilitud basado en la secuencia aminoacídica de ArsC de los plásmidos portadores de genes de resistencia a arsénico de bacterias 50 procedentes de ambientes mineros, suelos, lagunas, océanos y algunas de origen clínico.
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