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Economic and Technical Assessment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Opportunities in the Norwegian Transport Sector

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Economic and Technical Assessment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Opportunities in the Norwegian Transport Sector Economic and technical assessment of hydrogen and fuel cells opportunities in the Norwegian transport sector Karel Ludovic Hubert Innovative Sustainable Energy Engineering Submission date: June 2015 Supervisor: Kjell Arne Skoglund, BAT Co-supervisor: Anders Ødegård, SINTEF Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Civil and Transport Engineering Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Institute of Civil and Transport Engineering MASTER DEGREE THESIS Spring 2015 Karel Hubert Economic and technical assessment of hydrogen and fuel cells opportunities in the Norwegian transport sector Foreword Thanks to this thesis I have been able to find answers to some important questions I had about fuel cells technology and I was able to complete my technologic background with economic skills. It has also allowed me to study a project that will be directly related to my job next year at Symbio FCell and I hope this work will be used for further projects as well. That is why I would like to thanks Eirin Ryeng and Kjell Arne both from the Department of Civil and Transport engineering and Tor Nicolaisen from Jernbaneverket for giving me the opportunity to sign this master thesis project in a first place. I would like to address a special thanks to Anders Ødegård from SINTEF for having joined my project as co-supervisor. Thanks to his support and advices this thesis has evolved around real projects and I have been able to participate to the Hydrogen Workshop where I have met really interesting professionals. I sincerely hope our collaboration will continue in the professional world. My thanks also go to the companies Posten and Symbio FCell for the data they have provided without which this thesis would have been less relevant. Finally as I have completed this year at the NTNU as an Erasmus student I really would like to thanks my French professors from the Master Génie des Procédés, the international relation department of the Joseph Fourier University and of course the Erasmus + program for this amazing experience they have allowed me to leave in a first place. Trondheim, Thursday 4th June 2015 Karel Hubert NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING Report Title Date: 08/06/2015 Economic and technical assessment of hydrogen Number of pages (incl. appendices): 169 and fuel cells opportunities in the Norwegian transport sector Master thesis X Project work Name : Karel Hubert Supervisor : Kjell Arne Skoglund, SINTEF ; Co-supervisor : Anders Ødegård, SINTEF Abstract Because of the environmental pressure concerning both global and local pollution ne w ways of using energy are under study. Given that the Norwegian transport sector is a significant contributor to those pollutions at the national scale, the hydrogen and fuel cells technology is a potential solution thanks to its eco-friendly properties. This technology that allows tra nsforming hydrogen and oxygen into electricity has many advantages but has also a cost, some drawbacks and has to be introduced properly in the transport market to insure the success of the energetic transition. By collecting information about existing projects and competitive fuels (diesel, battery, hydrogen and associated technologies) and by using the total cost of ownership as a comparative tool, the most relevant market segments to introduce fuel cells and hydrogen have been determined. This fuel compa rison has been completed on a ferry, a light truck, a heavy truck and a car while other sectors have been covered more briefly. It appears that hydrogen has a significant advantage over batteries for medium and long distance trips as well as high energy consumption vehicles like heavy trucks. This advantage can even compete with diesel cars or light diesel trucks thanks to the Norwegian road tax exemption. However those applications are currently limited to captive fleet operation because of the lack of re fueling infrastructure network. It has also been determined that, in the maritime sector, fuel cells are competitive with battery ferries for distances longer than 11.5 km. A simplified life cycle assessment also allows us to state that in addition to bring an undisputable CO 2 emission reduction the replacement of diesel vehicle by a fuel cell vehicle also generates significant energy saving whatever the value chain used. Keywords: 1. Hydrogen 2. Fuel cells 3. Transport 4. Economy - Hydrogen and fuel cells opportunities in the Norwegian transport market - Content List of figures ............................................................................................................................. 9 List of tables ............................................................................................................................. 10 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 12 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 background & Motivation ........................................................................................... 8 1.2 Focus & Objectives ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Structure ....................................................................................................................... 8 2 Hydrogen and Fuel cells ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Fuel cells theory ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Fuel cells composition and cost ................................................................................. 13 2.4 Hydrogen properties and risks ................................................................................... 16 2.5 Hydrogen production ................................................................................................. 18 2.6 Hydrogen storage and transportation ......................................................................... 21 2.7 Environment and social aspects ................................................................................. 24 2.8 Hydrogen in Norway ................................................................................................. 25 2.9 Other fuels ................................................................................................................. 31 3 Maritime sector ................................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Introduction and environmental context .................................................................... 36 3.2 Hydrogen and fuel cells ............................................................................................. 37 3.3 Other fuels ................................................................................................................. 42 3.4 Economic study case: Sognefjord ferry ..................................................................... 43 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 52 3.6 SWOT matrix ............................................................................................................ 53 3.7 Opening ..................................................................................................................... 53 4 Road sector: Introduction .................................................................................................. 54 4.1 Introduction and environmental context .................................................................... 55 4.2 Hydrogen generalities ................................................................................................ 56 4.3 Other competing fuels ............................................................................................... 59 4.4 Economical approach ................................................................................................ 60 5 Road sector: Trucks .......................................................................................................... 62 5.1 Introduction and environmental context .................................................................... 63 5.2 Hydrogen and fuel cells ............................................................................................. 65 5.3 Other fuels ................................................................................................................. 66 - Hydrogen and fuel cells opportunities in the Norwegian transport market - 5.4 Light Duty Vehicle study case: Renault Trucks - Maxity ......................................... 68 5.5 Heavy Duty Vehicle study case: Renault Trucks - Premium .................................... 76 5.6 Common discussion and limitations of the two studies (LDV & HDV) ................... 83 5.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 84 5.8 SWOT matrix ............................................................................................................ 85 6 Road sector: Cars .............................................................................................................
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