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Le Cas Contre La Géoingénierie Climatique Remerciements le cas contre la géoingénierie climatique Remerciements Biofuelwatch, la Fondation Heinrich Böll et le Groupe ETC remercient toutes celles et ceux qui ont collaboré à l'écriture et à la relecture de ce rapport, et tout particulièrement Lili Fuhr, Linda Schneider ; Anja Chalmin, Holly Dressel, Joana Chelo, Oliver Munnion et Simon Fischer pour leur aide aux recherches et à la rédaction. Nous remercions également la Fondation Heinrich Böll, le CS Fund et le Rockerfeller Brothers Fund pour le soutien financier alloué à la production du présent rapport. Les opinions qui y sont exprimées n'engagent que Biofuelwatch, la Fondation Heinrich Böll et le Groupe ETC. Les recherches effectuées pour ce rapport ont été réalisées par le Groupe ETC et Biofuelwatch, avec le soutien financier et la collaboration de la Fondation Heinrich Böll. Edition : Kathy Jo Wetter, Trudi Zundel Design : by Stig Première publication : novembre 2017 Publication francais : mai 2018 Toutes nos publications peuvent être téléchargées gratuitement sur les sites suivants: www.biofuelwatch.org.uk www.boell.de www.etcgroup.org Publié sous la licence Creative Commons : Attribution – Pas d'utilisation commerciale – Pas de modification 3.0 La grande fraude climatique le cas contre la géoingénierie climatique www.etcgroup.org www.biofuelwatch.org www.boell.de/en Table des matières 4 Préface 6 Chapitre 1 – La géoingénierie : le nouveau climat des empereurs 6 Un nouvel empire climatique 6 Les solutions technologiques des empereurs du climat 7 Les empereurs sont-ils nus? 7 Petite histoire de l’empirisme présomptueux 9 Une coalition de partenaires disposés à agir pour le climat? 10 Les empereurs du climat veulent nous refiler un tuyau 12 [Encadré] Solutions sécuritaires, équitables et soutenables à la crise climatique 13 Chapitre 2 – Les techniques de géoingénierie 15 [Encadré] Les trois catégories de techniques de géoingénierie proposées par les géoingénieurs 17 Terre : techniques de géoingénierie qui ciblent les écosystèmes terrestres 21 Mer : techniques de géoingénierie qui ciblent les écosystèmes océaniques 23 Air : techniques de géoingénierie qui ciblent l’atmosphère 25 Chapitre 3 – Études de cas 25 Étude de cas I : bioénergie avec captage et stockage du carbone 29 Étude de cas II : réparer le climat avec des algues? 31 Étude de cas III : fertilisation des océans — les projets LOHAFEX et Planktos-Haida-Oceaneos 32 Étude de cas IV : fertilisation des océans — l’Institut coréen de recherche polaire 33 Étude de cas V : brassage artificiel (de l’océan) en Chine 34 Étude de cas VI : le projet SPICE 36 Étude de cas VII : SCoPEx — expérience d’injection d’aérosols stratosphériques 37 Étude de cas VIII : blanchiment des nuages à Monterey Bay, Californie 39 Chapitre 4 – Raisons de s’opposer à la géoingénierie 39 Échelle mondiale; Manque de fiabilité et risques élevés; Risques environnementaux; Irréversibilité; 40 Exacerbation des déséquilibres et des iniquités en matière de pouvoir mondial; Injustice intergénérationnelle; Motif justifiant l’inaction climatique; 41 Mercantilisme carbonique; Convergence de techniques émergentes à grande échelle; Contrôle mondial; Militarisation; 42 Violation de traités; Détournement de ressources, de fonds et d’efforts de recherche qui auraient pu être consacrés à de véritables solutions 2 La grande fraude climatique : le cas contre la géoingénierie climatique 43 Chapitre 5 – Qui tire les ficelles de la géoingénierie? 43 Vieux fossiles et nouvelle image 43 La géoclique 44 Les cliques ne font pas bon ménage avec la démocratie ou la science 45 Publications et brevets : qui donc est propriétaire de la géoingénierie? 47 Recherche en géoingénierie 47 Projets de recherche multinationaux 49 Programmes nationaux 50 Le GIEC est-il en train de banaliser la géoingénierie? 52 Les marchands de climat 54 Climat de guerre : utilisations militaires de la géoingénierie 56 Protecteurs de la Terre? Foutaises! 56 [Encadré] À la défense de la Terre mère : la géoingénierie se bute à la résistance des Autochtones 59 Chapitre 6 – La gouvernance de la géoingénierie 59 Est-il possible d’assujettir la géoingénierie à un mécanisme de gouvernance? 60 La quête obstinée des « émissions négatives » 60 Un point de départ 61 Discussions onusiennes sur la géoingénierie 62 Une approche qui fait fi des frontières 62 Recherche et gouvernance : qui, de la poule ou de l’œuf, vient en premier? 63 Un consensus mondial est-il possible? 64 Un vaste débat de société doit d’abord avoir lieu 64 [Encadré] Afin d’être légitime, une discussion sur la gouvernance de la géoingénierie doit 66 Chapitre 7 – La voie à suivre 66 Un réalisme radical 66 La raison nous pousse à rejeter la géoingénierie 67 Maintenir et renforcer le moratoire 68 Mettre fin aux expériences en plein air 68 Œuvrer à la mise en place d’une interdiction 68 Grands débats de société, grandes structures 69 Ne touchez pas à la Terre mère! 71 Annexe 1 – Les Nations unies et la géoingénierie 77 Annexe 2 – Initiatives non gouvernementales en matière de gouvernance de la géoingénierie 80 Notes 96 Glossaire des acronymes des technologies de géoingénierie 97 À propos des auteurs : Groupe ETC, Biofuelwatch et Fondation Heinrich Böll Groupe ETC Biofuelwatch Fondation Heinrich Böll 3 Préface Alors que le réchauffement de la planète progresse En 2010, les gouvernements des pays du Sud ont rapidement et se traduit par des vagues de chaleur, porté la question à l’attention de la Convention sur des inondations, des sécheresses et des ouragans, la diversité biologique (CDB) des Nations unies, qui la géoingénierie — soit la manipulation à vaste a décrété un moratoire de facto sur le déploiement de échelle des systèmes naturels terrestres — est la géoingénierie et les expériences menées sur le brandie comme une stratégie permettant de terrain. contrecarrer, d’atténuer ou de retarder les Considérant cela, pourquoi assistons-nous changements climatiques sans qu’il soit nécessaire actuellement à une intensification des discussions sur de bouleverser nos économies gourmandes en la géoingénierie? Parce que la « tyrannie de énergie et en ressources. Chose inquiétante, les l’urgence » qu’imposent les changements débats actuels à propos de cette solution climatiques est instrumentalisée afin que la technique à vaste échelle sont géoingénierie quitte les articles circonscrits à un petit groupe Renoncer scientifiques et les modèles d’experts autoproclamés qui à s'attaquer aux informatiques pour gagner l’arène agit selon des visions des politiques climatiques et — antidémocratiques du causes profondes des plus grave encore — le stade monde et des perspectives changements climatiques et de l’expérimentation sur le technocratiques à courte cibler leurs conséquences à terrain. vue. Exclus de ces débats, Il est évidemment urgent les pays en développement, l'aide de techniques de d’agir. Dans cette période qui les peuples autochtones et géoingénierie constitue un fait suite à l’accord de Paris, les communautés locales choix politique, non pas les gouvernements doivent n’ont pas voix au chapitre. une fatalité. reconnaître que les bonnes vieilles Comme le montre en détail le stratégies de réduction des émissions présent rapport, chaque technique de de GES, trop frileuses, sont insuffisantes. géoingénierie proposée menace les populations Nous devons considérer avec sérieux des moyens de humaines et les écosystèmes. Par ailleurs, une analyse réduire radicalement nos émissions de gaz à effet de rigoureuse de ces techniques montre que leur serre (GES) qui transcendent la pensée économique déploiement a de fortes chances d’aggraver les dominante. Nous avons également besoin de conséquences du réchauffement planétaire plutôt stratégies robustes, socialement équitables et que de les atténuer. En raison de sa nature culturellement acceptables afin de régler notre dette irréversible, de sa possible utilisation à des fins carbonique et écologique en procédant, avec toute la hostiles et de ses implications sur le plan de la prudence nécessaire, à la restauration à vaste échelle dynamique du pouvoir mondial, la manipulation du des écosystèmes naturels. climat à grande échelle n’est pas une option envisageable. 4 La grande fraude climatique : le cas contre la géoingénierie climatique Renoncer à s’attaquer aux causes profondes des Le présent document plaide en outre pour changements climatiques pour plutôt cibler leurs l’interdiction urgente et immédiate du déploiement conséquences à l’aide des techniques de géoingénierie et de l’expérimentation sur le terrain de la constitue un choix politique, non pas une fatalité. géoingénierie, cette interdiction devant être Or, ce choix laisse sous-entendre qu’il est plus supervisée par un mécanisme de gouvernance acceptable de risquer de causer des torts irréparables multilatéral, mondial, robuste et transparent. Un à notre planète que de bouleverser le système débat sur la géoingénierie et sa gouvernance reste économique dominant. Il ne s’agit en rien d’une nécessaire. Toutefois, celui-ci doit avoir une vaste nécessité technique ou scientifique; c’est le réflexe de portée, être mené selon une approche ascendante, défense d’un système raté qui refuse de changer et participative et transparente, en plus d’être ancré continue de protéger une poignée de riches. dans le droit international et fondé sur le principe de La grande fraude climatique : le cas précaution. Ce débat doit enfin être contre la géoingénierie climatique est alimenté par une compréhension la suite enrichie et mise à jour du Nous avons rigoureuse des politiques et des
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