ANTARCTIC RESEARCH CENTRE Annual Review 2017 Contents 1 Impacts by the Numbers 2 Director’s Summary 4 Our Mission and Research Approach 6 Major Research Outcomes 12 Other Research Outcomes 19 Science Drilling Office 20 Teaching and Supervision 24 Significant Events 34 Financial Summary 38 Outreach 42 Publications, Conferences and Collaborators 48 Our People

This Photo: Drygalski Tongue, - Jamey Stutz Cover Photo: Evan’s Heights, Antarctica - Andrew Mackintosh OUR 2017 IMPACTS BY THE NUMBERS

McKay Hammer 20 the premier award of the New Zealand Geological Society scientists and students was won by Nick Golledge for his publications including a Nature paper which shows that change mitigation might save the West Antarctic Ice attended the Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference in Trieste, Sheet. Italy co-organised by the ARC’s Tim Naish. PAIS is a scientific research programme of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).

ARC the 1st UN $960 thousand dollar 250 25 carbon neutral officials Marsden and government scientists years institute at Victoria ministers Fund awarded of New Zealand University have received to Andrew Mackintosh to anomalous from 25 through Lionel Carter’s understand the effects of rapid glacier advances certified co-authored book that presents a on New Zealand explained for the first time in a countries rainforest synopsis of legal and environmental in the recent geological past. came to our vibrant capital city campus to attend Nature Communications paper by protection aspects of submarine The team also includes ARC’s the International Symposium on the Cryosphere in Brian Anderson, Andrew Mackintosh projects. telecommunications cables on the Shaun Eaves and Lionel Carter. a Changing Climate, hosted by Andrew Mackintosh and others. High Seas. and Victoria University.

$7.1 million 29 403.3 media dollars awarded to parts per interviews 43 presentations Tim Naish and an international nd given by ARC given to schools, team from the MBIE Endeavour million 2 ARC staff on Antarctic the public, fund to understand the is the new record level of global atmospheric and climate stakeholders and IPCC impact of sea-level rise on carbon dioxide concentrations from anthropogenic related issues. decision makers New Zealand. The ARC team also includes Nick emissions according to a new Lead by ARC staff. Golledge, Nancy Bertler, Andrew Mackintosh, and 2017 WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin by Nancy Author Brian Anderson. Bertler and colleagues. Andrew Mackintosh was selected for the Special Report on the “Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing 8 theses Climate”. He joins Tim Naish, metres $389K submitted lead author on the previous by ARC assessment. He will also be drilled Deep South supervised joined by Nick Golledge who National Science Challenge 31publications 370 has recently been selected in through the Ross Ice Shelf in students - one the 2017/18 season using funding to better understand the by ARC PhD and seven 2018. the Hot Water Drill built by our effects of melting snow and ice researchers, including four in the MSc students. Science Drilling Office duo Alex on New Zealand. The ARC team Nature group. Pyne and Darcy Mandeno. includes Andrew Mackintosh, Ruzica Dadic, Brian Anderson, and Huw Horgan.

Icons from www.flaticon.com 1 We answer the most important and Trieste, Italy, along with long-term ARC when air temperatures were only urgent science questions by being collaborator and SCAR/PAIS co-chair slightly warmer than today and sea innovative. Our team is increasingly Laura De Santis. I led the International level was significantly higher. DIRECTOR’S SUMMARY using physics and computer modelling Conference on the Cryosphere in a to extend beyond our background Changing Climate in , with 2018 has already started in a very and strength in paleoclimate studies. colleagues from the International exciting manner. We are beginning to This allows us to also look forward as Glaciological Society, International engage with our new government with well as back, enhancing our ability to Association of Cryospheric Sciences, the goal of helping New Zealand to understand the climate system. We and the World Climate Research build a society that is more resilient are now internationally recognised Programme Climate and Cryosphere to climate change. To that effect, we in a number of fields including ice- project, and an organising committee are working closely with Antarctica climate physics (Ruzica Dadic), ice- of ARC and New Zealand-based New Zealand and MBIE to help shape core climatology (Nancy Bertler), scientists. This conference attracted the new Antarctic science platform, numerical modelling of ice sheets (Nick more than 250 scientists from 25 which may support and guide Antarctic Golledge), modelling and monitoring countries to our capital city university. research for a decade or more. In of glaciers (Brian Anderson), glacier Lionel Carter gave four keynote talks February, Rob McKay, returned from geophysics (Huw Horgan), glacier on oceanography and marine cables in the , where he was co-chief and ice sheet chronologies (Shaun 2017, while Peter Barrett chaired his scientist of IODP Expedition 374, the Eaves), paleoceanography and marine final meeting of the award committee first coring mission in this region in cables (Lionel Carter), as well as the for the Tinker-Muse Prize for Science more than 40 years. In March, Nick sedimentology and geochemistry that and Policy in Antarctica. Increasingly Golledge was selected as an IPCC is our backbone (Bella Duncan, Warren our mid-career researchers are also Lead Author, one of five scientists from Dickinson, Gavin Dunbar, Rob McKay leading in international science Victoria to join the Sixth Assessment Hughes Bluff, Antarctica and Tim Naish). The innovation and coordination and engagement – in Cycle – a remarkable recognition of Photo: Andrew Mackintosh productivity of our academic staff 2017, Nancy Bertler co-chaired the quality of climate science at our would not be possible without the the ‘Great Antarctic Climate Hack’ university. I look forward to telling these outstanding support provided by our workshop at Scripps Institute for stories and more in our 2018 Annual Centre Manager Michelle Dow, and Oceanography in San Diego, while Review. The Antarctic Research Centre (ARC) is who secured a 7-million-dollar resources. This is the first time that the lately, by our new administrator Dao our newest Associate Professor, Rob one of the most visible and influential project from the MBIE Endeavour New Zealand community has received Polsiri. McKay, chaired the Australasian centres of excellence at Victoria Fund to provide improved sea-level umbrella funding to support this International Ocean Discovery University of Wellington. Supporting rise projections for New Zealand, societally-relevant work, and our team Our Science Drilling Office led by Alex Programme (IODP) Regional Planning the high-profile Antarctic science that to better anticipate and manage includes Ruzica Dadic, Brian Anderson Pyne along with Darcy Mandeno are Workshop in Sydney, Australia. we are renowned for has always been impacts. This project involves many and Huw Horgan from the ARC, and internationally recognised for their challenging. It requires creativity, researchers from across New Zealand, scientists from the Universities of innovation. In 2017, as part of the I am proud of our students, who international coordination and including Victoria University, GNS Otago, Canterbury, NIWA, Bodeker NZARI-funded research programme each year complete their doctoral perseverance – and this year we have Science, NIWA, the University of Scientific Ltd., and Aqualinc Research led by Christina Hulbe at University of and master’s degrees, and move succeeded in attracting more than Otago, Auckland University, and a Ltd. Otago, they developed a new hot water on to excellent research jobs, while eight million dollars of new funding. large team of international experts. drilling system and used it to penetrate generating world-class publications, We are proud of our reputation, which It also includes representatives from Staff in our Centre have a common through 370 metres of the Ross Ice giving outstanding conference talks, has developed over more than forty regional councils, so that scientists goal – to understand the impact of Shelf. With the support of Antarctica and attracting funding of their own. years, and continues to grow. In 2017 have the most relevant information climate change on Antarctica and New Zealand, this allowed a group of This year Bella Duncan completed her we published 31 papers in outstanding about infrastructure near sea level, and New Zealand, and to engage with scientists from multiple institutions PhD on fossil biomarkers and past international journals, including four science is fed into policy. society. Even though we are broad in to explore the ocean cavity beneath Antarctic , and she is now publications in the Nature group. our approach and background, we are the ice shelf. Gavin Dunbar from the working as a postdoctoral fellow in Our academic staff have received In addition to Tim’s success, a team united in purpose, and our Centre is a ARC used this opportunity to sample our Centre. Dan Lowry won the 2017 awards, and prestigious international led by myself, Shaun Eaves and Brian harmonious and intellectually vibrant sediment from the ocean floor, which Antarctica New Zealand Sir Robin appointments, while our Science Anderson and including scientists from environment, something that our will reveal new information about the Irvine Postgraduate Scholarship for Drilling Office made a major technical the United States, Denmark, Australia international visitors always take notice history of the Antarctic ice sheet and its his ice sheet modelling work. Our breakthrough by drilling through the and Chile were awarded an almost of. We all contribute to the success sensitivity to climate change. ‘The Long students gave seven presentations at Ross Ice Shelf. And we have made million-dollar Marsden grant to study of our Centre but each year there are Haul’ by Neil Silverwood, a beautifully- the International Symposium on the progress in meeting international the Antarctic Cold Reversal, a period stand outs. In 2017, Nick Golledge won photographed article about this work, Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, climate obligations by going carbon of abrupt global climate change that the Alexander McKay Hammer – the was recently published in New Zealand and six presentations at the PAIS neutral. I am delighted to write about helps inform future ice sheet-climate premier award of Geosciences New Geographic. Conference. A highlight for me was our successes here, following my first interactions. Additionally, a team led by Zealand for his contribution to Antarctic hearing about PhD student Georgia Professor Andrew Mackintosh year as ARC Director. myself and Nicolas Cullen from Otago ice sheet modelling. And I have had Our senior staff carry out significant Grant’s outstanding presentation at Director, Antarctic Research Centre University received $389K in funding the privilege of serving as a Lead engagement, communication and the Regional Sea Level Changes and Of special note in 2017 is the funding from the Deep South National Science Author on the Intergovernmental Panel coordination with our national and Coastal Impacts Conference in New success of Tim Naish and an ARC Challenge to make future projections on Climate Change (IPCC) Special international stakeholders. Tim York City. Georgia discussed her work team including Nick Golledge, Brian of Southern Alps snow and ice, and Report on Oceans and Cryosphere in a Naish led the Past Antarctic Ice on past sea levels during the Pliocene, Anderson, Nancy Bertler and myself, to determine their impact on water Changing Climate. Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference in a period of relevance to future climate,

2 3 Improve understanding of Antarctic climate and ice sheet processes, OUR MISSION & their impact on New Zealand and the Earth system

Our research provides exciting opportunities and challenges for young researchers, a sound basis for international climate change assessment, RESEARCH APPROACH and will help build a more resilient New Zealand

Sea ice near Barne Glacier, Antarctica Photo: Cliff Atkins

The Antarctic Research Centre (ARC) is a centre of research and around half of our staff now routinely carry out physics- Outcome-based research provided by the Science Drilling models of climate-ocean-glacier and excellence within the Faculty of Science at Victoria University based computer simulations of past, present and future Office. We are funded and supported ice sheet systems, by advancing of Wellington, and reports directly to the Dean of Science. climate. Our research approach is policy- through a range of MBIE, Marsden, and the physics, and then carrying out It is co-located with the School of Geography, Environment relevant and outcome focused. We Rutherford programmes, Antarctica sound evaluation of models against and Earth Sciences, with which it shares academic staff We develop confidence in future climate projections if aim to improve forecasts of future New Zealand and private donations. modern observations and past climate and facilities. It also contributes to both undergraduate models show skill at simulating present and past climate. climate change including their global In summary, our approach involves: reconstructions. and graduate teaching and supervision in the fields of Because direct climate and ice sheet observations span and New Zealand impacts, for the climatology, sedimentology, , paleoclimatology and the last century at best, reconstructions of past climate benefit of humanity. By reducing the a. Improving our physical d. Using our models to improve future Antarctic affairs. conditions provide the only means to assess climate and uncertainties around future climate understanding and observation of climate simulations, and projections ice sheet models on their relevant timescales. Furthermore, and sea-level rise predictions, our modern climate, ocean, glacier and ice of glacier and ice sheet contribution past climate observations provide insight into the long term cutting-edge research is informing the sheet systems. to sea-level rise, river flows and other Rationale “endgame” (equilibrium response), that we will commit our International Panel on Climate Change changes in the Earth System. planet to this century based on current warming scenarios. (IPCC). Improved understanding of b. Acquiring past observations of We are rapidly heading towards a climate that is 2-4 degC Past climate records also provide insight into the rates and climate change impacts including surface temperature, precipitation, e. We disseminate our research warmer than present. Ice sheets and oceans take centuries magnitudes of climate and ice sheet changes that may sea-level rise impacts in the southwest atmospheric composition (greenhouse findings through publications in the to millennia to fully adjust to climate forcing, and the be possible in the near future, and allow the fingerprint of Pacific region provide tangible benefits gases and aerosols), ice sheet, glacier, world’s leading scientific journals, and fundamental changes that we are observing today may human influences to be identified in the context of natural to all New Zealanders. Our research and sea-ice variability, and oceanic through education, communication and be irreversible on human timescales. In order to provide variability in the climate system. is leveraged by very strong national conditions from terrestrial, marine, outreach to the public, practitioners reliable, policy-relevant projections of future climate and sea and international collaborations lacustrine and ice core archives. and policy makers. level, scientists are increasingly relying on computer models. and partnerships, and world-leading Our Centre has recently undergone a numerical revolution, in-house polar drilling technology c. Developing and improving numerical

4 5 MAJOR RESEARCH OUTCOMES

Significant research enhancing our knowledge of the consequences of climate change

Hot Water Drill, Antarctica 6 Photo: Jane Chewings 7 to examine environmental impacts the effect of land movement. This Antarctic ice sheet research to be and risks associated with increased is important as ground subsidence conducted under the new Antarctic IMPROVED, LOCATION SPECIFIC, coastal flooding due to storm surge may cause local sea level to rise by research platform. and rising groundwater levels and an additional 20 to 30 cm by the end incursion of salt water into coastal of the century. Finally, we will assess CONTACT: [email protected] SEA-LEVEL RISE PREDICTIONS aquifers, estuaries, and wetlands. Our the environmental impact of the new programme will improve global- and sea-level rise projections in Wellington, regional-scale sea-level projections, Dunedin, Auckland, Hawkes Bay, ARE ON THEIR WAY which currently underestimate the and New Zealand’s in amount of future sea-level rise because Antarctica. These impact studies will A 5 year, $7.1M research GNS Science researchers, and world- “It is certain that the sea is rising and they do not include accurate estimates be co-designed with stakeholders. programme funded by leading international collaborators. will continue to do so for centuries to of the contribution from melt of ice Outcomes will include improved The science leaders are Nick Golledge come. But much is uncertain – how sheets in Antarctica and Greenland. decision making, risk management, the MBIE Endeavour (ARC), Rob Bell (NIWA) and Richard rapidly it will rise, how different coastal With our expertise in modelling future and adaptation planning based on fund to improve sea-level Levy (GNS), while the ARC team also areas will be affected, and how we polar ice sheet melt, and capability at locally relevant sea-level rise scenarios rise predictions for New includes Brian Anderson, Nancy Bertler should prepare.” NIWA and GNS Science, in estimating and vulnerability assessments. Zealand. and Andrew Mackintosh. changes due to local sea surface To address this need, the NZ SeaRise height variations and vertical land The programme complements and The motivation for the programme Programme will produce new estimates movements, respectively, our team contributes to the aims of both the The collaborative NZ SeaRise was highlighted by the Parliamentary of the magnitude and rate of sea-level is uniquely positioned to take on this Deep South and Resilience National Programme will be led by the ARC’s Tim Commissioner for the Environment who rise for our coastal regions to 2100 and challenge. We will then establish local Science Challenges, and will provide Naish in partnership with NIWA and stated in a recent report, beyond. We will use these projections sea-level projections that include an application of national benefit for

understanding rates and processes of and hydropower, and glaciers lose at NIWA, University of Otago, University terminus retreat. Sam Taylor-Offord, mass at a rapid rate. Long term, we of Canterbury, Bodecker Scientific Ltd., NEW ZEALAND GLACIERS in his Masters thesis, explored the expect that water availability in mid to and Aqualinc Research Ltd. Ultimately relationship between movement of late summer will decrease as glaciers we aim to make projections of the the glacier and the seismic signals shrink and can no long supply melt change in glaciers, snow pack, and CRITICAL FOR WATER RESOURCES it generates, showing how waves water. Quantifying these changes, in water runoff which will be important for of faster-moving ice move down ways that are useful for stakeholders, New Zealand’s economic future. the glacier. The implications of the is part of the Deep South National AND TOURISM contrasting processes and responses Science Challenge - Our Frozen Water CONTACT: [email protected] of these glaciers will be further Resources. We have developed snow Glaciers have always been a warming world, why did glaciers supported by Andrew Lorrey’s project explored by reconstructing changes of and glacier models which are being of scientific interest as advance? ‘Climate Present and Past’, we are now many more New Zealand glaciers from applied and tested against satellite Brewster Glacier, New Zealand making the most of this archive. PhD the historic aerial photography set, images of seasonal snow and long- Photo: Alice Doughty a dynamic and climate Our 2017 publication in Nature student Lauren Vargo has been using and combining it with dynamic glacier term glacier change, with our partners sensitive part of the Communications lead by Andrew these historic photos to quantitatively modelling to elucidate the patterns of landscape - but we are Mackintosh and Brian Anderson reconstruct glacier changes in the climate change in the Southern Alps now starting to realise (ARC) and Andrew Lorrey (NIWA) Southern Alps over the last four over recent decades, and the details of how important they are for answered this question by using decades. She initially focussed on their dynamic response. economic reasons too. mathematical modelling to show that Brewster Glacier, near Haast Pass, and most of the advance was due to lower showed that while Fox and Franz Josef During 2017 we have seen extreme temperatures during two discrete glaciers did their remarkable advance, weather conditions across New Glaciers and snow are an important periods in the 1980 and 1990s. The Brewster Glacier did very little - it Zealand with a December drought part of our mountain landscapes positive mass balances that lead to the paused its retreat, and advanced just coinciding with a ‘marine heat wave’ from an aesthetic and recreational advance were closely linked to Tasman a few metres. Length changes only tell where Tasman Sea temperatures perspective, but also have a large Sea surface temperatures. part of the , and Merijn Thornton’s have been as much as 6 degC warmer economic impact, through winter Masters thesis showed that the glacier than usual. The below-average winter sports, tourism, water resources and However, these two glaciers do not tell did gain mass during this period. snowpack melted quickly and left only hydroelectric power production. For the whole story of glacier change in the Haupapa/Tasman Glacier is the largest glacier melt to support summer flows example, the spectacular 1.5 km Southern Alps. There are a wide range in New Zealand, and understanding in many alpine streams. As a result, advance of Franz Josef and Fox glaciers of different glaciers, with contrasting its dynamics and calving processes southern hydro lake levels are low, from 1983 to 2008, and subsequent processes of ice flow and mass loss. are critical to understanding the future because of the combination of low rapid retreat, had a fundamental Oblique aerial photos taken of a of New Zealand’s glaciers. Ed Lui, in rainfall and limited snowpack. This impact on glacier guiding, with guided subset of New Zealand glaciers since his Masters thesis, used time-lapse is an example of the kind of weather tours on foot being replaced with 1977 by Trevor Chinn and colleagues photography of Tasman Glacier to patterns that we expect the see in the helicopter-only access since 2012. The contain a treasure trove of information quantify, for the first time, the amount future, where warmer temperatures cause of this spectacular and globally- which has only partly been explored. of ice loss at the terminus from large lead to shallow snowpacks which melt anomalous advance was obscure - in In collaboration with NIWA and calving events, and make a start in long before peak demand for irrigation

8 9 remarkable, and confirmed Bakker’s range of simplified climate states that of the ice sheet there. By contrast, earlier hunch. What was found was represented different scenarios of sectors such as the ICE SHEET INTERACTION WITH that even very small amounts of atmospheric and oceanic warming, have attracted more attention over meltwater, discharged into the ocean, he ran simulations for the whole recent years because measured were sufficient to change the way continent and analysed the results ocean warming there is considered to THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM that the ocean mixes and transports on a catchment-by-catchment basis. pose a threat to the stability of what heat. The knock-on effect is that these What was immediately striking was is a large and important glacier. But As global sea level warming climate, due to it’s bed lying Holocene - the period of geological changes in oceanic heat transfer in that different sectors of the West and this new analysis suggests that the continues to rise at an up to two kilometers below present time that spans the relatively warm turn influence the temperature of the East Antarctic ice sheets respond Totten Glacier sector of the ice sheet sea level, it is the East Antarctic Ice conditions that we have experienced overlying air masses. The simulations in very different ways, and perhaps is buffered from ocean-driven retreat accelerating rate, our ice- Sheet that holds the greatest volume for the last approximately 10,000 also illustrated a previously-known more importantly, they each respond by the topographic configuration of its sheet modelling research of ice - about 53 m of sea-level years following the end of the last ice ‘seesaw’ effect, in which the release preferentially to different drivers. The bed. Essentially, the glacier rests on a focuses more and more on equivalent water, ten times that of age. The problem that Bakker and his of meltwater in Antarctica leads to simulations showed, as expected, that complex landscape of hills and valleys, better understanding how West Antarctica. In the ARC, much of team were trying to solve was, why do cooling of the surface water around West Antarctic drainage basins were rather than a single deep basin, so any the Antarctic and Greenland our fieldwork and modelling research global climate models nearly always the ice sheet, and a cooling of air most sensitive to ocean warming, retreat of the glacier in this area will be ice sheets are contributing has sought to investigate this larger ice underestimate the amount of natural temperatures across the Southern but what was less expected was that relatively slow. mass, and to quantify how it changed variability in the climate system? This Hemisphere, but a warming of whilst the majority of East Antarctica to this rise, and how they during past climate transitions. This is an important problem, because it is surface temperatures in the Northern is sensitive mainly to a warming Together, these and other studies are might respond to future approach of combining fieldwork and precisely these models that are used to Hemisphere. This study therefore not atmosphere, there are one or two revealing more and more about the environmental changes. computer modelling to tackle a single make predictions about future climate only explained the climate variability catchments that are uniquely sensitive complexity of ice sheet behaviour and question is immensely powerful, and changes and which in turn are used problem that was the original goal, but to the ocean. Of these, the Recovery how ice sheets interact with the global the use of the two methods together to guide government policy. Bakker also led to new insights into how future Basin catchment, in the eastern climate system. By continually refining Over recent years our ice-sheet allows us to make robust predictions thought that perhaps the answer lay meltwater from Antarctica might affect , appeared to be the most these computer models, and gathering modelling research in the ARC has for the future. in Antarctica, and in particular, in global climate over coming decades to sensitive, and in fact behaved in many the field data to calibrate them, the expanded significantly, swelled by new the effects that meltwater released centuries. ways like a West Antarctic system. The ARC is contributing to an increasing PhD students and numerous overseas In 2017, ARC researchers published a from the ice sheet might have on significance of this finding is that the global effort to better predict the future collaborations, and underpinned range of new Antarctic ice sheet model the temperature and salinity of the In a separate study published Recovery Basin is currently an area of our global ice sheets. largely by funding from the Royal simulations that each investigated surrounding . By using in Geophysical Research Letters that has received very little attention, Society Te Apārangi, the Ministry for a different question. One of these the ice sheet model to quantify these (Golledge et al., 2017), Nick used his being remote and difficult to access. CONTACT: [email protected] Business, Innovation and Employment studies, led by Pepijn Bakker at meltwater fluxes and their variability ice sheet model to investigate the But observational and modelling data (MBIE), and many other sources. MARUM, Germany (Bakker et al., 2017) over thousands of years, Nick provided differing roles played by atmosphere, are increasingly beginning to show that and utilising simulations performed the necessary inputs required to test ocean, and bedrock topography in climate-driven changes are occurring Whilst the is by the ARC’s Nick Golledge, looked at this idea. The results, published in the controlling the long-term evolution in this area, and that these changes known to be the most vulnerable to a global climate variability through the leading scientific journalNature , were of the Antarctic ice sheets. Using a may lead to significant retreat of part

state-of-the-art hot water drilling and hard gravel layer, probably deposited behaviour of the West Antarctic Ice scientific equipment. during the last ice age and compressed Sheet directly at the source of the ice HOT WATER DRILLING INTO THE by the weight of overlying ice. The that will determine future sea level. Two holes were melted through the tools used to melt the hole through Beginning in the 2019/2020 season ~370 m thick ice allowing access the ice proved surprisingly adept at we will be drilling into the ocean WORLD’S LEAST KNOWN OCEAN to the ocean cavity, and sea floor a collecting sediment that melted out cavity near to the ice stream—ice further 410 m below the base of the of the ice shelf, the portions of which shelf transition. This location, which Over the last two years based on a single site drilled in the late institutional Ross Ice Shelf Project ice. The first hole was used for long proved surprisingly debris rich. The was identified by surveying reported the ARC, Antarctica New 1970s, and a site near the grounded made a major contribution to our term moorings which will return data combination of sea floor and ice shelf in Geophysical Research Letters ice streams drilled in early 2013. understanding of the ice shelf, over a number of years. Instruments for sediment will enable us to reconstruct (Horgan et al., 2017), was beneath Zealand, and our New Despite this paucity of observations, doubling the number of holes in the measuring ocean temperature, salinity the retreat history of the ice shelf since the ice stream as little as 150 years Zealand Antarctic Research the ice shelf is thought to play a key interior of the ice shelf, and hugely and current speed were deployed by the last ice age and provide insight ago, and now exhibits a shallow Institute (NZARI) partners role in ‘holding back’ or buttressing increasing the quantity of direct NIWA and a series of seismographs into flow patterns of the ice shelf since (~30 m) ocean cavity. Central to our have embarked on an the ice presently flowing from the East observations from beneath the ice for measuring ice shelf properties then. upcoming observations at this site are ambitious programme and West Antarctic ice sheets. If this shelf. The drilling season resulted were deployed by Auckland and Otago stratigraphic cores, which will record directly accessing the buttressing effect was removed due from New Zealand’s largest Antarctic universities. The second hole was used Now the ARC, Antarctica New Zealand, the past behavior of the ice sheet, and to loss of the ice shelf, the flow of traverse since the 1957 Hillary for recovering sediment cores, further and our NZARI partners are preparing oceanic observations, which may well ocean cavity beneath the ice from the ice sheets is anticipated expedition to the South Pole, shifting oceanography and microbiology. The for the second phase of the Ross Ice indicate the ice shelf’s fate. Ross Ice Shelf. to increase dramatically, raising sea tonnes of equipment and fuel to the team which included Gavin Dunbar Shelf Project. This will see hot water level, changing local ecosystems, and hot water drilling site (prosaically and Georgia Grant (ARC), Christian drilling and direct access at the mouth CONTACT: [email protected] and The Ross Ice Shelf is almost twice most likely changing global ocean and named HWD-2), 350 km south east of Ohneiser (University of Otago) and of Kamb Ice Stream. This ambitious [email protected] the size of New Zealand, but prior to atmospheric circulation. Scott Base. The camp comprised polar Jeff Dunne (Antarctica New Zealand) project, which will require a 1200 km this year direct observations of the tents of a type that both Hillary and collected 11 sediment cores, up to traverse and drilling through ~600 m ocean and seafloor underneath it were This year the NZARI-funded multi- Scott would have recognised along with 65 cm long before the corer hit a very of ice, will probe the past and future

10 11 OTHER RESEARCH OUTCOMES

Tasman Lake, New Zealand 12 Photo: Huw Horgan 13 A new Victoria University/ to continue her work investigating the National Isotope Centre, GNS GNS Science organic what molecular fossils, known Science, this facility is a joint effort PAST CLIMATE WINDOWS PROVIDE as biomarkers, can tell us about between Bella and Rob McKay of geochemistry facility. past climate in Antarctica and the the ARC, and Sebastian Naeher Southern Ocean. A key component of GNS Science. The VUW/GNS IMPROVED VIEW OF THE FUTURE Following on from completing her of this research has been to set up Organic Geochemistry Laboratory PhD in 2017, Bella Duncan started a facility to process and analyse for is now up and running to extract a postdoctoral fellowship in August biomarkers in Wellington. Based at organics from samples, separate Big milestone achievements black carbon (University of Curtin), Washington, Scripps Institution of out different compounds, and run for the international RICE Ca, pH, and conductivity (University Oceanography) and volcanic ashes analyses to identify and quantify the team – RICE17. of Copenhagen), water stable isotope (University of Maine). This age scale biomarkers present in samples. The record (GNS Science) and discrete was developed by matching the RICE development of this facility brings geochemical data (Victoria University, data with the superbly dated West a new capability to Wellington, and The New Zealand-led Roosevelt University of Maine, University of Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core means that we can now process for Island Climate Evolution (RICE) Curtin and the Chinese Cold and (WDC) for the past 68,000 years and biomarkers and run a selection of project celebrated a number of major Arid Regions Environmental and from 68,000 to 83,000 years with analyses here, rather than sending milestones in 2017. Most importantly, Engineering Research Institute). The the high resolution North Greenland samples overseas. in a concerted, international and team achieved very low uncertainties Ice Core Project (NGRIP). The RICE multidisciplinary effort, the RICE17 with the past 100 years of ≤ ±2 years, ice core was the second core to be CONTACT: [email protected] age scale was completed. The age for the past 1000 years ≤ ±19 years analysed for continuous flow methane scale comprises two merged parts, and for the past 2000 years ≤ ±38 measurements after the WDC core a seasonally resolved age scale for years, reaching a maximum uncertainty which provided a unique opportunity the past 2,700 years based on an of ±45 years at 344 m depth to use the high resolution WDC and Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, GNS Science annual layer count of the top 344 m (Winstrup et al. in review). This age NGRIP age scales. The ice below Photo: Sebastian Naeher of the RICE ice core and a deeper scale was extended back to 83,000 753 m is not yet dated but might time age scale that spans the past years with an effort led by Oregon contain ice from the last interglacial 83,000 years (to a depth of 753 m) State University using high resolution and beyond. For our newest predominantly based on matching methane measurements (Oregon State publications and other news please high resolution gas records. The University, University of Copenhagen), see www.rice.aq. WMO Greenhouse Gas vanished and even parts of the low most abrupt natural increase observed. annual layer count, an effort led by water isotope data (GNS Science), lying basins of East Antarctic ice had Travelling further back in time, using CONTACT: [email protected] Bulletin notes CO2 emissions the University of Copenhagen, used oxygen isotope of the air content along reach record high. retreated. This caused global sea level geological records of alkenones, fossil continuous flow measurements of with ice flow modelling (University of to be 10-20 metres higher than today. leave stomata and boron isotopes, But how quickly did greenhouse gas we can observe examples of things to

Nancy Bertler along with colleagues concentrations change in the past? come. 15-17 million years ago, CO2 from GNS Science; Richard Levy High resolution ice core records from concentrations were between 400-650 Developing new drilling and Jocelyn Turnbull, contributed a high snow accumulation regions in ppm, with global mean temperatures proposals in the Southern paleo-perspective to the 2017 WMO West Antarctica along with a new 3-4 degC higher than today and global Indian and southwest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin – State of the generation of ice cores – horizontal sea level up to 40 metres higher during Pacific oceans. Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere ice cores where old ice lays close the the warmest periods. With the world Based on Global Observations. Ice surface – along with new analytical aiming to reduce greenhouse gas core records reveal that over the last techniques provide exciting insights emissions in accord with the UNCCC A workshop held at Sydney University, eight swings between glacials and into how quickly atmospheric CO2 , these treasurable Australia from 13-16 June 2017 interglacials atmospheric carbon concentrations can change. windows into the past caution us to

investigated future International Ocean dioxide (CO2) varied between 180 double our efforts. Discovery Programme (IODP) drilling and 280 parts per million (ppm). In Today’s decadal rate of about 2.2 ppm opportunities in the southwest Pacific comparison in 2016, anthropogenic per year is 20 times faster than the CONTACT: [email protected] Ocean, and the Southern Indian and greenhouse gas emissions raised

Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean atmospheric concentrations of CO2 to a and Antarctic margin. Rob McKay new record level of 403.3 ppm globally. was the lead scientific convenor of the workshop, while Tim Naish We have to look back 3-5 million chaired a breakout session to nurture years ago to find a time in Earth’s

new proposals focussed on climate- history with similarly high CO2 based themes. A total of 23 proposal Rob McKay, Tim Naish, and Peter Barrett visit the IODP concentrations. Then, global mean ideas were discussed, with ~12 of drilling vessel Joides Resolution whilst in port at Lyttleton surface temperatures were 2-3 degC these deemed mature enough for Harbour warmer than today, the Greenland active proposal development. Of the and West Antarctic ice sheets had remaining 11 proposals, key regions Reconstructions of CO from proxy data: were identified where fundamental 2 discussed in the Totten Glacier region Australasian region in the early 2020s, boron isotopes (blue circles), alkenones (black hypotheses are testable by drilling, of East Antarctica, and eight more when the IODP drilling vessel JOIDES triangles) and leaf stomata (green diamonds). but either site surveys are required or ideas were discussed for sites in Resolution is due to return to these Direct measurements from Antarctic ice cores and hypotheses need further development. the Southern Ocean. It is expected waters. modern instruments (pink). that this workshop will lead to a new Future estimates include representative Two mature proposal ideas were CONTACT: [email protected] concentration pathways (RCPs) phase of scientific ocean drilling in the 8.5 (red), 6 (orange), 4.5 (light blue) and 2.6 (blue)

14 15 ‘Reconstructing Climate computer simulations powered by the understanding of the climate system. from Glaciers’ – unique sun at Brian’s off-grid house on the We hope that this paper becomes a FORCINGS AND FEEDBACKS; West Coast of the South Island. More standard reference on glacier response Annual Reviews paper recently, Andrew finalised the work at to climate for years to come. from decade-long Trinity College and the Department WHAT DRIVES GLACIERS AND ICE collaboration with Raymond of Physics at the , CONTACT: [email protected] Pierrehumbert. where Ray is now Halley Professor of Physics. In 2017 we published an SHEETS? invited, 16,000 word, 30-page treatise Back in 2007, Professor George called ‘Reconstructing Climate from Denton from the University of Maine Glaciers’ in the prestigious journal Patterns and timing of and retreat in the central Ross Sea that thick (>700 m) and extensive introduced Andrew Mackintosh Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary glacial retreat in the Ross embayment must have postdated East Antarctic Ice Sheet outlet glaciers and Brian Anderson to Raymond Sciences (impact factor > 10). This retreat in the southwest Ross Sea. As flowed independently into the Ross Pierrehumbert, a renowned climate paper combined work from Andrew’s Sea. such, coastal records of deglaciation Sea during the final phases of ice expert and then Louis Block Professor career, including studies of glaciers in along the sheet grounding, and there was of Geophysical Sciences at the Iceland, Greenland and New Zealand, The southwest Ross Sea region has have commonly been used to infer limited influence from “buttressing” . In the decade with Brian’s expertise in numerical long been inferred to be the “keystone” widespread retreat of ice sheets in the ice sourced in the Central Ross Sea. since, Andrew, Brian and Ray have modelling, and Ray’s remarkable for interpretation of the post Last wider Ross Sea embayment. Consequently, final retreat of these together investigated the detailed Glacial Maximum retreat in the Ross East Antarctic outlet glaciers may have physics that drive glacier response to Sea - on the basis of its inferred A paper published in Geology (Lee et significantly lagged the main phase of climate change. This collaboration has Raymond Pierrehumbert visiting glacial flow pattern during the last al., 2017), involving ARC researchers ice sheet retreat in the central Ross taken Ray to the summit of Tasman Tasman Glacier in March, 2007 phase of grounded ice. This led to a Rob McKay and Nick Golledge, Sea. Glacier in New Zealand, and Andrew Photo: Andrew Mackintosh hypothesis that it was expansion of directly tested this hypothesis using to the top of Sears Tower in Chicago. grounded ice in the central Ross Sea geophysical multibeam bathymetry CONTACT: [email protected] It has included working together on that acted to buttress and thicken East data collected by the Korean Polar Antarctic Ice Sheet outlet glaciers, Research Institute. These data showed Abrupt climate change: couple of thousand years. Deciphering (Jones et al., 2017). In the Southern Lessons from the past. the nature and causes of these Alps, we used glacier modelling to show previous non-linear climate events may that air temperatures in New Zealand help reduce the risk from future abrupt may have been as much as Ross Ice Shelf have been considered resulted from the starvation of ice from The recent retreat of Kamb Between 18,000 and 11,000 years climate change. 3 degC cooler than present during relatively stable, based on inferences upstream leading to a downstream Ice Stream’s grounding ago, atmospheric CO increased by times of past abrupt cooling (Eaves et from remote sensing data. That is thinning and floatation. This result 2 approximately 100 parts per million, Recently published papers al., 2017). We are currently using these zone. until now. Horgan et al., (2017) have makes planned Ross Ice Shelf Project global climate warmed by 4-5 degC, reconstructed the response of results, along with many other climate- used geophysical and remote-sensing hot water drilling into the ocean cavity and large ice sheets began to melt – mountain glaciers in both hemispheres proxy datasets, to evaluate global Grounding zones occur at the transition observations to demonstrate that the at the KIS grounding zone even more ultimately raising global sea level by to these abrupt climate events. In climate model experiments designed from an ice sheet to an ice shelf and grounding zone of Kamb Ice Stream exciting now that we know that the sea ~120 metres. However this climate Scotland we examined the form and to elucidate the ultimate cause of past can be thought of as the ice sheet’s (KIS) has retreated at least 25 km floor was recently the base of a fast transition was not a smooth one, composition of sediments deposited at abrupt climate change events in a coastline. Along with delineating within the last 150 years. KIS is one flowing ice stream. as feedbacks induced by increasing the margins of a former valley glacier, warming world. whether ice is still in the ice sheet, of the major ice streams that enter temperatures and melting ice resulted which provide a remarkably detailed or contributing to global sea level, the Ross Ice Shelf. Perplexingly, KIS CONTACT: [email protected] in several abrupt warming and cooling record of multiple advance and retreat CONTACT: [email protected] changes in the location of grounding ceased to flow approximately 150 events that lasted a few hundred to a events during the last deglaciation zones have become a useful state-of- years ago, and Horgan et al. suggest health indicator for ice sheets. Special that the observed retreat has likely attention is paid to the grounding only 0.5% of these glaciers have any deviations between individual solutions zones of West Antarctica due to a How much glacier ice thickness measurements at all. and even between solutions of the long-standing instability hypothesis that is there is the world? same model category. The local spread predicts that grounding zone retreat Surprisingly, we don’t really ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models often exceeded the local ice thickness. on an inland-sloping bed is likely to know, but a new project is Intercomparison eXperiment, will be subject to a feedback, resulting developing tools to find out. reduce that uncertainty by providing a These results (Farinotti et al., 2017) in ongoing retreat. Grounding zones robust and spatially-explicit calculation highlight the importance of using have been observed to retreat rapidly Mountain glaciers and small ice caps of ice thickness for each glacier based ensemble results for ice thickness in parts of West Antarctica (e.g. Pine are melting fast and they collectively on physical principles of mass balance estimates, rather than relying on Island Glacier in the Amundsen Sea) hold a lot of ice - enough to raise and glacier flow. In the first phase, individual models, and also opens the but the grounding zones that fringe the sea-level by about 43 cm. Before the 17 existing models for ice thickness door to robust global estimates of ice recent completion of the Randolph calculation were applied to 21 test thickness, which is the goal of Phase Glacier Inventory we didn’t even know glaciers, including two from New Two of the project. These results will, how many glaciers there are as they Zealand. The test was blind as the in turn, feed into the glacier model often exist in remote and uninhabited participants were not given measured intercomparison project (GlacierMIP) Geophysical acquisition parts of the world. While each of the ice thickness from these glaciers, but which will produce robust global across the grounding zone 215,547 glaciers have now been had to rely on their models to provide estimates of sea-level rise from glacier of Kamb Ice Stream Photo: Sam Taylor-Offord mapped and summarised, there is still the answer. The result was that no melt. a lot of uncertainty in how much ice single model is accurate at estimating they actually contain, largely because ice thickness, and there are large CONTACT: [email protected] 16 17 EARTH AND OCEAN HOT WATER DRILLING ON CONNECTIONS THE ROSS ICE SHELF The Science Drilling Office the British Antarctic Survey. Jeff (mechanic/driller), Hedley Berge Fingerprinting granite erratics came from the Dry Valley the paleoclimate at that time. provided critical support to (electrician/driller), Jane Chewings erratics. Plutons, and tentatively from several At during the (Driller - seconded from SGEES). specific plutons. This suggested CONTACT: [email protected] the Ross Ice Shelf Project 2016/2017 Antarctic summer season, that the erratics were emplaced in during this year’s field we were able to test the system and We had a successful season of drilling The Antarctic Dry Valleys are the mid-Miocene about 15 million season. identify several issues that required at the HWD-2 site, completing two thought to have been ice-free for years ago, long before the massive improvement for the 2017/2018 holes through the ~370 m thick ice most of the last 14 million years. ice. Fingerprinting granite clasts in The Science Drilling Office (SDO) is season, planned for the HWD-2 site on shelf. The first hole was used to deploy Beacon Valley, first mapped by VUW other high elevation locations in the hosted in the Antarctic Research the Ross Ice Shelf. a long term oceanographic mooring, graduates McKelvey and Webb Dry Valleys may help identify the flow Granite erratics on the surface of an old Centre and led by Alex Pyne, SDO and also to freeze in a seismic in 1958, has a complex history of paths of the mid-Miocene glaciers moraine in Beacon Valley, Antarctica Director and ARC Projects Manager, In addition to the full-time work on experiment. The second hole was kept Photo: Warren Dickinson glaciation. Most intriguing is the and lead to a better understanding of along with Darcy Mandeno, Operations equipment and season planning by open for 11 days, enabling multiple massive ice that underlies some of and Field Engineer. Darcy and Alex, we also employed Jeff science experiments to be carried out the glacial sediments in part of the Rawson for around eight weeks to in the ocean cavity and on the ocean valley. The origin of this ice is highly The primary focus of the Science work in Christchurch on our generator floor beneath the ice shelf. controversial because a volcanic ash Drilling Office in 2017 has been the issues. dates it at about 8 million years old preparation and operation of our new CONTACT: [email protected] and most calculations show that it hot water drilling system. We have built Our drilling team for the Antarctic should have sublimated long before a modular Hot Water Drill based on season of 11 weeks consisted of Alex this. Small numbers of granite experience and designs developed by (team leader), Darcy (engineer/driller), boulders and clasts are associated Darcy Mandeno and Hedley Berge with this ice, yet there is no apparent Ross Ice Shelf Project, Antarctica source for these erratics. Photo: www.neilsilverwood.com Warren Dickinson along with a former student Gretchen Williams and other colleagues (Dickinson et al., 2017) analysed geochemical fingerprints (lead isotopes) of the granite erratics to determine their source. They showed that the granite

Science and politics – of living and non-living marine that context, ARC member Lionel Action on the High Seas. resources, has been discussed Carter has co-authored a book at recent meetings at the United (Burnett and Carter, 2018) that Nations and at other marine fora. presents a synopsis of legal and Legally, the term High Seas refers UN discussions come under the environmental aspects of submarine to the ocean beyond national banner of Biodiversity Beyond telecommunications cables on the jurisdiction. This is usually waters National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) with High Seas. The book is based on beyond the 200 nautical mile limit the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign publically available science papers of the Exclusive Economic Zone Affairs and Trade playing a prominent and industry reports and is presented (EEZ) off coastal and island states. role. Broadly speaking, a key aim is in a non-technical format to inform Perusal of a global chart shows that to strike a balance between wise, the widest possible audience. To most of the Southern Ocean is High sustainable use of the oceans and date, it has been circulated to UN Seas, bearing in mind that Antarctica marine protection and conservation. officials involved with the BBNJ has no formally recognised EEZ. negotiations as well as to relevant Likewise, vast tracts of the other One way to address this issue is ministers of the New Zealand oceans are also classified as High to provide quality, peer-reviewed Government. Seas. science to allow for informed decision making. The world is moving from CONTACT: [email protected] Concern over anthropogenic climate the realm of expert opinion to an change and other effects of human evidence-based approach regarding activities, in particular the recovery marine environmental matters. In

18 19 TEACHING & SUPERVISION

David Glacier, Antarctica 20 Photo: Andrew Mackintosh 21 TEACHING AND SUPERVISION

Our staff support a wide carried out in the paleoclimatology and graduate courses as well as range of teaching being theme through teaching and supervision of graduate students graduate supervision. There is enrolled with the School of Geography, carried out within the also a close interaction between Environment and Earth Sciences School of Geography ARC staff and projects with other (SGEES). In 2017 our staff supervised Environment and Earth research programmes in geophysics, 16 PhD and 11 MSc students and Sciences. geology, physical geography, and the contributed to the following courses: environmental studies programme.

The ARC supports a significant Our teaching contribution includes proportion of the research being lectures in both undergraduate

Undergraduate and graduate courses

ESCI 111 The Earth System: An Introduction ESCI 403* Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments ESCI 132 Antarctica: Unfreezing the Continent ESCI 404* Topics in Earth Sciences ESCI 201 Climate Change and New Zealand’s Future ESCI 412* Paleoclimatology ESCI 204 Petrology and Microscopy PHYG 414 Climate Change: Lessons from the Past GEOG 220 Hydrology and Climate ESCI 580 Research Preparation ESCI 241 Introductory Field Geology * An ARC staff member was the course co-ordinator ENSC 301 Topics in Environmental Science ESCI 301* Global Change: Earth Processes and History GEOG 321 Ice and Climate GEOG 325 Field Methods

PhD and MSc completions Bella Duncan (PhD) Antarctica as captured in the RICE ice Sam Taylor-Offord (MSc) “Cenozoic Antarctic climate evolution core” “Seismic and geodetic observations based on molecular and isotopic - Supervised by Nancy Bertler and of accelerated sliding at Haupapa/ biomarker reconstructions from Lionel Carter (ARC). Tasman Glacier, New Zealand” geological archives in the Ross Sea - Supervised by John Townend (SGEES) region” Libby Galbraith (MSc) and Huw Horgan (ARC/SGEES). - Supervised by Rob McKay and Tim “Reconstructing Neogene climate and Naish (ARC). glacial history of Southern McMurdo Merjin Thornton (MSc) Sound, Antarctica” “The response of Brewster Glacier to Olya Albot (MSc) - Supervised by Tim Naish (ARC) and five decades of climate” “Pleistocene cyclostratigraphy on the Richard Levy (GNS Science). - Supervised by Huw Horgan (ARC/ continental rise and abyssal plain of SGEES) and Brian Anderson (ARC). the western Ross Sea, Antarctica” Charles Maxson (MSc) - Supervised by Rob McKay and Gavin “Carbon isotopic equilibrium of the Cassandra Trinh-Le (MSc) Dunbar (ARC). surface waters as a proxy for climate “Dry sedimentation processes in the change through the last glacial/ high-elevation McMurdo Dry Valleys, Hannah Brightley (MSc) interglacial cycle in the Southwest Antarctica: A case study in University “A paleoclimate reconstruction of the Pacific” Valley” Little Ice Age to modern era climate - Supervised by Helen Bostock (NIWA) - Supervised by Warren Dickinson conditions in the Eastern Ross Sea, and Andrew Mackintosh (ARC/SGEES). (ARC) and Kevin Norton (SGEES).

PhD students Ross Whitmore and Jamey Stutz , Antarctica Photo: Andrew Mackintosh

22 23 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Overlooking Edisto Inlet, Antarctica 24 Photo: Jamey Stutz 25 ARC RESEARCHER WINS THE S.T. LEE LECTURE IN MCKAY HAMMER AWARD ANTARCTIC STUDIES The 2017 Alexander McKay history of the United Kingdom, Professor Matt King For over 50 years scientists have been Matt is Professor of Polar Geodesy Hammer – the premier and subsequent years employed presented the 2017 S.T. Lee working to understand Antarctica’s at University of Tasmania working on as a glacial geologist at the British contribution to sea level. For much of observing and modelling the Antarctic award of Geosciences New Geological Survey. He set to work Lecture. this time there has been disagreement ice sheet, sea-level change and the Zealand – has gone to the building a high-performance computing about whether this massive ice changing shape of Earth. Several of ARC’s Nick Golledge. capability based in Victoria University’s The 15th annual S.T. Lee Lecture in sheet is even growing or shrinking. his papers were used to establish the Faculty of Science and the School of Antarctic Studies, “Continental loss: Recently, advances in data analysis physical basis of climate change within The McKay Hammer is given to a Engineering and Computer Science. The quest to determine Antarctica’s and computer modelling resulted in the 5th assessment report of the IPCC. researcher for the most meritorious contribution to sea-level rise” was the first reconciled estimate of change His work has received international contribution to geology published in the Nick’s science helps fill an important presented by Professor Matt King on showing that Antarctica is increasingly recognition most prominently when the previous three calendar years. During gap in New Zealand’s geoscience. As a 16 October 2017. contributing to sea-level rise. During Royal Society (London) awarded him the nomination period of 2014-2016, nation, we have an excellent record in the lecture Matt explained some of the 2015 Kavli Medal and Lecture for Nick published 24 papers dealing the international paleo-environmental the major advances that led to this his work that contributed to the first primarily with modelling of the Antarctic community. However, we have lacked reconciled estimate and highlighted reconciled estimate of Antarctica and ice sheet, all in quality science journals in applying past environmental some of the fascinating things we can Greenland’s contribution to sea-level including Nature, Nature Climate reconstructions to improve future learn about Earth from the vantage- change. Change, and Nature Communications. projections of change via numerical point of Antarctica. The papers’ co-authorships reveal a models. This is where Nick steps During his week here, Matt travelled Nick Golledge high level of collaboration that involves in. He provides realistic simulations to the University of Otago to repeat local and international scientists. that employ the paleo–record to his S.T. Lee Lecture and meet with help determine future outcomes of colleagues, he gave specialist talks at Nick joined the Antarctic Research prolonged change under natural and Victoria University and GNS Science, Centre in 2009, initially on a 3-year anthropogenic forcings. Nick is also Rutherford Fellowship and was an AI had media interviews with Radio New Research Fellowship to expand the a world leader with only a handful of Zealand, and a reception was held for on a successful RSNZ Marsden Fund Matt King presenting his lecture, in Hunter Centre’s Antarctic ice sheet modelling other groups undertaking this type of in 2015, and is one of the science Council Chamber, Victoria University him and invited guests at the Australia capability. Nick took up this challenge paleo-calibrated ice sheet modelling leaders in the NZ SeaRise Programme Photo: ©Image Services, VUW High Commissioner’s residence. following his PhD at the University of world-wide. As well as being remarkably in 2017. Edinburgh focussing on the glacial productive Nick also received a

NEW ARC MEMBER SELECTED ARC NOW CARBON NEUTRAL AS IPCC LEAD AUTHOR The ARC now “Walks the international voluntary carbon market and certified rainforest protection Talk” by becoming carbon Andrew Wilkes (VUW Manager), carbon projects, which is not simply and global ecosystems. The report Tim Naish (former ARC Director) and Andrew Mackintosh neutral. reforestation. will span the full range of topics from Sean Weaver (Ekos) selected as Lead Author Photo: ©Image Services, VUW physical climate science, via changes The ARC carries out world-class on the Intergovernmental in terrestrial and marine ecology, research in the field of climate change. Panel on Climate Change to human impacts including legal, Maintaining our status as world (IPCC) Special Report. economic and social dimensions.” leaders requires us to travel widely, and air travel in particular creates ARC Director, Andrew Mackintosh The first Lead Author meeting was held significant carbon dioxide emissions. was selected from more than 500 in Nadi, Fiji, during early October 2017. One accessible way to re-claim this nominations worldwide to serve as Andrew is a Lead Author on carbon dioxide is through a rainforest a Lead Author of the Special Report Chapter 3 - “Polar Regions”, which protection, carbon-offsetting scheme. on the “Oceans and Cryosphere in will have core sections dealing with a Changing Climate”. The report is changes in the Antarctic ice sheet In May 2017, the ARC became the unique in the body’s history, says and its effects on sea level, ocean Top: Chris Derkson (Canada), Alexey Ekaykin first institute at Victoria University to Andrew. circulation and ecology. Please feel (Russia), Martin Sommerkorn (Norway), Andrew Mackintosh (NZ) go carbon neutral when it purchased free to email Andrew key papers Bottom: Monica Muelbert (Brazil), Sandra Cassotta rainforest offsets from Ekos, a “It reflects the increasing awareness of published in this field since the 5th (Denmark), Mike Meredith (UK), Ted Schuur (USA), boutique carbon dioxide management the changing cryosphere and oceans, IPCC Assessment Report in 2013 Anne Hollowed (USA) company run by Sean Weaver. All Ekos and their impact on human civilisation ([email protected]). carbon dioxide offsets come from the 26 27 VICTORIA HOSTS INTERNATIONAL ARC SUPPORTS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE CRYOSPHERE CONFERENCE ON ANTARCTICA In February around 250 The conference consisted of a mix of Michael White (Senior Editor, Nature) Latest advances and research gaps and priorities. Specific delegates from more than plenaries and talks from experts on and Bronwyn Wake (Chief Editor, future research priorities emphasis was placed on the research ice sheets, sea ice, glaciers and sea- Nature Climate Change) attended the priorities of the IPCC, Antarctic Treaty 25 countries attended the level change, which helped to inform conference, providing opportunities were the focus of the System (ATS), and the SCAR Horizon International Symposium researchers in New Zealand about the for Victoria-based researchers to learn SCAR Past Antarctic Ice Scan. Keynote speakers from outside on the Cryosphere in a cutting edge of science. It also allowed more about Nature journals, and to Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) the PAIS community helped stimulate Changing Climate. our own world-class researchers (and build personal relationships with these Conference. new multidisciplinary research particularly students) in the ARC to editors. directions on how Antarctic ice sheet present their work to an international and climate change will impact The symposium brought together three audience. Andrew Mackintosh was the lead The conference, held in Trieste, Italy biological systems, global climate of the leading international snow and organiser of this meeting, with strong from the 10-15 September 2017, was systems, and sea-level change. Richard ice associations; the International A forum on sea-level rise, chaired support from a New Zealand team organized by Laura De Santis and Levy (GNS Science) gave an invited talk Association of Cryospheric Sciences by Tim Naish (ARC) and Dan Zwartz including James Renwick (SGEES), ARC’s Tim Naish, co-chief officers of on how paleoclimate research informs (IACS), the International Glaciological (MfE) was held in association with Shaun Eaves (ARC), Heather Purdie SCAR-PAIS Programme, with major future ice sheet projections. Society (IGS) and the World Climate the conference. This provided (University of Canterbury) and Natalie support from Istituto Nazionale di Research Programme Climate and an opportunity for government Robinson (NIWA). Ian Allison (University Oceanografia e di Geofisica, Antarctic The final day was dedicated to a Cryosphere Project (WCRP CliC). It representatives and other end users of Tasmania) chaired the international Research Centre, Victoria University, science-policy session. SCAR president, was hosted by Victoria University, and (e.g. MBIE, MfE, regional councils and steering committee that developed the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Steven Chown, discussed his vision sponsored by Antarctica New Zealand, other regional authorities) to interact scientific programme. Olya Albot (ARC Research (SCAR), Programma for how SCAR research can have more NIWA, GNS Science, and the University with local and visiting sea-level experts. MSc graduate) provided outstanding Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide impact within both the ATS and UN of Otago. administrational assistance. (PNRA), University of Trieste and US frameworks. Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Although the programme was National Science Foundation. The co-Chair of IPCC Working group 1, demanding, our Italian hosts provided conference was attended by outlined the chapter structure and how a stunning waterfront venue close to 210 scientists and students from the SCAR community could contribute wonderful restaurants, superb logistics 18 countries, 20 from New Zealand. to the next assessment report. Chuck and social events, which resulted in More than half the participants Kennicutt, leader of the SCAR Horizon a highly productive and memorable THE FIRST were early career researchers and Scan and Council of Managers of meeting. More detail on the conference graduate students. The editors of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) programme, highlights, side events Nature Communications, Nature Antarctic Roadmap Challenges project, and workshops can be viewed on the #GREAT ANTARCTIC CLIMATE HACK Geoscience, and Reviews in Geophysics talked about how international logistics website: http://www.scar-pais.org/ also attended the meeting - we and operations could be aligned to index.php/conference This first ever hack evaluations on sea level rise, ocean are in discussion over a number of address the big science questions. focussed on assessing and acidification, carbon cycle feedbacks, publications, which will provide state of The outcome of the conference will ocean and atmospheric warming, and the art reviews. be a white paper that identifies new improving earth system ecosystem response. The workshop strategic directions, as the basis for a models in the Antarctic/ brought together a diverse group of The conference show-cased the latest future interdisciplinary SCAR research The PAIS Conference delegates Southern Ocean region. experts and emerging researchers advances in Antarctic ice sheet and programme. Photos: Sterle from 17 countries with backgrounds sea-level science and identified future In her role as steering committee in atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric, member of the SCAR Research and biological research working on the representation of such gyres Programme AntClim21, Nancy the collection of observations and and ocean currents in models. A Bertler organised as part of a team data, past reconstructions, modelling second focus of the meeting was to led by Joellen Russell (University of experiments and future projections. train researchers with no modelling Arizona) and Thomas Bracegirdle The team first identified important expertise how to access modelling (British Antarctic Survey) the first ever shortcomings in current model results and to use those quantitatively. #GreatAntarcticClimateHack, hosted performance and where new data The development of user friendly by Jeff Severinghaus at the Scripps are available that could support portals has provided an opportunity Institution of Oceanography in La data constraint experiments. Such to empower the non-modelling Jolla from 10-12 October 2017. The an approach permits models to be community to interrogate models to aim of the hack was to develop new assessed and most importantly assist with their own research and to metrics to assess and improve the improved. The multidisciplinary develop additional metrics. The team performance of a new generation of character of the team allowed for is currently working on a manuscript earth system models as these models novel approaches such as using that details the new metrics for uptake will provide projections for the next the GPS data from Adélie penguins by the Earth System Model Validation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate that rely on ocean gyres for their Portal (ESMVal), the gateway for IPCC Change (IPCC) Report, including seasonal migration may help evaluate model projections.

28 29 MUSE PRIZE COMMITTEE S.T. LEE YOUNG SCIENTIST MEETS IN WELLINGTON EXCHANGE Peter Barrett chaired de Souza (Oceanographer, Brazil), two award winners themselves, Tim The exchange programme depth. Unfortunately part way through his last meeting of this Catherine Ritz (Glaciologist, France) Naish (2014 Muse Prize winner) and offers a researcher the their experiments the device stopped and Sanjay Chaturvedi (Politics, India), Bella Duncan (2013 SCAR student working and attempts to revive it prestigious committee with Eoghan Griffin, SCAR Executive Fellowship award) talking about being a opportunity to travel were unsuccessful. Sure that the SIP in his home town. Officer as Committee Secretary. recipient. between the University method will work the instrument is Meetings in recent years have taken of Alaska Fairbanks and being repaired and will be shipped The “Tinker-Muse Prize for Science and place in Punta Arenas, Shanghai, That evening the Committee joined Victoria University. back to do the final measurements. Policy in Antarctica” is a US$100,000 Stellenbosch, Warsaw, and Wellington. with members of the Wellington unrestricted mid-career award to an Diplomatic Corps at the New Zealand If these expected SIP curve distortion individual in the fields of Antarctic The Committee arrived in Wellington on Antarctic Society’s Mid-Winter event The 2016 recipient, Eva Sutter, arrived occurs, they will be able to contribute science and/or policy who has 19 June, and met the following day. By to acknowledge past and present in Fairbanks in March 2017 ready to to the pressing topic of oil spill demonstrated potential for sustained early afternoon a consensus had been Antarctic expeditions and talk with the work on a project investigating how oil detection in sea ice before surfacing and significant contributions that will reached, and the winner contacted winter-over team at Scott Base. leaks and spills under sea ice migrate – something that currently none of the enhance the understanding and/ – Professor Matt England (University through the ice. They were interested known methods is capable of doing. or preservation of Antarctica. It has of New South Wales). The following In Peter’s words, “It was a fitting and in seeing if this migration could be been awarded annually since 2009, day an event was held to highlight the enjoyable conclusion to an intense detected using the geophysical spectral Eva commented that, “The research Eva Sutter and Emeritus Professor Peter Barrett work of the Muse Prize Committee and few days, as well as the four previous induced polarization (SIP) method, exchange to Alaska was a gain both has been a member of the selection SCAR and to thank Peter for his work meetings. Overall, a rewarding whereby an alternating current gets professionally and personally, and I committee for 5 of its 10 meetings to on the Committee. In addition to Tinker experience through the very talented induced at different frequencies am grateful to have been given this date, the last three as its chair. Foundation Director Renate Rennie and people I met and worked with both as between two current electrodes opportunity to make new connections. SCAR’s Eoghan Griffin talking about applicants and Committee members”. embedded in the sea ice and the I look forward to seeing how the The Committee members are selected the awards, we were fortunate to have potential difference is then measured experiment in the ice tanks will evolve.” to cover a diversity of research fields between two electrodes at a larger and regions, and since 2016 were Kathleen Conlan (Marine Biologist, Canada), Vazira Martazinova (Meteorologist, Ukraine), Ronald Buss

The Tinker-Muse Prize Selection Committee: “THIN ICE” - THE JOURNEY CONTINUES (L-R) Peter Barrett, Eoghan Griffin, Catherine Ritz, Renate Rennie, Sanjay Chaturvedi, Kathleen Conlan, Ronald Buss de Souza and Peter Barrett reports on issues such as climate change. We two reports released in March 2017 Vazira Martazinova. continuing outreach, new worked with them on an introduction on climate solutions for New Zealand, Photo: Peter Barrett to Thin Ice for the classroom, and in one from the OECD and the other from material and new subtitles May released ten focussed stories on GLOBE-NZ. This led to the use of Thin for this unique film on various climate issues using material Ice as a starting point for a discussion climate science. from and links to Thin Ice. on solutions in a series of screenings Taryn Noble in the Wellington area and the South At the same time we released three Island organised through Enviroschools ARC VISITOR Thin Ice has been promoted as an aid new 10 minute video clips produced (Otago), and Nelson Science Society to teaching in New Zealand secondary by the films Director, Simon Lamb, (Nelson). Taryn Noble, a paleoceanographer Endeavour Postdoctoral Research schools. This year we extended the updating aspects of Thin Ice science based at the Institute of Marine Fellowship, which provides support for film’s reach through stories developed and based on recent S.T. Lee Thin Ice has also now been screened and Antarctic Studies, University of Australians to undertake research and for the Science Learning Hub, and lectures. These show Jane Francis in India with Indian subtitles for the Tasmania, is working to understand professional development overseas. through screenings and discussions on the greening of Antarctica (2013), first time. The subtitling was done the role of Southern Ocean circulation The aim was to build links with New in Wellington, Otago and Nelson with Rob DeConto on modelling ice by our PhD student Abhijith Ulayottil on Antarctic ice sheet dynamics during Zealand experts in ocean and ice sheet support from Enviroschools. sheets (2014), and Eric Rignot on Venugoapl, originally from Kerala State past climate transitions. Taryn’s current history; and as an isotope geochemist, disappearing ice sheets (2017). for screening in his home town to over research programme is focused on learn more about sedimentology on the The Science Learning Hub is a national 100 people on 4 May. The language reconstructing changes in ocean Antarctic margin. project funded by the Government’s We had been finding that in the Abhi chose was Malaylam, one of the circulation, and in particular tracking Strategic Plan for Science in Society, last few years of screenings and 22 languages of India, and spoken by changes in Antarctic Bottom Water, Taryn noted that she got much more I thoroughly enjoyed discussions and hosts a website that publishes discussions interest and concern was over 30 million people. during the last deglaciation. out of her visit than promised to the with the excellent ARC postgraduate articles aimed at helping both primary turning from whether climate change funding agency. students and ARC’s sea level and ice and secondary school students learn was real to what do we do, so it was Taryn visited Rob McKay (ARC) and sheet modelling experts.” about science and science-related with a sense of relief that we read Helen Bostock (NIWA) between August “I came away with more ideas and November 2017, as part of an and projects than I have time for! 30 31 NEW MARSDEN ARC ENDOWED DEVELOPMENT FUND A new Marsden award looks The ARC Endowed Bella Duncan and Cassandra Trinh-Le — Jamey Stutz — to travel to Durham into studying past abrupt glaciers and climate in the Southern Development Fund has for writing papers on their respective University, UK, to work with modelling Alps and in Patagonia, and working PhD and MSc research. experts. climate change in New with paleoclimate modellers to awarded 87 grants to Zealand and Patagonia to understand this societally-relevant postgraduate students Katelyn Johnson — to attend the Abhijith Ulayottil Venugoapl — to better inform our future. period of Earth’s recent history. since its inception in 2004. Karthaus Ice and Climate Summer attend the Antarctic Climate Summer Our team includes international School in Italy in September. School in Goa, India in May. Andrew Mackintosh along with ARC paleoclimate modellers and data This substantial fund enables the ARC colleagues Brian Anderson, Shaun experts based in Chile (Maisa Rojas, to give small grants of up to $4000 to Dan Lowry and Laurine van Haastrecht Lauren Vargo — to present at the Eaves, Lionel Carter and SGEES Kevin Esteban Sagredo), Denmark (Joel postgraduate students with research — to attend the Delft Summer School American Geophysical Union (AGU) Norton have been awarded nearly a Pedro), Australia (Laurie Menviel) and links to Antarctica and enables some on sea level change in The Netherlands Fall Meeting in New Orleans, USA in million dollars by the Marsden Fund the USA (Feng He). amazing opportunities to be taken in September. December. to better understand the drivers of up, that would not have otherwise the Antarctic Cold Reversal, an abrupt Boulders deposited by been possible. Examples include; Morgan Smith — for laboratory climate change that affected the Dart Glacier, record the timing and participation in international summer analyses. southern mid to high latitudes around magnitude of past climate change events schools in glaciology, modelling and 14,000 years ago. Andrew and his Photo: Shaun Eaves paleoclimatology, the opportunity to team will be dating and reconstructing work with collaborators in world-class analytical facilities, and the ability to travel to international conferences and workshops to present their scientific discoveries on a world-stage. PHD STUDENT WINS ANTARCTICA The 2017 recipients were: Hannah Chorley, Lukas Eling, Georgia Grant, Dan Lowry, Jamey Stutz, Abhijith Georgia Grant NEW ZEALAND SCHOLARSHIP Ulayottil Venugoapl, and Laurine preparing for her talk van Haastrecht — to attend the Past at the PAIS Conference, Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Photo: Serle Antarctic ice sheets. The broader including observing some recent re- Dan Lowry won the 2017 Conference in Trieste, Italy. Antarctica New Zealand field objectives for the oceanographic freezing on the ice shelf bottom. This component were to better understand new data will help us better understand Sir Robin Irvine the ocean circulation underneath the modern oceanographic processes Postgraduate Scholarship. ice shelf and identify any freezing or in the Ross Ice Shelf cavity, which is melting occurring at the ice-ocean useful for both interpreting the geologic This scholarship is one of only two interface. More specifically, we were record of the past and predicting future awarded each year by Antarctica New interested in observing the structure ice shelf changes. Zealand, each of which is open to of the ocean cavity below the ice shelf AWARDS AND APPOINTMENTS students throughout New Zealand in in terms of temperature and salinity, any discipline, who are undertaking the impact of the tidal cycle on the In 2017 ARC staff and Andrew Mackintosh — NZARI Fund. Andrew Mackintosh — Promoted Antarctic research. The award includes circulation and if the roughness of the students were awarded the to Professor in the 2017 Academic a financial contribution as well as ice shelf bottom created turbulence. following: Tim Naish — MBIE Endeavor Fund. Promotion Round. logistics support for two field seasons. The team successfully deployed a Jamey Stutz — Antarctic Science Rob McKay — Promoted to Associate Dan, who is supervised by ARC’s mooring down the drilled boreholes Awards International Bursary. Professor in the 2017 Academic Nick Golledge and Nancy Bertler, that is currently transmitting Promotion Round. was invited to present his work at the temperature, salinity, and current Gavin Dunbar — University Research Lauren Vargo — “Best student talk” in annual Antarctic conference in Otago in speed data to NIWA via iridium Fund. the Beanland-Thornley Student Talks. June, where he was formally presented communications. They also obtained Appointments with the award. camera footage through the ice shelf, Lauren Vargo — Royal Society Bates Dan Lowry — Antarctica New Zealand Nancy Bertler — Appointed to the Scholarship. all the way down to the sea floor. They Sir Robin Irvine postgraduate Rutherford Discovery Fellowship In November, Dan headed to the Ice made a number of exciting discoveries, Scholarship. Interview Panel. to work in the field with two NIWA oceanographers Craig Stevens and Andrew Mackintosh — Deep South Promotions Andrew Mackintosh — Selected as IPCC Mike Brewer, as part of the larger National Science Challenge. Huw Horgan — Promoted within the Lead Author on the Special Report Ross Ice Shelf Project. The field site on Oceans and the Cryosphere in a was on the central Ross Ice Shelf near Dan Lowry Senior Lecturer scale in the 2017 Andrew Mackintosh — Royal Society of Academic Promotion Round. Changing Climate the glaciological boundary between New Zealand Marsden Fund. ice flowing from the West and East

32 33 FINANCIAL SUMMARY

Helm Point on Honeycomb Ridge, , Antarctica 34 Photo: Cliff Atkins 35 since the dip in 2013 from the loss of a major research programme. Revenue FINANCIAL SUMMARY recovered in 2014 and remained stable over the next three years with The ARC has continued to expenditure areas as well as five year In 2017, the ARC received a total the start of four new Marsden grants build up revenue with a summaries are summarized in the of $3.28 million in revenue and a and a Rutherford fellowship and has charts (all figures are exclusive of GST). corresponding expenditure of since peaked with an additional $640 record total of $3.28 million These charts combine the Centre $2.86 million. The cost centre thousand in 2017 as new funding has - $640 thousand up on the budget that operates over the Victoria budget had a $8.5 thousand deficit, been secured. previous year. University financial year (January- however, the ARC’s research funding December) and Research Trust contribution to the University via The ARC finances include both a Centre budgets which operate over the life overheads from grants was budget and grant funds held by the of the projects (as such, the year- $384 thousand, thus overall the ARC Research Trust of Victoria University of end balances for revenue versus contributed $375 thousand of revenue Wellington. Our revenue sources and expenditure are often out-of-phase). to the University.

New funding success The ARC successfully secured the following new funding in 2017:

MBIE Endeavor Fund NZARI Fund Antarctic Science International Bursary “Improved sea-level rise projections for “Potential for non-linear, threshold- “Support for travel to Durham New Zealand to better anticipate and driven response of Antarctic outlet University” manage impacts” glaciers: Insights from David Glacier, – $4 thousand over one year – $7.1 million over five years Antarctica“ – PI: Jamey Stutz Our expenditure – PI: Tim Naish – $80 thousand over 2.5 years Just over half of the ARC’s expenditure These are transferred directly from additional revenue from NZARI to cover – PI: Andrew Mackintosh ($1.53m), is related to staff costs grants to cover services provided by the this increase. Deep South, National Science Challenge associated with salaries and Research Office and central University. “Impact of climate change on frozen University Research Fund promotions, annual leave, ACC and Our 12% towards ‘operating costs’ are Variations in the overall expenditure water resources” “Ultra-high resolution paleo-climate superannuation. The next highest related directly to our Centre budget over the last five years has been – $389 thousand over two years reconstructions from Southern New expense is our research costs at 16% and included $182k for office/storage primarily due to staff changes in – PI: Andrew Mackintosh Zealand” ($446k). These are the costs directly space charged by the University and FTE, and pay-rises/promotions and – $28,500 thousand over one year associated with research projects such $156k associated with running the depreciation costs as assets have been Marsden Fund – PI: Gavin Dunbar as fieldwork expenses, sub-contracts, Centre, including leasing computers, written-off and new items purchased. “Did a previous collapse of the student scholarships, analyses, and phones, printing, and stationary. Antarctic ice sheet cause abrupt Research Office conference attendance. The ARC’s Depreciation of CAPEX equipment climate change in the Southern “Salary Support for Shaun Eaves” Research Trust grants contributed increased in 2017 to $163k due to Hemisphere?” – $32 thousand over three years $245k of Research Office overheads the capitalisation of our new Hot – $960 thousand over three years – PI: Shaun Eaves and $139k of University overheads. Water Drill, however this was offset by – PI: Andrew Mackintosh

Our revenue In 2017, the ARC received 75% of its only 12% ($409k) of our revenue. and the quality rating of staff. The 8% funding from external sources. A third The 10% from ‘other external’ funding teaching portion ($245k) came from ($1.09m) comes from the Ministry of includes $136k of NZARI funding, SGEES for teaching and supervision Business, Innovation and Employment $43k from the International Cables by ARC staff, based on hours, as well (MBIE) through programmes such as Protection Committee, and $157k as a proportion of PBRF graduate our new Endeavour fund, the Deep from other national and international completion income. Internal funding South National Science Challenge and organisations. ($24k) is University funded grants for via sub-contracts with our research staff and students and Private revenue partners at GNS Science and NIWA. The remaining 25% of revenue is made is the interest from donations held by Our next highest source ($644k) was up of PBRF, Teaching, Internal and the Victoria University Foundation that from our four prestigious Rutherford Private grants. PBRF (Performance- have been transferred to the Research Fellowships and a James Cook Based Research Fund) contributed 15% Trust for our Endowed Development Fellowship. The funding for four of our ($490k) and is calculated by Victoria Fund grants. six Marsden grants came to an end University based on external research in early 2017 therefore contributing funding that meets ‘PBRF’ criteria Our revenue has increased significantly 36 37 OUTREACH

Tasman Lake, New Zealand 38 Photo: Shaun Eaves 39 OUTREACH Paris Climate Agreement mean for Eastbourne Kea Scouts: 7 August, “Visit to Ponsonby Anglican Church: 20 August, Antarctic?: Implications for New Ice Core Facility”, Jocelyn Turnbull (GNS “Climate Change – The Moral Imperative The ARC is committed to Richard Levy (GNS Science), Jocelyn Nature Careers: 20 June, “Working in NZ”, Zealand’s future research priorities”, Tim Science) and Nancy Bertler. of our time”, Tim Naish. presenting our research Turnbull (GNS Science). http://www. Nick Golledge. Naish. nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ Gros Cap and Catawba Springs Elementary Probus Club of Kapiti Coast: 21 November, and knowledge to the id=1&objectid=11940654 : 14 March, “‘Thousands’ of Argentina Ambassador visit:1 June, Andrew schools: 15 November, “Introduction “Climate change, polar ice sheets and wider community. Here Dunedin homes to be lost to rising sea”, Mackintosh met with Mr Fausto Lopez to Antarctica: Virtual classroom visit”, rising sea-levels“, Tim Naish. NZ Herald: 14 December, “NZ’s glaciers Tim Naish comments on Prof Flynn’s Crozet. Jamey Stutz. are a selection of our 4 July, two contributions. have shrunk by a third in area”, Brian predictions. Queen Margaret College: Anderson. http://www.nzherald. Australian High Commissioners Function: Hutt City Library Public Presentation: presentations “#BelieveYouCan” and co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ Stuff: 21 March, “Sea-level rise could 17 October, reception invite to Andrew 23 March, “Future sea-level rise and ”Science for a more resilient and Media interviews id=1&objectid=11959777 swamp some New Zealand cities”, Mackintosh and Tim Naish. implications for New Zealand”, Nancy prosperous New Zealand – The impact Tim Naish on National Geographics Bertler. of Sea Level Rise on New Zealand”, Green Party Meeting - James Shaw: 15 95 bfm Radio: 14 July, “Ice Ice Broken - NZ Herald: 21 December, “Kiwi-led interactive map. Nancy Bertler. February, brief on sea-level rise and ice Hutt STEMM Festival: 7 May, Jamey Stutz Implications of the one trillion tonne scientists prepare to drill vast ice sheet The Independent: 13 July, “West Antarctic sheets, Eric Rignot and Tim Naish. and Katelyn Johnson on Antarctic field SGEES Hands-on-Geo Day: August, “Earth iceberg that calved off the Antarctic in Antarctica”, Rob McKay. ice sheet could raise global sea level by work: vs Mars” for Wellington high-school Peninsula”, Andrew Mackintosh and Otago Daily Times/Greymouth Star: 14 three meters, warns scientist”, article Green Party - James Shaw & Eugenie Sage students, Shaun Eaves. Nancy Bertler. http://www.95bfm.com/ December, “Glacier’s retreat ceases, by Ian Johnston with contributions by visit: 18 January, “Antarctic Research Innovative Young Minds: 12 July “A STEM bcast/ice-ice-broken begins advance”, Brian Anderson. Nancy Bertler. http://www.independent. Centre science”, Nick Golledge, Nancy career in paleoclimatology”, Katelyn Sir Homes Miller Memorial Lecture 2017 Bertler, Lionel Carter, Rob McKay, Peter Johnson. - New Zealand Antarctic Society:23 Air New Zealand ‘Where to Next’: https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/west- co.uk/environment/antarctic-larsen- coast/glaciers-retreat-ceases-begins- ice-shelf-collapse-sea-levels-increase- Barrett, James Renwick (SGEES) and November, “Antarctic science priorities promotional Antarctic science video in Kelburn School “Coding Club”: ongoing, advance three-metres-catastrophic-collapse- Richard Levy (GNS Science). in a post-Paris world”, Tim Naish. conjunction with Antarctica New Zealand Lauren Vargo support with teaching featuring Gavin Dunbar & drilling team climate-a7839371.html Prime TV “Back Benches”: “Paris Hutt City Council - Environmental Advisory coding to primary school children. Sonne Research Vessel Tour: 25 January, for the Ross Ice Shelf drilling project. agreement/US pull out”, Tim Naish TVNZ ‘Breakfast’: 12 July, “Climate data Group: 21 September, “Sea-level rise Gavin Dunbar on Antarctic Research projections – Impacts for the Greater Lower Hutt War Memorial Library: 19 Centre booth. Antarctic Magazine Vol35(4):“What does treasure chest”, Nancy Bertler. Radio NZ: 23 February, “The unusual Wellington Region”, Nancy Bertler. January, “60 years of New Zealand the United Nations Paris Climate case of the ‘growing’ glaciers”, TNVZ ‘One News’: 29 June, article based on scientific endeavour in Antarctica - What Space Place “Far from Frozen” Exhibition: 8 Agreement mean for Antarctic?: Andrew Mackintosh. https://www. the big issues at the Antarctic Science Labour Party - Megan Woods: 16 February, we learned and why it is important” July-6 August, Tim Naish, Nick Golledge, Implications for New Zealand’s future radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ Conference in Dunedin, Tim Naish, brief on sea-level rise and ice sheets, Nancy Bertler. Huw Horgan, Peter Barrett, Jamey Stutz research priorities”, Tim Naish. ourchangingworld/audio/201834024/ Richard Levy (GNS Science) and Gary Eric Rignot and Tim Naish. and Ross Whitmore. Lower Hutt War Memorial Library: 13, 16, the-unusual-case-of-the-’growing’- Wilson (University of Otago). BBC Documentary ‘New Zealand: Earth’s Tinker-Muse Prize Committee: 8 June, “Life 19 May, “Thin Ice and discussion”, Peter Teatro Miela High School, Trieste: 14 Mythical Islands’: 19 January and 29 Oct glaciers TVNZ ‘One News’: 14 July, “Massive after being awarded the 2014 Tinker- Barrett. September, “Antarctic - 29, Brian Anderson. Radio NZ: 1 March, “The mystery of iceberg which broke off from Antarctica Muse Prize for Antarctic science and continuing surprises”, Peter Barrett. Ministry for Education ‘Mahi-Tahi - Captured growing glaciers”, Andrew Mackintosh. could ‘cause problems for wildlife’ - policy”, Tim Naish. Cosmos Magazine: 18 April, “How high will in Ice by Veronika Meduna’: November, University of the Third Age (U3A): 22 https://www.radionz.co.nz/ researcher”, Andrew Mackintosh. global sea levels rise?”, Nick Golledge. features Nancy Bertler’s ice core work September, “Antarctica, the Southern https://cosmosmagazine.com/climate/ national/programmes/ninetonoon/ TVNZ ‘One News’: 14 November, Part with a focus on RICE. Ocean and a cold day in Wellington”, how-high-will-global-sea-levels-rise audio/201834991/the-mystery-of- of a COP22 series of climate change Schools, public & Lionel Carter. growing-glaciers MS Swaminathan Research Foundation features, Tim Naish comments on sea community groups Newsroom: 12 December, “Drowning (MSSRF) Thin Ice screening and Q&A: 6 Wanaka Festival of Colour: 9 April, Radio NZ: 14 March, “South Dunedin level rise. dreams: Billions at stake as Govt mulls May, “Antarctica and warming world’, “Antarctica: Beautiful but melting” Tim could sink below sea level in 17 years”, Alexandra Community Centre: 30 June, sea level rules”, Tim Naish. Abhijith Ulayottil Venugoapl, Peter Barrett Naish. Tim Naish comments on Prof Flynn’s TVNZ Re:News: 17 October, “Glaciers “Thin Ice and panel discussion”, Peter are f*cked”, Brian Anderson. https:// Barrett. and Nancy Bertler. NZ Herald: 12 July, “Kiwi scientists help predictions. https://www.radionz.co.nz/ Wellington Tramping and Mountaineering build ‘goldmine’ climate database”, news/national/326568/south-dunedin- www.facebook.com/renewsnz/ Catalyst, Queenstown: 2 July, ”Trump Nelson Science Society: 29 August,“Thin Club: 31 January, “Surface elevation Nancy Bertler. http://www.nzherald. could-sink-below-sea-level-in-17-years videos/225298608003644/ on Thin Ice - Fresh hope for climate Ice: the Inside Story of Climate Science”, changes in Antarctic outlet glaciers co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ Twizel Update: 20 July, “Lake Ohau drilling change”, Peter Barrett. Peter Barrett. through time”, Ross Whitmore. id=1&objectid=11889027 Radio NZ: 12 July, “Huge new climate database charts 2000 years of update”, Gavin Dunbar. Climate Challenge, VUW: 4 June, ”The Nelson Science Society: 14 November, Winona State University ‘Earth Talks’: 25 NZ Herald: 14 July, “Q&A: Antarctica’s new temperature”, Nancy Bertler. Power of Film: THIN ICE– the Inside Story “Climate change: Reason for hope”, April, “Field work in Antarctica: Warmer trillion-tonne iceberg”, Nancy Bertler. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/ of Climate Science”, Peter Barrett. Peter Barrett. than you would think”, Ross Whitmore. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/ national/335001/huge-new-climate- Talks to stakeholders and article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11890071 database-charts-2000-years-of- policymakers Climate Karanga Marlborough: 22 April, New Plymouth Boys High: 12 June, Lionel Winona State University ‘Earth Talks’: 11 temperatures “Climate change and our future: Why we Carter. September, “Reconstructing Holocene NZ Herald “The Big Read”: 23 October, Our Antarctic Consultative Treaty Meeting: need zero carbon emissions by 2050”, fluctuations of Mawson, Tucker, and slow moving disaster as sea level rises”. Radio NZ: 13 July, “Trillion-tonne iceberg Otaki Probus: 13 August, “Ten things you 24 May, Presented the SCAR Science Peter Barrett. Ironside glaciers, Antarctica”, Ross Tim Naish on new MBIE NZ SeaRise breaks off Antarctica”, Andrew Lecture – “What does the Paris Climate didn’t know about climate change”, Tim Whitmore. programme. Mackintosh. https://www.radionz.co.nz/ Agreement mean for Antarctica”, Tim Day of Science - Te Papa: 12 May, “Antarctic Naish. national/programmes/ninetonoon/ Naish. research”, Nancy Bertler and Hannah Zealandia: 26 April, “Thin Ice and NZ Herald: 5 November, “Alarming Pirongia Lions Club: 16 May, “An ordinary audio/201850933/trillion-tonne- Brightley. discussion”, Peter Barrett. job in an extraordinary place”, Darcy climate report bodes badly for Paris iceberg-breaks-off-antarctica Antarctic Society mid-winter celebration: goals - NZ scientists”, Nancy Bertler, 4 July, “What does the United Nations Mandeno.

40 41 PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES & COLLABORATORS

Ross Ice Shelf Project traverse, Antarctica 42 Photo: www.neilsilverwood.com 43 Lee, J.I., McKay, R.M., Golledge, N.R., Yoon, Lipson, M., Jones, R.T., Harsch, M., Clark, G., Eaves, S.R., (2017). Reconstructing climate using H.I., Yoo, K.-C., Kim, H.J., Hong, J.K., (2017). Marzinelli, E., Rogers, T., Rainsley, E., Ciasto, glaciers. Quaternary Techiques Workshop, GNS PUBLICATIONS, INVITED Widespread persistence of expanded East L., Waterman, S., Thomas, E.R., Visbeck, M., Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 18-19 May, Antarctic glaciers in the southwest Ross Sea (2017). Tropical forcing of increased Southern 2017. during the last deglaciation. Geology 45(5): Ocean climate variability revealed by a 140- Mackintosh, A., (2017). Estimating the 403-406. doi:10.1130/G38715.1 year subantarctic temperature reconstruction. contribution of glaciers to sea-level rise. PRESENTATIONS AND WORKSHOPS Climate of the Past Discussions 13: 231-248. Mackintosh, A.N., Anderson, B.M., and Future Sea Level and Coastal Impacts doi:10.5194/cp-13-231-2017 Pierrehumbert, R.T., (2017). Reconstructing Workshop, University of Tasmania, Hobart, climate from glaciers. Annual Review of Turney, C.S.M., Jones, R.T., Phipps, S.J., Thomas Z., Australia, 15-17 November, 2017. Earth and Planetary Sciences 45: 649-680. Hogg, A., Kershaw, A.P., Fogwill, C.J., Palmer, Naish, T., (2017). The role of ocean forcing doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020643 J., Ramsey, C.B., Adolphi, F., Muscheler, R., on Antarctic ice sheet stability. Physical Hughen, K.A., Staff, R.A., Grosvenor, M., Mackintosh, A.N., Anderson, B.M., Lorrey, A.M., Oceanography Workshop, Wellington, New Golledge, N.R., Rasmussen, S.O., Hutchinson, Renwick, J.A., Frei, P., Dean, S.M., (2017). Zealand, 17-18 August, 2017. D.K., Haberle, S., Lorrey, A., Boswijk G., Cooper, Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand A., (2017). Rapid global ocean-atmosphere Naish, T.R., Rintoul, S., Siegert, M., Chown, S., glacier advances in a period of global response to southern ocean freshening during Xavier, J., Fricker, H., DeConto, R., Masson- warming. Nature Communications 8: 14202. the last glacial. Nature Communications 8: Delmotte, V., England, M., Wilson, G., Gilbert, doi:10.1038/ncomms14202 520. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00577-6 N., (2017). Antarctica and the Southern Moss, P.T., Dunbar, G.B., Thomas, Z., Turney, Ocean in 2067: What future will we choose? Vargo, L.J., Anderson, B.A., Horgan, H.J., C., Kershaw, A.P., Jacobsen, G.E., (2017). A Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Mackintosh, A.N., Lorrey, A.M., Thornton, 60,000-year record of environmental change Conference, Trieste, Italy, 11-15 September, M., (2017). Using structure from motion for the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Australia 2017. photogrammetry to measure past glacier based on the ODP 820 marine core. Journal changes from historic aerial photographs. of Quaternary Science 32(6): 704-716. doi: Journal of Glaciology 63(242): 1105-1118. 10.1002/jqs.2977 Peer-reviewed Portmann, A., Rabatel, A., Ramsankaran, Pliocene interglacial at 4.23 Ma. Climate of the doi: 10.1017/jog.2017.79 R., Reerink, T.J., Sanchez, O., Stentoft, P.A., Past 13(7): 959-975. doi.org/10.5194/cp-13- Chaired Workshops publications - 31 Newnham, R.M., Alloway, B.V., Holt, K.A., Butler, Singh Kumari, S., van Pelt, W.J.J., Anderson, 959-2017 K., Rees, A.B.H., Wilmshurst, J.M., Dunbar, G., B., Benham, T., Binder, D., Dowdeswell, Barrett, P. (2017). Movies and science Bakker, P., Clark, P.U., Golledge, N.R., Schmittner, Gutt, J., Isla, E.,Bertler , N.A.N., Bodeker, G.E., Hajdas, I., (2017). Last Glacial pollen–climate J.A., Fischer, A., Helfricht, K., Kutuzov, S., communication with Thin Ice - the Inside A., Weber, M.E., (2017). Centennial-scale Bracegirdle, T.J., Cavanagh, R.D., Comiso, reconstructions from Northland, New Zealand. Lavrentiev, I., McNabb, R., Gudmundsson, Books/book chapters Story of Climate Science. APECS Science Holocene climate variations amplified J.C., Convey, P., Cummings, V., De Conto, Journal of Quaternary Science 32(6): 685-703. G.H., Li, H., Andreassen, L.M., (2017). How Communication Workshop, Trieste, Italy, 11-15 by Antarctic Ice Sheet discharge. Nature R., De Master, D., di Prisco, G., d’Ovidio, F., doi: 10.1002/jqs.2955 Burnett, D.R., and Carter, L., (2017). International accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? September, 2017. 541(7635): 72-76. doi:10.1038/nature20582 Griffiths, H.J., Khan, A.L., López-Martínez, Submarine Cables and Biodiversity of Areas Results from ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models Pope, E.L., Talling, P.J., Carter, L., Clare, M.A., Hunt, J., Murray, A.E., Nielsen, U.N., Ott, S., Post, Beyond National Jurisdiction - The Cloud Bertler, N.A.N., (co-chair) (2017). The Inaugural Bertler, N., Levy, R., and Turnbull J., (2017). Intercomparison EXperiment. The Cryosphere J.E., (2017). Damaging sediment density flows A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Saucède, T., Scherer, Beneath the Sea. Brill Research Perspectives #GeatAntarcticClimateHack, Scripps Discovery of ancient atmospheres in Antarctic 11: 949-970. doi:10.5194/tc-11-949-2017 triggered by subtropical cyclones. Earth and R., Schiaparelli, S., Schloss, I.R., Smith, in the Law of the Sea. Brill/Nijhoff vol. 1. ISBN Institution, La Jolla, USA, 9-12 September, ice. In WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, The Planetary Science Letters 458: 161-169. doi. Fogwill, C.J., Turney, C.S.M., Golledge, N.R., C.R., Stefels, J., Stevens, C., Strugnell, J.M., 9789004351592 2017. State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.046 Etheridge, D.M., Rubino, M., Thornton, Trimborn, S., Verde, C., Verleyen, E., Wall, D. based on the Global Observations through Carter, L., (2017). Submarine telecommunications Entorneau, J., Escutia, C., McKay, R., Bertler, D.P., Baker, A., Woodward, J., Winter, H., Wilson, N.G., Xavier, J. C., (2018). Cross- Stenni, B., Curran, M., Abram, N., Orsi, A., 2016 13: 4-5, ISSN2078-0796 and power cables and the BBNJ marine N., (Chairs) (2017). Holocene climate K., Van Ommen, T.D., Moy, A.D., Curran, disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic Goursaud, S., Masson-Delmotte, V., Neukom, environment. In Karan, H., Aksoy, S., Var Turk, variability off Wilkes Land, East Antarctica M.A.J., Davies, S.M., Weber, M.E., Bird, ecosystem research. Marine Genomics 37: R., Goosse, H., Divine, D., van Ommen, T., Dickinson, W.W., Williams, G., Hill, M., Cox, S.C., K., (Eds.), Legal Status of Submarine Cables, and integrating coastal ice cores with M.I., Munksgaard, N.C., Menviel, L., Rootes, 1-17. doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.006 Steig, S., Dixon, D., Thomas, E., Bertler, N., Baker, J.A., (2017). Granite erratics in Beacon Pipelines and ABNJ. https://www.seckin.com. high resolution sediment records (closed Antarctic Science C.M., Ellis, B., Millman, H., Vohra, J., Rivera, (available online in September 2017). Isaksson, E., Ekaykin, A., Werner, M., Frezzotti, Valley, Antarctica. 29(4): 343- tr/kitap/995729899 meeting). Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics 355. doi.org/10.1017/S0954102017000013 A., Cooper, A., (2017). Antarctic ice sheet M., (2017). Antarctic climate variability at Horgan, H.J., Hulbe, C., Alley, R.B., Anandakrishnan, (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Italy, 10-15 discharge driven by atmosphere-ocean regional and continental scales over the last S., Goodsell, B., Taylor-Offord, S., Vaughan, September, 2017. Doughty, A.M., Mackintosh, A.N., Anderson, feedbacks at the Last Glacial Termination. 2,000 years. Climate of the Past 13: 1609- B.M., , R., Putnam, A.E., Barrell, D.J.A., M.J., (2017). Poststagnation retreat Dadic Scientific Reports 7: 39979. doi:10.1038/ 1634. doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017 McKay, R., (Chair), Exon, N., Mueller, D., Gohl, of Kamb Ice Stream’s grounding zone. Denton, G.H., Chinn, T.J.H., Schaefer, J.M., srep39979 Invited keynote/plenary K., Gurnis, M., Henrys, S., Inagaki, F., Pandey, Geophysical Research Letters44: 9815-9822. Stewart, H., Bradwell, T., Bullard, J., Davies, S.J., (2017). An exercise in glacier length modeling: presentations D., Shevenell, A., Whiteside, J., van de Interannual climatic variability alone cannot Frisia, S., Weyrich, L.S., Hellstrom, J., Borsato, doi:10.1002/2017GL074986 Golledge, N.R., McCulloch, R.D., (2017). Flierdt, T., Naish, T., Heuer, V., Morono, Y., explain Holocene glacier fluctuations in New A., Golledge, N.R., Anesio, A.M., Bajo, P., 8000 years of North Atlantic storminess Anderson, B., (2017). Chasing glaciers. Southern Jones, R.S., Lowe, J.J., Palmer, A.P., Eaves, S.R., Coffin, M., Godard, M., Wallace, L., Kodaira, Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Drysdale, R.N., Augustinus, P.C., Rivard, C., reconstructed from a Scottish peat record: Hemisphere Alpine Conference, Christchurch, Golledge, N.R., (2017). Dynamics and S., (2017). Developing community-based 470: 48-53. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.032 Cooper, A., (2017). The influence of Antarctic Implications for Holocene atmospheric New Zealand, 17-18 June. palaeoclimatic significance of a Loch Lomond scientific priorities and new IODP proposals. subglacial volcanism on the global iron cycle circulation patterns in Western Europe. Stadial glacier: Coire Ardair, Creag Meagaidh, Barrett, P.J., (2017). The role of film in climate Australasian IODP Regional Planning Dunbar, G.B., Vandergoes, M.J., and Levy, during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature Journal of Quaternary Science 32: 1075-1084. western Highlands, Scotland. Proceedings of science communication. Past Antarctic Ice Workshop, Sydney, Australia, 13-16 June, R.H., (2017). Shifting winds write their Communications 8: 15425. doi:10.1038/ doi:10.1002/jqs.2983 Eos the Geologists’ Association 128(1): 54-66. doi. Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, 2017. history on a New Zealand lake bed. 98. ncomms15425 doi:org/10.1029/2017EO073279 org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.11.004 Talalay, P.G., and Pyne, A.R., (2017). Geological Italy, 11-15 September, 2017. Stutz, J., (Chair), Baroni, C., Busetti, M., Kawamata, Gillespie, M.K., Lawson, W., Rack, W., Anderson, drilling in McMurdo Dry Valleys and Jones, R.S., Norton, K.P., Mackintosh, A.N., Carter, L., (2017). Southern Ocean - Antarctica M., Khim, Boo K., Kim, Y., Jamieson, S., Sauli, Eaves, S., Anderson, B.M., and Mackintosh, A.M., B., Blankenship, D.D., Young, D.A., Holt, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Historical Anderson, J.T.H., Kubik, P., Vockenhuber, C., with New Zealand. Postgraduate Certificate C., (2017). Terrestrial-marine regional glacial (2017). Glacier-based climate reconstructions J.W., (2017). Geometry and ice dynamics development. Cold Regions Science and Wittmann, H., Fink, D., Wilson, G.S., Golledge, in Antarctic Studies, University of Canterbury, history, Terra Nova Bay area. Past Antarctic for the last glacial–interglacial transition: of the Darwin–Hatherton glacial system, Technology 141: 131-162. doi.org/10.1016/j. Journal N.R., McKay, R., (2017). Cosmogenic nuclides New Zealand, 17 January, 2017. Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Arthur’s Pass, New Zealand (43°S). Transantarctic Mountains. Journal of coldregions.2017.06.007 of Quaternary Science 32(6): 877–887. doi: constrain surface fluctuations of an East Italy, 10-15 September, 2017. Glaciology 63(242): 959-972. doi:10.1017/ Carter, L., (2017). Modern and future change in 10.1002/jqs.2904 Antarctic outlet glacier since the Pliocene. Thomas, E., van Wessem, M., Roberts, J., Isaksson, jog.2017.60 a Zealandian Ocean. Searching for Tropical Earth and Planetary Science Letters 480: 75-86. E., Schlosser, E., Fudge, T.J., Vallelonga, Emile-Geay, J, and Pages2K Consortium (incl Zealandia Workshop, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, Golledge, N.R., Levy, R.H., McKay, R.M., Naish, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.014 P., Medley, B., Bertler, N., Dixon, D., New Zealand, 28 March, 2017. Bertler, N.), (2017). A global multiproxy T.R., (2017). East Antarctic Ice Sheet most (2017). Review of regional Antarctic snow database for temperature reconstructions of Kennedy, J.H., Bennett, A.R., Evans, K.J., Price, S., vulnerable to Weddell Sea warming. accumulation over the past 1000 years. Carter, L., (2017). Why study the New Zealand the Common Era. Nature - Scientific Data 4: Hoffman, M., Lipscomb, W.H., Fyke, J.,Vargo , Geophysical Research Letters 44(5): 2343- Climate of the Past Discussions 13: 1491-1513. Quaternary? Quaternary Techniques 170088. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.884 L., Boghozian, A., Norman, M., Worley, P.H., 2351. doi:10.1002/2016GL072422 doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1491-2017 Workshop, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New (2017). LIVVkit: An extensible, python-based, Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D.J., Clarke, G.K.C., Fürst, Zealand, 18-19 May, 2017. Golledge, N.R., Thomas, Z.A., Levy, R.H., Gasson, land ice verification, and validation toolkit Turney, C.S.M., Fogwill, C.J., Palmer, J.G., van J.J., Frey, H., Gantayat, P., Gillet-Chaulet, F., E.G., Naish, T.R., McKay, R.M., Kowalewski, for ice sheet models. Journal of Advances Sebille, E., Thomas, Z., McGlone, M., Carter, L., (2017). There are none so blind as Girard, C., Huss, M., Leclercq, P.W., Linsbauer, D.E., Fogwill, C.J., (2017). Antarctic climate in Modeling Earth Systems 9: 854-869. Richardson, S., Wilmshurst, J.M., Fenwick, P., those who ignore history. IODP Masterclass. A., Machguth, H., Martin, C., Maussion, and ice-sheet configuration during the early doi:10.1002/2017MS000916 Zunz, V., Goosse, H., Wilson, K-J., Carter, L., 4 December, 2017 F., Morlighem, F., Mosbeux, C., Pandit, A., 44 45 STUDENT CONFERENCES LIST OF COLLABORATORS

Oral presentations the Friis Hills Drilling Project drillcore: Towards van Haastrecht, L. N., Golledge, N., Horgan, National collaborators a reconstruction of Early to Mid-Miocene East H., Robel, A., (2017). Simplified models of Brightley, H. and Bertler, N., (2017). Antarctic Ice Sheet variability. Past Antarctic the West Antarctic Ice Sheet with differing Antarctica New Zealand Max Tarr Electrical Ltd. University of Canterbury Reconstructing the Little Ice Age climate Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, boundary conditions. Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Aqualinc Research Ltd. Meridian Energy - Twizel University of Otago Italy, 10-15 September, 2017. Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Italy, 10- conditions in the eastern Ross Sea using Bodeker Scientific Ltd. NIWA University of Waikato major ion analyses from the Roosevelt Island 15 September, 2017. Eling, L., (2017). Antarctic Holocene climate GNS Science TransDiesel Ltd. (Christchurch) Webster Drilling and Exploration Ltd. Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core. International variability – drivers and consequences as van Haastrecht, L.N., Horgan, H., and Golledge, Massey University University of Auckland Symposium on The Cryosphere in a Changing captured by the RICE major ion record. N., (2017). The presence and implications Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, 13-17 International Symposium on The Cryosphere in of a regional seismic unconformity beneath February, 2017. a Changing Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, the Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica. Grant, G., Naish, T., Dunbar, G., Sefton, J., Morgan, 13-17 February, 2017. International Symposium on The Cryosphere in International collaborators a Changing Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, H., Hayward, B., Tapia, C., Kamp, P., Kominz, Eling, L., Bertler, N.A.N., McKay, R., Pyne, R., 13-17 February, 2017. Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany) Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) University of California, Davis (USA) M., Stocchi, P., Seward, D., (2017). Amplitude (2017). Early Holocene climate variability in and frequency of Pliocene (3.2-2.6 Ma) glacio- the Eastern Ross Sea – Initial results from Whitmore, R., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Atkins, British Antarctic Survey (UK) Macquarie University (Australia) University of Colorado (USA) eustatic, sea-level fluctuations from a new the major ion analysis of the RICE Ice Core. C., Stutz, J., Hamilton, J., (2017). Terrestrial Australian Maritime College NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for University of Copenhagen (Denmark) shallow-marine sediment record, Whanganui Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) cosmogenic sampling in , Cambridge University (UK) Sea Research (The Netherlands) University of Delaware (USA) Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Basin, New Zealand. Conference, Trieste, Italy, 10-15 September, Antarctica: Tucker and Ironsides glaciers. Centre for Remote Sensing of Ice NOAA (USA) University of Granada (Spain) Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Italy, 10- 2017. International Symposium on The Cryosphere in Sheets (USA) National Oceanography Centre (UK) University of Lausanne (Switzerland) 15 September, 2017. a Changing Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, Johnson, K.M., McKay, R., Bertler, N.A., Albot, A., 13-17 February, 2017. Imperial College London (UK) National Sun Yat-sen University University of Maine (USA) Grant, G., Naish, T., Dunbar, G., Tapia, C., Morgan, (2017). Determining the Holocene seasonality (Taiwan) University of Massachusetts (USA) H., Hayward, B., Kamp, P., Kominz, M., Chinese Academy of Meteorological of diatomaceous laminae in the Adélie Whitmore, R., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Atkins, Sciences North Dakota State University (USA) University of Milano-Bicocca (Italy) Seward, D., Stocchi, P., Alloway, B., (2017). Basin and the implications for multi-record C., Stutz, J., Hamilton, J., (2017). Terrestrial Mid-Pliocene sea-level reconstructions from reconstructions. International Symposium cosmogenic sampling in Victoria Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences Northern Arizona University (USA) University of Nebraska-Lincoln (USA) the Whanganui Basin, New Zealand. Regional on the Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Antarctica: Tucker and Ironsides glaciers. Curtin University (Australia) Northern Illinois University (USA) University of New South Wales Sea Level Changes and Coastal Impacts Wellington, New Zealand, 13-17 February, New Zealand Antarctic Science Conference, Dartmouth College (USA) Oregon State University (USA) (Australia) Conference , New York City, USA, 10-14 July, 2017. Dunedin, New Zealand, 26-28 June, 2017. Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Stockholm (Sweden) 2017. ETH (Switzerland) Johnson, K.M., McKay, R., Bertler, N.A., Albot, Hokkaido University (Japan ) (USA) University of Tasmania (Australia) Liston, M., Bostock, H., Dunbar, G., Harper, M., A., (2017). Using Computed Tomography (CT) Indiana State University (USA) Southampton University (UK) University of Urbino (Italy) (2017). Glacial-Interglacial productivity at the scans of an Adélie Basin sediment core to polar front, southwest Pacific sector of the International Cable Protection St. Olaf College (USA) University of Washington (USA) reconstruct the Holocene. Past Antarctic Ice Committee (UK) State University of New York (USA) University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Southern Ocean. Geological Society of New Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Zealand Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, Italy, 10-15 September, 2017. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL U.S. Geological Survey 28 November-1 December, 2017. Vulcanologia (Italy) (Switzerland) Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, R., Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Royal Holloway, University of London Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Lowry, D.P., Golledge, N.R., and Bertler, N.A.N., (2017). Potential non-Linear, threshold driven (2017). Climate-forced ice sheet modelling of response of Antarctic outlet glaciers: Insights Geofisica Sperimentale (Italy) (UK) (USA) the Ross Ice Shelf. International Symposium from David Glacier, Antarctica. New Zealand Japan National Institute for Polar The Australian National University Worcester State University (USA) on The Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Antarctic Science Conference, Dunedin, New Research (Japan) The Ohio State University (USA) Yale University (USA) Wellington, New Zealand, 13-17 February, Zealand, 26-28 June, 2017. 2017. Korean Polar Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University (USA) Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, (Republic of Korea) University of Alaska, Fairbanks (USA) Lowry, D., Golledge, N., and Bertler, N.A.N., R., Jones,R., Jamieson, S., Seong, Y., Lee, J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory University of Birmingham (UK) (2017). Transient ice sheet simulation of the McKay, R., Balco, G., (2017). Potential non- (USA) University of California, Irvine (USA) Ross Ice Shelf deglaciation. Past Antarctic Ice Linear, threshold driven response of Antarctic Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, outlet glaciers: Insights from David Glacier, Italy, 10-15 September, 2017. Antarctica. Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics Vargo, L., Anderson, B., Horgan, H., Mackintosh, (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Italy, 10-15 A., Lorrey, A., (2017). Quantifying glacier September, 2017. fluctuations and climate drivers in New Stutz, J., Wilson, T., and Henrys, S., (2017). Marine Zealand using modern and historic oblique channel systems at the margins of ice sheets photography, International Symposium on The and ice shelves: McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea. Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Wellington, International Symposium on The Cryosphere in New Zealand, 13-17 February, 2017. a Changing Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, Vargo, L., Anderson, B., Horgan, H., Mackintosh, 13-17 February, 2017. A., Lorrey, A., Thornton, M., (2017). Measuring Ulayottil Venugoapl,A., Bertler,N., and Cortese,G., past glacier fluctuations from historic (2017). Glacial Antarctic warm events as photographs geolocated using Structure from captured by RICE ice core. International Motion. American Geophysical Union Fall Symposium on The Cryosphere in a Changing Meeting, New Orleans, USA, 11-15 December, Climate, Wellington, New Zealand, 13-17 2017. February, 2017. Ulayottil Venugoapl,A., Bertler,N., and Cortese,G., (2017). Glacial Antarctic warm events as Poster presentations captured by RICE ice core. Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference, Trieste, Ross Ice Shelf Project drill site, Antarctica Chorley, H., Levy, R., and Naish, T.R., (2017). Italy, 10-15 September, 2017. Photos: Jane Chewings Sequence stratigraphy and facies analysis of

46 47 Graduate students Hannah Chorley PhD Antarctic climatology Olya Albot* MSc Paleoceanography Bella Duncan* PhD Paleoceanography Hannah Brightley* MSc Paleoclimatology Lukas Eling PhD Paleoclimatology Lisa Dowling MSc Glaciology William Gonzalez PhD Palynology Libby Galbraith* MSc Paleoclimatology Georgia Grant PhD Sedimentology Melanie Liston MSc Paleoceanography OUR Florence Issacs PhD Antarctic climatology Karsten Lorentz MSc Glaciology Katelyn Johnson PhD Ice core climatology Charles Maxson* MSc Marine geology Wei Ji Leong PhD Glaciology Simon Reeve MSc Paleoclimatology Dan Lowry PhD Modelling Sam Taylor-Offord* MSc Glacial geophysics Andrew Mackintosh Alex Pyne Michelle Dow Jamey Stutz PhD Glaciology Merjin Thornton* MSc Glacial geophysics PEOPLE Abhijith Ulayottil Venugoapl PhD Paleoclimatology Cassandra Trinh-Le* MSc Sedimentology Director & Professor SDO Director & Projects Centre Manager Glaciology & modelling Manager Laurine van Haastrecht PhD Antarctic glaciology Lauren Vargo PhD Climate dynamics *thesis submitted in 2017 Marjolaine Verret PhD Permafrost geochemistry Ross Whitmore PhD Glaciology

Associated researchers Cliff Atkins Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences Sedimentary processes and environments Michael Hannah Associate Professor in Earth Sciences Marine palynology Kevin Norton Senior Lecturer in Geography Geomorphology and geochemistry Rebecca Priestley Senior Lecturer - Science in Context Antarctic science history James Renwick Professor in Physical Geography Atmospheric circulation Brian Anderson Peter Barrett Nancy Bertler Lionel Carter Ruzica Dadic Tim Stern Professor in Geophysics Solid earth geophysics and Transantarctic Mts Senior Research Fellow Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Professor Senior Research Fellow Glacial modelling Stratigraphy & Antarctic Ice core climatology Ocean history & Snow & ice processes climate history processes Other VUW academics with Antarctic interests David Frame Professor of Climate Change Climate policy and future climate change Margaret Harper Research Associate in Geology Freshwater algae Malcolm Ingham Senior Lecturer in Physics Properties of sea ice Mark McGuinness Reader in Mathematics Modelling Joanna Mossop Senior Lecturer in Law International law Nigel Roberts Adjunct Professor of Political Science Antarctic politics and history Ken Ryan Associate Professor in Antarctic Biology Marine algae Rhian Salmon Senior Lecturer - Science in Context Science communication Ross Stevens Senior Lecturer in Industrial Design Design of remote field camps Joe Trodahl Emeritus Professor in Physics Temperature conduction in ice and rock Warren Dickinson Gavin Dunbar Bella Duncan Shaun Eaves Nick Golledge Cath Wallace Teaching Fellow in Environmental Economics Antarctic environmental issues Senior Research Fellow Senior Lecturer Postdoctoral Fellow Research Fellow Associate Professor Sedimentary petrology Sedimentary geology & Paleoceanography Glaciology Ice sheet modelling geochemistry ARC Advisory Board ARC Adjuncts Mike Wilson (Convenor), Pro Vice-Chancellor, Victoria James Bendle Barrie McKelvey University Helen Bostock Helen Neil Peter Beggs, Antarctica New Zealand James Crampton Alan Orpin Craig Cary, New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute Robert DeConto Ross Powell Amy Laurenson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Robert Dunbar Kate Sinclair Wendy Lawson, University of Canterbury Stuart Henrys Peter Webb Ian McIntosh, Research Office, Victoria University Chris Hollis Mike Williams Rob Murdoch, NIWA Dave Lowe Terry Wilson Ian Simpson, GNS Science Richard Levy Dan Zwartz John Townend, SGEES, Victoria University Prue Williams, Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment Huw Horgan Darcy Mandeno Rob McKay Tim Naish Dao Polsiri Senior Lecturer Science Drilling Office Associate Professor Professor Administrator Glacial geophysics Operations and Field Stratigraphy & Sedimentology & Engineer sedimentology paleoclimatology 48 49 Antarctic Research Centre Annual Review 2017 Designed and edited by Michelle Dow

Contributions from: Brian Anderson, Peter Barrett, Nancy Bertler, Lionel Carter, Warren Dickinson, Michelle Dow, Gavin Dunbar, Shaun Eaves, Nick Golledge, Huw Horgan, Dan Lowry, Andrew Mackintosh, Rob McKay, Taryn Noble, Alex Pyne, Eva Sutter, and Tim Naish.

Ironsides Glacier, Antarctica 50 Photo: Ross Whitmore 51 Antarctic Research Centre Te Pūtahi Rangahau i te Kōpakatanga ki te Tonga Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic | [email protected] | +64-4-463 6587