Te Puna Patiotio Antarctic Research Centre Annual Review 2020 IMPROVING UNDERSTANDING OF ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ICE SHEET PROCESSES, AND THEIR IMPACT ON NEW ZEALAND AND THE EARTH SYSTEM

CONTENTS

Skelton Glacier, Antarctica - Photo: Shaun Eaves Impacts by Numbers 2 Director’s Summary 4 Research Outcomes 6 Science Drilling Office 19 Teaching & Supervision 20 Significant Events 22 Financial Summary 30 Antarctic Research Centre Annual Review 2020 Designed and edited by: Michelle Dow Our Engagement 34 Contributions from: Nancy Bertler, Ruzica Dadic, Warren Dickinson, Michelle Dow, Gavin Dunbar, Nick Golledge, Huw Horgan, Publications & Conferences 38 Liz Keller, Richard Levy, Darcy Mandeno, Rob McKay, Tim Naish, Jamey Stutz, Lauren Vargo, Oliver Wigmore, and Holly Winton. Our People 44 Cover Image: Peter Barrett, Skelton Neve, Antarctica, 1970/71 - Photo: John McPherson 2019 65 year 1 Prime Minister’s legacy New Zealander Science Prize of Emeritus Professor Peter Barrett Ruzica Dadic, joins the world’s celebrated during a awarded to the “Melting Ice largest international polar two day symposium. and Rising Seas” team led by research expedition, MOSAiC. the ARC.

10 8 200 $6.3 $800 $18 times modellers people million thousand thousand USD more likely to get extreme from three institutes working attended the 17th S.T. Lee in revenue obtained by ARC added to the ARC Endowed awarded to Rob McKay for the glacier melt with human- together to provide future Lecture in person and online. in 2020, 75% from externally Development Fund from the Asahiko Taira Scientific Ocean induced climate change. projections on Earth’s climate funded grants. PM Science Prize award and Drilling Research Prize. system. other donations.

1000 2 17 2 7 metres promotions November scholarships PhD theses of drill pipe ordered for in 2020. Introducing: the Antarctic Science Platform from Antarctica New Zealand submitted in 2020 by sub-ice shelf drilling for the Associate Professor Huw Horgan National Modelling Hub was awarded to ARC supervised ARC supervised students. next Antarctic field season. and Professor Nicholas Golledge. formally opened by students, Matthew Tankersley Hon David Parker. and Theo Calkin.

51 5 Nature 60 27 publications & PNAS interviews presentations in 2020 with ARC staff and publications by given by ARC staff given to politicians, student authorship. ARC staff in 2020. and students on stakeholders, schools and Antarctic and climate community groups by ARC related issues. staff and students.

2 ARC Annual Review 2020 3 TE PUNA PATIOTIO — ANTARCTIC RESEARCH CENTRE IS A CENTRE OF RESEARCH EXCELLENCE AT TE HERENGA WAKA — VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON

DIRECTOR’S SUMMARY

including working in an isolated bubble Antarctic Science Platform commitments. flows through to future seasons, highlights and resilience to future sea-level rise the risks relating to one-off, or even of a few people for numerous weeks, However, the season as a whole was not the importance of the diversification of resulting from ice sheet loss, while our multiple, unforeseen events. daily shifts in unforeseen work tasks; lost to us due to the outstanding support our research portfolio. Even without glaciology teams continue to monitor and having uncertainties over when this from Antarctica New Zealand who were Antarctic field work, we have maintained glacier loss in the Southern Alps. There was one other headline that in any would all finish. These were all scenarios successful in conducting a traverse across exceptional momentum through this normal year would dominate this yearly we experience during most Antarctic the Ross Ice Shelf, leaving crucial supplies difficult time period, with a record number Remarkably, we did manage to get one summary column, and that was the field seasons, and although it was still and equipment for the Hot Water Drill of research papers published, alongside a researcher to the polar regions during awarding of the Prime Minister’s Science a challenge for us, the resilience of our (HWD) and Antarctic Intermediate Depth record number of active external research the year. Ruzica Dadic was scheduled to Prize to the “Melting Ice and Rising Seas researchers to adapt to this new way Drill (AIDD) systems. This is a major contracts and staff numbers. The success travel to the Arctic in early April, where she Team”. This is an outstanding recognition of working was remarkable. Looking outcome that is critical to the success in New Zealand’s elimination strategy with was to stay on the German icebreaker RV of this team that was led by the ARC, in through 2020 and beyond, COVID-19 for our upcoming drilling seasons, and short, sharp lockdowns has allowed our Polarstern as part of the MOSAiC project, collaboration with other VUW researchers has reminded us of the importance of greatly reduces the risk of another lost research laboratories to stay open, and the world’s largest polar expedition ever. and our partners at GNS Science and our long-term strategy of developing season down the line. Antarctica New our researchers to interact in person, and This expedition sought to understand sea NIWA. This award further emphasises and maintaining a diverse, resilient and Zealand were also successful in collecting to attend and host national conferences. ice processes over an entire year, during the importance of our diverse research adaptable research programme. critical oceanographic and glaciological The shift in much of our research focus which the icebreaker was frozen into the portfolio, that has allowed us to achieve datasets, and we are hugely thankful for towards computer-based work and data sea ice. Her initial scheduled two month an incredibly high level of impact and Associate Professor Rob McKay The cancellation of the 2020/21 field their efforts. science over the last decade has paid shift on this expedition coincided directly relevance, not only to New Zealand but Director, Antarctic Research Centre season although disappointing was clearly real dividends in this current scenario, with border closures, and was delayed also the global community. Despite warranted. We were well prepared for If a field season had been scheduled, it with the opening of the Antarctic Science several months. This allowed Ruzica the circumstances, it was an incredibly this possibility from the beginning of the would have placed extreme pressures Platform National Modelling Hub in 2020 and the MOSAiC team time to develop successful year for us, but like everyone The major headline from 2020 is of year, and appreciated this quick decision on our building of the AIDD, due to the being a major milestone in the evolution rigorous quarantine and travel procedures, we are certainly looking forward to a more course COVID-19, and the challenges this by Antarctica New Zealand that allowed COVID-related slowdown in the global of our Centre. For other Antarctic-related although this extended her trip duration to normal world in 2021! has placed on all aspects of our lives. It us to focus on adapting our workflows. supply chain of drilling equipment and programmes, we have a backlog of almost four months. Ruzica’s involvement is difficult to believe that this time last While it is safe to say that planning for a consumables. The delayed field season legacy material that has been sampled in this programme is an outstanding year, we were only just starting to realise global pandemic was low on our list of provided our Science Drilling Office in previous decades, and although not a opportunity for her, but also helps place the potential consequences of this new risk planning prior to 2020, we work every several extra months to overcome these replacement for carefully planned new the ARC as a key player in this world- emergent virus. As countries started year to the assumption that numerous challenges, and work on getting this sampling campaigns, a year off from field leading sea ice research programme. the processes of border closures and external drivers could result in such an build completed in 2021. On this front, work has forced us to think creatively lockdowns, it was quickly apparent that event. In many ways, having half a year our engineers Darcy and Alex are well about maximising the usage of these In some ways, it could be viewed our our team at Te Puna Pātiotio — Antarctic to prepare for the loss of a season is less on schedule, with the drill rig arriving important legacy resources. resilience to COVID-19 has been a Research Centre would have to quickly of a shock than previous events we have in Wellington and currently undergoing function of fortunate timing. While the adapt to meet this challenge. Our team seen - such as the early break out of sea testing and integration with the HWD Similarly, we have several New Zealand timing certainly could have been even responded exceptionally to the changes ice that terminated the first season of system. based research programmes that highlight more disruptive than it was, this resilience in our work environment over the course Cape Roberts Project in 1997, only a few just how diverse our research portfolio is really down to the sustainable growth of the entire year. Curiously, one thing weeks into the project. These sorts of The loss of the Antarctic field season in has become, and the importance of our we have experienced over the past we all recognised during the Level 4 issues are part of the deal with working 2020/21, and the potential that some collaborative partnerships with GNS decade. This growth has allowed us to lockdown was that polar researchers in Antarctica, and consequently we had of our smaller projects could face some Science and NIWA. Working with these develop a highly diversified research have unique qualities that were well a contingency year for a lost field season hurdles in upcoming seasons if the partners, the NZ SeaRise programme portfolio with a talented team of scientists suited to some of these challenges, built into our planning for our major logistical bottle neck created by COVID-19 continues to provide guidance on adaption and support staff, and this greatly spread

4 ARC Annual Review 2020 5 OUR RESEARCH PROVIDES EXCITING OPPORTUNITIES, A SOUND BASIS FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ASSESSMENT, AND WILL HELP BUILD A RESEARCH OUTCOMES MORE RESILIENT NEW ZEALAND

OUR RESEARCH APPROACH

Rationale Outcome-based research c. Developing and improving numerical models of climate-ocean-glacier and ice We are rapidly heading towards a climate Our research approach is policy-relevant sheet systems, by advancing the physics, that is 2-4oC warmer than present. Ice and outcome focused. We aim to improve and then carrying out sound evaluation of sheets and oceans take centuries to forecasts of future climate change models against modern observations and millennia to fully adjust to climate forcing, including their global and New Zealand past climate reconstructions. and the fundamental changes that we impacts, for the benefit of humanity. By are observing today may be irreversible reducing the uncertainties around future d. Using our models to improve future on human timescales. In order to provide climate and sea-level rise predictions, our climate simulations, and projections of reliable, policy-relevant projections of cutting-edge research is informing the glacier and ice sheet contribution to sea- future climate and sea level, scientists are International Panel on Climate Change level rise, river flows and other changes in increasingly relying on computer models. (IPCC). Improved understanding of the Earth System. Our Centre has undergone a numerical climate change impacts including sea- revolution over the last decade, and level rise impacts in the southwest Pacific e. We disseminate our research findings around half of our staff now routinely carry region provide tangible benefits to all New through publications in the world’s leading out physics-based computer simulations Zealanders. Our research is leveraged scientific journals, and through education, of past, present and future climate. by strong national and international communication and engagement with the collaborations and partnerships, and public, practitioners and policy makers. We develop confidence in future climate world-leading in-house polar drilling projections if models show skill at technology provided by the Science Drilling simulating present and past climate. Office. We are funded and supported Because direct climate and ice sheet through a range of MBIE, Marsden, and observations span the last century at Rutherford programmes, Antarctica New best, reconstructions of past climate Zealand and private donations. conditions provide the only means to assess climate and ice sheet models on In summary, our approach involves: their relevant timescales. Furthermore, past climate observations provide insight a. Improving our physical understanding into the long term “endgame” (equilibrium and observation of modern climate, response), that we will commit our ocean, glacier and ice sheet systems. planet to this century based on current warming scenarios. Past climate records b. Acquiring past observations of surface also provide insight into the rates and temperature, precipitation, atmospheric magnitudes of climate and ice sheet composition (greenhouse gases and changes that may be possible in the near aerosols), ice sheet, glacier, and sea-ice future, and allow the fingerprint of human variability, and oceanic conditions from influences to be identified in the context of terrestrial, marine, lacustrine and ice core natural variability in the climate system. archives.

Pancake ice, Arctic Ocean - Photo: Mario Hoppmann

6 ARC Annual Review 2020 7 Ruzica Dadic taking snow surface measurements, Arctic - Photo: Mario Hoppmann

ARC PART OF LARGEST POLAR EXPEDITION EVER The DeepBedMap Digital Elevation Model of the bed beneath Antarctica’s ice sheets and ice shelves. Blue colours indicate elevations below sea level - Image: Wei Ji Leong and Huw Horgan Ruzica Dadic was the only research base for one year. Ruzica was micrometres to 100’s of metres. One New Zealand researcher to supposed to join the expedition in early of the most exciting techniques was join the €140 million MOSAiC April 2020, but COVID-19 altered the micro computer tomography (micro-CT), project, the largest polar plans. Thanks to the huge effort and which allowed the team to measure enthusiastic support of many people, the microstructure of snow of quasi expedition in history. the expedition was not cancelled and in-situ samples, which has never been SUPER-RESOLVING THE BED BENEATH Ruzica negotiated boarder quarantines done for snow on sea ice before. ANTARCTICA’S ICE SHEETS The MOSAiC expedition involved experts to join the expedition in July 2020, for We now have a full annual cycle of from 20 countries, from more than the last leg of MOSAiC. By July, the microstructural information of snow 70 scientific institutions, who spent Polarstern had drifted far south and on Arctic sea ice, and the results will Mostly hidden beneath et al., 2013) and the ice-flow consistent up a new frontier whereby we can leverage a combined year in the Arctic, on the broken free of the sea ice. So the reduce current biases in sea ice models kilometres of ice, the base Bed Machine (500 metres resolution, high resolution data, that is logistically research vessel RV Polarstern. With scientists of Leg 5 sailed back north and reveal the controlling processes (bed) of the Antarctic ice sheet Morlighem et al., 2020). feasible to acquire over small areas, and the Arctic regarded as the epicentre and found a new floe of sea ice to necessary to improve predictive is perhaps the least accessible learn about the entire continent. for global warming, the expedition observe the last piece of the puzzle, the modelling of Earth’s energy budget in To improve on existing estimates of the aimed to gain insights on the impact ice freeze-up processes. the context of climate change. landscape on our planet. elevation of the bed, ARC doctoral student Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H.D., Vaughan, D.G., of climate change on the Arctic. Arctic Wei Ji Leong has applied a novel machine- Bamber, J.L., et al. (2013). Bedmap2: sea ice is currently declining at a rate Ruzica and colleagues are interested At the same time, the elevation and nature learning approach. In a recently published Improved ice bed, surface and thickness of ~13 percent per decade, relative to in how snow affects the Arctic sea ice of the bed are important constraints to paper in Cryosphere by Wei Ji and his datasets for Antarctica. Cryosphere 7: the 1981 to 2010 average. We do not system. Specifically, how the physical CONTACT: [email protected] understand how ice slides and flows, and supervisor Huw Horgan, a 250 metre 375–393. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7- yet fully understand the consequences properties of snow affect the amount how this movement might change in the resolution upsampled version of the bed is 375-2013 these changes may have for the Arctic of heat and light that goes into the future. Most of our knowledge of the bed generated by starting with a low resolution climate, and subsequently for the ocean instead of being reflected back comes from airborne radio echo sounding, (1 kilometre) bed model, alongside several Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Binder, T., Earth’s energy balance. Therefore, into the atmosphere. Heat contributes whereby electromagnetic waves are high-resolution patches of the bed. By et al. (2020). Deep glacial troughs and an expedition like MOSAiC, where to ice melt and determines whether transmitted down through the ice. This including other remotely-sensed surface stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the scientists from different disciplines the ocean warms or freezes, while energy bounces off the bed, and returns to observations such as flow velocity and margins of the Antarctic ice sheet. Nature get together to study all the relevant light affects the ecosystem in the the plane, at which point the timing of the accumulation, the model is trained and Geoscience 13: 132–137. https://doi. processes and their interactions, will ocean below the sea ice. Furthermore, return is used to estimate ice thickness. predicts what a high-resolution bed likely org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 allow us to reduce climate projection knowledge of physical snow properties Decades of radio echo sounding data, looks like elsewhere beneath the ice. The uncertainties and create a paradigm is relevant for satellite estimates of sea combined with seismic observations resulting bed estimate (DeepBedMap_ shift in our understanding of sea ice. ice extent, concentration and volume. beneath the floating ice shelves, has led DEM) better reproduces properties like The team measured physical snow to gridded compilations of bed elevation, the roughness of the bed, which exerts CONTACT: [email protected] In September 2019, the Polarstern properties using novel, state-of-the with the most recent generations a strong control on the sliding of the was frozen into the ice to act as a art tools across scales ranging from BEDMAP2 (1 kilometre resolution, Fretwell overriding ice. Wei Ji’s work has opened

8 ARC Annual Review 2020 9 Adélie penguins, Antarctica - Image: Nick Golledge ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS – WAIS-TING AWAY?

because atmospheric CO was higher (in the potential sensitivity of the ice sheet. Simulated ice sheet retreat and grounding line position at 2100, 2200, and 2300 CE under the The world has been warmer 2 RCP 8.5 scenario (high emissions) using the PISM ice sheet model - Image: Dan Lowry than today, and sea levels have fact it was significantly lower than present In another study, published from work been higher. But surprisingly, values). But nonetheless, we can learn a Nick undertook with Peter Clark (Oregon our understanding of how lot about the effects of future warming by State University), and Feng He (University quickly a warming climate leads studying how the big ice sheets responded of Wisconsin Madison), a much more 130,000 years ago. Unfortunately, direct sophisticated approach was taken. NATIONAL MODELLING HUB WORKING to rising seas is still less than evidence of ice sheet thinning or retreat First, we used a full-complexity general perfect. (which must have occurred in order to circulation model to simulate the evolving COLLABORATIVELY TO PREDICT CHANGES TO produce the higher sea levels) is extremely global climate of the Last Interglaciation. EARTH SYSTEM That uncertainty is a problem for decision- hard to find, because expansion of the Then we used those climate fields as makers and the general public alike. ice sheets during the last glacial cycle, inputs to ice sheet simulations. Despite There are some parts of the so-called ‘sea reaching much greater extents than the very different approach compared The Antarctic Science Antarctica. She has set up a regional of the ice sheet as a starting point, level budget’ that are easy to compute – present around 20,000 years ago, has to the Patriot Hills study, the Clark et Platform National Modelling climate model with the capability to run Mario has developed a statistical for example, there are well-understood tended to erode away any geological al., simulations again showed that West Hub carries out numerical at different spatial scales, allowing her emulator to rapidly simulate different thermodynamic principles that tell us evidence. Antarctica could lose many metres of modelling to better to examine both large-scale patterns model parameter choices and to better the amount the ocean will expand as it sea-level-equivalent ice even under very and small-scale phenomena that affect assess uncertainty in sea-level rise gets warmer. We can get good estimates This is why sites that record evidence low climate warming scenarios. We found understand the response of the distribution of snow and surface projections. of how much the global population of of this past warm period are extremely that this sensitivity was directly related Antarctica to future warming, meltwater on the ice. mountain glaciers will contribute to valuable. One such site exists in the to changes in global ocean circulation, and to improve projections As each of the model components sea-level rise if the climate gets warmer, Patriot Hills, West Antarctica, and combined with self-reinforcing feedbacks of the impact that Antarctic Alena Malyarenko (NIWA) and Stefan are developed further, research in because these bodies of ice are relatively has been studied by a team from the in the Antarctic ice sheet. changes might have on the Jendersie (ARC) are examining regional the coming years will shift focus to small, are well-studied, and have a direct University of New South Wales (led by global earth system and the ocean circulation and heat transfer interactions and feedbacks between relationship to rising air temperatures. Chris Turney) and the University of Keele Together, these two papers showed from New Zealand environment. around and under the Ross Ice Shelf the different parts, working towards the The major ice sheets of Greenland and (led by Chris Fogwill). By sampling and field evidence and computer models that to determine how the ocean influences long-term goal of simulating a fully- Antarctica, however, are much larger and analysing gas from bubbles trapped in parts of the Antarctic ice sheet are very melt rates of the ice above, ultimately coupled system. Ultimately, this will more complex than mountain glaciers, the ice, the team found direct evidence sensitive to only a degree or two of climate Researchers from the ARC, NIWA and producing better estimates of future ice allow the group to contribute new and and their changes are very much harder that the normal accumulation and flow warming. These findings are entirely GNS Science hosted in the Antarctic loss and global sea-level rise. important policy-relevant insights for to predict than the thermal expansion of of the glacier was abruptly interrupted at consistent with other studies, but the Science Platform National Modelling this century and beyond. seawater. exactly 130,000 years ago – just when the challenge still remains that the processes Hub are working collaboratively Angela Bahamondes-Dominguez warming reached it’s maximum. The data controlling the rate at which the ice sheets on diverse and multidisciplinary (NIWA) is developing a biogeochemistry To understand how quickly these immense from the ice core showed that it then took retreat are still uncertain because we projects ranging from changing ocean model to assess the impact of climate ice sheets – collectively locking up about another 50,000 years for normal flow to can’t observe them directly. The only way circulation, ice sheet dynamics, winds on carbon cycling and plankton CONTACT: [email protected] 65 metres of sea-level-equivalent fresh resume, suggesting that the impact of the to reduce this uncertainty is to gather and marine ecosystems. Underpinning ecosystems in the Ross Sea, providing [email protected] water – will change as we head into a warming was substantial. To help define more observational data and use models it all is data science, using powerful insight into how this important carbon warmer future we often look to warmer what that impact was, Nick Golledge and to explore a wider range of possible types techniques such as machine-learning sink might change in the future. periods of the past for comparison. The others ran computer simulations of the ice of ice sheet behaviour to see which fit best to more efficiently simulate the earth most recent time when global climate sheet under different climatic conditions with the evidence. As we continue with system and predict its behaviour. Mario Krapp and Dan Lowry (GNS was warmer than today is the Last and compared them with the data. What this work we’re beginning to rely more on Science) are simulating the Antarctic Interglaciation, around 130,000 years we found was that abrupt warming of the statistical techniques to help with this, Alexandra Gossart (ARC) is focused ice sheet under future warming ago. Somewhat worryingly, global mean ocean could lead to ice loss from West as well as the powerful insights that tools on simulating changes in atmospheric scenarios. Using Dan’s detailed sea level at this time was 5 to 10 metres Antarctica that could have raised global such as machine learning can deliver. circulation and snow accumulation over physical process-based simulations higher than today, even though the sea level by up to 4 metres within about climate was only a degree or so warmer. 1000 years. It was warmer then because of changes in Earth’s orbital pathway that exposed That modelling used simplified climate CONTACT: [email protected] the Earth to more solar radiation, not conditions, so really it just told us about

10 ARC Annual Review 2020 11 Traverse to Siple Dome, Antarctica - Photo: Kate McKensie

ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PLATFORM – AGAINST ALL Large phytoplankton blooms form, triggered by sunlight, warmer temperatures and nutrient availability. Phytoplankton emit organic gases and aerosols into the atmosphere which ODDS – A SURPRISINGLY SUCCESSFUL YEAR WITH are deposited in ice. By measuring the organic content in the ice we can understand how NO TIME TO WASTE! phytoplankton abundance and composition has changed over time - Schematic: Holly Winton

This has been another exciting allowed for the exploration of the sub- knowledge) and Te Ao Māori (the Māori year for the Antarctic Science glacial river beneath the Kamb Ice Stream world view). The Kāhui finalised our BIOMARKERS IN ICE CORES: Platform team, despite the (KIS-2) drilling target. Vision Mātauranga Strategy and held two successful and well attended workshops. A NEW ANALYTICAL CAPABILITY challenges thrown upon us all Our Independent Science Panel, chaired The translation of the platform summary by COVID-19, we can celebrate by Rob Dunbar (Stanford University), into te reo provides another exciting important milestones. continues to be of vital importance, opportunity to extend our reach. Travel restrictions result in phytoplankton change in the Ross Sea matter emitted into the atmosphere by helping us to develop COVID-19 mitigation new biomarker analytical region – a biological hotspot in the phytoplankton has changed over time. As science activities in Antarctica were strategies and prioritise the most relevant In the year ahead, it is important to capability in New Zealand. Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton are greatly reduced to safeguard the continent and highest quality science goals. We maintain this strong momentum. While the pasture of the Southern Ocean While Holly is primarily interested in from COVID-19, Antarctica New Zealand also welcomed a new member, Sharon the world’s attention has shifted to and main energy source for Antarctic phytoplankton and sea ice biomarkers, completed the 2,500 kilometre Platform Stammerjohn, who accepted our invitation COVID-19, the climate crisis is marching New analytical methods to quantify marine life. These plankton play a the new capability could provide other traverse to the Kamb Ice Stream and Siple to join the distinguished group. on. Our collective actions over the next past phytoplankton change using novel critical role in the global carbon climate information about biomass burning, Dome. The purpose of the traverse was to 5-10 years can lock us into severe climate biological markers (biomarkers), in cycle being responsible for half of the atmospheric pollution and fossil fuel stage critical equipment for the ambitious In November, we held our inaugural change consequences that can play out Antarctic ice cores has been developed. Earth’s marine primary productivity, a consumption opening up a relatively Project 1 – Antarctic Ice Dynamics led by Platform conference in Wellington over centuries to millennia. Antarctica’s Holly Winton originally planned to process which converts carbon dioxide unexplored field in ice core science. Richard Levy and Huw Horgan. Along the attended by >150 participants with response to climate change has the analyse biomarkers in ice core samples into organic molecules. However, way, the team conducted radar surveys, science updates from our flagship potential to impact hundreds of millions with colleagues in the UK as part of her observational records of phytoplankton snow measurements, and serviced the research projects and facilitating 11 of people this century. As governments Rutherford Postdoctoral Fellowship. are too short to understand how they ice shelf mooring and weather stations. associated expert workshops. The around the world invest trillions of dollars Instead, as a result of COVID-19 may respond to a warming world. CONTACT: [email protected] Onboard the RV Tangaroa, the Platform meeting kicked off with the opening of into the revitalisation of economies, it is travel restrictions, she established team successfully recovered and the National Modelling Hub. The Hub, particularly important that we use this the capability here in New Zealand at Ice cores are important to extend redeployed hydrographic moorings for led by Nick Golledge and Liz Keller, is a as an opportunity to help companies to the joint VUW - GNS Science Organic the short observational record and Project 2 – Antarctic Ocean Mechanics collaboration between VUW, NIWA and transition to a green, sustainable future. Geochemistry Laboratory and National understand what causes phytoplankton to measure water formed in polynyas GNS Science, to provide urgent, high Ice Core Facility with the help of abundance and diversity to change in and conducted a vital survey on coastal priority policy-ready projections that The Antarctic Science Platform funding instrumentation from the University of the past. The new ice core biomarker ecosystems for Project 3 – Projecting Ross inform local and national adaptation model provides stability to weather Waikato. is based on fluorescence spectroscopy Sea Ecosystem Changes in a Warming strategies. The conference provided this unexpected challenge and to grow and gas chromatography-mass World. A collaboration with fishing vessels another opportunity for our Expert Groups expertise and capability to continue this The primary interest in developing spectrometry. Using these techniques, allows Project 4 – Sea Ice and Carbon ‘Future Projections’ and ‘Science to important work. The ARC team is playing ice core biomarkers is to study past we can understand how organic Cycle Feedbacks, a project co-led by Liz Policy Interface’ to identify urgent policy an critical role in this success along with Keller, to collect air samples to measure priorities. its many partners in New Zealand and the amount of atmospheric carbon taken overseas. up and ventilated by the Southern Ocean. In partnership with the Deep South National Science Challenge we welcomed At home the SWAIS2C drill rig was the joint DCS/ASP Kāhui, or Māori commissioned and after a highly Advisory Panel. Chaired by Sandy CONTACT: [email protected] successful workshop with all partners, Morrison and Aimee Kaio, the Kāhui the International Continental Drilling is leading us to enrich and strengthen Program (ICDP) proposal was resubmitted. our science excellence through the Interpretation of data collected last year incorporation of Mātauranga Māori (Māori

12 ARC Annual Review 2020 13 STUDENT SUCCESS ON FRIIS HILLS PROJECT

The completed PhD’s of two atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to the McMurdo Dry Valleys did not ARC students answers some 600 parts per million. Hannah showed become permanently frozen during a long-standing questions the EAIS was reduced in size, and major global cooling event 14 million about Antarctica’s glacial that there had been multiple periods years ago as previously proposed, and of growth and retreat of an alpine liquid water persisted long after this history, that are relevant to glacial system in the Transantarctic time. Indeed, the onset of polar aridity how it may change in the Mountains. These glaciations were did not occur until 6 million years ago. future. associated with a warmer climate Consequently, this region may be more supporting small alpine lakes, and a susceptible to future climate change now extinct tundra vegetation. She also than anticipated. Hannah Chorley joined Richard Levy documented progressive expansion of and Tim Naish following her MSc ice and growth of the EAIS as global Hannah and Marjo worked closely degree at University of Bristol for climate cooled from about 14.5 million together on their projects, sampling the six weeks of field work in late 2016, years ago. cores together, working in the Ice Core that involved drilling and describing Facility at GNS Science, and discussing ice-cemented, Miocene (16-14 million Marjolaine Verret came from the results. Together their work is being years ago) terrestrial glacial sediments University of Ottawa in 2017 on a written up for at least six scientific in the Friis Hills, Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Victoria University of Wellington papers in high profile international She then won a Victoria University scholarship to work with Warren journals. Three have already been of Wellington PhD scholarship to Dickinson and Kevin Norton (SGEES) accepted for publication. undertake a sedimentological study on cores from the Friis Hills project. of the cores integrated with numerical She submitted her thesis in December ice sheet simulations, completing her 2020. PhD thesis and passing her oral exam CONTACT: [email protected] in 2020. Marjo used geochemical proxies to [email protected] A ~5 metre long structure-from-motion rendering (greyscale) from Icefin video imagery of the sea characterize the sediments, organics, floor showing metre-scale ‘furrows’. The furrows align with the direction of flow of the Kamb Ice Hannah’s results provide new and ground ice from these cores to Stream in the past. The purple colouration shows it is now stagnant, unlike the Whillans Ice Stream insights into the behaviour of the East document 15 million years of changes Image: Eric Rignot, Jeremie Mouginot, and Bernd Scheuchl Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) when global in the high elevations of the McMurdo temperatures were 4-5°C warmer and Dry Valleys. Her results suggest that

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ON MASTERS THESIS Marjolaine Verret (left) and Hannah Chorley (right)

Theo Calkin is near completion software to highlight metre-scale furrows fragments are common in the sediment. of his MSc thesis on the showing the path of the now stagnant Their presence is often taken to indicate sedimentation and stratigraphy Kamb Ice Stream’s paleoflow. His analysis open water conditions since diatoms, of ripple marks shows they were formed as plants, need light to grow. However, of the Kamb Ice Stream site in by currents flowing parallel to the Siple these diatoms are many millions of years Antarctica. Coast. This orientation of the dominant old (Miocene to Late Oligocene) and, tidal currents was confirmed by Craig along with the radiocarbon-free organic Theo’s work is a collaborative venture Stevens (NIWA) who receives data from carbon, have likely been eroded from that has benefitted from data and the oceanographic mooring hanging in the diatomaceous rocks now buried under the discussion with colleagues from NIWA water column. Interestingly, the current West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Their common (oceanography), GNS Science (clast speeds appear too slow to move sand- presence at Kamb today does suggest petrography and radiocarbon data), NASA/ sized sediment today, so the bedforms are that millions of years ago this area was a Georgia Tech (‘Icefin’ remote submersible relict features formed possibly hundreds diatom-rich ocean basin. Moreover, the imagery) and University of Nebraska to thousands of years ago under different absence of uniquely Quaternary diatoms (diatom taxonomy). Theo’s work has environmental conditions and preserved in our sediment opens up the possibility focussed on two aspects of the data that on the seafloor. that the Ross Ice Shelf might not have were collected at the Kamb Ice Stream collapsed in the last million years. Our (KIS) site in the 2019/20 field season. Our gravity corer collected half a metre forthcoming deep KIS drill core will help of poorly sorted mud, sand and gravel answer this question with a record of ice Structure-from-motion is a type of image (diamicton) sediment from below the shelf stability that will, fingers crossed, analysis that utilises a series of 2D images seafloor. We applied the very latest span the last several million years. (like video frames) to render a feature of ramped pyrolysis radiocarbon dating interest in 3D. After some initial attempts technique at GNS’s Rafter Laboratory. to reconstruct the sea floor at KIS-1 The results showed the sediments were yielded results that looked distinctly non- radiocarbon ‘dead’ and contained no CONTACT: [email protected] geological, Theo was able to fine tune the dateable material. Diatoms and diatom

14 ARC Annual Review 2020 15 MAPPING GLACIER DEBRIS THICKNESS IN NEW ZEALAND

ARC researchers are by insulating the glacier from the sun’s Haupapa/Tasman Glacier. He combining drones, satellites, heat. Therefore, to better understand is combining these with satellite and machine learning to how New Zealand’s debris covered observations from new space-based map debris thickness over glaciers may respond to climate sensors (e.g. NASA’s ECOSTRESS warming we need to know just how sensor), alongside machine learning New Zealand’s glaciers. thick this debris cover is, and what its algorithms. These new methods are role is in enhancing or suppressing used to estimate debris thickness glacier melt. over the Haupapa/Tasman Glacier Glacier debris is the rocky material and the broader Aoraki region. The that is often found atop glacier ARC researcher Oliver Wigmore, as findings will help us to improve our tongues in steep mountain ranges. part of a Rutherford Postdoctoral understanding of these dynamic Debris cover is particular common Fellowship, has been deploying environments and the processes that on some of New Zealand’s largest his custom-built drones equipped control glacier evolution. Ultimately, glaciers in the Aoraki region, and this with thermal imaging cameras and these novel datasets will assist in our cover has increased over time. On a suite of onboard meteorological understanding of how these glaciers the Haupapa/Tasman Glacier, debris sensors to investigate these dynamic may change in a warming world. covers the lower third of the ice, and processes. Oliver has completed a varies in thickness. When it is thin series of sub-metre drone surveys Brewster Glacier, New Zealand - Photo: Drew Lorrey this debris increases glacier melt, like of glacier topography and surface wearing a black shirt on a summer temperature, alongside extensive CONTACT: [email protected] day; while thicker debris reduces melt field measurements on the lower

EXTREME MELT OF NEW ZEALAND GLACIERS IS MORE GPS survey and time lapse camera installation (left); drone derived imagery and digital elevation models shows surface features at extreme (cm) detail (centre); estimated debris LIKELY TO OCCUR NOW THAN 100 YEARS AGO thickness and mapped noon surface temperature at 20 cm spatial resolution (right) Images: Oliver Wigmore Research published in Nature use direct mass balance measurements This confidence is especially important Climate Change, confirms from Brewster and Rolleston glaciers, and for inclusion in Intergovernmental Panel extreme glacier melt is at least proxies for glacier change from the End of on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and 10 times more likely under Summer Snowline record. guidance for policymakers. human-induced climate change. The framework was applied to New Going forward, Lauren aims to apply this Zealand glaciers, analyzing the framework to glaciers around the world, The increase in frequency and severity of anthropogenic influence on highest analyzing the influence of climate change extreme glacier melt years is influenced glacier melt years on record: 2011 and on extreme glacier melt today and in by climate change. Specifically, our 2018. Results showed that extreme melt the future as temperatures continue to recent results point to increases in New in 2011 was at least 6 times more likely rise. As only short-term records of glacier Zealand temperatures of ~1°C over the with climate change (>90% confidence), change are needed, this global work can past century, driven by rising greenhouse and extreme melt in 2018 was at least use measurements of annual glacier mass gas concentrations. These results were 10 times more likely with climate change change for over 200 glaciers around the published in Nature Climate Change in (>90% confidence). The study, made world. August 2020. possible with funding and collaboration between the ARC’s Brian Anderson, Ruzica This research, led by Lauren Vargo as part Dadic, and Huw Horgan, Drew Lorrey of her PhD in the ARC, developed a new (NIWA) and scientists from Australia. CONTACT: [email protected] framework for attributing extreme glacier melt years to natural or anthropogenic This is only the second study to formally forcing. Combining extreme event and directly link glacier melt to human- attribution methods with glacier modelling, induced climate change. With multiple the new framework requires only short- studies in agreement, it means we can term records of glacier mass change. This be more confident in the link between enabled Lauren and her colleagues to anthropogenic forcing and glacier melt.

16 ARC Annual Review 2020 17 HWD generators, Kamb Ice Stream, Antarctica - Photo: Tim McPhee

SCIENCE DRILLING OFFICE FORGING AHEAD DESPITE DELAYS

The ARC’s Science Drilling the HWD repairs and maintenance in and construction. Heavier, bulky items Office (SDO) currently has anticipation for the KIS-2 season and expected to be shipped south later in one full time Operations place some focus on the new recently 2021 to Scott Base for the KIS-3 drilling and Field Engineer, Darcy purchased Antarctic Intermediate programme in 2022/23. Mandeno, while Alex Pyne Depth Drill (AIDD). HWD repairs and upgrades from the KIS-1 season A winch used to support science groups continues on a part-time continuing as a secondary annual over the past three seasons to recover basis as an Antarctic Drilling task list. Most HWD items requiring shallow seafloor sediment samples, Advisor. repair coming back from Antarctica water column sampling for biological Leana Barriball deploying an instrument to map the saline wedge in the Wairoa River - Photo: Richard Levy returned much later in the year due to or oceanographic instruments proved 2020 started successfully with Darcy significant delays by the March-April at Kamb Ice Stream (KIS-1) to be a and the drill team of Jane Chewings COVID-19 national shutdown and a significant project risk. Several sub (SGEES, VUW), Hedley Berge, Tim widespread constraint on freight and components failed due to the adverse NZ SEARISE PROGRAMME MAKING GREAT WAVES McPhee, Sean Heaphy and Da Gong shipping capacity, both nationally and environment the unit was expected (Jilin University, China) finishing up a internationally. to work in. After engineering analysis hot water drilling season at Kamb Ice and with past season considerations Another year of progress for Te a high emissions pathway. This ‘near constrain historical sea-level rise. Zoe Stream (KIS-1) after drilling through the Alex Pyne having worked on scoping the early decision was made to replace tai pari o Aotearoa/NZ SeaRise field effect’ is due to the decrease in local Heine (PhD, VUW) is well underway in her Ross Ice Shelf and maintaining an open the AIDD rig, was able to finally receive the winch with a higher specified winch programme reveals new sea- gravitational attraction of a shrinking research into storytelling and sea-level hole for nine days enabling multiple the MP1000 arriving from the suppliers supplied by Okeanus, a US company level rise data for Scott Base. Antarctic ice sheet on the ocean as well rise. A big thanks to Zoe too for helping scientific objectives to be achieved. MultiPower of British Columbia, Canada who have previously built winches for as crustal uplift that occurs as the ice four students from Worcester Polytechnic in late November. The glass reinforced the Australian ice core programme. sheet melts. Our ice sheet modellers Institute in the USA conduct a remote The disruptive challenges of COVID-19 epoxy casing (GRE-casing) also arrived Delivery is expected in May/June of Our geodynamics team members have contributed to several key international study into the efficacy of web-based sea where yet to be realised, but by mid- in the latter part of 2020 from Future 2021. produced an all-important ‘coastal strip’ publications including the IPCC Special level viewers in Aotearoa. Jesse Kearse 2020 Antarctica New Zealand chose to Pipe Industries based out of Houston, depicting vertical land movement with Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere (PhD, VUW) is working hard to resolve defer the forthcoming Hot Water Drill Texas. With various drilling programmes in estimates of rates at which our coastline and the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison the influence of geodynamic processes (HWD) season at Kamb Ice Stream the near to middle term, both with the moves up or down during times between Project. Our programme was highlighted on coastal movement. And finally, Leana (KIS-2) to season 2021/22 when it was Additional work to get the AIDD existing HWD asset and the new AIDD the big earthquakes. This information is in a special issue on sea level published Barriball (PhD, University of Waikato) clear that the risks and impacts from rig and GRE pipe fit for Antarctic system, the SDO continues to find critical for the location specific sea level by the New Zealand Coastal Society. started field work on her research that COVID-19 were many and ongoing. operations is to start in early itself busy, while also navigating the projections we are producing with our These publications offer an important aims to examine the effect that sea-level The cancellation of the regular season 2021 with commissioning and evolving COVID-19 situation. 2021 is colleagues Greg Garner and Bob Kopp venue to raise the local profile of our work. rise will have on saline intrusion and US resupply ship to McMurdo Station assistance from Webster Drilling shaping up to be a very busy year and (Rutgers University). We completed a inanga spawning sites up the Wairoa and added further logistic constraints on and Exploration Ltd., our industry still remains to be seen just how these study of sea-level rise at Pram Point, Our students continue to make great Clive rivers in Hawke’s Bay. both the US and New Zealand Antarctic partner providing additional support. impacts will play out. Antarctica through a collaborative project progress on their research projects. Dan programmes. Both Darcy and Alex kept busy with with Antarctica New Zealand to inform King (PhD, VUW) has now completed additional equipment requirements the Scott Base Redevelopment Project. environmental surveys and collected The opportunity to make full use of and supporting infrastructure that It turns out that sea-level rise near Scott sediment cores from Aramoana (Dunedin), CONTACT: [email protected] this unexpected delay enabled Darcy is currently in various stages of CONTACT: [email protected] Base will be significantly less than the Pāuatahanui (Porirua), Rangitoto and Alex’s objectives to move from development, detail engineering design global average and may even drop if we (Waitemata), and Catalina Bay (Auckland) fail to meet emissions targets and follow and is producing results that help us 18 ARC Annual Review 2020 19 OUR STAFF SUPPORT A WIDE RANGE OF COURSES BEING TAUGHT WITHIN TEACHING & THE SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY SUPERVISION ENVIRONMENT AND EARTH SCIENCES

Our teaching contribution includes lectures in both Environment and Earth Sciences (SGEES). In 2020, our staff undergraduate and graduate courses as well as supervision supervised 17 PhD and 3 MSc students, with seven students of graduate students enrolled with the School of Geography, completing their thesis.

COURSES ARC STAFF TAUGHT IN

ESCI 111 The Earth System: An Introduction to Physical Geography and Earth Sciences ESCI 132 Antarctica: Unfreezing the Continent ESCI 201* Climate Change and New Zealand’s Future ESCI 204 Petrology and Microscopy GEOG 220 Hydrology and Climate ESCI 241 Introductory Field Geology ESCI 301* Global Change: Earth Processes and History GEOG 318 Quaternary Environmental Change ESCI 452* Earth History ESCI 412* Paleoclimatology GISC 424* Introduction to Remote Sensing ENVI 520 Environmental Management * An ARC staff member was the course co-ordinator GRADUATE COMPLETIONS

Hannah Chorley (PhD) Jamey Stutz (PhD) Antarctic ice sheet and climate evolution during the mid- Holocene thinning history of David Glacier, Antarctica. Miocene. Supervised by Kevin Norton (SGEES) and Andrew Mackintosh Supervised by Tim Naish (ARC) and Richard Levy (ARC/GNS (formally ARC). Science). Laurine van Haastecht (PhD) Rachel Corran (PhD) Subglacial conditions of the Kamb Ice Stream and its response Tree ring reconstruction of modern atmospheric radiocarbon to environmental change. dioxide variability over the Southern Ocean. Supervised by Nick Golledge (ARC) and Huw Horgan (ARC/ Supervised by Nancy Bertler (ARC) and Jocelyn Turnbull (GNS SGEES). Science). Marjolaine Verret (PhD) William Gonzalez (PhD) Reconstructing 15 Myr of environmental change in the McMurdo Evolution of the southern westerly winds in the middle latitudes Dry Valleys through permafrost geochemistry. of the Southern Hemisphere since the Last Glacial Maximum. Supervised by Warren Dickinson (ARC) and Kevin Norton Supervised by Rewi Newnham (SGEES) and Gavin Dunbar (ARC). (SGEES).

Katelyn Johnson (PhD) Holocene ice-ocean interactions in the Ross Sea and Adélie Land regions. Theo Calkin and Gavin Dunbar in Antarctica - Photo: Theo Calkin Supervised by Nancy Bertler (ARC) and Rob McKay (ARC).

20 ARC Annual Review 2020 21 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

WINNER’S OF THE PRIME MINISTER’S SCIENCE PRIZE

Led by the Antarctic Research Geological and ice drill core records papers, with 205 published in peer- Centre, the “Melting Ice and acquired in the 80’s, 90’s and early reviewed journals, and an incredible Rising Seas” team comprising 2000’s by New Zealand-led international list of 30 papers in the world’s leading 23 earth and social scientists projects in the Ross Sea region have interdisciplinary scientific journals (e.g. provided many fundamental insights, that Nature & Science). Three members of from Victoria University of are now central to our understanding of this year’s winning team have also been Wellington, GNS Science and current concern over the future stability recipients of Prime Minister’s Science NIWA has been awarded the of Antarctica’s ice sheets. Peter was Prizes in the past. Rob McKay won the New Zealand Prime Minister’s well ahead of the time, when in 2004 PM’s MacDiarmid Emerging Scientist Prize Science Prize for 2019. he prophetically stated, “civilisation as in 2011, while Rebecca and James both we know it will be over by the end of the secured the PM’s Science Communication century if we don’t change course”, based Prize, in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The Prize recognises worldclass, excellent on what he was learning from Antarctica. Tim, James, Nick and Judy have also been research conducted in New Zealand, lead authors for the fifth and sixth IPCC that has had impact and benefit. Due Other ARC key team members included Assessment Reports, while Andrew was to COVID-19 the usual ceremony at Nancy Bertler (Director of the Antarctic lead author on the IPCC’s Special Report Parliament was abandoned, and Prime Science Platform), Lionel Carter, Nick on the Oceans and the Cryosphere. Judy Minister Jacinda Ardern announced the Golledge, Huw Horgan, Richard Levy and Rob Bell are also lead authors of winner in a delayed event online via (Leader of the NZ SeaRise Programme), the Ministry for the Environment’s 2017 livestream on 30 June 2020 https://www. and current ARC Director Rob McKay, document on Coastal Hazards and Climate youtube.com/watch?v=hLe 43P1GboI. along with Brian Anderson, Ruzica Dadic, Change: Guidance for Local Government. Warren Dickinson, Michelle Dow, Gavin The team’s work highlights the profound ARC’s, Tim Naish, led the team and says Dunbar, Shaun Eaves, Liz Keller, Andrew effects of climate change on the Antarctic the impact of their work can already be Mackintosh (now Monash University), system and the potentially catastrophic seen around New Zealand. Darcy Mandeno, and Dao Polsiri. Other effects of Antarctic ice loss on global sea leading climate change researchers at level. “Our science on Antarctic ice melt and the University were also key members of sea-level rise projections feeds directly the team: James Renwick (Head of School The prize comes with a $500,000 award. into national policy and guidance on how of Geography, Environment, and Earth The majority of this ($400,000) has to manage sea-level rise. We are working Sciences), Rebecca Priestley (Director been invested into the ARC Endowed with central government, regional councils of the Centre of Science in Society), Development Fund and will be used to and local authorities.” and adaptation expert Judy Lawrence fund a PhD scholarship in perpetuity. (Climate Change Research Institute). The remaining $100,000 was split up While the Prize recognises research over Nancy, Richard, and Liz also hold joint evenly amongst the 23 members with the last five years, the team acknowledges positions at GNS Science, and the other suggestions they may like to spend it on the pioneering contribution of over 30 key team member, Rob Bell (NIWA), is New lowering their personal carbon footprint. years by key team members, Peter Barrett Zealand’s leading coastal hazards expert. (founding ARC Director) and Alex Pyne (world-leading polar science drilling During the past six years, members of specialist), which laid the foundations. the team have produced a plethora of

Photo: Prime Minister’s Science Prizes Secretariat

22 ARC Annual Review 2020 23 ASAHIKO TAIRA SCIENTIFIC OCEAN DRILLING RESEARCH PRIZE

Rob McKay has been awarded findings from the ANDRILL IODP drilling OTHER AWARDS AND the Asahiko Taira Scientific expeditions, have been published APPOINTMENTS Ocean Drilling Research Prize in leading journals, such as Nature, in recognition of outstanding, Nature Geoscience, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; and In 2020 ARC staff and transdisciplinary research include showing for the first time that accomplishment in ocean students were awarded the large parts of the giant East Antarctic following: drilling. Ice Sheet are vulnerable to collapse if planetary temperature stays 2°C above preindustrial. This has major Awards The Taira Prize is generously funded implications for global sea-level rise Theo Calkin — Awarded New Zealand through the International Ocean projections, as it is not just the West Post Antarctic Scholarship. Discovery Program (IODP) and is given Antarctic Ice Sheet we now have to in partnership between the American worry about. Matthew Tankersley — Awarded Geophysical Union (AGU) and the Japan Antarctica New Zealand Doctoral Geoscience Union (JpGU). The Prize Rob was also recognized for playing Scholarship. comes with an unrestricted award of a critical leadership role for the USD $18,000. The prize reflects his international Scientific Ocean Drilling work in stratigraphy, sedimentology, community, having being chairman Promotions paleoceanography and paleoclimatology of the Australia and New Zealand Nick Golledge — Promoted to during the 12 years since finishing his (ANZIC) IODP Science Committee; as Professor scale in the 2020 Academic doctorate at the University. well as a key organiser of workshops Promotion Round. for shaping future drilling proposals in Rob has been involved in three the SW Pacific/Indian Ocean as well as Huw Horgan — Promoted to Associate Georgia Grant receiving her award at the prize ceremony large, multinational scientific drilling Antarctica. Most recently, he was an Professor scale in the 2020 Academic Photo: Royal Society Te Apārangi expeditions on the margins of author on the Exploring Earth Through Promotion Round. Antarctica over the last 15 years, having Scientific Ocean Drilling 2050 Science participated in the ANDRILL McMurdo Framework, which outlines a >25 year Ice Shelf project, IODP expedition 318 ambition for future international ocean Appointments FORMER ARC STUDENT WINS HATHERTON AWARD to Wilkes Land, and most recently as drilling collaborations. Rob McKay — Appointed NZ/VUW co-chief scientist for IODP expedition representative on ANZIC governing 374 to the Ross Sea. Rob’s research council (Australia New Zealand Georgia Grant (now GNS we are projecting for coming centuries. Georgia’s work was a fundamental Implementation Committee) for Science) has received the The research shows approximately one breakthrough, as it used a globally unique the International Ocean Discovery third of Antarctica’s ice sheets melted drill-core record from the Whanganui Rob McKay on board the RV Joides Resolution, IODP expedition 374 Hatherton Award from the Photo: Rob McKay Program. Royal Society Te Apārangi for during the Pliocene epoch around three backcountry that recorded past changes million years ago, causing sea levels to in water depth from marine sediments, Tim Naish — Appointed Co-Chief of the best scientific paper by a rise as much as 25 metres above present now uplifted onto land by tectonic activity. PhD student studying physical the new 8-year Scientific Committee levels. Levels of carbon dioxide in the To achieve her results, she developed a on Antarctic Research (SCAR) sciences, earth sciences or Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s method of using changes in sediment mathematical and information Strategic Research Programme, levels of ~400 parts per million, and in grain size (smaller grain size equals INSTANT (INStabilities & Thresholds in sciences at any New Zealand response, temperature was two to three deeper water as this setting is less ANTarctica). University. degrees Celsius warmer. influenced by high energy wave activity), incorporation of microfossil data (ecology Levan Tielidze — Appointed National Georgia developed the new method of these microorganisms are dependent Representative of Permafrost Georgia’s paper reveals the scale and of determining the magnitude of on water depth), and numerical modelling Researchers Young Network for implications for sea-level rise in New sea-level change as part of her PhD, methods (mapping how grain size may Georgia (Caucasus). Zealand from Antarctic ice sheet retreat through analysing the size of particles vary with water depth and different wave occurring under 2°C warming. moved by waves and assemblages of climates). Lauren Vargo — Appointed deputy fossilised microscopic shells that lived head for the glaciers division of Georgia is a PhD graduate from the on the ancient seafloor. The method was These new sea-level estimates provide the International Association of ARC, supervised by Tim Naish and applied to the geological archive from a target for testing the results from Cryospheric Sciences (IACS). Gavin Dunbar. Her research paper ‘The the Whanganui Basin on the west coast computer models and improving their amplitude and origin of sea-level variability of New Zealand’s North Island, which ability to make accurate projections of the during the Pliocene epoch’, was published contains some of the best evidence Antarctic contribution to global sea-level in the leading science journal Nature. She anywhere in the world for global sea-level rise, in particular, the rates at which the used a new method of analysing marine changes. The results were compared ice sheets can melt in the future. geological sediments to construct a global to model experiments to determine how sea-level record for warm climates in the changes in sea level at this site related to geological past that are similar to those loss of ice in Antarctica.

24 ARC Annual Review 2020 25 and Conservation from 1988 to 2002 and will support post-graduate student and was also the first New Zealand grants and two PhD Scholarships in delegate to the Antarctic Treaty System’s perpetuity. Committee on Environmental Protection, serving from 1998 to 2003. By 2006, 25 years after his first Op-Ed on future ice sheet melt from rising

After the near collapse of the ARC in CO2 levels, Peter realised the public 2000 due to a proposed restructuring, were not recognising the disastrous Peter set his mind to building an consequences, so with geologist/ enduring legacy. Part of that strategy cine photographer Simon Lamb, he involved philanthropy, enabling, in 2003, developed a collaboration between the launch of the inaugural S.T. Lecture Victoria University of Wellington, the in Antarctic Studies as well as a student University of Oxford, and film maker exchange between the University of David Sington to produce Thin Ice – Alaska and the ARC supported by a The Inside Story of Climate Science. generous donation from Singaporean This involved filming over 30 climate philanthropist, Dr Lee Sung Tee. Peter scientists in Europe, New Zealand, also developed the ARC Endowed Antarctica and on the Southern Ocean Development Fund, which was launched and in the words of one review “put in 2004 by co-patron Barrie McKelvey. a human face on climate science”. It The other patron, Peter Webb, and was launched in 2013 at 200 locations Barrie were the sole members of the covering all seven continents. first Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE 1) that Throughout his career Peter has conducted some of the first geological received several accolades. In mapping of the Dry Valleys in 1957. 1963/64, the New Zealand Geological Peter’s burgeoning reputation and that Survey Antarctic Expedition named a Peter Barrett MSSTS-1 drillsite, Antarctica 1979/80 of the ARC attracted generous donations glacier in Antarctica after Peter. Barrett including, the $1 million donation from Glacier was officially recognised by Peter with his Marsden Medal, 2004 alumnus Alan Eggers in 2007. Through the New Zealand Geographic Board in Photo: Image Services donations by alumni and supporters the 2008. Peter was awarded a Polar Medal HONORING A LEGACY – THE PETER BARRETT SYMPOSIUM Fund has now reached a total of $1.38 in 1978 and elected as a Fellow of the million. This legacy continues to grow Royal Society of New Zealand in 1993. In 2001, Peter received the Premio with a relentless perseverance, unselfish On the 16-17 November, the impact Peter had on the Centre. staff and graduate students and several Internazionale Felice Ippolito medal for dedication, intellectual honesty, and Antarctic Research Centre ambitious drilling projects. Peter was Antarctic research from the Accademia social idealism, he is a strategic thinker, Peter Barrett grew up on a Waikato dairy aboard the first Deep Sea Drilling Lincei (Italy), and in 2004 he received hosted The Peter Barrett NZ climate strike, Wellington, 2019 leader, advocate, mentor, and friend. Symposium to celebrate his farm and in his teens took up caving in Project (DSDP; now the International Photo: Dao Polsiri the Marsden Medal for his lifetime the Te Kuiti district. He went on to study Ocean Discovery Programme IODP) contributions to science in New Zealand. But in Peter’s own words, remarkable career. the Te Kuiti Limestone for his Master’s leg to Antarctica in 1972-73, which In 2006, he received the inaugural thesis at Auckland University, and by successfully collected cores in the SCAR President’s Medal for Outstanding Day one of the symposium was a fieldtrip chance in 1962 joined a University of Ross Sea, establishing the antiquity of Achievement in Antarctic science and “I am described as a scientist but really I to the Wairarapa looking at a series of Minnesota expedition to the Ellsworth Antarctic glaciation. From 1974 to 1999 was named Wellingtonian of the Year. In have always been an explorer. fossiliferous limestones and mudstones Mountains in Antarctica. This led Peter led a succession of offshore drilling 2008, he was invited to be Patron of the And one that never really knew where he that contain evidence of past changes to a PhD at Ohio State University on projects culminating in the Cape Roberts New Zealand Antarctic Society. In 2010, was heading. in sea level and ocean temperatures the Gondwana strata of the Central Project recording Antarctic ice sheet Peter was awarded the New Zealand I was just interested in understanding relating to expansion and retreat of the Transantarctic Mountains, where he dynamics and climate history from 34 Antarctic Medal for services to Antarctic the earth, and working with like-minded ice sheets in Antarctica. discovered the first tetrapod fossil in to 17 million years ago. The successes science and in 2011 he was made people.” Antarctica, leading to the confirmation of and remaining questions led to the an Honorary Fellow of the Geological Peter Barrett, 2004 The following morning, we celebrated the theory of plate tectonics. In 1970, development of the ANDRILL Project. Society of London, a title only held by the career of Emeritus Professor Peter Peter returned to New Zealand to take 70 people worldwide at the time. In Barrett through a “This is Your Life” up a postdoctoral fellowship at Victoria Peter represented New Zealand as 2020, Peter received the New Zealand style timeline from his early years as a University of Wellington, to continue Geology delegate at meetings of the Prime Minister’s Science Prize as a key PhD student to filmmaker and climate their annual Antarctic expeditions. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic member of the “Melting Ice and Rising “alarmist”. Guests joined the event in following year he was appointed Senior Research (SCAR) from the early 1980s, Seas” team. person and from around the world via Lecturer in Geology and the inaugural becoming a steering committee member zoom – sharing their stories of Peter over director of the Antarctic Research Centre, of the SCAR’s ANTOSTRAT project in Throughout the day as we paid tribute the years. In the afternoon, the focus serving in this role from 1972 until 2007. 1989, and co-founding SCAR’s Antarctic to Peter’s outstanding contributions to shifted to the “legacy” of Peter and the Climate Evolution project in 2002. earth science there were recurring words ARC highlighting the present research During that time, Peter led many Peter served on the SCAR Group of of a man who is, kind, patient, fun- and future direction of the ARC and the Antarctic field parties involving both Specialists on Environmental Affairs loving, curious, optimistic and inspiring,

26 ARC Annual Review 2020 27 S.T. LEE LECTURE IN ANTARCTIC STUDIES

The 17th Annual S.T. Lee Lecture titled “Tropical Tales of Polar Ice” was presented on 16 June, by Professor Andrea Dutton.

Andrea Dutton, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, is a world-renowned expert on past climate and sea-level change. Her main research focus is to establish the behaviour of sea level and polar Tim Naish presenting at Congreso Futuro, Santiago ice sheets during past warm periods to better Photo: Tim Naish inform us about future sea-level rise. One hallmark of Andrea’s approach is the strong interdisciplinary nature of her work that blends ANTARCTIC SCIENCE AND SEA-LEVEL RISE field geology, geophysics, coral reef ecology, IMPACTS FEATURE IN CHILE’S sedimentology, and geochemistry. Andrea is CONGRESO FUTURO very active in communicating her research to the public and her combined impact within academia and in the sphere of public outreach Tim Naish along with zero by 2050. As a small nation has earned her numerous accolades, including ex-Prime Ministers, it takes pride in being able to lead being named as a fellow of the Geologic Society Nobel Laureates, leading and influence on regional and of America, as one of Rolling Stones’ “25 thinkers and scientists global issues. It is also incredibly People Shaping the Future”, and most recently, proud of its connection with as a MacArthur Fellow. were invited to give TED- Antarctica. It is endowed in natural style talks at Chile’s resources, but its economy and Andrea came to visit New Zealand in January (L-R) Alexandra Gossart, Mario Krapp, Alena Malyarenko; (insert) Angela Bahamondes-Dominguez - Photo: Image Services annual Congreso Futuro. social well-being are still weighed 2020 as a United States Fulbright Scholar to down by the legacy of years of work with ARC’s Tim Naish, Rob McKay and extreme free market nationalism Nick Golledge. Her captivating, S.T. Lee Lecture The Congress of the Future aims to and oppression under the Pinochet focussed on describing how her work on the ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PLATFORM open a national debate regarding dictatorship. The 2020 Congress impacts of sea level on fossil coral reefs on NATIONAL MODELLING HUB FORMALLY OPENED the urgent need for Chile to have was more important than ever as it tropical islands has helped inform us about the better science and technology, for was set on the backdrop of months dynamics of Antarctic ice sheet retreat during the benefit of the society, economy of civil disobedience and riots past warm periods and what that means for On 17 November, Hon David GNS Science, NIWA, and the ARC at and around the globe using computer and environment. Speakers were following the social uprising that the future of coastlines around the world under Parker, Minister for the Victoria University of Wellington. Four simulations and equations to replicate invited to share insights based began on 16 October 2019. future sea-level rise. Environment, formally opened Research Fellows have been employed different parts of the earth system, on their experience. Tim spoke the Antarctic Science Platform and are co-located in the National including the climate, the ocean and snow on climate change in an event in The Congress is organised at the National Modelling Hub at Modelling Hub, hosted at the ARC, working patterns, to predict what could happen in Santiago, visited the ALMA radio highest governmental level by alongside NZ SeaRise modellers Stefan the future. Andrea Dutton presenting the S.T. Lee Lecture telescope array in the north of the the Chilean Senate and is largely Te Herenga Waka — Victoria Jendersie (ARC) and Dan Lowry (GNS Photo: Image Services country at 6000 metres above co-ordinated and run by young University of Wellington. Science). The Hub is managed by Nick ASP Director, Nancy Bertler, says the sea level in the Atacama Andes, people, the same young people Golledge and Liz Keller, Co-Chairs of the Antarctic science community feels a and then travelled to Punta Arenas who were also protesting in the The Antarctic Science Platform (ASP) Future Projections Expert Group. strong sense of urgency to meet the in the south to present a public uprising. With the government National Modelling Hub was conceived in challenges of climate change. talk on Antarctic ice sheet melting now consulting the people via 2019 and established in 2020, building The Fellows share their time between and sea-level rise along with Dr referendum on a new constitution on long standing partnerships between their employing institution and the Hub. “Understanding how the Antarctic ice Marcelo Leppe, Director of INACH, for the country, there was a real The Fellows are: Alexandra Gossart, sheets, ocean and atmosphere interact, the Chilean Antarctic Institute. feeling of positivity. Tim and a regional climate modeller (ARC); Alena and how ecosystems will respond and selection of the invited speakers Malyarenko, process-scale ice shelf cavity in turn impact global carbon dioxide Chile is an incredible country including, 2019 Nobel Prize modeller (NIWA); Angela Bahamondes- budgets, allows us to forecast and geographically that spans the Winner in Chemistry Professor Dominguez, biogeochemical modeller quantify impacts for humanity, but this tropics to Antarctica, and the Frances Arnold, were invited to (NIWA); and Mario Krapp, data scientist requires international and interdisciplinary Pacific coast to the high Andes. It meet with the President of Chile, (GNS Science). Together the Fellows cooperation. The Modelling Hub is a new has many things in common with Sebastian Pinera, and Science are focussing on future projections, and approach to bring together some of the New Zealand. Environmentally, Minister Andrés Couve Correa. The with researchers across the country brightest minds and leading experts in Chile sits astride a plate boundary meeting, which was held at the diverse fields to accelerate progress.” she and experiences natural hazards President’s Palace in Santiago, says. such as earthquakes and volcanic discussed how science and eruptions, it is 90% renewable technology could help improve the Hon David Parker at the opening ceremony Photo: Image Services for domestic electricity and is social and economic issues facing developing a plan to be net carbon Chile. 28 ARC Annual Review 2020 29 THE ARC GENERATED A SIGNIFICANT $740K SURPLUS IN 2020, AS REVENUE FINANCIAL SUMMARY CONTINUES TO INCREASE REVENUE In 2020, the ARC generated Research Trust of Victoria University projects, as such, the year-end balances $6.29m in revenue, contributed of Wellington (RTV). Our consolidated for revenue versus expenditure are often $756k of overheads to the revenue sources and expenditure areas out-of-phase. University, and generated a as well as five year summaries are summarized in the charts opposite (all $740k surplus for the Centre figures are exclusive of GST). budget, with an overall expenditure of $5.21m. These charts combine the Centre budget that operates over the University financial The ARC finances include both a Centre year (January-December) and RTV budget and 49 grants held by the budgets which operate over the life of the

REVENUE

In 2020, 75% of ARC revenue came Change, Trans-Antarctic Association, and a proportion of the supervision hours and from external funding. The majoirty private donations held by the Victoria graduate completion income. (53%; $3.3m) was from Ministry of University of Wellington Foundation, and Business, Innovation, and Employment transferred to the Centre for the ARC PBRF (Performance-Based Research (MBIE) contracts direct to VUW or via Endowed Development Fund and Arnold Fund) accounted for 10% ($580k) and is subcontracts with our research partners. Heine Antarctic Research awards. calculated by the University for funding Our other external funding came from it receives from the Tertiary Education five Marsden grants (11%; $679k), five The remaining 25% of our revenue comes Commission based on the quality rating of EXPENDITURE Rutherford Fellowships (7%; $459k), from internal University sources. We our staff. and ‘Other’ national and international received 11% from Teaching by way of sources (4%; $240k) such as, the New a transfer of $682k from the School The remaining 4% was from internal Zealand Antarctic Research Institute, of Geography, Environment and Earth University grants. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Sciences for teaching in their courses and

EXPENDITURE

Our expenditure is divided between costs The 15% overhead contribution to the expenses included; $214k to cover office incurred directly within the RTV grants, Research Office and University was and workshop space charges, $161k for and those from the Centre budget. $756k. research related costs that were either reimbursed from external organisations Research Direct Costs (34%; $1.75m) The Centre direct costs included or transferred to grants, and $21k for IT includes $891k of subcontracts to our (40%; $2.07m) of people related costs related costs, leaving $68k for general research partners; $488k to support associated with salaries, promotions, operational costs such as office supplies, student fees and stipends; and $84k annual leave and superannuation. In catering, printing, training courses, and towards analytical costs. The remaining 2020, the ARC also welcomed four new domestic travel. $292k went towards supporting costs research fellows increasing our people such as fieldwork, consumables, and costs from previous years. The final 3% ($164k) of expenditure is for domestic travel. depreciation of CAPEX equipment. The Centre’s 9% ($464k) in operational

30 ARC Annual Review 2020 31 NEW AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE TWO ANTARCTICA NEW ZEALAND SCHOLARSHIPS AND ENGINEERING FUND AWARDED TO ARC STUDENTS Jamey Stutz was the recipient Institute of Nuclear Science and during the 2019-20 field season to the of a newly established fund Engineering fund to support early career central Transantarctic Mountains. In PhD student Matthew the Ross Ice Shelf will respond to a from West Antarctica into the Ross to support early career researchers working with researchers collaboration with Kevin Norton and Tankersley and MSc student changing climate. An ice sheet is the Ice Shelf almost 1000 kilometres researchers. and analytical facilities at the Australia’s Shaun Eaves, this opportunity establishes Theo Calkin were both ice that sits on land, while an ice shelf from Scott Base at an area known Nuclear Sciences and Technology a strategic partnership for cosmogenic awarded Antarctica New is an extension of the ice sheet that as the Siple Coast. This research will Organisation. The fund allows low-cost nuclide analysis as part of the Antarctic floats on the ocean. Matthew says he contribute to understanding how the In September 2020, Jamey received the analyses for cosmogenic nuclides on Science Platform, Project 1. Zealand scholarships. is honoured to receive the scholarship. ice shelf will respond to climate change first of a newly established Australian glacial erratics and bedrock collected and contribute to sea-level rise. Antarctica New Zealand is committed “I was fortunate enough to visit to expanding New Zealand’s Antarctic Antarctica in the 2019/20 season Theo says the scholarship enables him Science expertise and supporting for eight weeks of field work on the to focus on the exciting job of analysing the next generation of Early Career Ross Ice Shelf. Living and working sediment from under the Ross Ice ARNOLD HEINE ANTARCTIC researchers by awarding these highly in that unique environment has Shelf, which is one of the least studied RESEARCH AWARD competitive scholarships. given me a deep appreciation for areas on Earth. Antarctic research and all the people Matthew Tankersley, has received contributing to it. “Having this support from New Zealand The 2020 recipient of Arnold Heine an Antarctica New Zealand Doctoral Post and Antarctica New Zealand Antarctic Research Award went to recent Scholarship that includes $20,000 of “I’m in the early days of my Antarctic- at the early stages of my research PhD graduate and new Postdoctoral Fellow, funding over two years. He is using related research, but with the career means a huge amount, and I’m previously collected data to examine incredible support I’ve received so far grateful for the opportunity to further Jamey Stutz. the depths to the sea floor and study from Antarctica New Zealand, Victoria our understanding of how the Ross Ice the geology beneath the Ross Ice University of Wellington, and GNS Shelf will respond to climate change. Jamey Stutz has received the award to support ongoing Shelf. The sea floor depth controls Science, I anticipate a long career in “The Siple Coast ice streams play an analysis of glacial erratics and past glacial reconstructions where warm ocean water can melt the this field,” Matthew says. important role in the stability of the in Antarctica. The Arnold Heine award will be used to ice shelf from the bottom. Matthew West Antarctic Ice Sheet, so improving support Claudia Moore, a third year undergraduate will also assess the amount of heat Theo Calkin, received the New our understanding of the processes Lisa Dowling, Dart Glacier, New Zealand - Photo: Lisa Dowling student, to assist Jamey in the arduous process of purifying transmitted to the base of the ice Zealand Post Antarctic Scholarship for operating there is both important and rocks (cutting, crushing and separating) in preparation sheet from the ground beneath. This supporting his master’s degree. This rewarding,” Theo says. for chemical analysis. Claudia’s work will allow efficient heat melts the ice and the resulting includes $10,000 of funding, for one ARC ENDOWED DEVELOPMENT processing of a large collection of glacial erratics collected meltwater lubricates the ice base, year. He is using information collected FUND AWARDS by Jamey and colleagues over past Antarctic field seasons. increasing the flow of ice from land from sediment cores from beneath the Additionally, Claudia has the unique opportunity to consider onto the ice shelf. This research will Ross Ice Shelf to better understand a range of sites that will form the core of her future give ice and ocean scientists the ice stream behaviour at the Kamb Ice Through the generosity of alumni and honours research project. We are excited to mentor and information they need to model how Stream. The Kamb Ice Stream flows collaborators the ARC Endowment Fund train an emerging young scientist, and relieved to have has reached over $1.36m. extra help processing our rocks! Thanks again to Arnold and Jan Heine for their generous support for Antarctic Matt Tankersley (left) and Theo Calkin (right) in Antarctica research. The ARC Endowed Development Fund awards small grants of up to $4,000 to postgraduate students with research links to Antarctica. This provides students Jamey Stutz, sampling glacial erratics, Upper Byrd with opportunities that would not have otherwise Glacier, Antarctica - Photo: Jamey Stutz been possible. Examples include; participation in international summer schools, the opportunity to work with collaborators in world-class analytical facilities, and the ability to travel to international conferences and workshops to present their scientific discoveries on a world-stage.

In 2020, the $400k award from Prime Minister’s Science Prize (see page 23) was added to the fund to provide a PhD scholarship in perpetuity. The 2020 recipients were:

Hannah Chorley, Lisa Dowling, Lukas Eling, Florence Isaacs, Wei Ji Leong, Abhijith Ulayottil Venugopal, and Marjolaine Verret — to write-up papers on their respective research for submission to journals.

Fran Baldacchino, Theo Calkin, Steven Kesler and Sam Treweek, all received funding to attend the Geosciences Conference in Christchurch in November 2020.

32 ARC Annual Review 2020 33 THE ARC IS COMMITTED TO PRESENTING OUR RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE TO THE WIDER OUR ENGAGEMENT COMMUNITY

TV INTERVIEWS 7: What the ice is saying.” change-fueled-the-australia-fires-now- https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/ those-fires-are-fueling-climate-change/ programmes/ourchangingworld/ Fox News — 13 February, Nick Golledge, audio/2018754005/voices-from- NZ Herald — 13 January, Nancy Bertler, “Ancient Antarctic ice melt made antarctica-7-what-the-ice-is-saying “Big Science - Can we stop Antarctica’s sea levels rise almost 10 feet some collapse?” http://www.nzherald. 129,000 years ago.” https://www. Radio NZ — 4 August, Lauren Vargo, co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ foxnews.com/science/ancient- “NZ study links climate change and id=1&objectid=12296448) antarctic-ice-melt-made-sea-levels-rise- glacier melt.” https://www.rnz.co.nz/ almost-10-feet-more-than-129000- national/programmes/morningreport/ Latercera — 17 January, Tim Naish, “The years-ago audio/2018757860/nz-study-links- paleoclimatologist and the threats of climate-change-and-glacier-melt global warming: Trump, Bolsonaro? TVNZ — 6 March, Lauren Vargo, “Scientists ‘They are idiots’.” https://www. are looking at how the Australian Magic Talk — 20 September, Nick latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/ bushfire changed the glaciers.” Golledge, “Study by the Victoria el-paleoclimatogo-y-las-amenazas-del- University shows the rise in sea levels calentamiento-global/976727/ News Room — 15 May, Tim Naish and is inevitable but people cannot control Nick Golledge, “Water—Rapuhia, how worse it gets.” Phys.Org — 3 February, Nick Golledge, kimihia: Quest for knowledge” “Warming oceans could cause https://www.newsroom.co.nz/ Neo1 Mein Radio (Switzerland) — 29 Antarctic ice sheet collapse, sea-level ideasroom/2020/05/15/1172232/ October, Ruzica Dadic, “The MOSAiC rise.” https://phys.org/news/2020-02- antarcticas-disintegrating-ice-shelves expedition is over, the impressions oceans-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse. are lasting.” https://www.neo1. html TVNZ ‘Breaking it Down with Dr Michelle ch/news/news/newsansicht/ Dickinson’ — 9 June, Tim Naish, datum/2020/10/29/die-mosaic- The Guardian — 12 February, Nick “Climate change.” https://www. expedition-ist-vorbei-die-eindruecke- Golledge, “Mass melting of Antarctic tvnz.co.nz/shows/home-learning-tv/ bleiben.html ice sheet led to three metre sea level episodes/sage-12-15-e109 rise 120,000 years ago.” https://www. Radio NZ — 19 November, Tim Naish, theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/13/ SRF Kids (Switzerland) — 22 October, “Leaving the beach front - a political mass-melting-of-antarctic-ice-sheet-led- Ruzica Dadic, “North Pole expedition, and financial nightmare.” https://www. to-three-metre-sea-level-rise-120000- Rega-drones and daylight savings.” rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-detail/ years-ago https://www.youtube.com/ story/2018773000/leaving-the-beach- watch?v=OF-MeASQ1Bw front-a-political-and-financial-nightmare The Conversation — 12 February, Nick Golledge, “Ancient Antarctic ice melt iHeart Radio — 1 December, Tim Naish, caused extreme sea level rise 129,000 “Antarctica unfrozen.” https://www. years ago - and it could happen again.” RADIO INTERVIEWS iheart.com/podcast/256-antarctica- https://theconversation.com/ancient- unfrozen-43099266/episode/climate- antarctic-ice-melt-caused-extreme-sea- Radio NZ — 2 July, Nancy Bertler, Nick crisis-101-74556948/ level-rise-129-000-years-ago-and-it- Golledge, Richard Levy, Rob McKay, could-happen-again-131495 Tim Naish, “Melting Ice & Rising Seas’ team wins PM Science Prize.” https:// Stuff — 6 March, Lauren Vargo, “New www.rnz.co.nz/audio/player?audio_ NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE Zealand’s cooked glaciers, spattered id=2018752881 with bushfire ash.” https://www. stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- Radio NZ ‘Our Changing World’ — 9 Grist — 10 January, Lauren Vargo, “Climate news/120059963/climate-crisis-in- July, Huw Horgan and Darcy change fueled the Australia fires. Now one-shrinking-glaciers-spattered-with- Mandeno, “Voices from Antarctica those fires are fueling climate change.” bushfire-ash https://grist.org/climate/climate- Zach, a student from Waterloo School - Photo: Waverley Jones

34 ARC Annual Review 2020 35 Otago Daily Times — 7 March, Lauren Agreement’s climate goals.” https:// National Geographic New Zealand — 7 melt and climate change.” https:// Kings School — 9 March, Oliver Wigmore, Antarctic Society of New Zealand — Vargo, “Glaciers’ retreat going to www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- August, Nancy Bertler, “Antarctica is thesciencebreaker.org/breakers/ “Science and leadership.” 19 August, Tim Naish, “Antarctic continue.” https://www.odt.co.nz/ news/121926403/kiwi-research- the last continent without COVID-19. lauren-j-vargo Chronicles (3): Sea-level rise.” news/national/glaciers%E2%80%99- bolstered-paris-agreements-climate- Scientists want to keep it that way.” Antarctic Society’s Webinar series #1 — https://www.youtube.com/ retreat-going-continue goals https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ Voxy — 12 November, Rob McKay, 18 April, Jamey Stutz, “Ice-Olation: watch?v=NkSafwAZUmo&t=1s science/2020/08/antarctica-last- “Leadership in Antarctic drilling studies Perspectives from the deep field The Westport News — 11 March, Lauren Wairarapa Times-Age — 2 July, Nick continent-without-coronavirus-COVID- rewarded.” http://www.voxy.co.nz/ Antarctica.” https://www.youtube.com/ Science Media Centre Savvy Course on Vargo, “More snow on glaciers but no Golledge, “Greytown’s ‘Iceman’ takes scientists-keep-that-way/ national/5/376934 watch?v=A4LSAjdDJLg Science — 28 August, Tim Naish. good news, say scientists.” out major science award.” https:// times-age.co.nz/greytowns-iceman- Sunday Star Times — 9 August, Lionel Stuff — 19 November, Tim Naish, “The Waiheke School — 12 May, Arran The International School ‘Skype a EGU Blogs: Cryospheric Sciences — 3 April, takes-out-major-science-award/ Carter, “Cable could thaw Antarctic detail: What to do about coastal Whiteford (via zoom),“Big Antarctic Scientist’, Karachi, Pakistan — 26 Levan Tielidze, “Does debris cover data speed.” properties vulnerable to sea level rises glacier science.” September, Jamey Stutz, “Introduction offset glacier retreat in the Greater Voxy — 13 July, Ruzica Dadic, “Wellington - and who pays?” https://www.stuff. to Antarctic science.” Caucasus?” https://blogs.egu.eu/ researcher joins world’s largest polar Stuff — 23 August, Ruzica Dadic, “World co.nz/national/the-detail/300161969/ Parliamentary Commissioner to the divisions/cr/2020/04/03/does-debris- research expedition.” http://www.voxy. champions: Five women working to the-detail-what-to-do-about-coastal- Environment — 17 June, Andrea Dutton Tauira Film Competition. — 28 September, cover-offset-glacier-retreat-in-the- co.nz/national/5/369037 save us from climate change disaster.” properties-vulnerable-to-sea-level-rises- (S.T. Lee Lecturer), Nick Gollegde, Tim Nancy Bertler, “Days of Ice: Antarctica greater-caucasus/ https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/well- -and-who-pays Naish, Rob McKay. Through Fresh Eyes.” Independent Herald — 16 July, Ruzica good/motivate-me/300074901/world- Trinity Grammar School — 23 June, Lauren North Island Secondary School Geography BBC News — 9 June, Rob McKay, Dadic, “Karori scientist to join polar champions-five-women-working-to-save- Voxy — 30 November, Ruzica Dadic, Vargo, “Climate change, glaciers, and Teachers Workshop — 28 September, “Coronavirus: New Zealand cuts expedition.” us-from-climate-change-disaster “Curious polar bears greet Wellington research in Antarctica to keep it virus scientist in history-making Arctic earth science.” Shaun Eaves, “Reconstructing climate free.” https://www.bbc.com/news/ The Guardian — 3 August, Lauren Vargo, EGU Blogs - Cryospheric Sciences: 4 expedition.” http://www.voxy.co.nz/ from glaciers.” Waterloo School — 25 June, Peter Barrett, world-asia-52975134 “There’s still a choice’: New Zealand’s September, Levan Tielidze, “Climate national/5/378116 Ruzica Dadic, Michelle Dow, Stefan Keystone — 6 October, Tim Naish, Richard melting glaciers show the human change & cryosphere – How the Jendersie, Dao Polsiri, Jamey Stutz, Levy, Ruzica Dadic, Lauren Vargo, Holly NZ Herald — 9 June, Rob McKay, “Antarctic fingerprints of climate change.” Chalaati Glacier (Georgian Caucasus) Geo — November, Ruzica Dadic, “This Winton, “Why study the environment in field science put on ice over COVID-19 https://www.theguardian.com/ changed since the Little Ice Age.” year changed us. And it will change Arran Whiteford, “Antarctic festival New Zealand.” worries.” https://www.nzherald. environment/2020/aug/04/theres- https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/ the science.” https://www.geo. day”. co.nz/nz/antarctic-field-science- still-a-choice-new-zealands-melting- cr/2020/09/04/climate-change- de/wissen/23427-rtkl-polarstern- Wellington Club — 25 June, Tim Naish, Days of Ice: Kōrero on Ice Panel put-on-ice-over-COVID-19-worries/ glaciers-show-the-human-fingerprints- cryosphere-how-the-chalaati-glacier- zurueck-aus-dem-eis-das-jahr-hat-uns- “Has coronavirus killed globalisation.” Discussion — 8 October, Nancy Bertler W6QIS2FBP6UI7G44DMV7KPY4YA/ of-climate-change georgian-caucasus-changed-since-the- veraendert-und-es-wird-die https://www.diplosphere.org/ and Darcy Mandeno, Christchurch. little-ice-age/ The Conversation — 24 June, Lauren The Conversation — 4 August, Lauren NZ Herald — 1 December, Ruzica event-info/has-coronavirus-killed- Transitional Cathedral Christchurch: Vargo, “Why long-term environmental Vargo, “How climate change made Dadic, “Melting sea ice and polar globalisation-1. Stuff — 6 September, Lauren Vargo, Days of Ice Festival - For the Beauty observations are crucial for New the melting of New Zealand glaciers “Five ways tourism in New Zealand bears: A Wellington physicist’s ICEPerts Webinar One — 9 July, Tim of the Earth — 14 October, Tim Naish, Zealand’s water security challenges.” 10 times more likely.” https:// could become more sustainable.” Arctic expedition.” https://www. Naish, “Sea level rise.” https:// “Climate change.” https://theconversation.com/why-long- theconversation.com/how-climate- https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/green- nzherald.co.nz/nz/melting-sea- www.antarcticscienceplatform.org. term-environmental-observations-are- change-made-the-melting-of-new- travel/300094145/five-ways-tourism- ice-and-polar-bears-a-wellington- nz/updates/antarcticas-iceperts-a- MOSAiC Expenditon Logbook — 23 crucial-for-new-zealands-water-security- zealands-glaciers-10-times-more- in-new-zealand-could-become-more- physicists-arctic-expedition/ webinar-series October, Ruzica Dadic, “Sledges and challenges-141123 likely-143626 sustainable TYMXIDBX3ADTK6A7JVQI7OTQSA/ polar bears.” https://www.slf.ch/en/ Antarctic Society of New Zealand about-the-slf/news/blogs/logbook/ Stuff — 24 June, Lauren Vargo, “Single Hokitika Guardian — 4 August, Brian Stuff — 30 September, Tim Naish, NZ Herald — 3 December, Ruzica — 15 July, Tim Naish, “Antarctic mosaic-expedition/sledges-and-polar- glacier lost enough ice to supply all Anderson, “Glacier melt ‘climate “Defend or retreat - the struggle Dadic, “Arctic climate change Chronicles (1): How humans are bears.html NZers with drinking water.” https:// change’.” to save our beachside paths and expedition: Wellington scientist altering the course of natural climate www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- reserves from rising sea levels.” escapes from world.” https://www. Antarctic Through Fresh Eyes & Explorers NZ Herald — 4 August, Lauren Vargo, change.” https://www.youtube.com/ news/300038562/single-glacier-lost- https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/ nzherald.co.nz/nz/arctic-climate- Club Polar Film Fest — 18 November, “Climate change made 2018’s big watch?v=DxJBsAM3ma0&t=1s enough-ice-to-supply-all-nzers-with- climate-news/122733616/defend- change-expedition-wellington- Jamey Stutz. glacier melt 10 times more likely.” drinking-water-niwa or-retreat--the-struggle-to-save-our- scientist-escapes-from-world/ https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ National Library — 27 July, Tim Naish, beachside-paths-and-reserves-from- OKYOQHB34OEFO4BRDQBF6H42GM/ Karori West Normal School — 18 Dominion Post/The Press — 25 climate-change-made-2018s-big- “The currency of water.” https://natlib. rising-sea-levels November, Ruzica Dadic, “Polar June, Lauren Vargo, “Glacier’s glacier-melt-10-times-more-likely/ Independent Herald — 3 December, govt.nz/events/the-currency-of-water- july-27-2020 science and polar bears.” astonishing ice loss.” https://www. ILXNLCQCB77VUPSOYLZBA4LYFA/ Stuff — 17 October, Lauren Vargo, “Wildlife Ruzica Dadic, “Polar blast.” pressreader.com/new-zealand/the- centre’s climate change inofrmation https://issuu.com/mail-wsn.co/ French Embassy — 11 December, Tim SBS News — 4 August, Lauren Vargo, Diplosphere and the British High press/20200625/281629602533272 panels labelled ‘misleading’.” https:// docs/3_december_independent_ Naish, “The Paris Agreement – Are we “Human-induced climate change is Commission — 3 August, Tim Naish, www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- herald/1?e=41740495/82299796 there yet.” https://www.francenzst. NZ Herald — 30 June, Tim Naish, “Work causing ‘extreme’ melting in New “Post COVID–Lets Build Back Better news/123099160/wildlife-centres- org/2020/11/24/fast-4th-annual- on Antarctic sea-level rise wins Zealand glaciers.” https://www.sbs. Conference.” https://www.diplosphere. climate-change-information-panels- Scoop — 6 December, Tim Naish, meeting/ Prime Minister’s Science Prize.” com.au/news/human-induced-climate- org/event-info/lets-build-back-better- labelled-misleading “Antarctic scientists support climate https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ change-is-causing-extreme-melting-in- emergency.” https://www.scoop.co.nz/ conference. work-on-antarctic-sea-level-rise- new-zealand-glaciers stories/SC2012/S00012/antarctic- The Spinoff — 20 October, Lauren Vargo, Public Talk and Panel Discussion — 5 wins-prime-ministers-science-prize/ “COVID-19 has changed New Zealand scientists-support-climate-emergency. Stuff — 4 August, Lauren Vargo, “It’s August, Nancy Bertler, Nick Gollege, L3H3EM37PBNBTS4C4BZYLR26YQ/ forever. The experts explain how.” htm official: Extreme NZ glacial melting Judy lawrence, Richard Levy, Rob https://thespinoff.co.nz/partner/ Scoop — 30 June, Tim Naish, “2019 Prime pinned on humans.” https://www. McKay, Tim Naish, “Melting Ice and vodafone/20-10-2020/COVID-19- Minister’s Science Prizes announced.” stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- Rising Seas.” has-changed-new-zealand-forever-the- https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/ news/122327654/its-official-extreme- experts-explain-how/ TALKS TO TrackZero-Auckland Live : Arts + Climate SC2006/S00067/2019-prime- nz-glacial-melting-pinned-on-humans POLICYMAKERS, SCHOOL Innovation — 6 August, Tim Naish, “Are ministers-science-prizes-announced. The Listener — 31 October, Tim Naish, “All Yahoo! News UK & Ireland — 4 August, & COMMUNITY GROUPS artists creative disruptors.” https:// htm at sea: The danger of New Zealand’s Lauren Vargo, “There’s still a choice: trackzero.nz/projects-events/arts- warming oceans.” climate-innovation-livestream-korero/ Stuff — 30 June, Nick Gollege, Tim New Zealand’s melting glaciers show Pulaski Community Middle School — 27 & Naish, Richard Levy, Nancy Bertler, the human fingerprints of climate The Science Breaker — 10 November, 28 February, Lauren Vargo, “Glaciers in Hazel Glen College — 11 August, Lauren “Kiwi research bolstered Paris change.” Lauren Vargo, “Extreme glacier New Zealand and around the world.” Vargo, “Glaciers and climate change.” 36 ARC Annual Review 2020 37 OUR PUBLICATIONS

PEER-REVIEWED and Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1080/ Lhermitte, S., van Lipzig, N.P.M. (2020). PUBLICATIONS 00288306.2020.1811354 Importance of blowing snow during cloudy conditions in East Antarctica: Comparison Escobar-Flores, P.C., O’Driscoll, R.L., of ground-based and space-borne retrievals Montgomery, J.C., Ladroit, Y., Jendersie, Alevropoulos-Borrill, A.V., Nias, I.J., Payne, over ice-shelf and mountain regions. S. (2020). Estimates of density of A.J., Golledge, N.R., Bingham, R.J. (2020). Frontiers of Earth Science 8: 240. https:// mesopelagic fish in the Southern Ocean Ocean-forced evolution of the Amundsen doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00240 derived from bulk acoustic data collected Sea catchment, West Antarctica, by 2100. by ships of opportunity. 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38 ARC Annual Review 2020 39 Jones, R.S., Whitmore, R.J., Mackintosh, A.N., variability and change from Aotearoa Zealand. Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Thomas, Z.A., Jones, R.T., Turney, C.S.M., Wooster, Ohio, USA. Ohio Journal of projections for New Zealand’s Scott Base Norton, K.P., Eaves, S.R., Stutz, J., Christl, New Zealand speleothems: Progress in Physical Geography. https://doi.org/10.108 Golledge, N., Fogwill, C., Bradshaw, C.J.A., Science 120(2): 22-29. http://dx.doi. rebuild. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. M. (2020). Regional-scale abrupt Mid- age modelling, oxygen isotope master 0/04353676.2020.1840179 Menviel, L., McKay, N.P., Bird, M., Palmer, org/10.18061/ojs.v120i2.7073 18 p. (GNS Science report; 2020/13). Holocene ice sheet thinning in the western record construction and proxy-model J., Kershaw, P., Wilmshurst, J., Muscheler, doi:10.21420/TVST-WA08. Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A.J,, Goelzer, Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Lacelle, D., Fisher, Ross Sea, Antarctica. 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40 ARC Annual Review 2020 41 INVITED PRESENTATIONS Wellington, New Zealand 18-20 November Baldacchino, F., Golledge, N., Horgan, H., Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, 22-25 November 2020. Ahuriri River valley, New Zealand, based 2020. Jendersie, S., Stewart, C., Christoffersen, R., Balco, G., Baroni, C., Casale, S., on geomorphological mapping and Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Norton, K., Lacelle, P., Bromirski, P. (2020). Investigating the Jamieson, S., Jones, R.S., Salvatore, M.C. cosmogenic 10Be data. Nordic Branch Golledge, N.R. (2020). Antarctic contributions D., Christl, M., Levy, R., Naish, T. (2020). seasonal dynamics of the Ross Ice Shelf, (2020). Rapid thinning of David Glacier in Meeting 2020, virtual, Copenhagen, to sea-level rise. SCAR Open Science Presence of 10Be in Miocene sediments Antarctica using remote sensing data. the recent geological past: Chronology and met Denmark. IGS. 11-13 November 2020. Conference, virtual, 4 August 2020. challenges permanent polar aridity in the CHAIRED WORKSHOPS Geoscience Society of New Zealand Annual controls. SCAR Open Science Conference, McMurdo Dry Valleys. SCAR Open Science Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Mackintosh, Golledge, N.R. (2020). Ice sheets and sea Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, virtual, 3-7 August 2020. Conference, virtual, 3-7 August 2020. A. (2020). Glacial geomorphology of the level: Past, present, future. Nanyang 22-25 November 2020. Bertler, N. (2020). Inaugural Antarctic Science Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, Ahuriri River valley, central Southern Alps, Technological University (Singapore), Whiteford, A. (2020). Surveying the shape Platform Conference, Wellington, New Calkin, T., Dunbar, G., Atkins, C., Harwood, R., Jamieson, S.R., Jones, R.S. (2020). New Zealand. Geoscience Society of New virtual, 15 September 2020. of a subglacial channel with radio-echo Zealand, 18-20 November 2020. D., Ginnane, C., Turnbull, J., Martin, A., Controls on Holocene thinning of Zealand Annual Conference, Christchurch, sounding. Snow and Ice Research Group Golledge, N.R. (2020)., Emergence of critical Hulbe, C., Horgan, H. (2020). Sub-ice David Glacier, Antarctica. New Zealand New Zealand, 22-25 November 2020. Bertler, N., Colleoni F., and Fraser, C. (2020). Workshop, Somes Island, Wellington, 3-5 climate states during the Plio-Pleistocene. shelf sedimentary record at Kamb Ice Quaternary Sciences e-Conference, virtual, SCAR mini-symposium - Antarctica in a February 2020. Massachussets Institute of Technology Stream Grounding Zone, Siple Coast, West 1-2 July 2020. warming world; regional changes, global (MIT), virtual, 17 November 2020. Antarctica. Geoscience Society of New consequences and future commitments. Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, Zealand Annual Conference, Christchurch, Johnson, K.M., McKay, R.M., Etourneau, J., SCAR Open Science Conference, virtual, R., Jamieson, S.R., Jones, R.S. (2020). New Zealand, 22-25 November 2020. Jiménez-Espejo, F., Albot, A., Riesselman, 3-7 August 2020 Controls on mid-Holocene thinning along STUDENT POSTER C., Bertler, N., Horgan, H.J., Crosta, Isaacs, F., Renwick, J., Mackintosh, A., Dadic, David Glacier, Antarctica. AGU Fall Meeting, Eaves, S. (2020). Active Earth. New Zealand PRESENTATIONS X., Bendle, J., Ashley, K.E., Yamane, M., R. (2020). ENSO modulates summer and virtual, 1-17 December 2020. Quaternary e-Conference, virtual, 1 July Yokoyama, Y., Pekar, S., Escutia, C., Dunbar, autumn sea ice variability in Dronning 2020. Stutz, J., and Wilson, T.J. (2020). Co-locating R. (2020). Holocene climate variability Maud Land, Antarctica. Snow and Ice Leong, W.J., and Horgan, H.J. (2020). GPS, seismic and ice histories in Antarctica. along the coastal margins of Adélie Land, Eaves, S. and Johnson, K. (2020). Climate Research Group Workshop, Somes Island, DeepBedMap: Resolving the bed LIONESS Collaborative Workshop on East Antarctica. AGU Fall Meeting, virtual, past and present. Geoscience Society Wellington, 3-5 February 2020. topography of Antarctica with a deep neural Western Ross Sea and Amundsen Sea, 1-17 December 2020. of New Zealand Annual Conference, network. SCAR Open Science Conference, Johnson, K.M., McKay, R.M., Albot, A., Dunbar, virtual, Korean Polar Institute, 14-15 May Christchurch, New Zealand, 22-25 virtual, 3-7 August 2020. Levy, R. (2020). Te tai pari o Aotearoa - Future R., Riesselman, C., Jiménez-Espejo, F., 2020. November 2020. sea-level rise around New Zealand’s Etourneau, J., Bertler, N. (2020). Climate Moore, E., Eaves, S., and Norton, K. (2020). Tielidze, L. (2020). The current state of the dynamic coastline. Antarctic Science Eaves, S., Vargo, L., and Wigmore, O. (2020). modulation of laminae deposition in Adélie The glacial history of Rocky Top cirque, glaciers in the Caucasus Mountains. Platform Conference, Wellington, New New Zealand Snow and Ice Research Land, East Antarctica. Geoscience Society southeast Fiordland, New Zealand. Students in Polar and Alpine Research Zealand, 19 August 2020. Group Annual Workshop. Matiu/Somes of New Zealand Annual Conference, Geoscience Society of New Zealand Annual Conference (SPARC 2020), virtual, Brno, Island, Wellington, 3-5 February 2020. Christchurch, New Zealand, 22-25 Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, Malyarenko, A., Wells, A.J., Langhorne, P.J., Czech Republic, 21-22 September 2020. November 2020. 22-25 November 2020. Robinson, N.J., Williams, M.J.M., Nicholls, Gossart, A. and Vargo, L. (2020). The Tielidze, L. (2020). The history of glacier study K.W. (2020). Ice shelf-ocean ablation: A cryosphere - Antarctica: Past, present and Khedim, N., Cécillon, L., Poulenard, J., Barré, P., Pop, O. T., Răchită, I. G., Germain, D., Rikadze, of the Greater Caucasus and current state wide range in observations, a wider range future. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Baudin, F., Marta, S., Gielly, L., Ambrosini, Z., Holobâcă, I. H., Khuntselia, T., Alexe, M., of observation. 18th Swiss Geoscience in modelling. The Oregon State University Annual Conference, Christchurch, New R., Rabatel, A., Dentant, C., Cauvy-Fraunié, Elizbarashvili, M., Gaprindashvili, G., Ivan, Meeting, virtual, Zurich, Switzerland, 6-7 Seminar, virtual, September 2020. Zealand, 22-25 November 2020. S., Anthelme, Tielidze, L., Messager, E., K., Tielidze, L. (2020). Tree-ring dating of November 2020. Choler, P., Ficetola, G.F. (2020). Soil organic colonized moraine surfaces in deglacierized McKay, R. (2020). Colombia and Antarctica. Johnson, K. (2020). New Zealand history of matter build-up during soil formation in Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Mackintosh, areas of Greater Caucasus Mountains. EGU Latin America CAPE and the Embassy of ice and climate. New Zealand Quaternary glacier forefields around the world.EGU A. (2020). Comparison of Late Quaternary General Assembly, virtual, 4-8 May 2020. Colombia to Australia and New Zealand e-Conference, virtual, 1 July 2020. General Assembly, virtual, 4-8 May 2020. glacier extent from the Southern Alps and Seminar, Wellington, New Zealand, 10 Stutz, J., Eaves, S., and Norton, K. (2020). Greater Caucasus. Snow and Ice Research December 2020. Levy, R., and Horgan, H. (2020). ASP Project Leong, W.J., and Horgan, H.J. (2020). October Thinning history of Byrd and Mulock Group Workshop, Somes Island, Wellington, 1 planning and implementation workshop. 20). DeepBedMap: A Super-Resolution Glaciers: A preliminary field report. Naish, T.R. (2020). Chilean National Futures 3-5 February 2020. Antarctic Science Conference, Wellington, Generative Adversarial Network for Geoscience Society of New Zealand Annual Congress “Congreso Futuro”, Punta Arenas New Zealand, 18-20 November 2020. resolving the bed topography of Antarctica. Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Mackintosh, Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Santiago, 15-17 January 2020. 22-25 November 2020. Purdie, J. and Vargo, L. (2020). The cryosphere CEDSG Seminar Series, virtual, 20 October A. (2020). Glacial history of the Ahuriri Naish, T.R. (2020). New SCAR Strategic - Southern Alps and ice deformation to 2020. Valley, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Trans- Tankersley, M., Bell, R., Black, J., Caratori Research Programme – INSTANT. SCAR Tasman Quaternary Science e-Conference, Antarctica. Geoscience Society of New Stutz, J. (2020). Development of a virtual Tontini, F., Horgan, H., Siddoway, C. Tinto, Open Science Conference, virtual, 3-7 virtual, 1 July 2020 Zealand Annual Conference, Christchurch, field experience: Byrd Glacier, Antarctica. K. Wilner, J. (2020). Aeromagnetic data August 2020. New Zealand, 22-25 November 2020. Engineering and Computer Graphics Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Mackintosh, reveal broad basement structures under the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Scientific Naish, T.R. (2020). The uncertain contribution Renwick, J., Robinson, N., Lamare, M., Bertler, Multidisciplinary Workshop, Wellington, A. (2020). The Ahuriri Glacier during the Committee on Antarctic Research Annual of Antarctic ice sheets to future sea-level N. (2020). Prioritisation of sea ice research New Zealand, 14 October 2020. Last Glacial Maximum, Southern Alps, Conference, virtual, 3-7 August 2020. rise: Implications & impacts. Antarctic New Zealand. Students in Polar and Alpine - Opportunities, challenges and key Stutz, J. (2020). Development of a virtual Science Platform Conference, Wellington, Research Conference (SPARC 2020), deliverables workshop. Antarctic Science field experience: Byrd Glacier, Antarctica. Tankersley, M., Bell, R., Black, J., Caratori New Zealand, 19 August 2020. virtual, Brno, Czech Republic, 21-22 Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, 18- Computational Media Innovation Centre Tontini, F., Horgan, H., Siddoway, C. Tinto, 20 November 2020. September 2020. K. (2020). Broad Basement Structures Naish, T.R. (2020). Grand challenges in Interfaculty Collider Workshop, 3 November Under Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf Revealed cryospheric science. European Polar 2020. Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Mackintosh, from Aeromagnetic Data. AGU Fall Meeting, Science Week Conference, virtual, 28 A. (2020). Evolution of the Ahuriri Glacier Stutz, J., Baroni, C., Colizza, E., Jamieson, S.R. virtual, 1-17 December 2020. October 2020. during the Last Glacial Maximum, Southern Lee, J., Rhee, H., Sauli, C. (2020). Onshore Alps, New Zealand. 18th Swiss Geoscience Tankersley, M., Horgan, H., Caratori Tontini, F., Naish, T.R. and Renwick, J. (2020)., ClIC and STUDENT ORAL to offshore glacial reconstruction of Terra Meeting, virtual, Zurich, Switzerland, 6-7 Siddoway, C. Tinto, K. (2020). Constrained the Grand Challenge. 41st Meeting of the PRESENTATIONS Nova Bay, Western Ross Sea: A community November 2020. geopotential modelling of the ocean cavity Joint Scientific Committee of the World work in progress. SCAR Open Science and geology beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. Climate Research Program, virtual, 18-22 Conference, virtual, 3-7 August 2020. Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Lacelle, D., Fisher, Alevropoulos-Borrill, A., Golledge, N., Geoscience Society of New Zealand Annual May 2020. D., Norton, K., Levy, R., Naish, T. (2020). Lowry, D., Cornford, S. (2020). Stabilizing Stutz, J., and Eaves, S. (2020). Thinning Meteoric ground ice in mid-Miocene Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, Stutz, J., Eaves, S., Moore, C., Norton, K., and readvancing the grounding line of Pine history of Byrd and Mulock glaciers: permafrost: a paleo-temperature proxy, 22-25 November 2020. Lowry, D. (2020). Deflated: Glacial thinning Island Glacier. Geoscience Society of New A preliminary field report. SCAR Open upper McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Tielidze, L., Eaves, S., Norton, K., stories from the Transantarctic Mountains. Zealand Annual Conference, Christchurch, Science Conference, virtual, 3-7 August Geoscience Society of New Zealand Annual Mackintosh, A. (2020). Reconstruction Antarctic Science Platform Conference, New Zealand, 22-25 November 2020. 2020. Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, of Late Quaternary glaciation in the

42 ARC Annual Review 2020 43 Rob McKay ARC Director Associate Professor OUR PEOPLE Stratigraphy & sedimentology

Brian Anderson Peter Barrett Nancy Bertler Lionel Carter Ruzica Dadic Warren Dickinson Michelle Dow Gavin Dunbar Associate Professor Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Emeritus Professor Senior Research Fellow Senior Research Fellow Centre Manager Senior Lecturer Glacial modelling Antarctic climate history Ice core climatology Ocean history & processes Snow & ice processes Sedimentary petrology Sedimentology & geochemistry

Bella Duncan Shaun Eaves Nick Golledge Alexandra Gossart Huw Horgan Stefan Jendersie Liz Keller Richard Levy Postdoctoral Fellow Lecturer Professor Postdoctoral Fellow Associate Professor Research Fellow Research Fellow Associate Professor Paleoceanography Glaciology & paleoclimatology Ice sheet modelling Regional climate modelling Glacial geophysics Ocean modelling Modelling Hub Co-Leader Stratigraphy

Darcy Mandeno Tim Naish Dao Polsiri Alex Pyne Jamey Stutz Lauren Vargo Oliver Wigmore Holly Winton Science Drilling Office Professor Administrator & NZ SeaRise Antarctic Drilling Advisor Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Operations & Field Engineer Sedimentology & paleoclimatology Programme Manager Antarctic geology NZ glacier monitoring & modelling Glacial processes Ice core biomarkers

44 ARC Annual Review 2020 45 ARC ADVISORY BOARD ARC ADJUNCTS LIST OF COLLABORATORS Ehsan Mesbahi (Convenor), PVC SHEADI, Victoria University Angela Bahamondes-Dominguez NATIONAL COLLABORATORS Craig Cary, New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute Helen Bostock Jana Newman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Robert DeConto Antarctica New Zealand Oceanum Ian McIntosh, Research Office, Victoria University Robert Dunbar GNS Science University of Auckland Rob Murdoch, NIWA Katelyn Johnson Manaaki Whenua — Landcare Research University of Canterbury Gary Wilson, GNS Science Mario Krapp Meridian Energy University of Otago James Renwick, SGEES, Victoria University Dave Lowe New Zealand eScience Infrastructure (NESI) University of Waikato Prue Williams, Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment Dan Lowry NIWA Webster Drilling and Exploration Ltd. Andrew Mackintosh Alena Malyarenko INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS Peter Webb Mike Williams Aberystwyth University (Wales) The Pennsylvania State University (USA) Terry Wilson Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany) Rutgers University (USA) Dan Zwartz Australian Antarctic Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA) The Australian National University Southampton University (England) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Standford University (USA) Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Switzerland) Berkeley Geochronology Centre (USA) Temple University (USA) POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Binghamton University - State University of New York (USA) Texas A&M University (USA) British Antarctic Survey (England) Tulane University (USA) Alanna Alevropoulos-Borrill PhD Ice sheet modelling Joanna Borzecki MSc Glaciology Central Washington University (USA) Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope (Italy) Francesca Baldacchino PhD Remote sensing Theo Calkin MSc Glaciomarine geology Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences University of Alaska, Fairbanks (USA) Hannah Chorley* PhD Antarctic climatology Emily Moore MSc Glacial history Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Bergen (Norway) Jay Cockr ell PhD Antarctic paleoclimate Durham University (England) University of Birmingham (England) Rachel Corran* PhD Past & future emissions École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland) University of Bordeaux (France) William Gonzalez* PhD Palynology Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland) University of Bremen (Germany) Florence Isaacs PhD Antarctic climatology Hokkaido University (Japan) University of Bristol (England) Katelyn Johnson* PhD Ice core climatology Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (Spain) University of California, Irvine (USA) Wei Ji Leong PhD Machine learning Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy) University of Colorado (USA) Ihanshu Rane PhD Antarctic foehn winds Imperial College London (England) University of Granada (Spain) Jamey Stutz* PhD Glaciology Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (Italy) University of Maine (USA) Matthew Tankersley PhD Geopotential modelling Japan National Institute for Polar Research (Japan) University of Massachusetts-Amherst (USA) Levan Tielidze PhD Glaciology Jilin University (China) University of Melbourne (Australia) Laurine van Haastrecht* PhD Antarctic glaciology Keele University (England) University of Milano-Bicocca (Italy) Marjolaine Verret* PhD Permafrost geochemistry Korea University (South Korea) University of Nebraska-Lincoln (USA) Arran Whiteford PhD Subglacial hydrology Korean Polar Research Institute (Republic of Korea) University of New Mexico (USA) Yaowen Zheng PhD Antarctic climatology *thesis submitted for examination in 2020 Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l’environnement (France) University of New South Wales (Australia) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (USA) University of Oslo (Norway) Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (USA) University of Ottawa (USA) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA) University of Pisa (Italy) ASSOCIATED RESEARCHERS Marche Polytechnic University (Italy) University of Plymouth (England) McGill University (Canada) The University of Queensland (Australia) Cliff Atkins Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences Sedimentary processes and environments Monash University (Australia) University of South Florida (USA) Michael Hannah Associate Professor in Earth Sciences Marine palynology Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (USA) The University of Sydney (Australia) Judy Lawrence Senior Research Fellow Climate change decision-making and adaptation NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (The Netherlands) University of Tasmania (Australia) Kevin Norton Associate Professor in Geography Geomorphology and geochemistry National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) University of Urbino (Italy) Rebecca Priestley Associate Professor - Science in Context Antarctic science history National Oceanography Centre (England) University of Washington (USA) James Renwick Professor in Physical Geography Atmospheric circulation National Research Council (Italy) University of Waterloo (Canada) Rhian Salmon Deputy Director - Science in Society Science communication Niels Bohr Institute (Denmark) University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Tim Stern Professor in Geophysics Solid earth geophysics and Transantarctic Mountains Northern Arizona University (USA) Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Northern Illinois University (USA) Worcester State University (USA) The Ohio State University (USA) Yale University (USA) Oregon State University (USA)

OTHER VUW ACADEMICS WITH ANTARCTIC INTERESTS RICE team, Antarctica - Photo: Nancy Bertler David Frame Professor of Climate Change Climate policy and future climate change Margaret Harper Adjunct Research Associate in Geology Freshwater algae Malcolm Ingham Senior Lecturer in Physics Properties of sea ice Mark McGuinness Professor in Mathematics Modelling Joanna Mossop Associate Professor in Law International law Nigel Roberts Emeritus Professor of Political Science Antarctic politics and history Ken Ryan Professor in Antarctic Biology Marine algae Ross Stevens Programme Director in Industrial Design Design of remote field camps Joe Trodahl Emeritus Professor in Physics Temperature conduction in ice and rock

46 ARC Annual Review 2020 47 www.wgtn.ac.nz/antarctic

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