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The East German Army; the Second Power in the Warsaw Pact

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The East German Army; the Second Power in the Warsaw Pact ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: COLD WAR SECURITY STUDIES Volume 23 THEEAST EAST GERMAN GERMAN ARMY ARMY THEEAST EAST GERMAN GERMAN ARMY ARMY The Second Power in the Warsaw Pact THOMAS M. FORSTER With an Introduction by General Sir Harry Tuzo, G.C.B., O.B.E., M.C., M.A. Translated by Deryck Viney I~ ~~o~:~!n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in Great Britain in 1980 by George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. This edition first published in 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1980 Markus-Verlag Kln All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-367-56630-2 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-00-312438-2 (Set) (ebk) ISBN: 978-0-367-60971-9 (Volume 23) (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-00-310273-1 (Volume 23) (ebk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. THE EAST GERMAN ARMY The Second Power in the Warsaw Pact Thomas M. Forster With an introduction by General Sir Harry Tuzo, G.C.B., O.B.E., M.C., M.A. Translated by Deryck Viney London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD Boston Sydney Published in Germany under the title DIE NVA - KERNSTOCK DER LANDESVERTEIDIGUNG DER DDR by the Markus-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH., Koln Copyright in the German original and this translation Markus-Verlag Koln 1980 © Published in Great Britain 1980 by George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemicai, mechanical, opti- cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be sent to the publishers at the under- mentioned address: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD 40 Museum Street, London WC/A ILU ISBN O 04 355012 6 Printed in Germany by Rock & Co., Wolfenbuttel Introduction by General Sir Harry Tuzo, G.C.B., O.B.E., M.C., M.A. If we are right in assuming that military factors will play a greater rather than diminishing role on the international scene in the new decade, we need to take a closer look at those instruments of military power which may take the stage in the years to come. Before the invasion of Afghanistan few people in Western Europe saw the threat of World War Three as anything but an im- probable nightmare. For many reasons - and this is not the place to go into them - I believe that this war will only happen if we bury our heads in the sand and ignore realities. Peace can only be preserved if we look to the de- fences of NATO as a whole and to our national contribution in particular. It follows that a clear understanding of the various Warsaw Pact forces is in every way necessary. As I write the Soviet Army, despite Brezhnev's protestations that "de- tente" must continue, is in action. In areas from which Soviet "military advis- ors" were forced to withdraw, other "socialist" personnel have replaced them, such as Fidel Castro's "volunteers" - and the East Germans. If we compare Cuba's economic potential with that of East Germany it is not difficult to see the latter, with an army which has belonged for years to the First Strategic Echelon of the Warsaw Pact, fighting a proxy war on Soviet behalf in any part of the world where Big Brother might find it convenient and where a plausible "cause" could be contrived. Over the last ten years East Germany has won diplomatic recognition as the "German Democratic Republic". She is also one of the 35 states to sign the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on European Security and Cooperation in 1975. If "detente" is revived the Helsinki agreements may permit closer scrutiny by outsiders of East Germany's army, the Nationale Volksarmee (NVA). While possessing all the typical characteristics of a Communist Mili- tary establishment it also derives a character of its own from martial traditions strongly embedded in history. Mr. Forster's excellent book provides a total picture of the armed forces of that "other" Germany. I recommend it not only to those professionally concerned but to all who are interested in world affairs and the military bal- ance. In expanding the material used in the first English edition of 1967 (also published by George Allen & Unwin) the German author has made it clearer than ever that the capability of the NVA depends on more things than purely military factors and national policies. He shows us the NVA as part of a socie- ty that has become, thanks to "socialist military education", militarized 5 through and through. It is important to realize - and our representatives at the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions talks in Vienna might make use of the fact - that East Germany possesses, in addition to a regular army of some 200,000, paramilitary forces numbering about half a million. These Working Class Combat Groups constitute an army on their own which figures promi- nently in Warsaw Pact calculations, even though disregarded by international arms control experts. As a purely Soviet product the East German Army does not formulate its own broad military doctrines. It is useful therefore to have from Mr. Forster an outline of the Soviet theory of war. This will help the reader to understand many contemporary developments even where the East German military are not directly involved. For all these reasons - the growing importance of military factors in the eighties, the increased part played on the world stage by the GDR itself during the last ten years, and the pace of that country's internal militarization - I welcome this new edition of Forster's standard work. Central Europe may appear calm at the momen~. But new crises in that area could come upon us with great suddenness. The single word "Berlin" is sufficient to support this possibility. Mr. Forster's book will make a great contribution to our understanding of the forces which could be closely involved. His work will be widely welcomed and highly respected. 6 Contents Foreword . 9 CHAPTER ONE Ensuring the Onward March of Socialism 17 CHAPTER TWO Socialist Military Education . 42 CHAPTER THREE In the Service of Socialist Internationalism . 72 CHAPTER FOUR Controlling Organs and Structure of the Defence Forces .............. 105 CHAPTER FIVE Frontier Troops and their Employment ............................ 122 CHAPTER SIX Other National Defence Agencies . 141 CHAPTER SEVEN Political Organization within the NVA . 159 CHAPTER EIGHT The Supply System of the NVA and the Economic Support of National Defence ............ .. .................... 173 CHAPTER NINE Weapons and Major Equipment .................................. 191 CHAPTER TEN Political-Ideological Education and Training ............ ........... 229 CHAPTER ELEVEN Military Training . 253 CHAPTER TWELVE Barrack Duties, Discipline and Internal Structure 276 INDEX ....................................................... 303 7 Foreword The general reader's interest in military affairs has changed considerably over the last generation or two, not so much in intensity as in motivation. The older generation, all of whom had experienced the Second World War and many the First World War as well, would have expected any account of a country's army to pay attention to the ethical dimension of its fighting power - the "soldierly virtues". Later descriptions were satisfied with outward appearances and technology, establishment figures and weapon statistics. Only when the "old soldiers" had left the stage did writers appear who saw armies rather as an integral part of the state, and the military as members of society. They were largely concerned to prove that army regulations and precepts of behaviour either were, or were not, in line with the general principles of the society in question. Where their elders, having readers in mind who were either soldiers too, or civilians with military connections, often wrote from an emo- tional standpoint in terms of "our" side and "theirs", the new authors were products of scientific disciplines - political science, sociology, educational theory or economics. There are several reasons for the public at large, both in West Germany and in the West generally, to be increasingly interested in publications about armies such as that of the other, communist, German state. There is in the first place general support in the West for a defence effort which is only justified by the military potential of the other side; support, therefore, both for the outlay on its own forces and for membership of the Western alliance. This consensus is tacit rather than vocal, and certainly not jubilant. But the willingness of the taxpayer to reach so deeply into his pocket, and of hundreds of thousands of young men in Western Europe to undergo the inconvenience of national serv- ice, is no trivial sign in the long run, considering the growth of political aware- ness.
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