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Thesis Reference Thesis Power maximization, hegemony and the unipolar international structure BRIGHENTI, Olivier Abstract Définir la structure internationale contemporaine comme unipolaire est devenu un fait accepté par l'ensemble de la communauté scientifique. Cependant, qu'entend-on par unipolarité? En d'autres termes, comment la structure unipolaire affecte-t-elle le comportement de la puissance hégémonique? Cette thèse tente d'apporter un cadre d'intelligibilité permettant de mieux comprendre l'unipolarité et ses conséquences sur la politique internationale. Pour ce faire, elle propose une nouvelle approche théorique intitulée "Hard-Line Realism" mettant en exergue certaines "tendances lourdes" de l'unipolarité. En se basant sur deux grandes études monographiques, à savoir, la politique européenne de sécurité et de défense ainsi que la guerre en Iraq, cette thèse met en exergue le fait que l'unipolarité a des conséquences importantes sur les stratégies de maximisation de puissance de l'hégémon. Elle teste également la logique causale de théories alternatives (réalisme offensif/défensif et libéralisme structurel). Reference BRIGHENTI, Olivier. Power maximization, hegemony and the unipolar international structure. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2007, no. SES 644 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-24057 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:2405 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:2405 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Power Maximization, Hegemony and the Unipolar International Structure Thèse présentée à la Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales de l’Université de Genève Par Olivier Brighenti Pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès sciences économiques et sociales Mention : science politique Membres du jury de thèse : Monsieur Philippe Braillard Professeur, Genève, directeur de thèse Monsieur Pierre de Senarclens Professeur, Lausanne, membre du jury Monsieur Frédéric Varone Professeur, Genève, président du jury Thèse no 644 Genève, 2007 La Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, sur préavis du jury, a autorisé l’impression de la présente thèse, sans entendre, par là, émettre aucune opinion sur les propositions qui s’y trouvent énoncées et qui n’engagent que la responsabilité de leur auteur. Genève, le 1er octobre 2007 Le Doyen Bernard MORARD Impression d’après le manuscrit de l’auteur Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1. Unipolarity in the Study of World Politics: Exploring the Debate---------1 1.1. The Significance of the Debate --------------------------------------------------------------------------10 1.2. Why the United States? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 1.3. The Research Design -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 1.4. The Plan of the Dissertation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 PART I : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2. Theorizing Unipolarity: Hard-Line Realism and the Understanding of power maximization strategies In Contemporary International Politics---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.1. Hard-Line Realism: A Realist Theory of Unipolarity -----------------------------------------22 2.1.1. The Hegemon’s Behavior in a Unipolar World ----------------------------------------------- 25 2.1.2. Unlimited Hegemony---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 2.1.3. The Limits of Power Maximizing Strategies---------------------------------------------------33 2.1.4. Power Maximization and Cooperation ----------------------------------------------------------34 2.2. Alternative theories for the understanding of power politics in a unipolar world--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 2.2.1. Offensive and Defensive Realism ---------------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.2.2. The Quest for Power ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.2.3. The Question of Hegemony ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 2.2.4. The Question of Security---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 2.2.5. The Alternative: A Structural Liberal Approach --------------------------------------------- 47 2.3. Hypothesis in Unipolarity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 2.4. Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 UNIGE / SES - i - Olivier Brighenti Table of Contents PART II : CASE STUDY EUROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITECTURE 3. The European Security and Defense Policy from the End of the Cold War to 1993-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 3.1. The European Defense in a Historical Perspective-------------------------------------------59 3.1.1. The “European Pillar”: A History -----------------------------------------------------------------61 3.2. The End of the Cold War, Unipolarity and Security in Europe: Changing Patterns, Recurring Strategies?-------------------------------------------------------------------------65 3.3. The United States and the NATO Transformation: Unipolarity and Power Maximization in the Aftermath of the Cold War-------------------------------------------------70 3.4. From the End of the Cold War to Maastricht -----------------------------------------------------77 3.4.1. The Franco-German Initiatives in the Early 1990’s: Implications for Negotiations in the Political Union and Consequences on the Transatlantic Partnership------- 77 3.4.2. The Dumas-Genscher Initiative ------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 3.4.3. The Second Franco-German Proposal----------------------------------------------------------85 3.5. The Maastricht Treaty on Political Union-----------------------------------------------------------93 3.5.1. The Petersberg Summit------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 3.6. New Security Architecture: Recurring patterns, contending visions?-------------98 3.7. The United States’ Power Maximizing Strategy and the European Security Architecture from 1989 to 1993: An Interim Assessment ------------------------------- 104 4. A European Defense Identity within the Atlantic Alliance: Competition or Temporary Setback? ------------------------------------------------------ 110 4.1. The 1994 Brussels NATO Summit Breakthrough-------------------------------------------- 110 4.1.1. The Franco-American “Rapprochement”: Implications for the ESDI and NATO 113 4.2. The Positive Rapprochement Phase: 1993-1996--------------------------------------------- 115 4.2.1. The Berlin Summit: High Point of the ESDI ------------------------------------------------- 120 4.2.2. The CJTF: A U.S. Power Maximizing Tool? ------------------------------------------------- 123 4.3. The Negative Rapprochement Phase: 1996-1997-------------------------------------------- 127 4.3.1. The AFSOUTH Command ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 4.3.2. NATO Enlargement: Strengthening America’s Preponderance on the Alliance 134 UNIGE / SES - ii - Olivier Brighenti Table of Contents 4.4. The Amsterdam Treaty: The “Architectural Debate Strikes Back”----------------- 137 4.5. The United States and European Security 1993-1997: Power Maximization an Interim Assessment------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 142 5. The ESDP and Transatlantic Relations: The End of the Atlanticist/Europeanist Clash? ----------------------------------------------------------------- 144 5.1. The British Policy “Revolution”: Blair’s New Strategy for Europe----------------- 146 5.2. France: Promoting Yet Another European project?---------------------------------------- 150 5.3. Germany: One More Step Towards Normalization?---------------------------------------- 153 5.4. The United States and the ESDP Project: The “Autonomy” Issue ----------------- 154 5.4.1. St-Malo and the United States: An Ambiguous Support-------------------------------- 155 5.5. From St-Malo to the Washington Summit: ESDI and ESDP---------------------------- 160 5.6. Cologne: Reaffirming the Autonomy Issue ----------------------------------------------------- 162 5.7. The Helsinki Summit and the Headline Goal: Towards “Genuine” EU capabilities-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166 5.8. The United States and the ESDP Project: Maximizing U.S. Power in European Security Affairs? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 6. European Military Integration 1945-1961: Bipolarity and The United States’ Offshore Balancing Strategy ------------------------------------------------------- 178 6.1. The United States and European Military integration: From the EDF to the EDC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 181 6.1.1. The European Defense Force: McCloy and the creation of a genuine European Army------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 182 6.1.2. The Pleven Plan for a European Army:
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