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A BRIDGE NOT TOO FAR? - Canada and European Security, 1989-2001

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A BRIDGE NOT TOO FAR? - Canada and European Security, 1989-2001 A BRIDGE NOT TOO FAR? - Canada and European Security, 1989-2001 UN PONT PAS TROP LOIN? Securite du Canada et de l'Europe, 1989-2001 A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Benjamin Zyla, MA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in War Studies December 2007 © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42149-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42149-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. •*• Canada iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project benefited from the help and support of many people. Particularly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Joel J. Sokolsky who always gave me unwavering support during researching and writing the dissertation and opened new intellectual doors. For his guidance, wisdom, and extraordinary generosity, he has my deepest gratitude. I am also greatly in dept to Dr. Jane Boulden and Dr. Charles Pentland for their invaluable assistance and kind support at various stages of the dissertation. Both have greatly inspired me and shaped my thinking. I cannot thank all three of them enough for their confidence, encouragement and support. Thank you! At PvMC, I am grateful to the following faculty members at RMC who have supported me throughout the last four years in one way or another: Dr. Peter Bradley, Dr. Ugurhan Berkok, Dr. Houchang Hassan-Yari, Dr. Lawrence McDonough, Dr. Brian McKercher, Dr. Kerim Ousman, and Giselle St.-Jean. In addition, I greatly benefited from the financial support of the Royal Military College of Canada, particularly the Department of Politics and Economics and the Department of War Studies. The International Council for Canadian Studies (ICCS) also supported my graduate studies at RMC and awarded me a doctoral scholarship for international students. The Department of Defence also supported my research through its Special Projects Fun, which allowed me to travel to NATO headquarters in Brussels and to interview some officials. Of great help were also the librarians at RMC, Queen's University, Fort Frontenac, the Department of Foreign Affairs, NATO headquarters in Brussels, the European Commission in Brussels, and the European Parliament in Brussels. Last, but certainly not the least, I am in debt to my family for the love and support they gave in the last four years. They supported me unconditionally while being away many thousand kilometers. Without them this project would not have been possible. iv ABSTRACT Zyla, Benjamin Ph.D. in War Studies Royal Military College of Canada 7 December 2007 A Bridge not too far? - Canada and European Security, 1989-2001- Supervisor: Dr. Joel J. Sokolsky Accepted wisdom in the literature of Canadian foreign and defence policy is that Canada's standing in world politics had declined in the 1990. It was a decade of darkness for Canadian foreign and defence policy that made Canada an irrelevant international actor. This dissertation takes the hypothesis of the declinist literature as a starting point. It agrees with the analysis that Canada cut its foreign and defence budgets. The aim of this dissertation is not to challenge the empirical findings of this earlier research of the nature and scope of the budgetary cuts in the 1990s, but to disagree with the implications thereof. It also challenges the indicators being used to assess Canadian contributions to NATO. Overall, the purpose of this dissertation is to disprove the assertions of a reductionist Canada and, more importantly, to counter the public misperception that Canada was in decline. However, the objective is not to measure Canada's power in the international system but rather to analyze its role in the Atlantic Alliance. The dissertation makes the following arguments: first, despite the cutbacks in the 1990s, Canada punched above its weight in NATO. Second, Canada advanced its role and standing in NATO as an intra alliance bridge builder by shaping the post-Cold War pan-European security community and helping states from CEE to institutionalize these norms. In doing so, the bridge helped secure Canadian interests in the transatlantic V alliance. Third, by revitalizing this bridge again after 1989, Canada significantly shaped the development of political and military institutions in CEE by promoting democratic values. As such, Canada was involved in pushing for a collective and normative security framework of allied representation and wanted to create a larger pan-European security community. Fourth, the thesis argues, that there is a need for alternative measurements of Canada's standing in the NATO alliance. The traditional tool of reference for measuring a nations' contribution was its defence spending measured in relation to the level of its gross domestic product (GDP). However, the post Cold War order brought about alternative benchmarks such as measuring the contributions to NATO's rapid reaction capabilities, the percentile of national defence funds devoted to personnel and infrastructure expenditures, and others. Applied to Canada, those new measuring tools then place Canada's relative standing in the top tier of NATO countries. Keywords: Canada, Canadian foreign policy, Canadian defence policy, NATO, EU, security, Cohen, Granatstein. vi RESUME Zyla, Benjamin Ph.D. in War Studies Royal Military College of Canada 7 December 2007 UN PONT PAS TROP LOIN? - Securite du Canada et de l'Europe, 1989-2001 - Supervisor: Dr. Joel J. Sokolsky L'avis repandu dans les ouvrages sur la politique etrangere et de defense du Canada est que le statut du Canada dans l'arene politique mondiale a decline dans les annees 1990. La decennie en question aurait ete une periode de noirceur pour la politique etrangere et de defense du Canada au cours de laquelle notre pays serait devenu un intervenant international sans importance. Cette dissertation prend comme point de depart l'hypothese avancee par ces ouvrages « declinistes ». Elle accepte le constat que le Canada a reduit ses budgets des affaires etrangeres et de la defense. Elle ne veut pas contester les resultats empiriques des recherches anterieures sur la nature et l'etendue des reductions budgetaires dans les annees 1990, mais n'accepte pas les implications proposees de ces coupures. Elle conteste aussi les indicateurs utilises pour evaluer les contributions canadiennes a l'OTAN. Globalement, cette dissertation veut refuter les accusations de « reductionniste » portees contre le Canada et, surtout, corriger les fausses impressions du public selon lesquelles le Canada etait en declin. Cette dissertation avance les arguments suivants : premierement, malgre les reductions des annees 1990, le Canada tirait plus que sa charge au sein de l'OTAN. Deuxiemement, le Canada a elargi son role et son statut de mediateur intra-alliance au vii sein de l'OTAN en faconnant la communaute de la securite paneuropeenne de l'apres- guerre froide et en aidant les etats-membres de la CEE a institutionnaliser les nouvelles normes. Ce faisant, le lien etabli a aide a proteger les interets du Canada dans l'alliance transatlantique. Troisiemement, en revitalisant ce lien apres 1989, le Canada a exerce une grande influence sur le developpement des institutions politiques et militaires de la CEE par la promotion de valeurs democratiques. Dans ce contexte, le Canada a ete un des promoteurs d'un cadre de securite collective et normative pour la representation des allies et etait favorable a 1'elargissement de la communaute de la securite paneuropeenne. Quatriemement, ma these avance que de nouveaux criteres sont requis pour evaluer la place du Canada au sein de l'OTAN. L'outil de reference traditionnel pour mesurer la contribution d'une nation etait le rapport entre ses depenses de defense et le niveau de son produit national brut (PNB). Cependant, l'ordre mondial de l'apres-guerre froide a donne' naissance a de nouveaux criteres comme par exemple la contribution aux capacites d'intervention rapide de l'OTAN, le pourcentage du budget national de defense consacre au personnel et aux infrastructures, etc. Lorsqu'on les utilise pour evaluer le statut du Canada au sein de l'OTAN, ces nouveaux outils placent notre pays dans le groupe des dix premiers.
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