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Hombres Que No Sentían Culpa Publicado En Periódico Diagonal ( Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) Hombres que no sentían culpa Enviado por gladys el Jue, 08/06/2015 - 08:00 Antetítulo portada: Memoria | Segunda Guerra Mundial Foto portada: Página 1 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) Antetítulo (dentro): Memoria | Segunda Guerra Mundial Sección principal: Saberes Cuerpo: “El hongo alcanza una milla de altura y su base es un caldero burbujeante, un hervidero de llamas. La ciudad debe de estar debajo de eso. Dios mío, ¿qué hemos hecho?”. Son las palabras que permanecen escritas en el diario de Robert Lewis, el copiloto a los mandos del Enola Gay, el B-29 'Superfortress' (superfortaleza) que lanzó, el 6 de agosto de 1945 sobre Hiroshima (Japón), la primera bomba atómica que conoció la historia, apodada Little Boy (muchacho). Pero Lewis no dijo exactamente la frase registrada en el manuscrito –vendido en 1971 por 37.000 dólares de la época y subastado en 2002, con un precio final de 391.000 dólares–, tal como afirmó posteriormente el piloto y comandante de la misión aquel día, Paul Tibbets. En realidad, el copiloto formuló una frase mucho menos florida y literaria en el momento de la detonación: “Guau, menudo pepinazo”. Lewis la cambió a sugerencia de Tibbets. No era muy políticamente correcta para los anales de la historia. En realidad, el copiloto formuló una frase mucho menos florida y literaria en el momento de la detonación: “Guau, menudo pepinazo” Haber participado en un evento que arrasó en un instante 12 kilómetros cuadrados de territorio japonés, destruyó el 69% de los edificios de una pujante ciudad industrial y mató, sólo en el momento de la explosión, a unas 80.000 personas e hirió a otras 70.000, puede dejar una honda huella psicológica. Pero ése no fue el caso de Lewis. Lo cierto es que el copiloto del Enola Gay, que murió en 1983 a los 65 años siendo gerente de una fábrica de dulces, no mostró a lo largo de su vida remordimiento alguno por haber participado en el lanzamiento de ese objeto de 32 kilos y 16 kilotones de potencia (equivalentes a 16.000 toneladas de TNT) sobre la ciudad japonesa. Nunca participó en las conmemoraciones de la matanza que cada años se hacían en Hiroshima como sí Página 2 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) hicieron algunos de los once tripulantes restantes que volaron junto a él en el bombardero norteamericano aquel 6 de agosto. Incluso, años después del lanzamiento, afirmó en una entrevista: “Fue sólo parte del trabajo, ayudé a hacer del mundo un lugar más seguro. Nadie se ha atrevido a lanzar una bomba atómica desde entonces. Así es como me gustaría ser recordado: el hombre que ayudó a todo eso”. Tibbets, comandante del Grupo de Bombarderos 509 de la Fuerza Aérea Norteamericana y la otra persona a los mandos del B-29 aquel día, tampoco mostró remordimientos en público jamás. Una de sus frases más célebres es: “Nunca perdí una noche de sueño por Hiroshima”. Para él, la victoria justificaba los medios, tal como afirmó en una entrevista a La Nación realizada en 1988: “Las órdenes no se discuten, se cumplen. Yo acepté la misión de Hiroshima porque mis superiores me lo ordenaron. Pero debo agregar que no fue algo que hice en contra de mis convicciones. Estuve, estoy y estaré siempre de acuerdo en que en aquel contexto histórico fue una decisión acertada”. Página 3 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) La locura de Eatherly Pero no todo en esta historia es patriótico orgullo. La actitud de los dos pilotos contrasta con la de Claude Eatherly –cuya vida relata Miguel Brieva en el cómic Memorias de la Tierra, sobre estas líneas–. Este comandante no estaba en el Enola Gay aquel 6 de agosto, sino a los mandos del Straight Flush, uno de los tres B-29 “meteorológicos” de los siete aparatos que formaban el escuadrón encargado de la misión que finalizó con la explosión en Hiroshima. Su cometido era comprobar previamente las condiciones meteorológicas sobre la ciudad para ver si el lanzamiento era viable. Los otros dos, el Jabit III y el Full House, se encargaron de lo propio en Kokura y Nagasaki, los dos blancos alternativos para aquel día. Kokura se salvó de la devastación nuclear (y en dos ocasiones, ya que tres días después era el blanco principal que finalmente no fue escogido). Nagasaki no. Lo cierto es que el copiloto del Enola Gay no mostró a lo largo de su vida remordimiento alguno por haber participado en el lanzamiento Cuando Little Boy explotó, el Straight Flush estaba muy lejos de la costa japonesa. Eatherly no vio la detonación, pero eso no fue suficiente para evitar una vida de culpa y tormento. "He estado en hospitales y he pasado alguna que otra temporada en la cárcel. Tengo la impresión de que en la cárcel me he sentido siempre más feliz: el castigo me permitía expiar mi culpa", escribía al Página 4 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) filósofo pacifista austriaco Günther Anders desde el hospital de veteranos de Waco (Texas, EE UU). La correspondencia entre ambos fue publicada en 1961 en el libro Burning Conscience: The Case of the Hiroshima Pilot Claude Eatherly, told in his Letters to Günther Anders, escrito por este último. Eatherly permaneció en las Fuerzas Aéreas hasta 1947, cuando, según se cuenta en el libro de William Bradford The Hiroshima Pilot: The case of Major Claude Eatherly who has been called The American Dreyfus, publicado en 1964, fue licenciado tras hacer trampas en un examen escrito sobre meteorología. Desde entonces pasó el resto de su vida entrando y saliendo de prisiones y clínicas psiquiátricas. Ya había dado muestras de los males que le atormentaban cuando aún formaba parte del ejército. Se negaba a participar en los actos de homenaje que la sociedad norteamericana les preparó durante años y enviaba insistentemente cartas a familias japonesas exponiendo su arrepentimiento y adjuntando el ‘dinero de sangre’ de su paga. Apodado El piloto loco, Eatherly cometió delitos como el asalto a gasolineras a punta de pistola. Pero no se llevaba el dinero. No buscaba beneficio, lo hacía para ser castigado. Incluso realizó varias tentativas de suicidio. Finalmente, fue ingresado en el hospital de Waco. Fue allí donde comenzó a cartearse con el filósofo austriaco y comenzó a forjarse como figura del movimiento antinuclear, del que llegó a ser un abanderado. Sin embargo, aún persisten sombras en la historia de Eatherly. Bradford asegura en su libro que el piloto siguió participando tras la guerra en vuelos de prueba para bombardeos nucleares y que su figura fue exagerada por los movimientos pacifistas, que construyeron así un antihéroe americano de cara a la opinión pública. “Se salvaron vidas” El argumento de que una invasión de Japón hubiese costado muchas más vidas fue el que el orgulloso piloto del Enola Gay exhibió toda su vida para justificar la matanza. “Sí, íbamos a matar a mucha gente, pero íbamos a salvar un montón de vidas. No tendríamos que invadir”, afirmaba Tibbets. Es el mismo que defendía el último superviviente de la tripulación del Enola Gay, el navegante Theodore J. ‘Dutch’ Van Kirk, fallecido en julio del pasado año a los 93 años: “Estoy Página 5 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) seguro de que se salvaron muchas más vidas de las que se perdieron”, apuntaba en el San Francisco Chronicle, añadiendo que se sentía “orgulloso de haber estado en el Enola Gay”. Una frase similar expuso el artillero del Enola Gay, Thomas Ferebee, quien pulsó el botón que lanzó al vacío a Little Boy. Lo mismo con Jacob Beser, encargado de las contramedidas electrónicas y único hombre que viajó en el Enola Gay y el Bock’s Car, este último el B-29 que lanzó la segunda bomba atómica de la historia, en esa ocasión sobre Nagasaki. En una entrevista concedida al Washington Post en 1985 aseguraba: “Había una invasión de Japón planeada para noviembre de 1945. Tres millones de hombres iban a ser lanzados sobre Japón. Tres millones de japoneses estaban atrincherándose para defender su hogar, y había un millón de potenciales de víctimas”. Volar por los aires El hombre encargado de armar la bomba en pleno vuelo (a 15.000 pies, altitud en la que el avión sufría menos turbulencias en esa época del año y, por lo tanto, hacía menos probable una detonación prematura en el aire), William Sterling ‘Deak’ Parsons, tampoco mostró nunca ningún tipo de culpa en público. Ingeniero militar, fue destinado en 1943 al Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos (Nuevo México), principal complejo donde se desarrollaba el Proyecto Manhattan, el programa que competía con las potencias del Eje por la bomba atómica. Tras la guerra, y hasta su muerte repentina en 1953 de un ataque al corazón, ‘Deak’ se convirtió en una de las figuras destacadas en temas nucleares de la Armada estadounidense, participando en la Operación Crossroads, una serie de pruebas nucleares en el Atolón Bikini, en el Pacífico, durante el verano de 1946. Su hija, en una entrevista realizada por la Atomic Heritage Foundation en 2013, afirmaba: “No creo que nunca se arrepintiese de trabajar en el Proyecto Manhattan”. Doce hombres que siempre mantuvieron el discurso oficial y, si alguna vez los tuvieron, se llevaron Página 6 de 9 Hombres que no sentían culpa Publicado en Periódico Diagonal (https://www.diagonalperiodico.net) sus remordimientos a la tumba La realidad es que no hubo arrepentimiento público por parte de la tripulación del Enola Gay, que siempre argumentó que aquel mal fue necesario.
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