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The Birth of the Archive Revised Pages Revised Pages The Birth of the Archive Revised Pages Cultures of Knowledge in the Early Modern World Edited by Ann Blair, Anthony Grafton, and Jacob Soll The series Cultures of Knowledge in the Early Modern World examines the intersection of encyclopedic, natural, historical, and literary knowledge in the early modern world, incorporating both theory (philosophies of knowledge and authority) and practice (collection, observation, information handling, travel, experiment, and their social and political contexts). Interdisciplinary in nature, the goal of the series is to promote works that illustrate international and inter- religious intellectual exchange and the intersections of different fields and tradi- tions of knowledge. Publishing The Prince: History, Reading, and the Birth of Political Criticism Jacob Soll History, Medicine, and the Traditions of Renaissance Learning Nancy G. Siraisi The Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s Secret State Intelligence System Jacob Soll Printing and Prophecy: Prognostication and Media Change 1450–1550 Jonathan Green The Strange and Terrible Visions of Wilhelm Friess Jonathan Green The Birth of the Archive: A History of Knowledge Markus Friedrich; translated by John Noël Dillon Revised Pages The Birth of the Archive A History of Knowledge Markus Friedrich Translated by John Noël Dillon University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Revised Pages Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2018 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2021 2020 2019 2018 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Friedrich, Markus, author. | Dillon, John Noël, translator. Title: The birth of the archive : a history of knowledge / Markus Friedrich ; translated by John Noël Dillon. Other titles: Geburt des Archivs. English Description: Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2018. | Series: Cultures of knowledge in the early modern world | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2017043650 (print) | lccn 2017056144 (ebook) | isbn 9780472123551 (E- book) | isbn 9780472130689 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Archives— History. Classification: LCC cd995 (ebook) | LCC cd995 .f7513 2018 (print) | DDC 027.009— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017043650 Cover illustration: Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The Village Lawyer, The Burghley House Collection, Stamford, England. First edition originally published in German as Die Geburt des Archivs: Eine Wissensgeschichte by Markus Friedrich. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2013. The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International— Translation Funding for Work in the Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association). Revised Pages Acknowledgments I paid visits to numerous archives while preparing this book: from small city archives with the charm of improvisation to great national ar- chives with sophisticated operations. Every time, I was fascinated anew by the peculiar atmosphere of these places and institutions. Nothing compares to the moment of anticipation and excitement when a fresh stack of old papers arrives and one’s knowledge of their probable contents is mixed with the hope for an unexpected surprise! The fact that I can look back fondly on my visits to archives in Italy, Germany, and France as equally pleasant and successful is due primarily to the unstinting helpfulness of almost all archi- vists. Again and again, they gave me advice, helped me with problems, and answered my questions. I sincerely thank them for their support! While trips to visit archives are less complicated today than in the Early Modern Period, they remain an expensive pleasure. It was my privilege to enjoy the generous support of several institutions. The Max Weber Founda- tion supported long stays in Rome and Paris with a Gerald D. Feldman grant. I was able to finance other trips with the resources of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which were made available to me in the context of a Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize. The luxurious working conditions of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (Berlin) gave me the best conceivable environment in which to write the first draft of the text in the spring and summer of 2012. I sincerely thank all these institutions for their special support. Portions of this book were presented as talks given in Berlin, Chicago, Essen, Frankfurt, Gotha, Hamburg, London, Los Angeles, Marburg, Paris, and Rostock, among other places. On every occasion, I profited from critical Revised Pages vi ✦ Acknowledgments questions and numerous suggestions from the audience. Many colleagues have influenced my ideas in one way or another with discussion, debate, or references: Rosemarie Barthel (Gotha), Annette Baumann (Gießen), Arndt Brendecke (Munich), Peter Burke (Cambridge), Lorraine Daston (Berlin), Randolph C. Head (Riverside), Françoise Hildesheimer (Paris), Karsten Jedlitschka (Berlin), Christine Lebeau (Paris), Robert Meier (Wertheim), Martin Mulsow (Gotha), Jake Soll (Los Angeles), Markus Völkel (Ros- tock), and Thomas Wallnig (Vienna). Carla Meyer (Heidelberg), Christoph Dartmann (Münster), and Helmut Zedelmaier (Munich) read the text and significantly improved it. Helga Penz kindly made the photograph from Salzburg available to me. In Hamburg, Christian Möllmann and especially Sonja Döhring helped me prepare the text. My collaboration with Julia Sch- reiner from Oldenbourg Verlag was fun, inspired new ideas, and gave me many fresh impulses! Revised Pages Contents Abbreviations xi 1 Stories and Histories of Archives: An Introduction 1 Archives as Places of Knowledge 5 Stories and Histories of Archives: In Praise of Praxis 6 Research Traditions 8 The “Archival Turn” in Cultural Studies 10 Why the Early Modern Period? Epochs of Archival History 12 About This Book 14 2 Documents: Filling Archives— A Prologue 16 The Origins of a Pragmatic Literacy 17 Preserving Documents with Cartularies and Registers 24 Franz Pehem in Altenburg, or: Pragmatic Literacy at the Dawn of the Early Modern Period 28 3 Founding: Archives Become Institutions and Spread 30 Early Princely Archives in France and Germany 31 Archives Everywhere: Quantitative and Geographic Expansion 35 Archives for Everyone: Corporations, Churches, Noblemen 37 Territorial Archival Policy between Center and Periphery 48 After Founding 51 Institutionalized Unusability: Joly de Fleury and Le Nain in the Archive of the Parlement of Paris 53 Revised Pages viii ✦ Contents 4 Projections: Archives in Early Modern Thought 59 Talking about Archives: Texts and Contexts 60 Purposes of Archives: Remembrance and Stabilization across Social Orders 67 Useless and Disorienting, Surprising and Unmanageable Archives 71 Early Modern Sketches of European Archival History 75 Oral and Written Archives in Europe and Abroad 78 Semantics and Metaphors: From Archive to “Archive” 79 5 People: Archives and Those Who Used Them 83 Archivists 85 The Illegible Archive: Practical Challenges 91 Are Archivists Scholars? 93 “Keep Calm!” Everyday Life in the Archives and the Archivists’ Persona 96 Visitors and Visits 100 Private and Public Documents: Papers and Archives as Private Property 103 Radical Personalizations: Theft and the Helplessness of Archives 107 6. Places: Archives as Spatial Structures and Documents as Movable Objects 111 Archive Rooms: Protective Shells for Fragile Contents 112 The Well- Ordered Archive as a Spatial Ideal 115 Suites and Surroundings: Archives as Parts of Buildings 116 The Creation of Order in Space: Archive Furniture 123 A “Ship Full of Documents,” or: The Mobility of Early Modern Archives 135 7 Power(lessness): Archives as Resources, Symbols, and Objects of Power 139 Princes’ Rights, or: Archives of Royal Laws 140 Subjects’ Obligations, or: Archives and Feudal Prerogatives 143 What to Do? or: Archives in Decision- Making Processes 148 Expert Reports, or: The Processed Archive 150 Partitioning and Regime Change: Archives between Pragmatism and Symbolism 154 Archives in War and Peace 160 Revised Pages Contents ✦ ix 8 Sources: Archives in Historiography and Genealogy 166 Before Historicism 167 Why Archival Research? 169 Fear of Historians: History between Politics and Scholarship 173 Secrecy as Project and Projection: The Possibilities and Limitations of Scholarly Archive Access 176 Controlling Archival Work: Research Opportunities and Limitations 182 Working in the Archives 185 Archival Trips and Transregional Collaboration 188 Aristocrats, Archives, Ancestors: Genealogy as a Scholarly Practice 192 Talking about Archival Work, or: The Archive as a Historiographical Narrative Topos 197 Epilogue: The Premodern and Modern Archive 201 Notes 205 Bibliography 247 Illustration Credits 275 Index 277 Revised Pages Revised Pages Abbreviations AA Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe (Akademie Ausgabe), Darmstadt, Leipzig, and Berlin
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