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Traditional and Integrated Aquaculture

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Traditional and Integrated Aquaculture BELLONA REPORT 2013 Traditional and Integrated Aquaculture Today’s environmental challenges and solutions of tomorrow The Bellona Foundation is an international environ- mental NGO based in Norway. Founded in 1986 as a direct action protest group, Bellona has become a recognised technology and solution-oriented organi- zation with offices in Oslo, Brussels, St. Petersburg and Murmansk. Altogether, some 65 engineers, ecologists, nuclear physicists, economists, lawyers, political scientists and journalists work at Bellona. © Bellona 2013 Design: Bellona/TE Coverphoto: Thinkstockphotos CONTENTS PUBLISHED BY THE BELLONA FOUNDATION.............................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Challenges in today’s Norwegian aquaculture industry ................................................ 10 1.2 The world needs more food ........................................................................................... 10 1.3 The world needs more renewable energy ..................................................................... 11 1.4 About the report ............................................................................................................ 11 2. Today’s fish farming and its challenges ............................................................................... 12 2.1 Production ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Escaped fish .................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Closed system farming at sea .................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Closed system farming on land ............................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Marking fish ............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.4 Sterilising fish ........................................................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Capsule and sonar technology................................................................................. 18 2.2.6 Dyneema netting ..................................................................................................... 19 2.2.7 Salmon trap ............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Salmon lice ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Discharges of chemicals against salmon lice ........................................................... 22 2.3.2 Louse vaccine ........................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Louse-eating fish ...................................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 Electrification of cages ............................................................................................. 24 2.3.5 Laser ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 Infectious diseases ......................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Pancreas disease (PD) .............................................................................................. 25 2.4.2 Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) .................................................... 26 2.4.3 Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) ........................................................................ 27 2.4.4 Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) ............................................................................. 27 2.4.5 Causes of diseases in fish ......................................................................................... 28 2.4.6 Shrinkage ................................................................................................................. 28 2.5 Feed resources ............................................................................................................... 31 1 Tradisjonelt og Integrert Havbruk 2.5.1 Environmental toxins in fish feed ............................................................................ 33 2.6 Copper impregnation of nets ......................................................................................... 36 2.7 Discharges of nutrients .................................................................................................. 36 2.8 Status of wild salmon ..................................................................................................... 38 2.8.1 Ocean phase ............................................................................................................ 39 2.8.2 Fjord phase .............................................................................................................. 39 2.8.3 River phase .............................................................................................................. 40 2.9 Current and proposed new measures............................................................................ 41 2.9.1 New measures against salmon lice ......................................................................... 41 2.9.2 NYTEK regulation ..................................................................................................... 42 2.9.3 Changes to Norwegian Aquaculture Act of 17 June 2005 ....................................... 42 2.9.4 Green concessions ................................................................................................... 42 2.9.5 The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue .......................................................................... 42 2.9.6 Indicators and limits ................................................................................................ 43 2.10 Future growth in the seafood industry ........................................................................ 44 2.10.1 Future ambitions of the seafood industry ............................................................. 44 2.10.2 Gaps in knowledge and future potential for the seafood industry ....................... 44 2.10.3 Value creation based on productive oceans in 2050 ............................................ 45 2.10.4 The ministry’s future ambitions for the seafood industry .................................... 45 2.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 46 3. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)..................................................................... 47 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Cultivating mussels in IMTA ........................................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Blue mussels can help reduce the spread of salmon lice ........................................ 51 3.2.2 Blue mussels can help reduce viral and bacterial diseases ..................................... 52 3.2.3 Potential for Norwegian blue mussel production to return to a profitable market .......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Cultivating algae in IMTA ............................................................................................... 54 3.4 Cultivating creatures other than fish in IMTA ................................................................ 57 3.5 Artificial reefs ................................................................................................................. 62 3.6 Upwelling may be a solution in areas with poor access to nutrients ............................ 64 3.7 Global challenges faced by the fishing industry ............................................................. 65 2 Tradisjonelt og Integrert Havbruk 3.7.1 The problem of acidification.................................................................................... 65 3.8 What can we make from algae and other IMTA products? ........................................... 67 3.8.1 Algae can replace petroleum ................................................................................... 67 3.8.2 Biomass into bioenergy ........................................................................................... 68 3.8.3 Supplements to our daily diet ................................................................................. 71 3.8.4 Pharmaceuticals, health foods and cosmetics ........................................................ 75 3.8.5 IMTA species can help to reduce use of imported fish in fish feed ........................ 76 3.8.6 Plastics ..................................................................................................................... 77 3.8.7 Paper ........................................................................................................................ 79 3.8.8 Textiles ..................................................................................................................... 79 3.8.9 Fertiliser and soil improver .....................................................................................
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