Die Entwicklung Der Jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Russland Nach Dem Zusammenbruch Der Sowjetunion

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Die Entwicklung Der Jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Russland Nach Dem Zusammenbruch Der Sowjetunion Die Entwicklung der jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Russland nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion. Eine Gemeindestudie Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie der Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Karin Leipold M.A. aus Fürth angenommen am 5. Februar 2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Christoph Bochinger Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Stefan Schreiner Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ______________________________________________________________ 4 1.1 Die jüdische Gemeinschaft in Russland als Gegenstand der Arbeit .................... 5 1.2 Forschungsstand – Das Judentum in Russland im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Die Arbeit im Kontext der Religionswissenschaft ................................................ 25 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit ...................................................................................................... 27 Teil I Hintergrundinformationen 2. Soziologie der jüdischen Gemeinde ______________________________________ 29 2.1 Die Entwicklung der jüdischen Gemeinde – Ein historischer Überblick .......... 30 2.2 Die Typisierung jüdischer Gemeinschaften nach 1945 von Daniel J. Elazar .... 35 3. Geschichte des Judentums in Russland bis zum Ende der Sowjetunion – Ein Überblick __________________________________________________________ 39 3.1 Die jüdische Gemeinschaft in der Sowjetunion ..................................................... 40 3.1.1 Offizielle vs. inoffizielle jüdische Kultur ....................................................... 40 3.1.2 Religiöse vs. kulturelle Wiederbelebung ....................................................... 45 3.1.3 Abhängige vs. unabhängige jüdische Bewegung ........................................ 51 3.2 Jüdische Identität als ethnische Identität ............................................................... 51 4. Die Struktur der jüdischen Gemeinschaft im gegenwärtigen Russland _______ 56 4.1 Organisationstheoretische Vorüberlegungen ........................................................ 57 4.1.1 Religion in der Organisationsgesellschaft ..................................................... 57 4.1.2 Die jüdische Gemeinde als intermediäre Organisation .............................. 58 4.2 Demographische Eckdaten ....................................................................................... 61 4.3 Das Judentum zwischen Minderheitenrecht und Religionsgesetzgebung ....... 64 4.3.1 Grundzüge des russischen Religionsgesetzes von 1997 ............................. 64 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.3.2 Gesetzliche Regelungen zu Nichtregierungsorganisationen ..................... 67 4.3.3 Die National-kulturelle Autonomie ............................................................... 67 4.4 Organisatorische Struktur auf nationaler Ebene ................................................... 68 4.4.1 Säkulare jüdische Dachverbände ................................................................... 69 4.4.2 Religiöse jüdische Dachverbände ................................................................... 77 4.4.3 Internationale Organisationen ........................................................................ 89 4.4.4 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................... 103 Teil II Fallanalyse Die jüdische Gemeinschaft im Oblast Sverdlovsk 5. Zur Methode und Datengrundlage _____________________________________ 109 5.1 Grounded Theory als Forschungsverfahren ........................................................ 109 5.2 Dokumentation des Forschungsprozesses ........................................................... 112 5.2.1 „Abenteuer Feldforschung“ – Ein kleiner Reisebericht ............................ 112 5.2.2 Interviews ........................................................................................................ 115 5.2.3 Teilnehmende Beobachtung .......................................................................... 122 5.2.4 Gemeindezeitungen ....................................................................................... 123 6. Geschichte und Gegenwart des Judentums im Oblast Sverdlovsk __________ 125 6.1 Geschichte des Judentums im Oblast Sverdlovsk bis 1970 ................................ 125 6.2 Entwicklung des Judentums im Oblast Sverdlovsk seit 1970 ........................... 131 6.2.1 Ekaterinburg .................................................................................................... 131 6.2.2 Nižnij Tagil ...................................................................................................... 155 6.2.3 Novoural'sk ..................................................................................................... 159 6.2.4 Kamensk-Ural'skij ........................................................................................... 162 6.2.5 Kleine Gemeinden .......................................................................................... 165 7. Erster Versuch einer Gemeindetypologie ________________________________ 167 7.1 Zusammenfassung der typischen Entwicklungsschritte ................................... 167 7.2 Eine Gemeindetypologie auf organisatorischer Ebene ...................................... 169 8. Aspekte der Gemeindearbeit __________________________________________ 171 8.1 Feiertage im Jahreskreis .......................................................................................... 171 8.2 Schabbat .................................................................................................................... 183 8.3 Jüdischer Lebenskreis .............................................................................................. 187 8.4 (Inter-)Kulturelle Veranstaltungen ........................................................................ 190 8.5 Arbeit mit den Veteranen ....................................................................................... 201 8.6 Holocaustgedenken ................................................................................................. 209 8.7 Wöchentliche Freizeitangebote .............................................................................. 213 8.8 Ferienlager ................................................................................................................ 215 8.9 Gemeindezeitungen ................................................................................................. 219 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 9. Zweiter Versuch einer Gemeindetypologie ______________________________ 227 9.1 Religiös vs. säkular oder fremd vs. eigen ............................................................. 227 9.2 Eine Gemeindetypologie auf inhaltlicher Ebene ................................................. 240 10. Jüdische Gemeinden zwischen Wertegemeinschaft und Dienstleistungsunternehmen _________________________________________ 245 11. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick zur Entwicklung des Judentums in Russland _________________________________________________________ 251 12. Abkürzungen _______________________________________________________ 256 13. Literaturverzeichnis _________________________________________________ 258 13.1 Primär- und Sekundärliteratur (inklusive Webseiten) ..................................... 258 13.2 Websites ................................................................................................................... 278 13.3 Jüdische Gemeindezeitungen .............................................................................. 280 14. Stichwortverzeichnis _________________________________________________ 281 14.1 Personen .................................................................................................................. 281 14.2 Orte .......................................................................................................................... 283 14.3 Zeitungen ................................................................................................................ 285 14.4 Sachen ...................................................................................................................... 286 3 Meinen Eltern Einleitung 1. Einleitung Dieses Buch handelt davon, wie Juden in Russland nach dem Ende der Sowjetunion begonnen haben, gemeinsam ein neues Miteinander aufzubauen. Es untersucht jüdi- sche Gemeinden auf der Suche nach dem eigenen Jüdischsein. Bis vor zwanzig Jahren glaubte kaum jemand an die Wiederbelebung einer aktiven jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Russland. Lange galt das Buch des israelischen Journalisten Elie Wiesel “The Jews of Silence”1 als Paradigma jüdischer Existenz in der Sowjetunion. Jahrzehntelanger staat- licher Antisemitismus hatte die vielseitige jüdische Kultur der Jahrhundertwende zer- stört und Jüdischsein hinter private Türen zurückgedrängt. Mit dem Zusammenbruch der UdSSR verschwanden diese Begrenzungen. Juden durften sich nun wieder ohne Einschränkungen versammeln und organisieren. Gleichzeitig nutzten viele die neue Freiheit zur Auswanderung nach Europa, USA und Israel – besonders diejenigen, wel- che sich seit den siebziger Jahren für die Rechte der Juden in der Sowjetunion einge- setzt hatten. Der Verlust des besonders engagierten Teils der Bevölkerung ließ bei vie- len Beobachtern die Hoffnungen auf einen Wiederaufbau jüdischen Lebens in Russland sinken. Trotzdem entwickelte sich in den folgenden Jahrzehnten mithilfe in- ternationaler Organisationen
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