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CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS of EPISCOPAL POWER, 1070 – C. 1150

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CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS of EPISCOPAL POWER, 1070 – C. 1150 CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS OF EPISCOPAL POWER, 1070 – c. 1150 by CHARLOTTE LEWANDOWSKI A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY Department of Medieval History College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham September 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. · Contents · Abbreviations Introduction Bishops: the measure of power 1 Part One: In principio erat verbum From Charisma to Bureaucracy Chapter One The English Primacy Dispute: articulating episcopal power 31 Chapter Two Excommunication: the power of words 67 Part Two: Et verbum caro factum est Church/State Dichotomy Chapter Three Monks and Courtiers: episcopal power in performance 103 Chapter Four New Masculinities: gendering episcopal power 143 Part Three: Et habitavit in nobis The Norman Conquest Chapter Five New Cathedrals and Old Saints: negotiating episcopal power 185 Conclusion Hactenus de episcopis 225 Bibliography 228 Abbreviations ANS Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference [Formerly known as, Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies] (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1983- ). Anselm, Letters Sancti Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia (letters), Dom F. S. Schmitt (6 vols. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1938-61). Cited by epistle number. Available in translation as The Letters of Saint Anselm of Canterbury, trans. Walter Fröhlich (3 vols. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990-1994). A new critical edition is currently being compiled by Samu Niskanen at the University of Oxford. Christina Markyate The Life of Christina of Markyate: A Twelfth Century Recluse, ed. and trans. C. H. Talbot (Reprint, Oxford: OMT, 1987). A revised English translation (without the Latin text) which takes into account some corrections to Talbot’s text is also available, The Life of Christina of Markyate, eds. Samuel Fanous and Henrietta Leyser (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). Councils & Synods Councils & Synods: with other documents relating to the English Church. 1, A.D.871-1204, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). CUP Cambridge University Press Durham, De Mir. Liber de translationibus et miraculis sancti, Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia Historia Ecclesiae Dunhelmensis, 2 vols. ed. T. Arnold (London, 1882) I, 229-61; II, pp. 333-62. Cited by volume and page number. EEA English Episcopal Acta (Oxford: OUP, 1980- ) EHR English Historical Review GP William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificium Anglorum, 2 vols. ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom and R. M Thomson (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2007). Cited by chapter and section. An alternative translation (without the Latin text) is also available, William of Malmesbury, The Deeds of the Bishops of England, trans. David Preest (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2002). GS Gesta Stephani, ed. and trans. K. R. Potter (London: OUP, 1976). Cited by page number. Herbert, Letters Herbert Losinga, Letter Collection, ed. Nicholas Karn (OMT, forthcoming). Cited by epistle number. An English translation of the letters is also available. The Life, Letters and Sermons of Bishops Herbert de Losinga, eds. Edward M. Goulburn and Henry Symonds, 2 Vols. (Oxford and London: James Parker and Co. 1878) Hugh the Chanter Hugh the Chanter, The History of the Church of York 1066- 1127, ed. and trans. Charles Johnson, revised by M. Brett, C. N. L. Brooke, and M. Winterbottom (Oxford: OMT, Clarendon Press, 1990). Cited by page number. HH Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. and trans. Diana Greenway (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). Cited by page number. HN William of Malmesbury, Historia Novella: the contemporary history, ed. Edmund King, trans. K. R. Potter (Oxford: OMT, 1998). Cited by book and chapter. HNA Eadmer, Historia Novorum in Anglia, ed. M. Rule (London: RS, 1884). Cited by page number. The first four books are available in translation as Eadmer’s History of Recent Events in England, trans. Geoffrey Bosanquet (London: The Cresset Press, 1964). JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JW The Chronicle of John of Worcester, III, The annals from 1067 to 1140 with Gloucester interpolations and the continuation to 1411, ed. and trans. P. McGurk (Oxford: OMT, 1998). Cited by page number. Lanfranc, Letters The Letters of Archbishops Lanfranc, eds. Helen Clover and Margaret Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). Cited by epistle number. LDE Simeon of Durham, Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie, ed. and trans. David Rollason (Oxford: OMT, 2000). Cited by chapter and verse. LDE, Continuation ‘Appendix B, Continuation beginning ‘Tribus dehinc annis’, Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie, ed. and trans. David Rollason (Oxford: OMT, 2000) 267-323. Cited by page number. Liber Eliensis Liber Eliensis, ed. E. O. Blake (London: Camden Third Series, Vol. XCII, 1962). Cited by chapter number. An English translation without the Latin text is available, Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the seventh century to the twelfth compiled by a monk of Ely in the twelfth century, trans. Janet Fairweather (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005). Miracula S. Dunstani Eadmer of Canterbury, Miracula S. Dunstani, Lives and Miracles of Saints Oda, Dunstan, and Oswald, eds. and trans. Andrew Turner and Bernard Muir (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006) 158-211. Cited by chapter. MSE Miracula sacnti Erkenwaldi in The Saint of London: the Life and Miracles of St Erkenwald, ed. and trans. E. Gordon Whateley (Binghamton, New York: Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1989) 100-165. Cited by miraculum and line. OMT Oxford Medieval Texts. OUP Oxford University Press. ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004) Access via Internet: http://www.oxforddnb.com/athens/. OV The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and trans. Marjorie Chibnall, (6 vols. Oxford: Oxford Medieval Texts, 1968-1980). RS Rolls Series. Southern, Saint Anselm Southern, R. W. Saint Anselm and His Biographer: A study of monastic life and thought, 1059-c.1103 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1963). Southern, Portrait Southern, R. W. Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society VA Eadmer, Vita Sancti Anselmi Archiepicopi Cantuariensis, ed. and trans. R. W. Southern (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1962). Cited by page number. VG The Life of Gundulf Bishop of Rochester, ed. Rodney Thomson (Toronto: The Hunter Rose Company, 1977). Cited by chapter and line number. The Latin text has been translated by the nuns of Malling Abbey, The life of the venerable man, Gundulf, bishop of Rochester (New ed. St Mary’s Abbey, Kent: Malling Abbey, 1984). VR Parkinson, B. J. ‘The Life of Robert de Bethune by William de Wycombe: Translation with Introduction and Notes’, B. Litt. Thesis (Unpublished Thesis, Oxford University, 1951). The text and translation are based on Lambeth MS 475, with variant readings from BL, MS Jul. D. X. Cited by page number. VW Vita Wulfstani in William of Malmesbury, Saints’ Lives: Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Idract, ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002) 1-155. Cited by chapter and verse. |cultural expressions of episcopal power · Introduction · Bishops: the measure of power A legatine council held at Winchester in April 1070 marked the beginning of a new era for the English church.1 Until this point William the Conqueror had been reluctant to interfere directly with church affairs, preferring to wait for the papal legates.2 The council oversaw the deposition of several churchmen, most notably Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury who held the bishopric of Winchester in plurality.3 His replacement Lanfranc at Canterbury was quickly chosen. So ended the Anglo-Saxon church. From this point onwards the narrative of episcopal power is caught uncomfortably between two vast historiographical topics: the Norman Conquest and the papal reform movement. In a recent volume dedicated to studies of episcopal power and culture in the central middle ages, the editors wrote that the central figure of the bishop has become „a marginal entity in modern scholarship.‟4 Bishops are in the shadow of the grand narrative of medieval historiography: the triumph of the state. The historiography of 1 Councils and Synods, pp. 563-76. 2 Cardinal priests, John and Peter, along with Bishop Ermenfrid oversaw the council. H. E. J. Cowdrey, „Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance following the Battle of Hastings‟, JEH, 20 (1969), pp. 225-242. It is worth noting that in the immediate aftermath of the battle at Hastings, William, perhaps craving some legitimacy, refrained from making significant changes to the ecclesiastical hierarchy in England. Even Stigand was retained as archbishop despite papal proclamations against his uncanonical position. Remigius was the only Norman candidate appointed
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