Works Listed in the Selected Bibliography Are Referred to by Surname of Author Only

Home , Corps area, George Grunert, George Van Horn Moseley, Leo Boyle, Lytle Brown

Notes

Works listed in the Selected Bibliography are referred to by surname of author only.

ABBREVIATIONS

ACofS - Assistant Chief of Staff ActCofS Acting Chief of Staff AG Adjutant General (of an Army Command) AGO Adjutant General’s Ofice (of an Army command) AEF Anierican Expeditionary Force ACP Appointment, Commission, and Personnel Branch Bn. Battalion CofAC Chief of Air Corps CinC Commander-in-Chief CofS Chief of Staff ccc Civilian Conservation Corps CG Commanding General co Commanding Officer DCofS Deputy Chief of Staff DofA Department of the Army GCM Files General Marshall’s Files deeded to George C. Marshall Research Foundation G- 1 Administration G-2 Intelligence G-3 Operations G-4 Coordination (or Supply) GHQ General Headquarters JB Joint Board LofC Library of Congress NA National Archives NG National Guard NWC National War College OCS Office of the Chief of Staff OPD Operations Division Reg. Regiment RG Record Group SGS Secretary General Staff SW Div Southwestern Division TAG The Adjutant General of the Army TAG0 The Adjutant General’s Office of the Army TIG The Inspector General of the Army TIS The Infantry School USAFC U.S. Army Force in China VMI Virginia Military Institute WPD War Plans Division 372 Notes

I: THE MARSHALLS OF UNIONTOWN For background material on chaps. I and I1 I read the Genius of Liberty, 1869- 1901, in microfilm form Helpful material came from interviews with Mrs J J Singer (General Marshall’s sister), Miss Mary Kate O’Bryon, Mrs Robert Carson, Jr. (a first cousin of Marshall’s), Mrs. George Underwood (Florence Bliss), Mrs Charles Gorley, Mrs. Richard Coulter, Mrs. Egbert (Catherine Lindsay) Armstrong, Mr. J. T. Shepler, and Mr J. Searight Marshall, General Marshall’s interviews, prin- cipally those of Feb 21 and 28, 1957, and a few items from interviews of Mar 6, Apr. 4 and 5. 1957, furnished the basis of these two chapters. Unless otherwise noted, all direct quotations attributed to Marshall come from these interviews, which were conducted by the author.

I. Washington Post, Sept. 2, 1939, p. 9; i I. Rankins, “Morgan’s Cavalry and the Evening Star (Washington), Sept. 1, Home Guard at Augusta, Kentucky,” 1939, Sec. B, p 1 Filson Club Historical Quarterly, 2. Even Cen. Arnold did not become a XXVII,Oct. 1953. Duke, pp. 248-53 member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 12. The Biographical Encyclopedia of until 1942. Kentucky, p 659. 3. Although he attended St. Peter’s reg- 13. Clay included in his group of pro- ularly, he did not join until 1903 Southerners not only William Mar- when, upon the death of his partner, shall but also Drs. Joshua and Jona- A. W. Bliss, he was asked to assume than Bradford In 1862 he asked that his duties as warden and treasurer. Dr. Joshua Bradford be dismissed 4. The elder Marshall was furious to from the service of the United States. find that it omitted all of his chil- Clay was fair enough to include in dren Stuart B. Marshall to Col. Wil- his memoirs an official letter defend- liam Couper, Jan. 28, 1948, VMI ing Bradford’s record. See Clay, I, Alumni File. 496-99. 5. Kentucky relatives of Marshall 14. George C. Marshall, “Coal, Coke, pointed out that he resembled the Ore, Iron, the Wonderful Story of Bradfords more than the Marshalls Our Underground Wealth,” Union- in his aloofness. town, Mar. 13, 1886, clipping from 6. Paxton, pp 83-86. Albert Marshall Clipping Collection, 7. The chief source on Rev. William Book B, Fayette Facts, apparently Marshall is Taylor, p. 105. See also from News-Standard (Uniontown, Paxton, pp 32-33; Semple, p. 414; Pa ); Sheppard, p 43 Spencer, I, 14-16 15. “A Social Event in Kentucky,” May 8 Matilda’s great-grandmother was 2, 1873, clipping from Ttmes- Mary Catlett. Matilda’s brother was Chronicle (Cincinnati). named George Catlett Taliaferro. 16. Mrs. Stuart B. Marshall to author, Paxton, pp 83-86; The Biographical Sept. 26, 1960; Mrs. Singer interview, Encylopedia of Kentucky, p 313. Feb 2, 1960. 9. Collins, 11, 370, 772. William Mar- 17. Although they never bought the shall was a member of the State Con- house, this was the family home for stitutional Convention and an elec- twenty-six years. George Catlett Mar- tor for Zachary Taylor in 1849 and a shall, clerk, Dunbar, was listed for member of the legislature in 1834, jury duty,in Aug 1873 In a deed of 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, and 1850 Mar. 9, 1874, George C. Marshall IS IO. The Kentucky Abolitionist Cassius listed as a citizen of Uniontown, M. Clay devoted several pages of his Deed Book, vol. 28, p. 54, Recorder’s memoirs to a lurid account of a de- Office, Fayette Co., Pa. Genius of bate with Marshall. Clay, I, 495-96. Liberty (Uniontown, Pa.), Oct. 9, 373

1874, announced that A. W. Boyd Nov. 11, 1880, Agreement Book, vol. was making alterations on his house 4, pp. 115-16, Recorder’s Office, Fay- on West Main Street. For family his- ette Co , Pa. tory, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Harbeson to 21. Frick Coke Co., A Brief Outline of author, June 27, 1963; Mrs. Singer the Development of the Great Con- interview, Feb. 2, 1960; Stuart B. nellmdle Coke Region. . . . Marshall to Couper, Jan. 28. 1948, 22 Augusta had about 588 pop in 1850 gives information on birth dates of (see Collins 11, 262); Walter H. Ran- children, VMZ Alumnt Ftle; Mrs. kins to author, Dec. 27, 1962, notes Robert Carson, Jr., in an interview, that it reached a peak of approxi- on June 1, 1962, gave additional in- mately 2000 in 1905. Webster’s Geo- formation on the family. graphical Dictionary states it had 18. Genius of Liberty, June 8, 1876; Feb. dropped to some 1599 in 1957. Ran- 22, 1877. kins to author, Jan. io, 1963. 19. Sheppard, p. 41. 23. Between 1860 and 1896 Fayette 20. Ellis, ed , pp. 239, 582-87. For a biog- County went Democratic in every raphy of George C. Marshall see Nel- presidential election except in 1872 son’s Biographical Dictionary, 11, 610- and 1888. Clipping from Albert Mar- 11. Certificate of Incorporation of the shall Collection. Fayette Coke and Furnace Company,

11: END OF AN ERA I. All quotations of the General’s rem- 11. Croswell Bowen, “George C. Marshall iniscences are from tape recordings of Uniontown, Pa ,” PM, Mar. 30, which Marshall dictated in 1957. 1947, pp. 5-1 1, Kenneth Speer, “Gen- P. The hair won him the nickname eral Marshall Played Hookey, Hunted of “Flicker,” but no nickname ever Indians, Boyhood Friends Recall,” stuck to Marshall. Pittsburgh Sun Telegram, Jan. 12, 3. Marshall was baptized at St. Peter’s ’947 Episcopal Church, June 5, 1881, and 12 Fayette Coke and Furnace Co, to confirmed Feb. 7, 1896, by Bishop H C. Frick Coke Co , Oct. 1, 1889, Courtlandt Whitehead of Pittsburgh. and Kyle Coke Co, to H. C Frick Church Book, St. Peter’s Episcopal Coke Co., Oct. 1, 1889, Deed Book Church, Uniontown, Pa. vol. 91, pp. 394-405, Recorder’s Of- 4. The statue was made by the satirical fice, Fayette Co , Pa. artist David Blythe, who lived for a 13. Zbid. time in Uniontown. 14. Page Courier (Luray, Va), June 26, 5. Genius of Liberty, Sept. 28, 1882, 1890; Luray Times, Sept. 26, Oct. 3, p. 1; Hadden; Hurlbert; Searight. 1890; Genius of Liberty, Sept. 25, 6. The stockade was burned by the 1890. French, and in Marshall’s day there 15 Page Courier, Dec. 11, 1890; Genius were no markers and no reconstruc- of Liberty, Nov 6, 1890. tion to aid or impede imagination. 16. Strickler; Shenandoah Valley (New 7. Don S. Glass, Supt., Uniontown Market, Va.), Nov. 12 and Dec. 24, Schools, to author, Mar. 16, 1961. 8. Dean Acheson, “Homage to Gen. 1891. 17. Genius of Liberty, Feb. 4, 1892; Marshall,” The Reporter, XXI, Nov. 26, 1959, 28 See also Acheson, p. 160. Stephen Greene us. George C. Mar- 9. His recollections date chiefly from shall in the Court of Common Pleas the period after 1890 when the greatly of Fayette County no. 98, filed Oct. reduced family income would have 20, 1891 (In 1892 Mr. Marshall was curtailed social activities anyway. ordered to show cause why judgment io. Miss Mary Kate O’Bryon interview, should not be entered against him in Feb. 4, 1960. two of the suits but it is not clear 374 Notes from the record what final disposi- 20 Croswell Bowen, loc at. tion was made). 21. Cited as the “normal” rate in 1894. 18. Marshall interview, Feb. 28, 1957; Genius of Liberty, June 28, 1894, p. 4. Mrs Singer interview, Feb 2, 1960. 22 Genius of Liberty, Apr 9, 1891. 19 A succession of short-lived private 23. Gentus of Liberty, editorial, Mar. 26, academies were apparently estab- 1891, p 2; Apr 9, 1891, editorial, Apr. lished in Uniontown at this period, 5, 1894. This, incidentally, was the often succeeding each other in the occasion when Company C from same business No record is clear on Uniontown, mobilized for strike duty Marshall’s attendance in the years with its regiment of the Pennsylvania 1895-97 He probably also attended National Guard, was dismissed when one or more predecessors of the Uni- the men were overheard expressing versity School in the two years pre- sympathy with the strikers. ceding

111: FIRST CAPTAIN Other than the interviews with Gen Marshall of Feb 21, 28, Mar G and 13, 1957, the chief sources for this chapter were the official records of the Virginia Military Institute, such as Order Books, Morning Reports, Letter Books, Alumni Files, An- nual Reports, Annual Catalogues, Cadet Register, and the VhlI yearbook, T/ZC Bomb, for igoi For background I have drawn on interviews with Banks Hudson, Gen Charles S. Roller, Edward Ryland, Col. Bowyer Browne, Dr Taylor Carter, Erskine Miller, Col. Morgan Hudgins, and W. Dudley Rucker, all classmates of Marshall’s. Paul Wooten, for many years head of the Washington Bureau of the New Orleans Times-Picayune, gave me background material on Marshall and his roommate Leonard K. Nicholson. I am especially indebted to Mr. Hudson, who checked numerous points for me and arranged several of the interviews in which he also participated. The indispensable secondary work on VMI is Col. William Couper’s One Hun- dred Years at VMZ, a four volume work. Col. Couper, who entered VMI a few months after Marshall graduated, served fifty years at VMI Meticulous in his research, he checked dozens of details for me I have benefited greatly from his sage advice and the use of his private newspaper clipping files on the period Marshall was enrolled at VMI. For material on the family of the first Mrs. Marshall, I secured much helpful information from J Churchill Newcomb Mr Lorraine Pitman sent some interesting letters from Gen. Marshall and the first Mrs Marshall This was supplemented by information obtained by Miss Eugenia Lejeune from friends of Lily Coles at Lexington Mrs Rosa Tucker, Mrs. M. H. Christian, Mrs. Robert Owen, and Miss Austina Mallory. Miss Lejeune and I checked the files of the Rockbridge County News for the years 1897-1901 in the News office in‘lexington.

I. G C Marshall to Shipp, Jan. 21, 5. A legend that he was rejected be- 1901, VMI ,Alumnt File cause of his father’s politics has 2. In an exchange of letters with Gen gained some currency Marshall, Sen Joseph F. Guffey, a 6 Minutes of the Board of Visitors, Democrat of Pa., said that he was VMI, June 17, 1907. surprised to hear that Rep. Acheson 7. One of the cadets was Martin Mar- would have been partisan in this shall of Vicksburg, a first cousin of matter. George Catlett. 3. Genius of Liberty, Oct 31, 1895. 8. Marshall interview, Feb 28, 1957. 4. Ibid ;see also Feb. 24, 1898. 9. Mrs. Singer interview, Feb. 2, 1960. Notes 375 io. Laura E Marshall et ul conveying 23. Couper, Ir, chaps 22, 23; Marshall property to Martin Thompson, July interview, Mar 6, 1957. 8. 1898, Deed Book, vol 155, pp 494- 24. Rockbridge County News, Feb. 17, 95, Fayette Co., Pa., Marshall inter- 24, Mar 3, Apr. 28, 1898. view, Feb 28, 1957. 25. Zbzd., Mar. 31, 1898 11. G. C. Marshall to Shipp, Jan. 31, 26. Ibzd, Apr 28, 1898 1898, VMI Alumni File 27 By 1899, 136 former VMI cadets had 12. G. C. Marshall to Shipp, Sept. 11, served in the Army in the Spanish- 1897, VMZ Alumnz File, Minutes of American War and in the Philippine Board of Visitors, June 17, 1907, Insurrection Couper, IV,53. noted that “the requirements of ad- 28. Rockbridge County News, Jan 5, mission have been increased and the 1899 plane of proficiency so greatly ele- 29 Genius of Liberty, Aug. 31, 1899. vated as to materially decrease the 30. President McKinley in 1898 admitted number of cadets able to enter the he did not know where Manila was schooI.” except “somewhere around the other 13 G C Marshall to Shipp, Sept. 14, side of the world.” 1897, VMI Alumni Fzle, Shipp to 31 Text of Gen Marshall’s address, G C. Marshall, Sept. 14, 1897, VMZ Uniontown, Sept. 9, 1939. Letter Book 32. Marshall interview, Mar 13, 1957 14 Couper, IV, 298-300, has an excellent 33. Rockbridge County News, Dec. 6, sketch on Gen. Shipp. 1900P 3 15. Speech of Col. Hunter Pendleton 34 “The Coles Family,” The Virginia cited in Couper, IV, 24, 31 Because Magazine of History and Biography, of the illness of his mother, George VII, July 1899, 101-02, Jan. 1900, 326- was permitted to go home at Christ- 28; Apr 1900, 428-29; J. Churchill mas 1898 Newcomb to author, Dec. 28, 1960, 16. Banks Hudson interview, Dec. 5, Jan. 14,30, Feb 11, 16, 1961. ‘957. 35. Pecquet du Bellet, IV, 224-29, 278-81. 17. Couper, IV, 27, 47; Marshall inter- 36 Also called governor of the embryo view, Mar. 6, 1957. colony or president of the provincial 18 Marshall interview, Feb. 28, 1957. convention of Virginia Nicholson described his life with 37. Ma] Chester Goolrick to author Nov. Marsha1 1 1n the T 1 mes-Pica y une 7, 1961, and Feb 28, 1963 KA, al- (New Orleans), May 28, 1939, sec. 2, though founded at nearby Washing- P2 ton and Lee, was banned along with 19. VMZ Morning Report, Sept. 25-29, other fraternities in 1880 by order 1897, signed Young, M D. of the authorities as being incon- 20 Marshall interview, Mar 6, 1957, re- sistent with barracks’ life, but con- fers to his speech at Class Dinner, tinued surreptitiously until 1912. hfay 15, 1951 Present members are contributing a 21. The Jackson Memorial Hall of 1896 special memorial in honor of its war was replaced by the present one m dead to be included in the George 1916 C. Marshall Research Center build- 22. Louis Marshall, nephew of Gen Mar- ing See also article when Marshall shall’s great-great-grandfather Wil- became Chief of Staff by Lt Col. liam, was President of Washington Edgar E Hume, “General Marshall,” College 1830-34. KA Journal, Jan. 1939, pp 94-95.

IV: SECOND LIEUTENANT 1. Ganoe, p. 394, indicates that the vol- home induced President McKinley unteer force went up to 233,000. to order the immediate release 09 After the armistice in August, the ioo,ooo volunteers, even though they usual popular cry to get the boys had been enlisted for two years. Gen- 376 Notes ius of Liberty, Oct. 20, 1898. Genius to Quay and TAG to Shipp, both of Liberty, Nov 3, 1898, reported that June 15, 1901; TAG to Marshall, a “petition to have the Tenth regi- June 17, 1901; Marshall to Col. ment brought home from ‘Manila Henry P. McCain, Aug. 18, 1901; is now in circulation at this place.” all in ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. 2. Ganoe, pp. 370-74. 391, 398-400, 402. 21. Maj. Gen. John Rutter Brooke to 3. Jessup, I, 215-20. TAG, Sept. 15, 1901; no. 404gg/E 4. For Root’s work as SecWar see Jes- filed with no. 404987, McKinley Fu- sup, I, 215-407, see also Otto L. Nel- neral; S. 0. 102, May 2, 1901, ACP son, p. 20. File, both in TAGO, RG 94, NA. 5. For general discussion see Carter. 22. Wise to Brooke, Sept. 23, igoi, ACP 6. Jessup, I, 259. File, TAGO, RG 94, NA 7. Ganoe, pp. 412-18. In Sept. of 1901 23. To give the volunteer officers and en- the forces included approximately listed men who had been “without 3300 officers and 81,000 enlisted men. access to books for which they could In addition there were approximately prepare for the examination” and 5000 Philippine Scouts and 98 offi- were thus at a disadvantage in bemg cers. In 1902 the minimum force was examined, Sec. Root in April igoi ’ raised to 60,000. Root, pp. 374-75. directed that in case they falled the 383. examination their cases would be re- 8. Ganoe, p. 412. viewed by a special board in Wash- 9. Root, pp. 388-94. ington which would take into con- io. Riker, pp. 69-70; Root, pp. 470-77. sideration their record in the field. 11. The act required the selection of 298 Root, pp. 376-79. officers of the staff corps and depart- 24. Marshall Examinations for Commis- ’ ments and of 837 first and second sion, ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. lieutenants of the line In his Report 25. Marshall’s application [ 19011 gives for igoi, Sec. Root said that 695 of duties at Danville; interviews by the first and second lieutenants had Royster Lyle, Jr., with former cadets been commissioned. Of these 214 of Danville Military Institute who were enlisted men and 481 were vol- recalled Marshall’s brief tenure there, unteer officers Marshall apparently including Judge A. M. Aiken, Mr. was one of the 142 applicants chosen Willis J. Dance, Mr. Milton Herman, from civilian life. Root, pp. 375, and Mr. John Overbey; Danville Bee, 377-78; Ganoe, pp. 412,417. Oct 17, ‘959, article and editorial; 12. G. C. Marshall to Shipp, Jan. 21, Mr Milton Herman letter to N.Y. 1901, VMZ Alumni File. Times, Oct. 27, 1959 13. Shipp to “To Whom It May Con- 26. Marshall to TAG, Dec. 5, 1901; Wise cern,” Jan. 23, 1901, VMZ Letter to TAG, Dec. 6, 1901; TAG to Wise, Book. Dec g, 1901; Asst. TAG to Marshall, 14 G. C. Marshall to Shipp, Jan. 21, Dec. ii, 1901; Marshall to TAG, Dec. 1901, VMI Alumni File. 26, 1901; all in ACP File, TAGO, RG 15. Wise, App. 146, 158 94, NA. 16. Wise to Pres. McKinley, Jan. 30, 27. Marshall to Shipp, Dec. 12, 1901, 1901, ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. VMZ Alumni File. 17 G. C. Marshall to Shipp, Feb. 12, 28. The appointment was confirmed on 1901, VMZ Alumni File; Shipp to Jan. 13, 190’. and Marshall was as- President McKinley, Feb. 14, 1901, signed to the 30th Infantry in the ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. Philippines, Special AG Memo no. 18. Sen. M. S. Quay to SecWar, Feb. 7, 65, Jan. 4, 1902; S. 0. 33, Feb. 8, 1901; Quay to SecWar, Apr. 25, 1901, 1902, ordered him to report to Fort ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. Myer, to Columbus Barracks, Ohio, 19 Sen. Boies Penrose to Gen. H. C. to San Francisco, and then to the Corbin, TAG, Apr. 26, 1901, ACP Philippines, all in ACP File, TAGO, File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. RG 94, NA. 20. Memo for TAG, June 7, 1901; TAG 29. F. M. Fuller and C. H. Seaton Po 377 Quay, Jan. 21, 1902; Quay to Root, 32. Mrs. Singer, Marshall’s sister, said in Jan. 25, 1902; Memo to McCain, interview, Feb. 2, 1960, it was the Jan. 28, 1902; TAG to Quay, Jan. 30, following morning. 1902; all in ACP Ftle, TAGO, RG 33. Marshall interview, Mar. 6, 1957; 94, NA. William H Carter to Marshall, Feb. 30. Marshall to Asst. TAG, Feb. 3, 1902; 13. 1902, with attached notes, ACP S. 0.33, Feb. 8, 1902, both in ACP Ftle, TAGO, RG 94, NA. File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. 34. S. 0. 40, Feb. 17, 1902; CG, Gov- 31. Rockbridge County News, February ernors Island to TAG, Mar. 18, 1902; 13, 1902. There are some errors in CG, Presidio, San Francisco, Calif., to the account. See Stuart B. Marshall TAG, Apr. 12, 1902; all in ACP Ftle, to Couper, Jan. 28, 1948, VMZ Alumni TAGO, RG 94, NA. File.

V: THE METTLE OF THE MAN For background, I have drawn on materials on the Philippines furnished me by former Sgt. Enoch R. L. Jones; on a file of Bamboo Breezes (a small newspaper devoted to the activities of the 30th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines, edited by John N. Morton) furnished me by Mrs. Amy C. Dabney; on interviews with Gen. Walter Krueger, Sgt Jones, and William A. Horne; and on letters from Clyde A Benton, Col. Samuel C. Talbott, Lt. Col. William J. Holzapfel, Sr., Clyde W. Osborn, Connelly R. Potter, Wiley S. Hicks, Mr. and Mrs. John N. Morton, Mrs. Leonard Brozik (daughter of Capt. C. L. Bent), Howard D. McGeorge, and Olive V. Borden.

1. Sexton, p. 267. Returns of the 30th Infantry Regi- 2. Wolff, pp. 358-59. ment, Scpt. 1902, RG 98, NA; Mar- 3. Sexton, p 283. shall interview, Mar, 13, 1957. 4. Report of the Philippine Commis- 15. Maj. R. K. Evans to AG, Dept. of sion. Jan. 31, 1900-Dec. 20, 1900. Southern Luzon, Aug. 22, 1901, in 5. Enoch Jones interview, Nov. 1, 1960. Annual Report of the Secretary of 6. Marshall interview, Mar. 13, 1957. War, 1902, IX,328-32. 7. Heiser, p. 100. 16. Acheson, pp 160-61. 8. Marshall interview, Mar. 13, 1957; 17. Marshall to Benton, Jan. 11, 1950, see also Maj. Gen. Charles D. Rhodes, Marshall to John N. Morton, for- “Diary Notes of a Soldier,” 1940, en- , merly a private of the 30th Infantry, try for May 28, 1902, Central Search May 4, 1949, GCM Files. Room, NA. 18. Jessup, I. 329-71; Ganoe, pp. 411, 9. Maj. Fletcher Gardner to Marshall, 4’3-15- May 20, 1938, GCM Files. ig. U.S. War Dept., Annual Report . . . io. Marshall to Clyde A. Benton, Jan. ‘904, 111, 219. 11, 1950, GCM Files. Marshall inter- 20. Gen. Walter E. Krueger interview, view, Mar. 13, 1957. Several versions Nov. 7, 1957. Krueger undoubtedly of the Fourth of July story, exist. first met Marshall in the Philippines, 11. Marshall at VMI, June 12, 1940 as both of them were lieutenants in 12. William A. Horne, former private of the 30th Infantry. Co. G, to Frye, July 29, 1946, GCM 21. Brig Gen. R. Tucker Pendleton, a Files. Horne later supplied’ the au- first cousin and next-door neighbor thor with a copy of this letter. See of the Coles in Lexington, in an in- also Horne interview, Apr. 24, 1959. terview, Nov. 12, 1962, said that she 13 Marshall interview, Mar. 13, 1957. did not join her husband for some 14. One patrol is described briefly in months after he returned to the 378 Notes United States and perhaps not at Marshall’ to Oakes, eng. off, SW all at Fort Reno The second Mrs Div , June 13, 1905, with six endorse- Marshall in a letter to the author, ments Marshall to Mi1 Secy, SW Jan 7, 1963, recalls General Mar- Div , Aug. 31, 1905; Eng Off, SW shall’s speaking of a delay in their re- Div, June 19, 1905; Hdq., SW Div. union Marshall’s letters concerning by Cmd of CG, June 20, 1905; Mil. his trip back east do not indicate he Secy, Dept of Texas, June 22, 1905; was accompanied by Mrs Marshall. CO, Ft Clark, June 25, 1905; CG, He does mention her being with him Dept of Texas, June 28, 1905, all in at Fort Reno. It is possible that they no 15819; Capt S B. Bootes, Hdq, were not reunited until he came east Dept. of Texas, Office of the Chief in the fall of 1905 or that she may Commissary, to Marshall, June 26, have come to Fort Reno after he was 1905, and endorsements, no 15819/ well established there and returned A-4, all in Mapping, SW Div., RG east during the four months he was 98, NA. mapping on the Pecos. Mrs G. C. Marshall interview, Mar. One of his activities was participa- 1961. tion in a road march which required Marshall to Mil. Secy, SW Div, submission of a sketch map of the Aug 31, 1905, and 14 endorsements, area around Darlington and El Reno. no. i574/T, Mapping, SW Dtv., RG Lt. Col Frank West to AG, SW 98, NA. Div , Annual Inspection, 1904, June Marshall to Shipp, Mar. 3, 1906, 25, 1904, with road sketch map of VhlZ Alumni File. “Chambry” column, vicinity of Dar- Marshall to Maj. Gen. George Van lington by G C. Marshall, Jr., no. Horn Moseley, Sept. 9, 1938, GCM 9523, TIG, RG 159, NA. Files. Dupuy, pp. ’96-97. Sheppard, pp. 67-72; also collection Marshall’s Personal Report, Aug. 18, of clippings from Uniontown and 1906. no. 4475, Army Serozce Schools, Pittsburgh papers in the Uniontown Ft. Leavenworth, RG 98, NA. Mar- Library. shall also practiced shooting; he was He was left with only one sergeant. rated “sharpshooter.” He had applied for the course the Dupuy, pp 193-94. Marshall inter- previous year but someone senior to view, Mar 13, 1957 him in the regiment had asked for Statement on Mapping Trip, Fort the assignment In 1905, the appoint- Clark, unsigned and no date, dictated ment was offered to Capt. (later Col) by Marshall during or just after Edward C Corey, who declined, and World War 11, GCM Files. it was then offered to Marshall. Maj. Marshall to Capt. John C Oakes, Gen Edwin L. Sibert to author, July June 13, 1905, no 15819/Z [index 7, 1961. Col. Corey was his father-in- card no. i574/L], Mapping, SW Dtu , law. RG 98, NA.

VI: PROFESSIONAL TRAINING For background, I have drawn on entries in the Diary of Col. Fay W. Brabson, a classmate of Marshall’s at Fort Leavenworth in 1906-1907, and on interviews with him and two other classmates, Maj. Gen Charles D. Herron and Brig Gen. Royden E. Beebe I also talked with Gen. Walter E Krueger, an instructor at Fort Leaven- worth during part of this period. Gen. Herron permitted me to copy a number of photographs from his album. These were supplemented by some which Col Luis Monter of the Mexican Army, also a fellow student, gave President Eisenhower, who presented them to the Marshall Foundation. I am indebted to Dr. Edward M. Coffman for selecting, out of thousands of documents in the National Archives covering this period, the following items. daily Notes 379 class records of Marshall and his classmates, Inspector General reports on the school, annual reports of the commandant, and correspondence of Gen Bell, Col. Wagner, and others.

1. Capt. Milton F. Davis to Marshall, gineering, 97 4 in military topog- July 12, 1906, no. 4441 Davis to Mar- raphy (the Fort Clark expedltion shall, Aug. 2, 1906, no. 4442, both paid off), 967 in military law, and filed with no. 4440, in Army Sew- 94 I on his road sketch. Examina- ice Schools, Ft. Leavenworth, RG tions on some subjects were waived 98, NA. on the basis of his having made 2. Maj Gen. Charles D. Rhodes, Maj. more than 95 per cent In his class Gen. B. B. Buck, Brig. Gen H. L. work. His grand average was 962 Hodges, Lt. Gen John L. DeWitt, per cent With a satisfactory physical Maj Gen. C D. Herron, Ma) Gen. examination, the road was open to Bruce Palmer, Brig. Gen. Morris his appointment as first lieutenant. Locke, Maj. Gen. Stephen Fuqua, Report of the Examining Board on and Gen. of the Army George C. Marshall, ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, Marshall. NA . 3. Wagner’s tour was interrupted by 12 War Dept. S. 0. 252, Oct. 26, 1907; service in the Spanish-American War. signed Oath of Office, Oct. 28, 1907, In 1904 he went to the Army War and again Jan. 30. 1908, both in Ft. College, where he was first a member Leavenworth, ACP File, TAGO, RG of the Strategy Board and later sen- 94, NA. ior director of the Board of Direc- 13. Herron interview, May 28, 1958 tion He was also military secretary 14. Marshall to Col. Bernard Lentz, Oct. at the time of his death, June 17, 2, 1935; Radiogram, Lentz to Mar- 1905. shall, May 23, 1936, Marshall to 4. Herron to author, July 19, 1962. Lentz, May 26, 1936; all in GCM 5. “James Franklin BeII,” Fifteenth An- Files. nual Report of the Association of 15. In Steele’s course Marshall was sec- Graduates of the U.S. Military Acad- ond in the class emy, pp 166-74 16. Four of the five just below him be- 6. Marshall interview, Apr. 4, 1957; came generals. Herron to author, July 19. 1962. 17. Bell to Maj. Gen F. C Ainsworth, 7. Wagner to Bell, Feb 21, 1905. with June 30, 1907; Brig. Gen. C B. encl Capt. F. J. Koester to Wagner, Daugherty to Bell, July 17, 1907; Feb 17, 1905, no. 4095 filed with no. both no. iz5gigz filed with no. 537, Army Service Schools, Ft. Leaven- 1249432, Militia, RG 94,NA. worth, RG 98, NA. 18. Marshall, expecting to stay in Min- 8. Marshall’s class numbered 54 at en- nesota until he drew his next pay trance, 38 at graduation, of which 24 check, had to Ieave his wife behind. took the second year. Marshall to TAG, July 7, 1907, no. 9. Marshall, distressed over mistakes on i25gigrlC filed with no. 1249432, two papers, wrote long explanations Militia, RG 94, NA. to his instructors in a futile effort to 19. Col. F W. Stillwell to SecWar Taft, have them reviewed for possible cor- rections. July 27, 1907, no 1269829 filed with 94, 10. Col. Fay W. Brabson interview, Dec. no. 393019, ACP File, TAGO,RG 5, 1960, and extracts from Brabson NA, Daugherty to Brig. Gen. T. J. Diary recorded on tape Stewart, AG, Pa, July 31, 1907, no. 11 Marshall had the following percent- 1271850/B, filed with no. 1249432, ages: 94 in administration, 953 in Militra, RG 94, NA. drill regulations, gg 3 in small arms 20 Brig Gen. Royden E. Beebe inter- regulation, 964 in military field en- view, Apr. 6, 1961. 380 21. U.S Army Service Schools, Annual Army War College, Nov. 9, 1908, Report, z908, pp 69-70. Root,p 129. 22 Zbzd. 29. Marshall interview, Mar. 6, 1957. 23. Col. Iverson B Summers to author, 30. Early in 1915, for instance, only 117 Oct 9, 1960; Miss Cora E. Thomas active Army officers were reported on (daughter of Mrs. Osborne) inter- duty with the militia. Huidekoper, view, Mar. io, 1961. P 510. 24. Proceedings of Academic Boards of 3 1. Beginning in 1908, horsemanship the Army School of the Line and was encouraged in the Army, espe- Army Staff College, June 27, 1908; cially for infantry officers, by order J F. Morrison to TAG, July 1, 1908; of President Theodore Roosevelt, both in no 1399408, Ft. Leavenworth, who was concerned with developing TAGO RG 94, NA, Marshall inter- the physical fitness of the officer view, Apr 4, 1957 corps. 25. Clement added that the coming of 32. A. B De Saulles, et al., and the Percy Marshall and the other regular Mining Co., and G C Marshall in Army instructors “was the opening the Court of Common Pleas (Fayette up in the training of the Pennsylva- County, Pa), no. 554, Oct. 13, 1908, nia National Guard, which seven or and attached accounting for the pe- eight years later was on the Texas riod, Jan 1, igo4-Dec. 31, 1908, sub- border and ten years later was on its mitted Jan. 27, igog Prothonotary, way to France . . . All I can say is Recorder’s Office, Fayette County, of all the men I have known in my Pa. life, I know of none I have admired 33. J. Churchill Newcomb to author, more and few as much.” M. W. Clem- Dec 28, 1960, Jan. 14, 30, Feb. 11, ent to author, July 20, 1960. 16, 1961. 26. Marshall speech to National Guard 34. Newcomb to author, Dec. 28, 1960. Assn of Pa, Qct. 13, 1939. 35. James K Campbell to Marshall, May 27. Brig Gen Charles Morton to TAG, 16, 1955, GCM Files. Dec 26. 1908, no 1473464 filed with 36. Brig Gen Guy I. Rowe interview, no 1302651, Dale Creek, RG 94, NA. Nov. 12, 1962, 28. Root, address at dedication OE the

VII: THE MAKING OF A STAFF QFFPCER Background material was furnished by 6en. Courtney Hodges and Maj. Gen. Fred L Walker, who served with Marshall in the Philippines during this period. I have received valuable Inaterial in letters from Brig Gen. Clifford Blueniel, Mrs J R Hamlen, Brig Gen Arthur W. Lane, Ma]. William Fisk, Brig. Gen. Frank S. Clark, Maj. Gen Durward Wilson, Col. James H. Van Horn, Col. Owen Mere- dith, and Brig. Gen. Royden E. Beebe.

I. News-Standard (Uniontown), Sept. Mrs Singer interview, Feb. 2, 1960. 22, 1909; Morning Herald (Union- 4. Marshall to TAG, Apr. 11, 1910, with town), Sept. 22, 25, 1909. The Rev. F. ends., ACP File TAGO, RG 94, NA W. Beckman, later rector of the 5. Marshall to TAG, May 17, igio, with American Cathedral (Holy Trinity) endorsements, ACP File TAGO, RG in Paris, conducted funeral services 94, NA. at St. Peter’s Church. 6. The Tzmes (London), Sept. 17, ig, 2. Settlement of estate of 6. C. Mar- 22, 1910 Gen. Sir John French, later shall, Dec. 1, 1913, Ofice of Register to command the British forces in of Wtlls, Fayette Co , Pa. World War I, was director of the 3. Marshall interview, Apr. 4, 1957; maneuvers. The chief umpire was Et. Gen. Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, the German views, Army War College commander of the Second British File, RG 165, NA; Ganoe, p. 438. Army in World War I. The Red 17. I am indebted to Morison, p. 147, for Army commander was Lt. Gen. Sir the references to McClure’s Maga- Herbert Plumer, who later succeeded zine, XXXVIII,Apr. 1912, 677-83; Col- Smith-Dorrien as Second Army com- lier’s, XLVII,Apr. 15, 1911, 17-42; mander in France. One of the ob- Natton, XCIII, Dec. 21, 1911, 595-9G; servers of the maneuvers was Win- and seven articles (by Stimson, Wood, ston Churchill. Wotherspoon, Evans, Liggett, Ed- 7. Returns of the 24th Inf. Regt., Jan.- wards, and Shelton) appearing un- Mar., 1911,TAGO, RG 94, NA; Brig. der the title of “What Is the Matter Gen. Clifford Bluemel to author, with Our Army?” Independent, LXXII, Oct. 19, 1960; Marshall interview, Feb., Mar., Apr., 1912. I checked all Apr. 4, ’957. the articles. 8. Hagedorn. 11, 97-99; Otto L. Nelson, 18. Ganoe, p. 438. chap. 4; Morison, pp. 146-69. 19. Gov. Eben S. Draper to Maj. Gen. 9. Of 25 posts which the general staff F. D. Grant, Oct. 11, 1910, no. 46092; in 191i recommended be abandoned Grant to Draper, Oct. 25, 1910, both over a period of time, 17 were still in Dept. of the East, RG 98, NA. occupied in Jan. 1940. Otto L. Nel- Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood to TAG, son, p. 172. May 3, 1911, no. 174228glC filed with io. War Dept., Annual Report, 191r, I, no. 1733266, Militia, RG 94, NA; 12; Morison, pp. 146-48; Ganoe, pp. Daugherty to Rhodes, May 15, 1911; 443-46. Daugherty to Stewart, AG of Pa., 11. One was Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois, May 15, 1911;Stewart to Wood, May who had accompanied Orville Wright 16, 1911; Wood to Stewart, May 18, on one of the first official Army test 1911; Rhodes to Stewart, May 19, flights at Fort Myer in igog and who 1911;Rhodes to Daugherty, May 19, later became Chief of the Air Corps, 1911, all in no. 6759, Pre WWZ,RG and another was Lt. GEM. Kelly, 165, NA. killed a month later in a crash dur- 20. Marshall speech to Natl. Guard Assn. ing the same maneuvers, after whom of Pa., Oct. 13, 1939. Kelly Field was named. 21. Marshall to Chief, Div. of Militia 12. Marshall interview, Apr. 4, 1957; Affs., Oct. 2, 1911,no. 27764lA filed “Tactical Problem no. 1 for Co. D, with no. 25489, Camps, RG 168, NA; Signal Corps and attached officers,” Marshall to Capt. G. E. Thorne, Apr. 3, 1911, plus field order 1 and June 13, 1911, with “Program for messages sent in the exercise, in- the Militia Officers’ School,” no. cluded as part of the report of Maj. 481oo/W filed with no. 48032, Dept. George 0. Squier, to Chief Signal ,of the East, RG 98, NA. Oscer, July 13, 1911, no. 27587120, 22. Boston Daily Globe, July 22-31, 1911. Off. Ch. Sig. Off. Doc. File, 1894-1917, Wood to TAG, Aug. 11, 1911, OCS, Maneuver Division RG 111 NA. GS, 1906-17,RG 165,NA. 13. The Army in 1913 had 17 planes for 23. Marshall to Chief, Div. of Militia its Air Force and had budgeted Affs., Jan. I, 1912, no. 27764/B filed $124,000 for aviation. France in the with no. 25489, Camps, RG 168, NA. same year appropriated $7 4 million. Col. C. A. Ranlett to Marshall, May Paxson, 1, 114. 4, 193.9, GCM Ftles. Marshall report 14. Squier to Ch. Sig. Off.,July 13, 1911, in Brig. Gen. R. K. Evans’ (Chief, no. 27587120, Off.Ch. Sig. Off. Doc. Division of Militia Affairs) undated File, 1894- 1917, Maneuver Division, memorandum containing extracts RG ZII,NA. from first quarter reports, 1912, from 15. Hagedorn says it took almost ninety various inspector-instructors, no. days, 11, 111. 29998, Camps, RG 168, NA. , 16. Reports of Capt. S. G. Shartle, Apr. 24. Marshall to Chief Div. of Militia 6, June 5, 1911, no. 6553/1 and 3, Affs., Aug. 26, 1912, no. 336591.4 382 filed with no. 29998, Camps, RG 168, 29. Returns of the 4th Inf. Rgt., Sept. NA. Boston Dazly Globe, Aug 17, 1912, Post Returns, RG 94, NA 1912, p 1. 30. Summary of Mal Eli A. Helmick, 25. Report to Brig Gen. Tasker H Bliss, TIG, Inspection Report, Jan 22-27, Aug 10-20, 1912, no 2011207 filed 1913, 201 Fzle, TAGO, DofA. with no. 1807249, Mtlztta, RG 94, 31 Herron to author, Oct 31, 1958. In NA. Boston Daily Globe, July 22, the fall of 1958 while at the Walter Aug. 10-18, 1912; Courant (Hartford), Reed Hospital, Marshall related his Aug. 12-14, 1912. See also Boston Christmas story to Herron. At the Dazly Globe, Oct 17, 1959; Col J. E author’s request, Herron wrote down McMahon to CofS, Aug. 18, 1913, his recollections of Marshall’s recita- no. 7267-25, Army War College, RG tion It is likely the last interview 165, NA, Col. James L. Walsh to with Marshall recorded by anyone. Marshall, Jan 2, 1951, GCM Files. 32 War Dept , Annual Report, 1913, 111, 26. Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole to Mar- 113-20, “Report of the Second Divi- shall, Apr 27, 1939, GCM Files; see sion” Marshall to TAG with 1st also Cole’s notes on Marshall sent to end by Col T. J Kennan, CO, 13th Marshall Andrews, Research Center Inf Rgt, Nov 9, 1914, ACP Fzle, Files. TAGO, RG 94, NA Paxson, I, 35-36; 27. Brig. Gen W W. Wotherspoon to Morison, p 169, Ganoe, p 446. Bell, Jun 30, 1909; Bell to Wother- 33 Brig. Gen. Arthur W. Lane to au- spoon, July 1, 1909, Nichols to Wood, thor, Nov. 29, 1960. Mar 18, 1912; Carter to TAG for 34. Paxson, I, 48-49 Nichols, Mar 20, 1912, all in no 35, It would grow darker. Japan’s en- 8111, Pre WWZ, RG 165, NA. See croachments on China after 1914 also Marshall’s correspondence with under cloak of defense against Ger- Nichols, Jan 20, Feb 3, 1912, VMZ many caused considerable U S alarm. Alumni File. Bell, in turning down Paxson, I, 384-85 See also Morton, Nichols’ request for Marshall’s detail PP 22-25 to VMI in 1909, said that it would 36 Dupuy, pp 210-11: Marshall inter- mean seven years’ absence from his view, Apr. 4, 1957, Ma]. Gen Fred L. regiment, adding that “on account Walker interview, Oct 28. 1958 of low rank such absence would cer- Walker was a 2d It in the regiment tainly result in his ruination as a to which Marshall was assigned line officer.” The legislation was thus 37 Answering the question on Mar- intended to protect the officer as well shall’s efficiency report, “Would you as the regiment want him to serve under you again?” 28 War Dept G 0 32, Sept 18, 1912, Williams wrote, “I would be glad to giving extract of law, Marshall was serve under him ” Williams, Cdg willing to return to his regiment, Co. F, 13th Infantry, Efficiency Re- but-he and his wife were not pleased port, Jan. i-Dec 31, 1914, ACP File, at the cost and labor involved in TAGO, RG 94, NA. frequent moves. “Mrs Marshall will 38 Frye, pp ioG-io7 Mr Frye got the be much ‘outraged,” he wrote a story from Gen Johnson Hagood, friend, “when I tell her that we must to whom Marshall told the story in pack up again before May 1. We just 1914. Marshall confirmed the ac- unpacked last September: and the previous February, I reported for curacy of the episode to the author, duty at Madison Barracks, unpacked, adding that he had acted unwisely. and four weeks later was ordered to 39 Brig Gen Frank S Clark to author, Texas, leaving her to crate things up Aug 2, 1960, with copy of initial again I think a few peaceful, house- field order and instructions Mar- keeping years in Lexington would shall to Nichols, Mar. 5, 1914, T’MZ appeal to her more than all the A 1unin t Fi 1e glories of war.” Marshall to Nichols, 40. Col James B Ervin to the CG, Phil. Feb 3, 1912, VMZ Alumni Fzle. Dept , Mar 20, 1914, “Chief Umpire’s Notes 383

Report on Exercise no. 2, Maneuver medical history, Jan. 12, 1948, 201 Campaign, 1914, Dept of the Philip- File, TAGO, DofA. pines,” with forwarding letter of Bell 47 Marshall, “Report of Visit to Man- to TAG, May 30, 1914, no 8438/5, churian Battlefields” to TAG Philippine Maneuvers, RG 165, NA. through channels, June 15, 1914, Re- Note comments by Lt Col. Clarence search Center Files. Marshall to E Dentler, Ma] B. B Buck, and Nichols, Oct 4, 1915, VMZ Alumni Maj U. G McAlexander File Letters written in the early 41 Marshall was signing orders by Jan- 1950s from Marshall to Lt Sam S uary 26 as chief of staff without the Walker and Richard Davis also de- “acting.” scribe trip, GCM Files. 42 Arnold, p 44. 48. Marshall, “Report of Visit to Man- 43 Report of Dentler, Chief Umpire of churian Battlefields,” June 15, 1914 White Force, Feb 4, 1914, no 8438/5, Col G W McIver, Cdg 13th Inf, Philippine Maneuvers, RG 165, NA. refuted this statement in a note 44 Hagood included the anecdote in on Marshall’s “Report” by stating “Soldier, George C Marshall,” Sat- that there was an allowance of and urday Evenzng Post, 212, July 15, training in use of hand grenades in 1939, pp 25, 62-66. Marshall to Col 1913 and 1914 on Corregidor E F Harding, June 26, 1939 (GCM 49 Marshall to Nichols, Oct 4, 1915, Files), said Hagood “drew a long VMI Alumni File. bow ” Marshall wrote friends that 50. Marshall thought he was made an he feared Hagood’s article would aide to keep him at Fort McKinley cause resentment in the Army when his unit went to Fort Mills, 45 Col James H Van Horn to author, Corregidor, in March 1915 Oct io, 1960; Col Harry H Pritchett 51 Beebe interview, Apr 6, 1961 to Marshall, May 2, 1939, Col Owen 52 Marshall interview, Mar 13, 1957; Meredith to author, Sept 14, 1960; Marshall to Capt. (later Ma] Gen) Maj. Gen F. L. Walker interview, William T Sexton, Jan. 23, 1940, Oct 28, 1958 Research Center Files. 46 Mrs. Singer interview, Feb. 2, 1960; 53 Beebe interview, Apr. 6, 1961.

VIII: THE COMING OF THE WAR For background, interviews with Maj Gen Frank L Culin, Col Mervyn Burke, Brig Geii B F Caffey, Jr , and Durbin Sdyers were helpful Rliss Alary Bell Vaughan furnished valuable bxkground material 011 her uiicle, J Franklin Bell Much of this chapter came from Gen Marshall’s interviews of Apr 4 and 5, 1957

1. Marshall to Nichols, Oct. 4, 1915, military aircraft Ganoe; pp 448-49 VMI Alumnz Files, Pritchett to Mar- 6. Marshall to Nichols, Oct 4, 1915, shall, May 2, 1939, reminded Mar- VAPI Alumni File shall that in 1913 he considered re- 7. SecState Robert Lansing concluded signing a protocol with Mexico’s ambassador- 2 Nichols to Marshall, Nov 22, 1915, designate which gave either power VMI Alumnz File the right to pursue bandits into the 3 By the end of 1916 some 75,000 men territory of the other, but Carranza were on guard along the Rio Grande. after a time denied having agreed Canoe, p 459. to as large an operation as the 4 Paxson, I, 37 United States conducted and pressed 5 The latter act also authorized the for a speedy withdrawal organization of an aviation section 8 Leopold, pp 318-21; Ganoe, p 459; of the Signal Corps consisting of not Paxson, I, 35-36, 299-300. more than 60 officers and 260 en- g Paxson, I, 300 listed men to operate and supervise io Link, American Epoch, pp. 185-88. 384 - Notes For the debate over the type of Army 20. Marshall interview, Apr. 4, 1957. needed, see Weigley, pp 199-222. 21. Post returns of Camp of Instruction, 11. Peacetime strength was not to ex- Ft. Douglas, Utah, Aug. 1916, Ft. ceed 11,450 officers and 175,000 Douglas, TAGO, RG 94, NA. Ha- troops of the line An additional good, “Soldier; George c. Marshall,” 42,750 men were authorized for the loc. ctt. Quartermaster, Signal and Medical 22. Efficiency Report signed by Brig. Corps and unassigned recruits and Gen. Hunter Liggett, Lt. Col. John- Philippine Scouts. Wartime strength son Hagood, and Maj. Gen. J. Frank- for combat units was reckoned at lin Bell, Dec. 31, 1916, 201 Fzle, about one-third more than peace- TAGO, DofA. Hagood was soon to time strength. Thus under the act become a major general himself and the maximum regular Army author- chief of staff of U.S. Services of Sup- ized in the event of war was about ply in France. 12,030 officers and 298,000 enlisted 23. SO. 157, July 15, 1916, Ft. Douglas, men Canoe, pp. 452, 457, 458. RG 120, NA. 12. Huidekoper, pp. 403, 515 24. San Francisco Examiner, July 22, 23, 13 He left the Philippines May 15, 30, 1916; Monterey Pentnsula Herald, spent a month in Japan, and sailed Mar. 9, 1960, p. 8. from there June 21 aboard the 25. Paxson, I, pp. 302-304. Special au- Thomas, arriving in San Francisco thorization to the President to mo- J~ly13 Marshall interview, Apr. 4, bilize industrial resources was con- ‘957 tained in the National Defense Act. 14. Hdq, Western Dept , San Francisco, 26. Otto L. Nelson, pp. 180-84, 217. Calif., S 0. 157, July 15, 1916, Ft. 27. Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957. Douglas, RG 120, NA, assigned Mar- 28. Other aides were Capt. Ewing E. shall as aide to Gen Bell and as- Booth and Capt. John B. Murphy. sistant to the Dept. AG with perma- One of these listed the supply re- nent station at the Presidio and de- quirements. S.O. 113, Hdq , Eastern tailed him for temporary duty at Dept, May 2, 1917, Eastern Dept., Mon terey. RG 120, NA. 15 hlarshall to TAG, Aug 14, 1916, no. 29. Chief of mission was former Premier i33533g/A filed with no. 393013, Viviani. Harbord, American Army, ACP File, TAGO, RG 94, NA. P 52 16. Snn Francisco Examiner, July 9, 1916, 30. Bell was suffering from diabetes. P 7. 31. Marshall to Nichols, May 27, 1917, 17. Sun Francisco Examiner, June 22, with copy of Efficiency Report; Mar- July 1, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 1916; Mar- shall to Nichols, June 9, 1917, both shall interview, Apr 4, 1957. in VMI Alumni File. 18. The San Francisco Examiner indi- 32. Sibert to Bell, June 3, 1917, and re- cates that some tightening up of the lated papers, no. 2612176 filed with work of the camp had been started no. 393015, ACP Fde, TAGO, RG 94, before Marshall arrived NA. 19. Sibert, who had been promoted to 33. Bell’s Efficiency Report, 1916, 201 brigadier general by Act of Con- File, TAGO, DofA. gress in 1915, in recognition of his 34 The regimental histories of the 1st work on the Panama Canal, was Division (16th, 18th, 26th, and 28th) given command of the Coast Artillery tell the background of this organiza- on the Pacific Coast shortly there- tion. after. 35. Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957.

IX: THE FIRST DIVISION IN FRANCE From the massive holdings of the National Archives on World War I, Mr. Myles Marken selected for me several thousand key papers. Marshall’s interviews, Apr. 5 and 11, 1957, dealt with his World War I experiences. 385 The chief published sources are: U.S. Dept. of the Army, Hist. Div., US.Army in the World War, 1917-1919, and the Society of the First Division, History of the First Division. Three World War I newsmen-Thomas M. Johnson, George Pattullo, and Mark S. Watson-gave me valuable background material on this period. I also got excellent material from the following who worked with Marshall in the 1st Division: Brig Gen. B. F. Caffey, Jr , Chauncey Belknap, James A. Edgar, Col. Mervyn Burke, and Germain Seligman. Mr Belknap and Col. Burke furnished copies of plans and maps from this period. My wife and I visited Gondrecourt, Domremy, Chaumont, and NeufchAteau in 1961, taking photographs of Marshall’s billets and Gen. Sibert’s headquarters and talking with some of the older people who remembered when the troops were there.

1. Harbord, American Army, p. 80. 15. “1st Div. instructions for billeting 2. Harbord, Leaves from a War Diary, American troops in France,” July 23, P 85 1917, U S Army, 1st Division. World 3. War Diary, 1st Exped. Div, signed War Records; First Divtsion, AEF, GCM[arshall], June 26, 1917, Box VI, pt 2. 2538, AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA, US 16 Ma] Gen. W. L. Sibert to CG, 47th Dept. of the Army, Historical DIM- French Div., July 18, 1917; 1st Div. sion, United States Army in the “Memo for Brigade Commanders,” World War 19’7-19, I, 5. by command of Sibert, July 18, 1917, 4. Gleaves, p. 49; Marshall interview, US. Ar-my tn the World War, 19’7- Apr. 59 ‘957- 19, 111, 426-28; Marshall interview,

5. Marshall interview, Apr 5, 1957. APr 59 ‘957 6. F. Palmer, America in France, p. 27 17. Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957; 7 “Speech at Brunswick, Md., Nov. 6, Edmonds, pp. 248-49; Pershing, I, 1938,” p. 8 140 8. War Diary, Exped. Div, July 12, 13, 18. Harbord, American Army, p. 192 14, 15, 1917, signed GCM, dated June ig Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957, said [le, July] 16, 1917, Box 2538, AEF/ that the review was for Joffre, but GHQ, RG 120, NA. it is clear from Pershing’s descrip-, 9. Marshall to CG, AEF, Aug. 1, 1917, tion that it was the one for Poin- Folder 1885, File 8 502, G-3 Rpts, care; Pershing. I, 163 AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA. 20. Marshall gave this account Apr 5, io Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957. 1957, after apologizing for what he 11. List of officers’ billets, Gondrecourt, feared might “sound like [too] much no. 1003 1st Div., Doc File, RG 120, of a personal thing for me to put in N.A here.” The story, however, is well at- 12 Gen Marshall, Mrs Marshall, Gen. tested by several members of the Marshall Carter, Lt Col Vernon A. staff who were present. All agreed Walters, and Lt Col C J George, that he was very angry and made the three members of the staff, have strong statements. all told me of that visit. 21. F Palmer, John J. Pershing. 13. John McA Palmer to CG, 1st Div., 22. 1st Div. Summary of plans for move- July 17, 1917, Folder 1880, File 8 502; Palmer to CofS with recommenda- ment of troops to the front, initialed tions of Drum and Conger, June 18, by GCM[arshall], Oct. 15, 1917, File 1917, Folder 1940, File 8542, both in 201-34 1, rst Div. Hist. File, RG 120, G-jr Rpts, AEF/GH@ RG 120, NA; NA; Pershing for TAG for CofS, Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957 Oct. 20, 1917; FO 5, signed by Col. 14. Marshall to Drum, July 22, 1917, Hanson E Ely, Oct. 27, 1917, U.S. Folder 1787, File 6 301, G-jr Rpts., Army zn the World War 1917-19, 111, AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA; Marshall 449-52; Pershing, I, 196. interview, Apr 5, 1957. 2%. Marshall to CofS, 1st Div., dated 386 Notes EinvilIe, 2:30 P.M., Nov. 3, 1917; 1917, File 5116, AGOIAEF, RG 120, Rpt of CO, Co. F, 16th Inf, on Ger- NA. man raid, night of Nov. 2-3, 1917, 25. Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957. both in File 5116, AGOIAEF, RG This is one of several versions of 220, NA; Marshall to Thomas M. Bordeaux’s remarks. The inscription Johnson, July 20, 1937, GCM Files. finally adopted for the new monu- 24. Marshall interview, Apr. 5, 1957; ment is a short statement written by Marshall to CofS, 1st Div., Nov. 3, General Marshall himself.

X: IN THE LINE In addition to sources mentioned for Chapter IX, I have received material on this chapter in letters from Lt Cen Clarence Huebner, Maj. Gen. Paul Ransom, Maj. Gen J D. Patch, and Maj. Gen. Franklin Sibert.

1. Pershing on July 6, 1917, had asked March 3 Pershing, I, 337; Bullard, for one million men by May of the PP 154-56. following year On December 2, 1917, 11 Memo by Lt. Chauncey Belknap for he specified the need for 24 divisions his parents, Dec 9, 1918 with 1st plus rear echelon troops to be sent Div, AEF, FO. 18, May 20, 1918; by the end of June 1918 Pershing, James A Edgar interview, Feb. 17, 1, 87, 250. 1959; CG, 1st Div , to CC, 32d French 2. Edmonds, p. 275; Harbord, Ameri- Corps, Mar. 2, 1918, Folder 2170/B; can Army, p. 228, gives the decrease 1st Div., Special Opns. Order, Mar. in British soldiers as 200,000. 8, 1918, Folder 2171; Marshall memos 3. Zbid. to Capts Graves and Quesenberry, 4. Pershing, I, 249-50 Mar. 8, 1918, Folder 2171, all in File 5. Harbord, American Army, p 187; 14 14, G-3 Rpts., AEFIGHQ, RG 120, Pershing. I, 294-95, 309-10. NA. 6. GO 74, 1st Div, Dec 14, 1917, War 12 Bullard, p 149. Diaries, AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA; 13. Marshall-listed as visiting lecturer in Bullard, p. 25. Army General Staff College, AEF. 7 Marshall signed the Oath of Office as France, Class Book, June-Sept. 1918. major Nov. 22, 1917, and as It colonel Research Center Files Jan. 8, 1918 201 File, TAGO, DofA. 14. Bliss to SecWar Baker, Jan. 22, 1918, 8 F Palmer, America in France, p. 214. in F Palmer, Bliss, Peacemaker, p. g Marshall intervicw, Apr. 11, 1957; 216; Harbord, American Army, p , Germain Seligman interview, Mar. 241, estimated the German superior- 12, 1962; Maj. Charles S Coulter in- ity at 300,000. terview, Nov. 30, 1960. Both divi- 15. Bullard, p. 177. sional and regimental intelligence 16. Ibid. sections claim credit for the warn- 17. Extract from 1st Division G.O. ii, ing. 1st Div. Ops. Rpt, signed Feb. io, 1920, 201 File, TAGO, DofA; GCM[arshall], Feb 21, 1918, File Brig. Gen. B. F. Caffey, Jr. inter- 201-33 1, 1st Diu Hist File, Bullard view, Nov. 14, 1962, and Caffey to to CG, 32d French Corps, Mar. 2, author, Jan. 14, 1961. 1918, Folder 2170/B, File 14.14, G-j 18. Marshall to AGO/AEF, June 18, Rpts, both in AEFIGHQ, RG 120, 1918, with 1st end by Bullard, June NA; Chastaine, pp 37-39. 19, 1918, 1st Div. Record Card no. io. Marshall interview, Apr. 11, 1957. 8977, IVW Z Org., AGOIAEF, RG Marshall’s account, based on mem- 120, NA. ory, made the incident the day after ig Pershing, 11, 55. the raid Pershing’s diary sets it on 20. See photostat of copy of order in- 387 scribed by Marshall to Belknap in Sector,” June 16, 1918, G-3 memo 1918, Research Center Files. (Bel- no 545, xst Diu. Hist. File, RG 1-10, knap in interview with author, Mar. NA. 31, 1959, says Marshall did the basic 27. Brig Gen James G. Harbord to First work). One of Marshall’s jobs was to Army Corps Commander, Mar. g, brief the correspondents on the forth- 1918, File 8 524, G-3 Rpts., AEFI coming battle. See Thomas M John- GHQ,RG 120, NA. son interview, Apr. 2, 1959; Thomas 28 Marshall to AGOIAEF, June 18,. M. Johnson, “America’s No. 1 Sol- 1918, with 1st end. by Bullard, June dier,” Reader‘s Digest, XL, Feb 1944, ig, 1918, AGOIAEF, RG 120, NA. 113-17. 29. Extract from recommendation of 21. Maj. Gen. Paul Ransom to author, Maj. Gen George B Duncan, July Aug. 23, 1960. 3, 1918, 201 File, TAGO, DofA, 22. 1st Div. Rpt. on Cantigny Operation, CofS, V Corps, Brig. Gen Wilson B. Dec. 18, 1918, Doc. 1335, Box 3245, Burtt to Personnel Section, First G-3 Rpts., zst Div., AEF, RG 120, Army, July 3, 1918, File 17902/A-70, NA. AGOIAEF, RG 120, NA. 23. 1st Div. Rpt. on Cantigny Operation, 30. CofS I Army Corps, Brig. Gen. Dec. 18, 1918, G-3 Rpts., zst Div., Malin Craig, 2d end., June 26, 1918, AEF, RG 120, NA. on Marshall’s request to AG, AEF, 24. Cable 1225-5, Pershing to CofS and June 18, 1918; hfaj. Gen. James W. SecWar, June I, 1918; Command McAndrew to Col. Eltinge, July 5, File, 1917-19 Cantigny, AEFIGHQ, 1918, both in Folder 17850. Mar- RG 120, NA. shall’s arrival on July 13, at GHQ 25. Maj. R. H. Lewis to Lt. Col. Fox reported GO. no. 189, July 8, 1918, Conner, June 5, 1918; Marshall to assigned for duty same date to Third Col William M. Fassett, July 6, 1918, Section, G-3, Kuegle to AG, July 13, both in zst Diu. Hzst. File, RG 120, 1918, Folder 18151/A-15; all in File NA. Caffey to author, Jan. 14. 1961. 14.14, AGOIAEF, RG 220, NA. 26. GCM[arshall], “Defense of Cantigny

XI: ST.-MIHIEL AND THE MEUSE-ARGONNE Marshall’s lecture “On Active Service, AEF,” his briefing of the members of the House Military Affairs Committee, and the Report of the First Army, which he helped write and revise. give high points of the actions in this period. In addition to help from individuals named in Chapters IX and X, I received letters from Maj. Gen. W. E. R Covell, Capt Joe A Noake and Maj. Gen. E. J. Dawley. Col Walter S. Grant, Jr. sent me a memorandum by his father on planning for St.-Mihiel.

1. US. Army. First Army. Report of dated and unsigned memo to ACofS, the First Army, AEF, Organization G-3, Marshall to ACofS, G-3, Aug. and Operations, p. 2. 16, 1918, both in Folder 1084, File P. Falls, p. 376. 1033; all in G-3, zst Army Rpts., 3. Pershing, 11, 246. AEFIGHa RG 120, NA. 4. Viereck, pp. 173-74, 218. 7. Grant and Marshall tu CofS, Aug. 5. Both Marshall, a close associate in 24, 1918, File 191-32.14; Marshall to World War I, and Eisenhower, a CofS, First Army, Aug. 23, 1918, Fde subordinate of Conner’s in the twen- 191-32.15, both in zst Army Hzst. ties, agreed in this judgment. File, AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA; ACofS, 6. GCM to ACofS, G-3, Aug 9, 1918 G-3, Col Laurence Halstead to CofS, and Aug 13, 1918; Lt. Col. W. S. First Army, Dec. 1, 1918, Pt. B, St.- Grant to ACofS, G-3, Aug. 9, 1918 Mihiel Operation, Aug. lo-Sept. 16, and Aug. 12, 1918, File 122.01; un- File 100.01. He said papers were pre- Notes

pared in Col Robert McCleave’s ii. Pershing, 11, 254-55, 284-86. Mar- office with the assistance of Grant shall’s account of the movement is and Marshall Grant and Marshall given in Marshall to 1st Sub. Sector, to CofS, Sept io, 1918, File 12204 Nov. ig, igi8 in US. Army zn the both in G-3, 1st Army Rpts., AEFI World War, 1917-19, IX, 64-66. GHQ, RG 120, NA. The question of io. F. Palmer, Our Greatest Battle, pp. Marshall’s role in this planning is 25-27. especially difficult to decide He was 13. Weygand, p 364. embarrassed by the fact that as a 14. Drum to Chief Artillery of First result of changes in dates and re- Army, Sept. 16, 1918, File igi-34.2, sources available, he was never able 1st Army Hist. File, AEFIGHQ, RG to complete any proposed plan. He 120, NA. gave Grant credit for an important 15. Marshall interview, Apr. 11, 1957. role in the planning Grant later pre- 16. US Army tn the World War, 1917- pared an account of his role for his 19, IX,66; Pershing, 11, 285; Harbord, son, who furnished me a copy. Grant American Army, p. 430, Hagood. “Sol- said he wrote the final order and dier; George C Marshall,” loc at.; that the annexes were prepared by Hagood letter to the Editor, Life, officers of the various sections under VII, Sept. 11, 1939, 4; Hugh Johnson, Marshall’s supervision. “The General Staff and Its New 8. Marshall to ACofS, G-3, Aug. 18, Chief,” Life, WI, Aug. 21, 1939, 67. 1918, Folder 1169, File 1034, PCtain Hagood claimed Marshall was re- to Pershing, Aug ig, 1918, File 658 sponsible for the movement of 800,- (v.1)-both in G-3 Rpts, AEF/GHQ, ooo men: General Johnson thought RG 120, NA; PCtain to Pershing, the figure nearer 500,000. The dis- Aug 17, 1918; PCtain to General crepancy reflects uncertainty as to Cdg. Group of Armies of East, Aug. how much Marshall had to do with 22, 1918, Conger memo, Nov 25, moving troops not in the St.-Mihiel 1926 and related mateiial-all in U.S. area or in First Army reserve. Mar- Army in the World War, 1917-19, shall himself made no claim as to VIII, 17-18, 25-26: 33-35; 44-45; 62-64; the exact number and it is probably Johnson, pp. 111-24, has a detailed of little significance since by general account of the affair, much of whlch admission he supervised the move of he apparently received from Col at least 400,000 On reading Ha- Conger. Col. George 6. Marshall, good’s article Marshall wrote him “On Active Service with the A EF., that his own mother would not be- What was done; Why it was done; lieve all of it. How it was done” (stenographic rec- 17. F Palmer, Pershzng, p. 303. ord of lecture at Siershahn as tran- 18 Report of the First Army, AEF, pp. scribed by Patrick C. Kelly, G-3, 1st 38-39. Div), Apr 2, ‘gig, pp 13-14. 19 Ibid 9. “Special Operations Report of the 20. Marshall, “On Active Service,” p. 16. First Army,” Pt. B, The St.-Mihiel 21. Liggett, A E F, pp. 166-67 Operation (Pt. I11 of Pt. B, Orders 22. Marshall, “On Active Service,” p. 17. on 13th, includes PCtain to Pershing 23. Zbtd no 17642/3, [digest] Sept. 13, 1918), 24 Report of the First Army, AEF, pp. File 110, G-3, zst Army RP!s., AEF/ 51-52 GHQ, RG 120, NA; Marshall inter- 25. Edmonds, pp. 409-10. view, Apr. 11, 1957; Marshall, “On 26. Drum urged Marshall when he was Active Service,” p 15 rewriting the First Army report to io. “Special Operations Rpt. of the make clear that poor handling of First Army,” Pt. C, The Argonne- their troops by some of the com- Meuse Operation (Pt. I11 of Pt C, manders, rather than the ineffective- Concentration for the Attack), File ness of the Army staff, was respon- 110, G-3, 1st Army Rpts., AEFIGHQ, sible for the blocking of roads. Drum RG 120, NA. to Marshall, Sept. 27, 1919, Marshall Notes 389 to Drum, Sept. 20, 1919. Pershing and V Corps, Nov. 5, 1918; Drum papers, RG 316, NA. for ACofS, G-3, First Army, Nov. 7. 27. Pershing, 11, 306-307; Johnson, p 315. 1918; all in File 120.05, (3-3, 1st 28. Marshall, “On Active Service.” p. 21; Army Rpts., AEFIGHa RG 120, Marshall, “Statement on Battle Ac- NA. tions Engaged in by American 37. Marshall to Pattullo, Apr. 24, 1922, Troops” (Briefing of members of Pershing Papers, LofC. Damon Run- House Military Affairs Committee), yon, in an account of the attack on Chaumont, France, Apr. 20, 1919, Sedan, praised Marshall’s work as pp. 18, 20, File 37024/EE, TAGO, G-3. See Damon Runyon, “Amer- RG 94, NA. ican Sedan Drive according to Prin- 09. Foch to Pershing, no. 5174, Oct. 25, ciples of ‘Stonewall Jackson,’ ” Pitts- 1918, Folder 658/A (v.2), G-3 Rpts., burgh Daily Post, Nov. 6, 1918. AEFIGHQ, RG IPO, NA. 38. MacArthur’s report made little men- 30. Johnson, p. 333. tion of the episode, MacArthur to 31. Marshall, “On Active Service,” pp. CG First Army, Nov. 12, 1918, File 22-23. 191-336, 1st Army Hist. File, AEFI 32. Johnson, pp. 334-42; Marshall inter- GHQ, RG 120, NA. MacArthur in view, Apr. 4, 1957. Pershing. 11, 376, interview, Jan. 2, 1961, denied that also recalls the Sheridan experience. he paid attention to it. 33. Pershing to CG, First Army, Nov. 5, 39. Pershing to Marshall, Nov. ng, 1918, 1918, File 11 1.04, G-3, 1st Army 201 File, TAGO, DofA. Rpts., AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA. 40. This tribute from Gen George Van 34. Gen Paul A. M. Maistre to Pershing. Horn Moseley in his unpublished Nov. 4, 1918, File 111.04, G-3, zst memoir, “One Soldier’s Journey,” Army Rpts., AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA. 11, 31, was written in 1940 and is 35. Marshall to Pattullo, Apr. 24, 1922. remarkable in coming from a man Pershing Papers, LofC. Caffey recalls who strongly disagreed with some that Marshall referred to Maistre of Marshall’s policies He did not agreement in talking to Conner, change this entry, written before he Caffey interview, Nov. 14, 1962. became alienated from Marshall. In 36. Marshall Memo for record of G-3 1918 Moseley was chief of supply at Sec.. Nov. 8, 1q18; Drum to CGs I GHQ, Moseley Pafiers, LofC.

’ XII: ARMISTICE-1919 Maj. Gen. James L. Collins, Col. Henry Allen, and John C. Hughes provided background information on this period in interviews Newspaper accounts came from the large collection in the Pershing Papers, Li- brary of Congress.

I. Ration strength on Nov. 11 was 82,- Feb. io, 1919, Folder 1128, File 1034, 302 officers and 1,898,353 men: in G-3 RPts., AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA. camps in the United States at the 5. Conner to CofS, AEF, signed by same time were: 104,155 officers and Upton Birnie, Feb. 15, 1919. The 1,533,344 men. Paxson, 111, 7. typed initials in the upper right- P. In period May through Dec. 1919, hand corner, indicating the author 1,030,615 were embarked, U.S. War of the draft, are those of Marshall, Dept. Annual Report, 1920, I, 155. Folder 1995, File 1035, G-3 Rpts., 3. Gen. Allen’s Efficiency Reports on AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA. Cf. lan- Marshall, Dec. 31, 1918, Aug. 15, guage of Marshall’s message in 1945 1919, 201 File, TAGO, DofA. to Eisenhower on going to Berlin. 4. Marshall memorandum to G-3, AEF, “I would be loath to hazard Amer- 390 Notes ican lives for purely political pur- St.-M ihiel, and the Meuse- Argonne. poses.” OPD 381, WW ZZ Rec. DEV, 201 File, TAGO, DofA RG 115, NA. 14 Maj Gen. James L Collins interview, 6. Marshall interview, Apr. 11, 1957. Dec 2, 1960, S 0. 116, Apr. 2, 1919, 7. Eltinge to CGs, ist, 2d, 3d Armies, ordered 18 officers, including Stuart Mar. 22, igig, no. 21796, AGOIAEF, Heintzelman, Lesley McNair, James

RG 120, NA. \ L. Collins and James Ulio, to report 8. Frederick Palmer to Pershing, Jan. to Gen de Maud’huy at the Place de 22, 1919; Martin Egan to Pershing, la RCpublique in Metz to receive Jan 24, ‘gig, Pershing Papers, LofC the Legion of Honor, apparently on 9. Col Willey Howell to Eltinge, May April 30 [it is given April 20 in text], 14, 1919, no. i307g/Ai4 Maj Gen. AEFIGHQ, RG 120, NA Joseph Kuhn to TAG, Apr 30, 1919, 15 On two or three occasions after he no i307g/A5; both in AGOIAEF, became a general officer, Marshall RG 120, NA. Not everyone agreed designated individuals as aides tem- with Howell Kuhn asked for Mar- porarily but seldom used them as shall or Drum to speak to his unit, such adding that officers and noncoms of 16. While Marshall saw Foch on numer- his division who had heard Marshall ous occasions with Pershing, he never give a previous lecture “were so fa- established any degree of intimacy. vorably impressed . . that all con- 17 Col James L Collins, aide to Per- sidered it very desirous to have more shing in the Philippines and Mexico, officers and men in the division hear left for a field command soon after

the lecture ” Eltinge had written they came to France Pershing’s chief earlier of numerous requests for wartime aide, Col Carl Boyd, died copies of the lectures and the slides. shortly before the end of the war (Eltinge to Howell, Drum, Marshall, Col Edward Bowditch, Jr, who also Mar. 22, 1919, no 2176, AGOIAEF, serked with Pershing during the war, RG 120, NA) Maj Gen John A went with Harbord on a mission to Eejeune later wrote Marshall, Oct Armenia He rejoined - Pershing 25, 1934 (VMI Alumni File). “I re- briefly in 1925 and accompanied him member distinctly the brilliant lec- to Tacna-Arica Col J G Queke- ture that YGU delivered to the officers meyer died during this period from of the Army after the armistice . . . pneumonia while returning to ac- I learned more about the general his- cept the post of commandant at the tory of the war than I have learned United States Military Academy Maj.

since ” John C Hughes left the Army soon io. Marshall, “Statement on Battle Ac- after returning to the United States. tions,” File 37024/EE, TAGO, RG Capt George E Adamson and Lt. 94, h7A. Ralph A Curtin remained with 11 See the collection of clippings in Pershing until his death Capt John Scrapbooks, Perslzing Papers, Lof C. T Schneider remained on Pershing’s staff diiring much of the Chief of 12 Marshall interview, Nov 21, 1956 Staff period 13 Marshall’s other World War i dec- 18 During the Chaumont days Marshall orations included the Distinguished became acquainted with Dwight Mor- Service Medal, the French Croix de row A little later he offered Mar- Guerre with palm, Italian Order of shall $30,000 a year to join J P. Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Officer), Morgan and Company (Marshall In- Italian Order of the Crown (Officer), terview, Nov 14, 1956) Caffey to au- Montenegrin Silver Medal for Brav- thor, Jan 14, 1961, says Morrow told ery, the Panamanian Medal of La him of an offer of $25,000 W Cam- Solidaridad. He was entitled to wear eron Forbes in a letter to Pershing, four stars on his victory medal for Jan. 5, 1922, asked if Marshall would World War I service, for operations be interested in a lob in business in the Toul Sector, Cantigny Sector, 19. Boston Eventtig Transcript, July 4. 391 1919; New York Sun, July 15, 1919. [17], 1919; ZZ Secolo (Milan), Aug. 22, 20. Harbord, American Army, p. 563; 1919; New York Times, Aug. 19, Marshall interview, Apr. 1 I, 1957. ‘919 21. The Ttmes (London), July 16, ig, 25. New York Times, Sept 2, 1919; Chi- igig, London Star, July 16, igig cago Daily News, Sept 2, 1919. , 22. The Tames (London), July ig, igig 26. Standard-Union (Brooklyn, N Y ), 23 Sunday Times (London), July 20, Sept. 8, 1919, New York Tribune, igig; New York Ttmes, July 20, Sept 8, igig 1919; Marshall interview, Apr 11, 27. Conner, p. 86. 1957, [Andre] Brewster to Marshall, 28 Washington Post, Sept 18, 1919. May 5, 1939, GCM Files. 29 Evening Star (Washington), Sept 18, 24. Chicago Trtbune (Paris ed), Aug. ‘919.

XIII: AIDE TO PERSHING Dr Edward M Coffman worked through the voluminous hearings on the reorganization of the Army and provided for me in addition to a mass of documents

on this period an excellent study, “Anny Reorganization, igig-1920 ” An interview with hlr Ralph Curtin, one of Pershing’s long-time assistants, was of great value. General Palmer’s daughter, Mrs. George Rockwell, gave me background on Marshall-Palmer relations, as did Dr. I B. Holley of Duke.

1. G-3 Report, July 2, 1919, attached to 8 Harbord, Amerzcan Army, p 1io. Rpt of the CinC, AEF, in US. 9 In complimenting Baker, Marshall Army in the Wo?Id War, 1917-1919, added that he had never met Presi- XIV, 8, 54, 80-83, 90-91; Harbord, dent Wilson Pershing’s staff officers American Army, p 504; Holley, p included AG (Davis), Opns. (Con- 131 Pershing, I, 334, Alfred Gold- ner), IG (Brewster), besides his aides berg, ed ,History of the US.Air Force. (Quekemeyer and Marshall) he had 2. Weigley, pp 226-27. also three assistants-Schneider, Cur- 3. Ekirch, p 195. tin, and Adamson-whom he had 4 Passon, 111, 141 brought with him from Paris 5 J. McA Palmer, pp. 137-48, 161-69; 10 Palmer in later years forgot this and memos. Brig. Gen Lytle Brown to Marshall reminded him that “your Committee on Plans for Natl Def, testimony before the Senate Commit- WPD, Apr io and 15, 1919, File tee reached me in galley proof form 1478, Reorganizatzon, RG 165, NA. almost immediately after you gave 6 A copy of the play “Gay Age and it, and I went over it with the Gen- Guilded Youth” by Forbes is in the eral” Palmer to Marshall, Mar. 24, Pershing Papers, LofC See also Mrs. 1935; Marshall to Palmer, Mar 24, Raymond (Amelia Forbes) Emerson 1935, Marshall to Palmer, Mar 29, to author, Sept 23, 1961, David C 1935, GCM Fdes Forbes to author, Sept 11, 1961, W 11 US Congress, Senate Committee on Cameron Forbes to Marshall, Oct Military Affairs Hearings on Reor- 28, 19-19 gnnmtion of the Army 66th Con- 7. Conner, pp 89-94; Brandreth, pp gress, II, 1571-1704 273-85, Everett A Boyden (Mar- 12 A point emphasized in the publicity shall’s guide) to author, July 15, of the Universal Military Training Aug 2, 1960, Mrs Beatrice Brandreth Associa tion Mahn to author, July 25, 1960, hlr ‘3 In addition to staff members men- Ivan Stanton to author, Aug 3, 1960 tioned in note g, Moseley, Nolan, (Marshall later told a friend that he Edgar Collins, and Beeuwkes welit never killed another deer after this along At Christniastime Gen Malm trip ) Craig and Col R H Williams re- 392 Notes placed Nolan and Collins SecWar Fort Devens, Boston, Watertown Newton D. Baker to Pershing, Nov Arsenal, Fort Dix, Troy, Buffalo, 13, igig, Pershing to Baker, Dec 18, Fort Niagara, New York City 1919, Conner to Robert C Davis, 18. Pershing, Rept. of Inspection of Mili- Dec. 20, 1919, all in no. zi7i5/Ag6; tary Installations of the US , Mar. Davis to Col. T. H. Bane, Dec 12, 23, 1920, no 2i7151Ai62, AGOIAEF, igig, no. 21715/Aioo, and related RG 120, NA. documents in AGOIAEF, RG 120, 19. J. McA Palmer, pp. 179-81. NA. 20 Cong Record, 66th Cong 2d Sess, 14. George Van Horn Moseley, “One Report of bill from conference, pp. Soldier’s Journey,” 11, 15, has an ex- 7833; Riker, pp. 82-83. cellent description of the trip, Mose- 21. Otto L. Nelson, pp. 274-315. Mar- ley Papers, LofC. Thomas Schneider, shall was one of the officers placed “General Pershing and I,” Saturday on the initial General Staff Eligi- Evening Post, 236, April 27, 1963, bility List of over 325 names selected PP. 71-74 in 1920 by a board headed by Per- 15. It does not appear that Marshall had shing Pershing Papers, RG 316, NA. any greater part in preparing these 22 Marshall endorsement of letter of J. speeches than in supplying informa- Palmer to Pershing, Apr. 4, 1921, tion on’the local scene. Pershzng Papers, LofC, Palmer to 16. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 11, igno; Marshall, Mar 30, 1935 GChl Files. New York World, June 16, 1920. 23 Mrs George (Mary Palmer) Rock- Pershing scrapbook has clippings well interview, Jan. 27, 1961. Mar- from each city visited. On June 14, shall to James W. Wadsworth, Oct. 1919, Col. George S Patton suggested 2, 1935 (GCM Files) said, “Few Army that Pershing should get into the officers have contributed more to the fight indicating that unless a mili- government of lasting benefit. Yet, tary man was elected it would be the comparatively speaking, he has re- end of the Army. ceived literally nothing in the way 17. Camps, plants, and cities visited of reward. Fellows have been made were: Camp Lee, Camp Bragg, Camp brigadier generals for keeping the Jackson, Savannah, Charleston, Fort grass cut and the buildings painted. Benning, Camp Gordon, Camp Mc- . . , Yet he was retired as a briga- Clellan, Muscle Shoals, Nashville, dier” He asked Wadsworth to pro- Camp Taylor, Camp Knox, Louis- pose special legislation to register ville, the Aviation Experimental Sta- official recognition of Palmer’s serv- tion (Dayton), Camp Sherman, the ices Palmer to Marshall, Sept 30, Dodge plant (Detroit), Camp Custer, 1935, quotes Gen. Marshall as saying Chicago, St. Louis, Fort Snelling, in a letter of Sept. 24, 1935 (CCM Minneapolis, Camp Grant, Rock Is- Files), “No one deserves so much who land Arsenal, Camp Dodge, Des has received so little.” Moines, Omaha, Fort Leavenworth, zq New Yolk Times, New York Trtb- Kansas City, Camp Funston, Fort une, Washington Post, June 8, 1920 Riley, Denver, Fort D. A Russell, 25. Marshall interview, Apr. 11, 1957. Cheyenne, Fort Douglas, Vancouver On the VMI trip, see Rockbridge Barracks, Portland, Camp Lewis, County News, June 24, 1920. ’ Camp Lawton, Seattle, Mather Field, 26. Maj Gen. W. G. Haan to CofS, July the Presidio of San Francisco, Arca- 17, 1920, and attached letter, Per- dia and March Fields, Los Angeles, shing to SecWar, July 8, 1920, favor- Camp Kearney, San Diego, Kelly ing smaller divisions, Pershzng Pa- Field, El Paso, San Antonio, Houston, pers, RG 316, NA. Marshall to Col. Dallas, Fort Worth, Tulsa, Fort Sill, W M. Spencer, Mar. 18, 1938 (GCM Fort Reno, Camp Pike, Little Rock, Files), explained his stand as op- Memphis, New Orleans, Camp Ogle- posed to Drum’s in 1920. thorpe, Chattanooga, Langley Field, 27. Although the Boston Evening Tran- scrifit later in the Year sDoke of Mac- Fort- Monroe, Norfolk, Richmond, A JA 393 Arthur as one of the group which 34. Marshall draft with changes in his had won Pershing’s favor, his ad- handwriting attached to letter, Mar- vancement over many men senior to shall to Pershing, June 22, 1923, say- him seems to have come as a result ing he had just finished the draft of the backing of Baker and March. when Adamson told him Pershing Frazier Hunt, pp. 106-107, 163. wanted him to write it. Marshall 28 Pershing to Baker, June PO, 1920, urged Pershing to emphasize these with undated memo by Conner at- points The draft and mimeograph tached; Marshall to Pershing, Oct. text of address, Army War College, 6, 1920; Marshall to Pershing, Nov. June 28, 1923, are in Pershrng Pa- 17, 1920; Pershing to John W. Weeks, pers, LofC Mar. io, 1921; all in Pershing Papers, 35. Passatc Daily News, May 31, 1924. RG 3’6, NA. Marshall to Pershing, 36. Annual Report of CofS to SecWar, Dec 23, 1920, Pershing Papers, LofC. Nov. 23, -1923, for release Dec. 7, 29. Chicago Daily News, Sept. 9, 1920. 1923, NWC Library; Pershing to Pershing wrote later of this period: Marshall, Nov. 18, 1924, Pershing “There was some question whether Papers, LofC, indicates that Mar- the position [Chief of Staq was com- shall wrote the 1923 report. mensurate with the rank of general 37. Memo on Organization submitted by which had been conferred on me by Moseley, Dec. 3, 1918, Pershtng Pa- Congress, but I was keen to have it. pers, RG 316, NA. We had never had, and had not then, 38 New York Herald, Nov. 4, 1943. a sound, up-to-date organization for 39. Marshall interview, Mar 6, 1957. See national defense, and it seemed to also “Saying No Is a Full-Time Job,” me that I could in no better way Sunday Star (Washlngton), May 18, repay my country for the trust it 1963. had placed in me and the signal 40. Marshall to Reed Landis, May 17, honors it had conferred upon me 1938, GCM Files. Marshall says meet- than to devote the last years of my ings were in 1921, but notes that this active service to the establishment was the period of the Brown project. of such a system.” Pershing Papers, 41. Marshall to Drum, Aug 11, Sept 20, LofC. 1919; Drum to Marshall, Aug. 25, 30. New York Tribune, Apr. 22, 1921; 1919; Drum to Marshall, Feb 24, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Apr. 22, 1921; 1920; Pershing to Marshall, Oct. 26, Boston Evening Transcript, Apr. 23, 1920; all in Pershing Papers, RG 316, May 14, 1921; New York World, Apr. NA. Handwritten revisions and cor- 23, 1921. For favorable comments, rections by Marshall on galley proof see New York Times, May 14, 1921; may be seen in same file. Springfield Republican, May 14, 42 Marshall to Pershing, Apr. 5, Apr 1921; Boston Post, May 14, 1921; 9. 1923; both in Pershing Papers, and David Lawrence in Evening Star RG 316, NA. (Washington), May 14, 1921 43. New Orleans Item, Nov. 5, 1922. 31. Commendation Maj. Gen. David C. 44 Marshall to Pershing, Jan. 24, 1932, Shanks to TAG, July 7, 1922, 201 [i e., 19331 Marshall says, “He [Ba- File, TAGO, DofA. ruch] interested me more than most 32. War Dept. Annual Report, 1923, I, interesting men ” 129. 45. In a letter to the author of Oct. 16, 33. Prof. I. B. Holley to author, May 18, 1960, Col R. V. Murphy says that 1962, says that General Marshall in he was told that whlle Marshall was a statement to him confirmed Palm- on Pershing’s staff at Chaumont he er’s statement that War Department was instructed by the AEF com- officers cut the training centers be- mander to write a sharp reply to a cause they had low promotion pos- high French official On two occa- sibilities for regulars. The more sions afterward, Pershing asked about skeletonized units they could set up, the letter and was told that it hadn’t

the more rank thevI could JIiustifv. been written. When Pershing per- 394 Notes sisted, Marshall said that he felt that a brigadier general as soon as eligi- Pershing should not dignify the in- ble. This officer should reach high cident and that the letter was im- rank and is capable of filling any proper It was not written position with ability and good judg- 46. Marshall to Pershing, Sept. 18, 1924, ment-a very exceptional man ” Pershing Papers, LofC; Pershing’s Handwritten entry by Pershing in Efficiency Report on Marshall in 1922 Marshall’s Efficiency Report, 1922; and 1923 said. “A most efficient of- repeated 1923, 201 File, TAGO, ficer in every respect. Has superior DofA . knowledge of tactics and handling 47. Pershing to Marshall, Aug. 2, 1924, large bodies of troops Able as a Marshall to Pershing, Aug. 8, 1924, general staff officer. Should be made Pers h ing Papers, Lof C.

XIV: LESSONS IN CHINESE Marshall letters for the China period are found mainly in the Pershing Papers, Library of Congress, and a smaller collection made available by John C. Hughes. A diary and clipping collection was made available by Mrs W. E. Crist, wife of Brig. 6en Crist, a lieutenant in Tientsin during this period Mrs. Arline Van B Pratt prepared for me a helpful collection of extracts from pertinent sections of Dept. of State, Papers Relating to Foreign Relations of the U.S. 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927. Background material came from interviews with Maj Gen. E. F. Harding, Brig. Gen. T. J. Betts, Ma]. Gen T. S Timberman, Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, Mrs Joseph Stilwell, Chaplain Luther D. Miller, Ma]. Gen. P. E Gallagher, Col C. M Willingham, Col Isaac Newell, Brig Gen Frederic B Butler, Maj. Gen. H B. Lewis, Col. and Mrs. John E McCammon, Brig Gen. and Mrs. W. E. Crist, and letters from-Brig Gen. A. S Champeny, Col. Morris B. De Pass, Maj. Gen. James R. Pierce, and Brig Gen. Horace Q Cushinan.

One battalion of the regiment returned back indemnity payments to mained in the Philippines. the Chinese government, stipulating Hdq., 15th Infantry, “Compilation that the money was to be used in of Data relating to subjects which the support of education may be of special interest to newly 5 Crow, pp. 332-36; Rasmussen, chap. arrived officers and their fam- 23, Finney, pp 17-20. ilies . . . ,” Dec. 7, 1925, AG 330 23, 6 For background material on China’s China, RG 94, NA. Charles W. political problems in this era, see Thomas, 111, “The United States Vinacke, Griswold, Holcombe, Buss Army Troops in China, 1912-1937’’ 7. Dulles, China and America, p. 167. (term paper prepared for Payson J. 8. MacNair and Lach, p. 252 Treat, Stanford University, June g Marshall to Col Hjalmer Erickson, ig37), N WC Library. Twenty-five Jan 29, 1925, NTYC Library. future generals, including Marshall, io For description of fighting in Sept , Stilwell, and Ridgway, came from 1st Lt. George Van Studdiford to the officers stationed at Tientsin be- T4G, Qct. 29, 1924, File 35005; tween 1925-30, Finney, p 7. Marshall to Henry H. Dabney, Qct. Brig. Gen. W. D. Connor to TAG, 23, igq, Marshall to AG, 15th Inf, Annual Report, Aug 24, 1925, File Qct 25, 1924, both in File 371.1; all 3ig 12, China, RG 94, NA. in China, RG 94, NA. The United States in 1901 had re- 11. Marshall to Erickson, Jan. 29, 1925, fused to accept a territorial conces- NWC Library. sion, withdrawn its troops, and later 12. Marshall to “My dear Johnny” (John Notes 395 C. Hughes), Jan. 2, 1925; Finney, pp. Naylor reduced Marshall’s perform- 98-128. Information on the gate ap- ance rating to above average and pears in “Historic Memorials,” Army stated that he. was “a very neat, and Navy Register, Oct. 14, 1939, courteous, prepossessing officer.” 12. Connor to TAG, Annual Report, Connor changed all the ratings to . Aug. 24. 1925, File 819.12, China, superior, saying that Marshall was RG 94, NA, Marshall to Gen. W. H. “one of the most capable officers that Cocke, Dec. 26, 1926, describes his has ever served under my com- work with the Chinese Language mand”-Efficiency Report, July I, School, VMZ AZumni File. 1g25-Jan. 2, 1926. Connor’s final Ef- 14. Marshall to Pershing, Mar. 17, 1925, ficiency Report called Marshall “one Pershing Papers, Lof C. of the best officers in the Army”- 15. Interview with Chap. Luther D. Efficiency Report, Jan. 4, 1926-Mar. Miller and Bert Ivry, recorded June 5, 1926, 201 File, TACO, DofA. 24, 1958, for NBC Biography in 25. Li Ching-lin. Sound; Report of TIG Helmick to 26. On the incidents during Dec. 1925, CofS, Oct. 22, 1925, File 333 I, TZG, see 1st Lt. P. E. Gallagher, “History RG z59, NA, lists Marshall as one of the 15th Infantry stationed in of the officers who “has become quite China from Jan. I, 1925, to Dec. 31, fluent” in spoken Chinese. 1925,” Apr. 13, 1926, File 31473, 16. E, F. Harding, Lays of the Mei-Kuo Chzna, RG 94, NA; and the pertinent Ying-Pan, p. I. entries from the Diary and Scrap- 17. Gallagher to author, Sept. 1, 1960. books kept by Mrs. W. E. Crist. Gallagher was the reg. AG during 27. Gallagher to TAG, Apr. 13, 1925; part of Marshall’s stay in China. Capt. J. D. Cope, “American Troops 18. Marshall to Pershing, Dec. 26, 1926, in China, Their Mission,” Infantry Pershrng Papers, Lof C. Journal, XXXVIII, Mar.-Apr. 1951, 174; 19. Marshall to John C. Hughes, July US. American Forces in China, “Of- 18, 1925. Some twenty years later ficers’ School Notes, School Years the boy, C. H. Hsieh, rated a photo- 1933-35.’’ pp. 49-50, 91-92, OCMH graph and story in the North China Files. Marine (Tientsin), July 6, 1946, on 28. Gallagher to TAG, Apr. 13, 1925; the strength of letter he had received “Officers’ School Notes,” p. 50. from Marshall, GCM Ftles. 29. Connor to American Minister J V. 20. Interview with Miller and Ivry, June A. MacMurray, Jan. 13, 1926 for- 24, 1958. warded to TAG, Jan. 22, 1926; Con- 21. Marshall to Pershing, Dec. 26, 1906, nor to TAG, June 15, 1926, both in Pershing Papers, LofC. File 35005, China, RG 94, NA. 22. Harding, op. cit., p. 31. 30. Marshall to Pershing, Jan. 30, 1925, 23. Marshall to Pershing, Oct. 30, 1925, Pershing Papers, LofC; Brig. Gen. Pershing Papers, LofC. J. C. Castner to Summerall. Apr. 20, 24. Helmick to CofS, Oct. 22, 1925, TZG, 1927, File 201.6, China, RG 94, NA. RG z59, NA; Connor to Marshall, 31. Betts interview, Dec. 12, 1958. Nov. 3, 1937 (GCM Files), spoke of 32. For a delightful pen picture of Cast- his indebtedness to him “for the won- ner, see Finney, pp. 57-76. derful way in which you did not 33. &I. and Mrs. John E. McCammon only your own work in China but interview, Nov. 12, 1962. that of your exhilarated regimental 34. For Marshall’s analysis of the Chi- commander.” Naylor, in his initial nese question, see Marshall to Per- Efficiency Report on Marshall, rated shing, Dec. 26, 1926, Pershing Pa- him superior on his performance in pers, Lo f C. various offices and said that he “is 35 Castner to TAG, Radio no. 764, Apr. well suited for almost any position io, 1927, File 337, MacMurray to to which he might be assigned”- Adm. Clarence S. Williams, June 16, Efficiency Report, Nov. 23, 1924- 1927, both in File 370.5; Castner to June 80, 1925. In his final report, TAG, Annual Report FY 1927, July 396 30, 1928, File 319.1; all in China, RG In 1925 he had also been asked for 94, NA. by the G-4 Section of the War Dept., 36. Ma]. Joseph Stilwell to CG, USAFC, with the idea of grooming him for June 16, 1927, “Observation trip to the position of Chief of Flnance Hsuchow-fu and Shanghai, May 26- when Col. George P. Tyner left. June 15, 1937,~’File 350.05, China, ACofS 6-4 to Connor to ACofS G-1 RG 94, NA. Marshall almost cer- , Campbell King, Nov. 25, 1925, tainly saw Stilwell’s “Who’s Who in Folder 21061, TAGO, RG 94, NA. China,” Znfantry Journal, XXIII, July 38. Mrs. Marshall to John C. Hughes, 1928, 79-80, in which Stilwell wrote: Nov. 25, nd. but apparently 1926, “The man [Chiang] must be admired Research Center Files for his determination and energy in 39. Mrs. Marshall to Pershing, Aug. 12, the face of the many disadvantages 1927, Pershing Papers, LofC; Mar- under which he is laboring, and if he shall to “Aunt Lottie” (Mrs. T. B. wins out it will be largely on account Coles), Aug. 20, 23, 1927. of the resources he can find within 40. Mrs. Marshall to “Aunt Lot” (Mrs. himself. In such a case, the devil T. B. Coles), Monday and Tuesday, must be given his due, and we shall Sept 5 and 6, 1927. be forced to the conclusion that 41. Marshall to Pershing, Qct. 14, 1927, China may still be able to produce Pershing Papers, LofC. men of sufficient ability to solve her 42. Col. J. J. Fulmer, Exec. Off. at the problems and put her house in or- Army War College in 1925, to author, der.” Nov. IO, 1960. 37. Marshall to Pershing, Dec. 26, 1926, 43. Marshall to Pershing, Oct. 6, 1927, Pershrng Papers, LofC. Marshall said Marshall to Pershing, Oct. 14, 1927,. that he had declined five previous Pershing Papers, LofC. requests to serve at the War College.

XV: MARSHALL’S MEN In the absence of the Infantry School correspondence which I have been unable to find for this period, I have relied heavily on Annual Reports of the commandant, Infantry School, and on interviews. Gen. and Mrs. Marshall were both most helpful on this period. Former associates and friends who gave me considerable information include: Gen. of the Army Omar N. Bradley, Gen Joseph Law- ton Collins, Gen. Courtney Hodges, Gen. Matthew Ridgway, Gen Walter Bedell Smith, Lt. Gen. H. R. Bull, Maj. Gen. E. F. Harding, Maj Gen. C. T. Lanham, Gen. Charles Bolt&,Gen. John Dahlquist, Col. Truman Smith, Sgt. Thomas Tweed, Mrs. Joseph Stilwell, Brig. Gen. Neal Johnson, Col. Landon Lockett, Mrs Etta Blanchard Worsley, Dr. Mercer Blanchard, Mrs R. E Dismukes, Sr, Maj. Gen. Philip E. Gallagher, Mrs. Thomas C. Hudson, Mr. R. C. Jordan, Sr., Mrs. Haywood Luckett, Mrs. Leighton McPherson, Miss Florence Tillery, Mrs. E. S. Waddell. The June 1928 issue of the Infantry Journal was devoted to various phases of activities at Fort Benning Marshall’s views on Army training in the future may be found in his article “Profiting by War Experiences,” Znfantry Journal, xvm, Jan. 1921, pp. 34-37. Col. R. V Murphy wrote me six long letters describing life at Fort Benning while Marshall was assistant commandant.

I. Marshall to Fuqua, Nov. 25, 1932, tailed sketch of the house and gar- GCM Files. den-no ti ng the ch rysan t hem urns , st. Marshall to “Aunt Lottie,” Oct. 26, the grape arbor, roses, shrubs, and 1927. In a letter to Mrs. T. B. Coles fig tree. See also Marshall to Mrs. Eg- of Nov. 13, 1927, he included his de- bert Armstrong, May 16, 1941. 397 3, Marshall to Mrs. Egbert (Catherine 22. Bull interview, May 27, 1959. L.) Armstrong, May 16, 1941, GCM 23. Verse from Maj E. F. Harding’s Files. play, “Morning, Noon and Night,” 4. Lt. Col. P. D. Glassford to TIG, Infantry Journal, XXXII, June 1938, “Annual Inspection of Ft. Benning 628. FY 1929,” Sept. 12, 1929, File 333.1, 24. Harding interview, Oct. 23, 1958; TIG, RG 159, NA. Maj. Gen. Charles T. Lanham inter- 5. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, view, Dec. 11, 1962. In praising Lan- 1933,GCM Files. ham’s work on Infantry zn Battle, 6. Marshall to Fuqua, Nov. 25, 1932, Marshall noted that a British quar- GCM Files. terly “characterized it as the most 7. Based on Mrs. Helen Roepke’s de- important military text since 1874” tailed tally of instructors and stu- and that “Liddell Hart had quoted dents at Benning during the 1927-32 the commander of the British First period. Among the future generals Division at the maneuvers last sum- of World War I1 was Capt. Adolf mer as saying it is the finest infantry von Schell who attended the In- text in his experience, that it was fantry School in 198.0,where he wrote the only one book he took with him a number of accounts on WW 1 ex- on maneuvers.” Marshall to Heintz- periences. Von Schell became a It. elman, Oct. 31, 1934, GCM Fzles. gen. in the German Army before he 25. Infantry in Battle, p. IX. fell into disfavor with Hitler. See 2G Bull interview, May 27, 1959. Truman Smith to author, Oct. 23, 27. Gen. J. Lawton Collins to Mrs. Mar- 1959 with enclosure, Lt. Gen. von shall, Oct. 29, 1959, Research Center Schell, “General Marshall Saves a Files; J. Lawton Collins interview, German General.” Jan. 23, 1958. 8. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, 28. Lt. Col. Bernard Lentz, “Refreshing 1933,GCM Files. at the Infantry School,” Infantry 9. Marshall to DCofS [Maj. Gen. Em- Journal, XXXVI, Jan. 1930, 59; Lentz bick], “Command and General Staff to author, Aug. 19, 1960. School,” Apr. 13, 1937, GCM Files. ng. “The Academic Department,” In- IO. Marshall to Lentz, Oct. 2, 1935, fantry Journal, XXXII, June 1928, GCM Files. 588-91; Doughboy, yearbook issued 11. George C. Marshall, “Profiting by at Fort Benning, 1931. War Experiences,” Infantry Journal, 30. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 18, XVIII, January 1921, 34-37. 1933, GCM Ftles. 12. Marshall to Pershing, Jan. 30, 1925, 3 1. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, Persh ing Papers, Lof C . 1933, GCM Files. 13. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 18, 32. Col. Truman Smith interview, Oct. 1933, GCM Files. 5, 1959; Harding interview, Oct. 23, 14. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, ’958- 1933, GCM Files. 33. J. Lawton Collins interview, Jan. 23, 15. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 18, ’958. 1933, GCM Files. 34. Col. Marcus H. Ray to Marshall, 16. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, Nov. 4, 1953. Marshall wrote on this 1933, GCM Files. letter, ‘‘a very able officer,” GCM 17. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway interview, Files. , Feb. 26, 1959. 35. Gene M. Lyons and John W. Mas- ’ 18. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 18, land, “The Origins of the ROTC,” 1933, GCM Files. Mditary Afam, XXIII, Spring 1959, 7, ig. Gen. Charles L. Bold interview, May for Mershon’s interest in RQTC. 28, 1958. Marshall to Maj. James 0. Green, PO. Lt. Gen. Harold R. Bull interview, May 11, 1933, Marshall to Gen. Leigh May 27, ’959. Gignilliat, Apr. 5, 1933, Marshall to 21. Marshall to Heintzelman, Dec. 4, Col. Ralph Bishop, Mar. 15, 1933, 1933, GCM Files. GCM Ftles. 398 36 Capt. W. A. Collier, “The Infantry tributed to Mrs Wilkes by Mrs. School Hunt,” Infantry Journal, Worsley who saw it presented at Ben- XXXII,June 1928, 608-13; Lt. Clyde ning. Copy found in hlrs. Singer’s Grady, “A Small Game Paradise,” collection of papers pertaining to Infantry Journal, XXXII,June 1928, Gen Marshall. The collection was 635-42; Arthur Grahame, “General made available to the Marshall Re- Marshall’s Hunting Partner,’’ Out- search Center by Mrs. Robert W. door Life, Sept. 1943, lent to author Smith, Jr , Greensburg, Pa., Re- by Sgt. Tom Tweed, Research CeA- search Center Files. ter Files; Tweed interview, June 7, 49. One of Marshall’s tasks in this period 1962. was work on Pershing’s memoirs He 37. Gen. Archibald Arnold to author, read the manuscript carefully and Dec. 4, 1960; Col. Murphy to author, made detailed comments in which Sept 25, 1960. he complained that Pershing “let the 38. Col. Morrison C. Stayer interview, critical tone get in too much” in his Jan. 20, 1960; Mrs. Singer interview, discussion of the Allies and the War Feb. 2, 1960. Dept. He noted: “You displayed 39. Mrs. Walter (Ella-Keen Steel) Gun- marvelous restraint in France and ster to author, Nov. 15, 1960. since. The manuscript presents you 40. Most of the material on Mrs. Mar- in a different light . . .” He con- shall comes from interviews with her cluded, “Practically everyone of posi- on Nov. 17. 1960, and Mar. 15, 1961. tion who has written about the war 41. Mrs. Etta Blanchard Worsley inter- has lost somewhat by doing so. I do view, Aug. 8, 1961. not want to see this happen to you.” 42. His other children were Allene and Marshall to Pershing, Dec. 2, ig?? Tristram. New York Times, July 24, Pershing Papers, LofC. During a visit Aug. 17, 27, Nov. 3, 1913; Apr. 7, 17, to Washington in this connection, July 4, Aug. 20, 1914; Sept. 12, ig, Marshall met Maj. Dwight D. Eisen- 1919; Sept. 30, 1927; Who’s Who tn hower, who was working with the America, 1926-27. American Battle Monuments Com- 43. Mrs. C. M. Himmelheber to author, mission, headed by Gen. Pershing. July 15, 1961, including information Eisenhower had suggested that Per- collected by her mother, Mrs M. shing use a different form for the Aubrey Childrey, granddaughter of chapters on St -Mihiel and the Josiah Pender; Mrs. Claude H. Mc- Meuse-Argonne fights, but Marshall Kenney to author, July 1, 1961. felt that Pershing should follow the 44. Baltimore Sun, June 5, 1928. same form he had used in the earlier 45. Mrs. Worsley interview, Aug. 8, 1961; chapters. During this meeting Mar- Katherine T. Marshall, p. 3. shall offered Eisenhower a place as 46. Marshall to Adamson, June 23, 1930, . instructor at Benning but Eisenhower Marshall to Pershing, from Wy- had prior orders which made it im- oming, n.d. but apparently Aug. possible for him to accept the offer. 1930, Marshall to Pershing, Sept. 13, Eisenhower interview, June 28, 1962. 1930, Pershing Papers, LofC. 50. Adjutant of TIS, H. B. Lewis to 47. Rev. Harry S. Weyrich performed TAG, Apr. 25, 1931, TAG to Comdt , the ceremony, Baltimore Evening TIS, May 8, 1931; Ft. Benning SO. Sun, Oct. 15, 1930; New York Ttmes, no. 96, Apr. 25, 1931, 201 File, Oct. 16, igso, p. 2; Weyrich to the TACO, DofA. author, Sept. 1960. 51. John Landis to Marshall, May 18, 48. A play entit1eA;’‘A Day in the Life 1937, GCM Files. of GCM,” although unsigned was at- 4

399

XVI: THE OLD MAN The chief material from the National Archives included. RG 94 (TAGO), RG 159 (TIG), and RG 98 (Army posts and commands, Fort Screven, 8th Infantry, 8th Infantry Brigade and IV Corps Area) From the Civilian Conservation Corps files in the Agriculture, Labor and War Department files of the National Archives, Mrs Pratt selected a mass of key documents and prepared a valuable running com- mentary for my use Dr. Coffman and Mr. Marken made a special search of the files for any material bearing on the status of the 8th Infantry during the time General Marshall was with that unit. Extracts of all news items and editorials from the Savannah Morning News and the Charleston News and Courier for the 1932-33 period were made by Miss Eugenia Lejeune and Mrs Juanita Pitts. For background material I have drawn heavily on interviews with Mrs. Mar- shall, Gen of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Claude M. Adams, Gov. James F. Byrnes, Col. John R. Boatwright, Mr. Ralph Curtin, Lt. Gen. Alvan C Gillem, Lt Gen Reuben E Jenkins, Col. Charles S Johnson, Mr. Harrison Jones, Sgt. Joseph Morossow, and letters from Lt Col. Milton A. Schrieber and Col. Frederick S. Matthews, and a poem, “The Old Man,” by 0. Z. Tyler, Jr I was aided in my visit to Savannah and Fort Screven by Mr. Walter Hartridge and Mr. Ralston B. Lattimore.

1 Marshall to John L. Cabell, Mar 29, bowls, Oct. 5, 1956. Adams inter- 1937, indicates that VMI Supt Cocke view, May io, 1957, gives a slightly had urged Marshall to retire and suc- different version. ceed him, GCM Files. See also Cocke 8. “The Old Man-iggq,” a poem by to Marshall, Oct. 13, 1926, Marshall 0. 2 Tyler, Jr., presented to Mrs. to Cocke, Dec. 26, 1926, VMI Alum- Marshall in 1960, Research Center ni File, Marshall to Pershing, June Files. Former Lt. Tyler described 28, 1929, Pershing to Marshall, July Marshall’s stay at Fort Screven but 13, igq, Persliing Papers, LofC. put it in 1934 instead of 1933. Col. 2 John W Killigrew, “The Impact of Frederick S. Matthews to author, the Great Depression on the Army, Nov. 9, 1960; Mrs. Marshall inter- 1929-36” (unpublished Ph D. dis- view, Nov. 17, 1960. sertation, University of Indiana, g Marshall to Pershing. Mar. 8, 1933, i960), chaps IV and v. Pershing Papers, LofC. 3. SecWar Hurley to Rep. Homer C IO. Mrs. Marshall interview, Nov. 17, Parker, Feb 5, 1932, File 824.01, 1960. Screven and Moultrie, TAGO, RG 11. On the Army’s early work before 94, NA. Marshall to Pershing, Mar. CCC was proposed, see Moseley to 28, 1932, Pershing Papers, LofC. ACofS, G-3 and G-4, Jan. 7, 1933; 4. Lt. Gen Reuben E. Jenkins to au- Col. Duncan K. Major, Jr., to CofS, thor, Oct 26, 1960; Savannah Morn- Jan. 25, 1933, OCS 17622-13 RG 1x0; rng News, June 15, 16, 17, 1932; SecWar Hurley to Sen. David Reed, Marshall to Capt Claude M. Adams, June 3, 1932, GCM Files. Jan. 27, 1933, G-x/xz882-n, RGzzz, 5 Among those who cordially welcomed both in WW II Rec. Div., NA. them were Mr. and Mrs Carl Espey, 12. Roosevelt message to Congress, Mar. with whom the hlarshalls developed 21, 1933, and footnotes; Roosevelt a warm friendship. to SecWar, Interior, Agriculture, and 6 Mrs. Marshall interview, Nov. 17, Labor, Mar. 14, 1933, both in Chron- 1960; K T. Marshall, pp. 10-11 ological Historical Reference Files, 7. Marshall related the story to the au- pt 1, CCC, RG 35, NA. thor at Leesburg over the finger- 13. Major to TAG for Corps Area Com- 400 NQkS manders, Mar 25, 1933, File 324.5. dence in the official files that any CCC, TAGO, RG 94, NA. other inspection from Washington 14. Maj. Gen. Edward L. King to Mar- was made Trohan further tied Mar- shall, Apr. 6, 1933, GCM Files. shall’s alleged failure as a troop com- 15. CofS MacArthur to Corps Area Com- mander to his failure to be promoted manders, May 13, 1933, File 324 5, to brigadier general. In fact Mar- CCC, TAGO, RG 94, NA. Killigrew, shall, after promotion to colonel, opcit., chap. XII, pp. 18-19. was put on the next list of colonels 16. Jenkins to author, Oct. 26, 1960. eligible for brigadier general. He was 17. Zbid. in the 66 selected out of 470 in the 18. Outstanding among them were Maj. Army. Trohan never documented Matthews, Capt. Adams, and kt. his statement. Without confirma- Jenkins. tion, nevertheless, the tale was 19. Marshall to Col. Clyde R. Abraham, picked up by the late Sen. McCarthy, May 26, 1933; Marshall to King, p. 8; by Frazier Hunt, p. 161; De- May 26, 1933, GCM Files. Marshall Seversky, p. 43. Most of the writers took the oath of office as full colonel using this story assume that Mar- on September 7, 1933. He had asked shall was commanding the 8th Pn- shortly before that the “Jr.” be fantry during his year at Fort Scre- dropped from his name. ven, when in fact he had only a 20. In letter to Maj, Gen. George V. H. detachment of that regiment and Moseley, Apr. 5, 1934 (GCM Files), was at Fort Moultrie in command Col. Marshall says that the CCC in of the entire regiment for only a South Carolina was the most in- few months. The best answer to the teresting problem of his army career. charge that he was shipped out by Savannah Morning News, June 14, MacArthur because the regiment’s ’933, p. 12. rating deteriorated under Marshall 21. Marshall to Pershing, Jan. 24, 1932 is MacArthur’s statement to Keehn [Le., 19331, Pershing Papers, LofC. that “He [Marshall] has no superior 22. King to Fuqua, Apr. 29, 1933, GCM among Infantry colonels ” Files. McCarthy implied that Marshall 23. Such praise in Marshall’s case had had neglected the regiment in an long since become routine, as were effort to impress Harry Hopkins with the “superior” ratings which he re- his work on CCC matters He failed ceived on his efficiency report for to note that Hopkins did not join his year at Fort Screven. They need the Roosevelt administration until to be pinned down on this occasion May 22, 1933, almost a year after only because of an article which Marshall arrived at Fort Screven and Walter Trohan of the Chicago Trzb- only a month before he left it. Since une published in the American Mer- Hopkins in a period roughly equiv- cury, -11, Mar. 1951, 267, in which alent to the remaining time Mar- he charged, without any evidence shall spent with the 8th Infantry that the most diligent research has inaugurated i80,ooo work projects uncovered, that “the Inspector Gen- and put four million men to work, eral reported that under one year it is unlikely that he was closely of Marshall’s command the 8th In- concerned with a lieutenant colonel’s fantry had dropped from one of the activities in South Carolina. As we best regiments in the Army to one of shall see later, Hopkins’ interest in the worst.” All routine inspection Marshall came after he was ap- reports of the regiment for the rele- pointed Deputy Chief of Staff. See vant period are in fact favorable. Sherwood, pp. 44, 52, 101. When in The only Inspector General’s report 1951 McCarthy was asked by Leo on file on the 8th Infantry while Cherne for evidence in support of Marshall was connected with it is the his charges against Marshall, the one which specially commends his senator cited only the Trohan ar- work at Screven. There is no evi- ticle-“TV panel makes more noise Notes 401 than sense,” Life, XXXII, April 14, copy of MacArthur’s answer, but 1952, 101-10. TIG Report, Fort Scre- Col. Johnson says he saw it at Col. ven for FY 1933, Mar. 24, 1933, File Marshall’s headquarters; Gen. J. L. 331.1, TIG, RG 159, NA; entries in Homer to author, July 22, 1960, also Marshall efficiency report for period says that he saw MacArthur’s letter. July I, 193.2 to June 28, 1933, and There is no evidence at all that Mar- July 1, 1933 to Oct. 20, 1933, 201 shall’s assignment was banishment File, TAGO, DofA. for poor performance as Messrs. 24. K. T. Marshall, p. 11; Savannah Trohan, McCarthy, Hunt, DeSe- Morning News, June 27, 1933, p. 12. versky have alleged. As noted before 25. Col. Charles S. Johnson to author, there was no poor performance to be Oct. I, 1960. punished and the Illinois job was 26. Lt. Col. Edward L. Black to author, never thought of by anyone in the Sept. 21, 1960; Lt. Col Milton A. light of punishment, even though it Schrieber to author, Nov. 12, 1960. did seem to Marshall and his friends 27. Schrieber to author, Nov. 12, 1960. as an unfortunate sidetrack for one 28. Major to Robert Fechner, June 30, who wished to be chief of staff. Gen. 1933, File 324.5, CCC, RG 35, NA. MacArthur in an interview with the 29. MacArthur to TAG for Corps Com- author, Jan. 2, 1961, categorically de- manders, June 30, 1933, File 3245, nied that he sent Marshall to Illinois CCC, TAGO, RG 94, NA; Halstead because of his handling of the 8th to Marshall, May 26, 1933, GCM Infantry or that the assignment was Files. made to interfere with Marshall’s 30 Black to author, Sept. 21, 1960. advancement in the Army. 31. Mrs. Marshall interview, Nov. 17, 35. Maj. Gen. Frank Parker to Chief, 1960; “Le Souvenir Franqais en Caro- NG Bureau, Aug 18, 1933, File 819.1, line du Sud,” Il/zistrat2on, no 4728, Ill. NG, RG 98, NA; Keehn to Mac- Oct. 14, 1933, p. 233; K. T. Marshall, Arthur, Sept. 15, 1933; TAG McKin- PP. 14-17. ley to Marshall, Oct. 3, 1933, File 32. Charleston News and Courier, Aug. 2, 21065, TAGO, RG 94, NA. See Gen. 30, 1933, p. 12; President, Chamber Keehn’s editorial in the Zllinois of Commerce to Marshall, Oct. I, Guardsman, 111, Sept. 1936, 8, which 1933, GCM Files. At about the same gives the background of Marshall’s time General Pershing was writing a appointment. friend in Wall Street that he hoped 36. Maj. Gen. Edward Croft to Marshall, for the success of the New Deal. Dec. 2, 1933; MacArthur radio to Pershing to Martin Egan, Aug 30, Keehn, forwarded by Lt. Col. C F. 1933, Pershing Papers, LofC. Severson to TAG, Sept. 28, 1933; 33. Maj Gen James F. McKinley, TAG, McKinley to Marshall, Oct 3, 1933, to Marshall, Oct 3, 1933, File 210.65, said “Gen. MacArthur submitted TAGO, RG 94, NA. your name to Gen. Keehn. I know 34 K. T. Marshall, p. 18; Mrs Marshall that you will be delighted to hear interview, Nov. 17, 1960; Marshall that he stated to Gen Keehn that to Pershing, Nov. 13, 1933, Pershing you had no superior among Infantry Papers, LofC; Marshall to Byrnes, colonels and that in view of your Nov. 17, 1933, repeats the economic outstanding ability, he would not factor in his selection, as he did to send him any other names unless he, many others-GCM Files; Johnson General Keehn, asked that it be interview by Dr. E M Coffman, Apr. done.” File 21065. TAGO, RG 94, 3, 1961. Mrs. Marshall says Gen. NA. Marshall appealed directly to Mac- 37. Marshall to Pershing, Nov. 13, 1933, Arthur. I have been unable to find a Pershing Papeis, LofC. XVPI: THE FIRST STAR For background P Rave drawn on interviews with Mrs. Marshall, Mrs. Frank R. McCoy, Gens. Matthew B Ridgway, Lawrence Whiting, C. E. Kilbourne, C. D. Herron, Leo Boyle, C C Haffner, Samuel T Lawton, former Asst Sec of the Army Chester Davis, Cols. William Spencer and E. A. GofE, Jr , Harold A Moore, Thomas R. Gowenlock, former Sen. Scott Lucas, and letters from Cols Frank S. Singer and F. 0.Schmidt, Brig. Gen. Horace 0 Cushman, Maj. Gen. J. L. Homer. The Illinois Guardsman file for this period was made available by Gen. Boyle. The Marshall letter file is of great value for this period.

1. Marshall to Maj Reed Eandis, Jan. summer of 193.4. See Kreidberg and 8, 1936, GCM Files. Henry, pp. 424-75, for details on 2. Marshall to Silas Strawn, Mar. 12, mobilization plans. 1935, GCM Files. 12. Marshall to Col. Terry Allen, Mar. 3 K. T. Marshall, pp. 18-19 for her 26, 1938, GCM Files. impressions; Marshall to Pershing, 13. “Ducks and Drakes,” IIZznois Guards- Feb. 23, 1934, Pershing Papers, LofC. man, 11, Dec. 1934, 14, Jan. ligyj. 16; Hicks, p. 620. former Sen. Scott Lucas interview, 4. Marshall to Gen. Thomas S. Ham- Mar. 24, 1959, Sidney Shallett to mond, Apr. 13, 193.4, GCM Files. author, Aug. 29, 1960, furnished 5. Marshall to Harding, Oct 31, 1934, copy of article on this incident. GCM Files. 14. “Ma]. Gen. Frank McCoy,’’ The Re- 6. Marshall to Eanham, Qct. 29, 1934; serue Oficer, 11, Jan. 1934, 3; “New Marshall to J. Lawton Collins, Aug. Corps Area Commander,” Illinois 27, 1936, GCM Files. Guardsman, 11, Feb. 1935, 4-6; Mar- 7. K. T. Marshall, p. 18. shall to Maj Gen. William s. Biddle, 8. Speech in 1934 apparently to the 11- Feb. 1, 1955, GCM Files. linois Nat. Guard convention. 15. Marshall to Maj. Harold E Potter, 9. Marshall to Capt. PI. E Potter, Jan. May 27, 1936, GCM Files; Chester 8, 1934, Marshall to TAG, Jan. io, Davis interview, Apr. 28, 1958. 1935. GCM Files. 16. Marshall to Harding, June 22, 1935, io Maj. Gen. Samuel T. Lawton inter- GCM Files. view, Apr. 30, 1958; Thomas R. Go- 17. Marshall to Pershing, Sept 8, 1935, wenlock interview, Apr. 25, 1958 Pershtng Papers, LofC; Marshall to 11. The Chief of Staff in 1932 had di- Keehn, Camp Grant, Thurs. noon rected the establishment of four field [Aug. 198.51, GCM Files. Army headquarters, to which the 18. Marshall to Ma]. Paul E. Peabody, nine corps area commands, estab- Apr. 6, 1937, described the 1936 ma- lished by the Defense Act of 1920, neuvers, GCM Files were assigned. The senior corps area ig Marshall to Ridgway, Aug 24, 1936, commander assigned to each field GCM Files. army was to act as Army commander eo. Marshall to Col. J. H Van Horn, and be assisted by members of his May 23, 1938, GCM Fales. corps area staff Peacetime duties 21. Lt. Col. Alfred de Roulet, “At Al- were limited to selection and train- legan with the Second Army,” 1111- ing of Army staffs, planning and or- riots Guardsman, III, Sept 1936, 7. ganization requested by the War 22. E. A Goff, Jr., to author, Oct 7, Dept. and the general supervision of 1960. training. A new mobilization plan 23. Report of Second Army Maneuvers, had been announced in 1933 for the 1936, I, Sec 1, Report of CG Maj. entire Army, and it was a phase of Gen C. E. Kilbourne, Oct. 30. 1936, this program which the War Dept. Sixth Corps Area, RG 9S, NA. was testing at Fort Monmouth in the 24. Special mention was made of the at- Notes 403 tack in that a three-plane formation that Pershing was kind to have men- left Langley Field at 4-30 P.M, Aug tioned “my name to Craig in the 13, and flew a direct course to the letter of congratulations ” Allegan Airport on which they 35 Pershing to Marshall, Dec. 16, 1935, dropped a flare to simulate bomb- Marshall to Pershing, Dec. 27, 1935; ing at 9-48 P.M, Report of Second Pershrng Papers, LofC. Army Maneuvers, 1936, IV, Report of 36. Campbell Hodges to Marshall, Mar. CG, 2d Wing, Sixth Corps Area, RG 4, 1936, GCM Files. Hodges wrote 98, NA. General Frank M. Andrews, his note on the back of a letter, Lt. Col. Carl Spaatz and Lt. Colonel Spalding to Hodges, Feb. 26, 1936, Ralph Royce were among the well- in which Spalding said, “I am em- known airmen of the future who barrassed to think that I was se- helped demonstrate the growing im- lected first, as I think he is one of portance of airpower to ground oper- our very great soldiers.” Hodges ation. apparently assumed that Maj. Gen. 25. Marshall to Pershing, Feb 18, 1930, David L. Stone would be the next Pershing to Marshall, Feb. 28, 1930, man after Craig to retire on the basis Pers h i ng Papers, Lof C . of age-Aug. 1940; actually Maj. 26. Marshall in writing Maj. Gen. Pres- Gen. John Hughes retired earlier. ton Brown, Nov. 12, 1934, mentions The four men above Marshall as that Maj. Gen. Moseley had spoken listed by Hodges were MacArthur, to SecWar Dern the previous Tues- Drum, DeWitt, and Rowell. Mac- day. Letters of Marshall to Moseley, Arthur, who had already served five Nov 12, and Johnson Hagood, Nov. years as Chief of Staff, was taken 13, thanks them for their efforts- off the active list at the end of 1937; GCM Files. Marshall to Pershing, Drum, as we have seen, had been Nov. 19, 1934, Pershzng Papers, LofC. mentioned as early as 1935 for the 27. Marshall to Pershing, Nov. ig, 1934, Chief of Staff’s post; John L. DeWitt, Pershing Papers, LofC. Marshall’s classmate at Leavenworth, 28. Pres. Roosevelt to Dern, May 24, chief of supply at First Army in 1935, OF 1604, Marshall File, Roose- World War I, chief of the G-4 Sec- velt Library. tion, War Dept., brigade com- 29. Marshall to Pershing, June io, 1935, mander, Philippine Division, 1935- Pershzng Papers, LofC 37 and commandant, Army War Col- 30. Pershing to Col. John Callan lege, 1937-39: Ma]. Gen. Frank W. O’Laughlin. Aug. 23, 1935, Pershing Rowell, student at Leavenworth Papers, LofC. Pershing may have while Marshall was an instructor, recalled that on Apr. IO, 1934, in the Punitive Expedition, regi- O’Laughlin had asked him [Pershing] mental commander at the close of to write Baker to use good offices war, ROTC officer, 1924-27, regi- with David Sarnoff for selection of mental commander, 1927-30, assistant MacArthur as head of RKO when chief of staff of First Corps Area, that company was reorganized. 1933-34, professor of Military Science, 31. O’Laughlin to Pershing, Sept. 16, University of Vermont, 1934-35, brig- 1935, Pershing Papers, LofC. ade commander, 1935. By 1939, when 32. Pershing to Marshall, Oct. 4, 1935, the Chief of Staff was selected Mac- Pers h t ng Papers, Lof C . Arthur was no longer on the list. 33. Craig’s assignments thereafter in- Instead Walter Krueger was the cluded comdt. of the Cavalry School, fourth man ahead of Marshall. commander at Corregidor, com- Hodges failed to include Krueger’s mander of a corps area, commander name on the list in 1936 Krueger, of Panama Canal defenses, Chief of German born, had served in the U.S. Cavalry, president of the Army War Army as an enlisted man before College being commissioned at the close of 34. Marshall to Pershing, Oct. 23, 1935, the Spanish-American War. He was Pershing Papers, LofC. Marshall said a chief of operations of two divisions 404 Note§ , and later chief of staff of the Tank their efficiency and fitness for high Corps in World War I He was Chief command would have led the Board of War Plans Division from 1936- to couple their names with those of 39, preceding Marshall. the first three officers listed.” Gen- 37. “Army Day; the Secretary of War’s eral Officers Eligibility Board [May 4, Address,” Zllinois Guardsman, 111, 19361, File 210.2, TAGO, RG 94, NA. Apr. 1936, 7, Pershing to Marshall, 38. SecWar Woodring to President May 26, 1936, Pershing Papers, LofC. Roosevelt, Aug. 24, 1936, with nota- It is interesting to note that a board tions, File 210.1 Promotions, TAGO, appointed in the spring of 1936 to RG 94, NA. list the names of brigadier generals 39. This view is based on the fact that for nomination to major general the next two men below him were rank was unanimous in regretting promoted as of Nov 1, 1936. The that “certain colonels, such as Cols. officer he passed over was not pro- L. D. Gasser and George C. Marshall, moted until much later. were not eligible for consideration, 40. Woodring to President Roosevelt, since all members agree that had Aug. 24, 1936, File 210.1 Promotions, they been available for consideration, TAGO, RG 94, NA.

XVIIH: BACK ON COURSE In addition to the CCC files of the National Archives, I also used the educational files on the CCC furnished by Mr. Don Mace. Col. V J. Gregory donated a complete file of the CCC newspaper at Vancouver Barracks for the years 1937-42. The files of the Portland Oregon Daily Journal were checked in the Portland Library by the author, and the files of the Vancouver Columbian and Portland Oregonian were checked in the Library of Congress by Miss Lejeune and Mrs. Pitts. Material on Fort Vancouver and Vancouver Barracks was furnished by Mr. William R. Sampson, Sgt Boleslaus Mschichowski, and Master Sgt. Chester E. Beaver. For background I have drawn on interviews with Mrs. Marshall, Mr. Mace, Col. Gregory, Gen. Mark Clark, Mrs. Nan Wood Honeyman. Erskine Wood, Chaplain Martin C. Poch. Brig. Gen. and Mrs Claude PUP. Adams, Maj. E. C. Applegate, L. M. Hall, former Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson, William Frye, Maj. Gen. M. C. Stayer, Sgt. Mschichowski, John Stecklein, Billy Albright, Casper Wolf, Eddie Smith, and letters from Dr. Charles C. Hillman, Cols. A. H. Hopkins, Herman 0. Lane and Edwin T. Bowden; Lt. Cols. Robert A. Johnston and Clyde B Leasure, Dr. D. D. Todorovich, Marion C. Tarapata, Edward Mayo, C. W. Westlund, Alfred F. Parker, William Blood.

i. Marshall to Capt. Alfred R. W.De- SecArmy Chester Davis at the Penta- Jonge, Sept. i, 1936, Marshall to gon, Sept. 28, 1946. Maj. John C. Hughes, Mar. 18, 1937, 3. Marshall to Pershing, Nov. 6, 1936, GCM Ftles. Marshall to Pershing, Pershing Papers, LofC; K. T. Mar- Sept. 12, 1936, Pershing Papers, LofC. shall, p. 22. 3. Now a humorless exhibit in the halls 4. Marshall to Keehn, Mar. 25, 1937. of sociology, the car has become fa- reprinted in Illinois Guardsman, IV, mous since C. Wright Mills in The Apr. 1937, io. Power Elate, p. igi., cited it as an 5. At the time of Marshall’s death the example of the privileges of rank, Oregon Journal listed as one of his intimating that it came as a per- accomplishments the fact that quisite of a general. Actually Mar- through his efforts ‘‘a four-acre tract shall paid for it himself. The story including the ‘Old Apple Tree’ in of the purchase was related to the Vancouver Barracks was deeded to author by Gen. Marshall and Asst- the city as a site for the construction Notes 405 of a replica of Fort Vancouver’- June 21, 22, 193.7; Richard H. Syring, Oregon Daily Journal, Oct. 18, 1959. “When the Russians Flew to the 6. Vancouver Columbian, Oct. 28, 1936, United States,” National Guardsman, p. 1; K. T. Marshall, pp. 23-24. 11, June 1957, 10-11; Orlando David- 7. Dr. Charles C. Hillman to author, son, “When Marshall met the Rus- Dec. 7, 1960; Stayer interview, Jan. sians,” Sunday Oregonian, June 22, 20, 1960; Chaplain Martin Poch in- 1937, p. 8; New York Times, June 21, terview, Sept. 14, 1960; Lt. Col. Nor- ‘937- nian T. Kirk to Dr. T. Homer Coffen, 21. Davidson, loc. cat.; “The Three Ar- Feb. 23, 1937, GCM Files. rive from Moscow,” (Editorial) Sun- 8. Pershing to Marshall, Feb. 24, 1937, day Oregonian, June 22, 1937. Pershing Papers, Lof C. 22. Don Mace interview, Nov. 14, 1958. 9. Maj. Gen. E. E. Booth to Marshall, 23. Marshall to Keehn, Mar, 25, 1937, Dec. 20, 1937, Lt. Col. Forrest Hard- Illinois Guardsman, IV, Apr. 1937, p. ing to Marshall, Dec. 23, 1937, Mar- 10. shall to Booth, Dec. 23, 1937, GCM 24. Mace interview, Nov. 14, 1958. Files. Medical Board Report, Mar. 25. Col. V. J. Gregory and L. H. Hall 16, 1937, 201 File, TAGO, DofA. interview, Nov. 7, 1960. io. Marshall to Pershing, Mar. 4, 1937, 26. Marshall to Frederick Palmer, 1938, Pershing Papers, LofC; Stayer inter- GCM Files. view, Jan. 20, 1960; Marshall to 27. Gregory and Hall interview, Nov. 7, Stayer, May 30, 1937, Research Cen- 1960. ter Fi 1 es. 28. Asst. AG Maj. Frank H. Partridge 11. Marshall to Col. Horace F. Sykes, to CG, IX Corps Area, “Inspection Dec. 27, 1937, GCM Files. of CCC .Camp Frederick Butte,” 12. The 4th Infantry, which Marshall DG-68, Brothers, Oregon, Feb 12, seldom visited, was commanded by 1938, with 2d end. by Marshall, Feb. Col. W. S Drysdale, followed by 26, 1938, File 524.5, CCC. IX Corps Col F. L. Whitley. Area, TAGO, RG 94, NA. 13. Especially Col Joel Pomerene, Majs. 29. Marshall to Gen. George P. Tyner, A. H. Hopkins, and L. H. Hall. The June 21, 1938, GCM Files. CCC units were mostly commanded 30. Marshall to Parsons, May 6, 1938, by reserve officers chiefly Army but GCM Files. including some Navy and Marine. 31. Marshall to Grunert, Dec. 5, 1938, 14. Marshall to Gen. George Grunert, GCM Files. Dec 5, 1938. Parsons to Marshall, 32. Brig. Gen. Barnhard A Johnson to Feb io, 1938, CCM Files. Vancouver author, n.d. [1960]. Barracks CCC District, IX Corps 33. Marshall to Grunert. Dec. 5, 1938, Area, Hdq., Oficial Annual (Wash- GCM Files. ington, 1938). 34. Marshall to Gen. J. A. Ulio, Feb. 27, 15. Marshall to Parsons, May 6, 1938, 1940, OCS 17622-1795, RG 110, WW GCM Files. 11 Rec. Diu., NA. 16. Poch interview, Sept. 14, 1960. 35. K. T. Marshall, p. 29; Gregory inter- 17. Zbid. view, Oct. 2, 1960; Mace interview, 18. Marshall to Parsons, May 6, 1938, Nov. 14, 1958. GCM Files; Morning Oregonian 36. Mace interview, Nov. 14, 1958; K. T. (Portland), May 2, 1939; Vancouver Marshall, p. 30. Columbian, Feb. 2, 1938, p. 1; Ore- 37. Marshall to Col. Clarence R. Hueb- gon Daily Journal, Jan. 8, 1949. ner, Jan. 22, 1938, Marshall to Gru- 19. Marshall to Pershing, Thanksgiving nert, Dec 5, 1938, GCM Ftles. 1936, Pershing Papers, LofC; Mar- 38. Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Claude M. shall to Keehn, Jan. 24, 1938, GCM Adams interview, May io, 1957; Capt. Files; Oregon Daily Journal, Jan. 8, E. C. Applegate interview, Nov. 7, 1949. 1962. 40. For the full coverage of the Rus- 39. Some of the people whom he knew sians’ visit, see: Morning Oregonian, well were: Hamilton Corbett, presi- 406 Notes dent of the Chamber of Commerce would be delighted at the assign- and a former aide of General Har- ment but “I think I lack rank”- bord, Mayor Joseph Carson, Con- Pershing Papers, LofC. Marshall was gressman Nan Wood Honeyman, Don approached in 1937 on the pos- Sterling of the Oregoln Daily Journal, sibility of being recommended for and Palmer Hoyt of the Oregonian. the post of superintendent of VMI. 40. Erskine Wood interview, Nov. 4, He replied that having just viewed 1960; Marshall to Craig, June 16, the hazards of a depression he was 1938, GCM Files. “loath to walk away from as sure a 41. Maj. John Winslow to Marshall, thing as the United States Gokern- Feb. 18, 1937, GCM Files. ment”; he added, “with the world 42. Col. Truman Smith forwarding in- in its present turmoil, no one can telligence Report, Nov. I, 1937, GCM prophesy what the outcome will be, Files. and as I made my life occupation 43. Pershing to Marshall, July 15, 1925, that of a soldier, I hesitate to take Pershing Papers, LofC; Adamson to any decision which might lead me Marshall, Feb. 17, 11938, GCM Files. to be eliminated at the critical mo- 44. Pershing to Marshall, Sept. ii, 1936, ment.” John L. Cabell to Marshall, Pershing Papers, LifC. Mar. 24, 1937, Marshall to Cabell, 45. Marshall to Col. Walton H. Walker, Mar. 29, 1937, Cabell to Marshall, Dec. 21, 1937; Maj. Gen. Fox Apr. 9, 1937, Marshall to Cabell, Conner to Marshall!, Jan. 3, 1938; Apr. 20, 1937, GCM Files. Marshall to Conner, Jan. 7, 1938; 49 Col. F. L Whitley to Marshall, May Hagood to Marshall, Jan. 1, 1938, 4, 1938, Marshall to Maj. Fletcher GCM Files. Gardner, May 27. 1938, GCM Files; 46. Hon. Louis Johnson interview, Oct. S.O. 109, May io, 1938, 201 File, 28, 1957; William Frye interview, TAGO, DofA. Dec. 31, 1957. Frye said that John- 50. Gen. Mark W. Clark interview, Nov. son and Embick were the sources for 17, 1959. While several circumstances the statements he made relative to, give some confirmation to Clark’s their part in bringing Marshall to account, it should be noted that a Washington. Vancouver Columbaan, night attack had been used against Jan. 8. 1938. p I. Marshall by the Blue Forces in the 47. Walton H. Walker, inow in the War maneuvers of the previous year. Plans Div, indicated to Marshall in Marshall to Clark, Feb 16, 1940, a letter of May 8, 1,938, GCM Files, OCS 14625-193, RG 110, WW II, Rec. that Marshall would probably go on Div, NA. Ft Benning associates of up to Deputy Chief of Staff in a Marshall’s indicate that night at- short time. tacks were almost an obsession of his. 48. Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy to Mar- 51. Vancouver Colurnbian, Oct ig, 1959. shall, May 6, 1937, GCM Files. Mar- 52. Marshall to Oregon Daily Journal, shall informed Pershing, June 5, Sept. 3, 1952. 1937, of McCoy’s request, adding he

XIX: CHIEF OF STAFF I have drawn heavily for clues as to pertinent documents and for interpretations on the official Army volumes by Watson and by Conn and Fairchild. For the documents, I have made extensive use of the files of the World War I1 Records Division. For the general history of the period, I have found Langer and Gleason partic- ularly helpful. Mrs. Pratt and Mr. Jack Gauntlett prepared for me a summary of pertinent newspaper and magazine articles on Marshall and problems with which he was asso- ciated. Notes 407 Correspondence in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park was checked for me by Mrs. Pratt. For background I found helpful interviews with Gen. Leonard T. Gerow, former Asst. Secretary of War and Secretary of Defense Johnson, Ma]. Gen. R. L. Maxwell, Maj. Gen. James H Burns, Brig. Gen. Thomas North, Gen Matthew B. Ridgway, Maj Gen M. C Stayer, Brig Gen Paul Robinett, and Mr Leo Farrell Gen Stayer and Mr. Farrell made available to me their correspondence with Marshall. Mr. William Frye identified the sources of some of the pertinent statements in his Marshall: Citizen Soldier.

1. An indication of the Army’s small 9. Of the trip and its value, Marshall budget in this period may be seen wrote Pershing in Aug 1938; “I flew in the fact that Marshall and the from here [Washington] with General Chief of Staff exchanged several let- Andrews of the GHQ Air Force to ters relative to the discomfort of Selfridge Field, Chanute Field, Min- coining through the Panama Canal neapolis, then on to Billings, Mon- in the summer by Army transport tana, and across Yellowstone Park to before Craig found that he could Spokane, where part of the Air Force scrape up train fare for Marshall had concentrated. From there I flew and his family. Gen Malin Craig to over to Lewis, where another element Marshall, June 1 and 2, 1938, Mar- of the First Wing was concentrated, shall to Craig, June 16, 1938, Mar- did the Boeing Air Plant at Seattle shall to Craig, June 7, 1938, GCM [where B-17s were being made] and Files. stopped at Vancouver Barracks for 2. K. T. Marshall, p 36; Marshall to the night, where another wing of the Miss Lillian Marshall, June 2, 1938, First Group was concentrated. From Walton H. Walker to Marshall, June the Northwest I flew to San Fran- 18, 1938, Marshall to Embick, Oct. cisco, Sacramento, Los Angeles-the 17, 1938, GCM Files. air plants there-Denver, San An- 3 K. T Marshall, pp 1, 33-35. tonio, Barksdale Field, Shreveport, 4. A onetime Army deserter to whom and home Altogether I had a very the Marshalls had given a second interesting trip professionally and a chance, K T. Marshall, pp 31-35. most magnificent one personally.” 5. Marshall to Pershing, Sept. 26, 1938, Marshall to Pershing, Aug. 22, 1938, Perslzing Papers, LofC. Pershzng Papers, Lof C; Major Elmo 6 K. T. Marshall, p. 41. Hayden to Gen G. C. Marshall, Jan. 7. Marshall to Pershing, Sept. 26, 1938, 16, 1959, GCAl Files Pershang Papers, LofC. (This was in io Washington Post, Oct 5, 1938, p. 5. Pershing’s letter of Sept i, 1938, ask- 11. I have used Gen Arnold’s notes on ing when Marshall expected to be the conference CofAC Arnold to promoted to major general, adding CofS, Nov. 15, 1938, forwarding notes that it might have some effect on his on “Conference at White House, 2-20 future) John Callan O’Laughlin to P M., Nov. 14, 1938,” Conferences, Pershing, Oct. 25, 1938, noted that it 1938-42 OCS, SGS (1939-42), I, RG was being rumored that Marshall zzo, WW ZZ Rec Diu NA had been made Deputy Chief of Staff 12. Marshall met Roosevelt for the first so that he could be brought into con- time in 1928 when Roosevelt came tact with Woodring and thus placed from Warm Springs to visit Fort in line for Chief of Staff. Benning Marshall was present at the 8. O’Laughlin to .Pershing, Oct. 25, inauguration and later talked briefly 1938, Pershing Papers, LofC; Army to the President on the latter’s visit and Navy Register, Oct 8, 1938, p to Oregon in 1937. Maj. Gen. Par- 11; Frye, pp 247-48 (Frye told the tridge to author, Oct 11, 1960 author that he got this story from 13 Marshall to Ma] Gen. Asa Singleton, one of the mcn present.) Nov 22, 1939, GChf Files. 14. Sherwood, pp. 98-106; Marshall to such men as Marshall and Grant were Spencer, Nov. 15, 1950, GCM Fales. required to carry on Pershing’s doc. 15. Pershing apparently thought his trines and principles. support was decisive. Bernard M. 22. Stephen R. Crosly to President Baruch recalls that during the pe- Roosevelt, Nov. 12, 1936, File OF riod of discussion of a new Chief of 25-T,Gov. Joseph B. Poindexter to Staff, Pershing said to him at lunch President Roosevelt, Aug 12, 1937, that he had just recommended Mar- File OF 0933, Roosevelt Library. Lt. shall to-the President-Baruch inter- Col. George S. Patton to Pershing, view, Oct. 15, 1957; Address by Mr. Dec. 30, 1937, Pershing Papers, LofC. Baruch at VMI, Lexington, Va., May 23. Farley wrote the President, even as 15, 1951,GCM Files. Drum blamed the final choice was being made, urg- Pershing and Dawes for preventing ing that he keep Drum in mind for him from being named-Dawes to the jobJames A. Farley to Presi- Pershing, Dec. 16, 1940, Pershing to dent Roosevelt, Apr. 24, 1939, File Dawes, Dec. 30, 1940, Dawes Folder, OF 25-T,Roosevelt Library. Box 59, 1940, Pershtng Papers, LofC. 24. This view is the one most widely ex- 16. Since Craig favored Marshall’s ad- pressed by old Army officers as the vancement, there was certainly no reason General Drum lost out. Boake malice in his suggestion. Carter, well-known radio commen- 17. Marshall to Stayer, Sunday A.M. tator and newspaper columnist of van. 151, 1939, Research Center the period, wrote after Marshall’s Ftles. appointment: “Tremendous pressure 18. The number varies by one or two, was exerted upon Mr. Roosevelt to depending on whether one selects appoint General Drum. But perhaps the time at which Marshall was nom- Hugh Drum’s friends should have inated, became Acting Chief of Staff, read history of the last seven years or was sworn in as Chief of Staff. and known better. The greater the 19. MacArthur had apparently been pressure exerted on Mr. Roosevelt placed on the inactive list because for an appointment to an office, the of his assignment in the Philippines greater the determination of the and was not included. As for the President not to yield, regardless of small number of candidates with at the merits of the candidate involved” least four years to serve, the Army -Boake Carter’s syndicated article, and Navy Register of Aug. 20, 1938, Chicago American, May 5, 1939. See p. 11, showed that only three officers also Noel F. Busch, “General Drum,” on the major general list at that Ltfe, June 16, 1941, p. 96, quoting time-Drum, DeWitt and Rowell- President Roosevelt as saying, would be eligible under this rule to “Drum, Drum, I wish he would stop be considered in 1939. At the first of beating his own drum.” the year Krueger was promoted to 25. O’Laughlin to Pershing, Jan. 14, Feb. major general giving one more in 18, Apr. 1, 1939, Pershrng Papers, this list. If one dropped below this LofC. list to the brigadier generals, Mar- 26. Though Woodring, according to shall was the first officer who met the Craig, shortly did suggest that Mar- four-year requirement. shall be named as Chief of Staff with 20. Marshall to Leo Farrell, Oct. 31, General Ghaffee as Deputy. Q’Laugh- 1938, handwritten original given by lin to Pershing, Apr. 8, 1939, Ber- Mr. Farrell, Research Center Files. sh ing Papers, Lof C. gi. Drum to Pershing, May ag, June 9, 27. Washington Post, March ig and 26, 1920, Aug. 4, and 26, 1927, Dec. 17, Apr. 16, 193.9,all in Sec. VI, p. 9. 1928, May 29, July 1, Oct. io, 1929, 28. O’Laughlin to Pershing, Apr. 8 and Nov. 16, 1934,Pershing Papers, LofC. 22, 1939, Pershtng Papers, LofC. In a letter to Pershing, Mar. 16, 1935, 29. Keehn to Boake Carter, May 8, 1939, Drum wrote of the need of changes quoting Boake Carter’s syndicated in personnel and viewpoints in the article in Chicago American, May 5, national defense svstem. adding: that 10s~.201 File. TAGO, DofA. Notes 409 30. Pershing to Mrs. Marshall, Aug. 26, 42. Conn and Fairchild, pp. 4-7; Hull, 1939, Pershing Papers, LofC. I, 608. 31. For details of the War Dept. organi- 43. Watson, p. 94; Marshall to DeWitt, zation 1920-39 see Watson, pp. 57-84; Feb. 6, 1939, with attached papers, Otto L Nelson, pp. 274-313 WPD 4115-4 to 7, RG 115, WW ZZ 32. Details of the deficiencies may be Rec Diu., NA. found in Watson, pp. 23-26; Otto L. 44. Conn and Fairchild, pp. 7-10. Nelson, pp. 314-34 45. Maj. Gen. R L. Maxwell suggests 33. Determined to see that the Air Corps that Marshall had been chosen for received a greater share in Army this mission as a result of his work planning, Marshall asked, almost as on hemispheric defense and that it soon as he was nominated for the was this which proved to be the de- Chief of Staff position, that Col. cisive factor in his selection for the ’ Frank M. Andrews, who had returned Chief of Staff position. Maxwell inter- to his permanent rank after complet- view, Oct. 5, 1960. A letter from ing his tour as commander of the Marshall to hIcNair, Apr. 19, 1939, GHQ Air Force, be made a brigadier GCM Files, seems to indicate Mar- general of the line. Shortly after shall did not know of the appoint- Marshall became Chief of Staff he ment at that time. made the airman his assistant chief 46. Brig. Gen. Thomas R. North inter- of staff, G-3 view, Oct. 15, 1958; Gen. Matthew B. 34. Arnold became Chief of the Air Ridgway interview, Feb. 26, 1959; Corps a few weeks before Marshall Ridgway, pp. 47-48. For details relat- was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff. Arnold, pp. 169, 180. ing to trip see File 210482 Brazil 35. Marshall address at the Air Corps (4-29-39), TACO, RG 94, NA. Tactical School, Maxwell Field, Ala., 47. See Marshall to Craig, May 26, June dated Sept. ig, 1938, GCM Files. I, 1939, File 210482 Brazil, TAGO, 36. Frye, p. 250. Frye indicates that one RG 94, NA; Diary of the visit of the such meeting almost reached the DCofS to Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and table-pounding stage and that Craig Brazil, May-June 1939, GCM Files. and Marshall feared its unfavorable 48. Comments on Picture of the Week, effects on Marshall’s chances to be Life, VI, June 26, 1939, 20; “Brazil, Chief of Staff. Visitors,” Time, XXXIII, May 22, 37. Pershing to Marshall, Dec. g, 1938, ‘939, 29’ Marshall to Pershing, Nov 23, 1938, 49. North interview, Oct. 15, 1958; Mar- Pershing Papers, LofC. shall interview, Dec. 7, 1956. 38 Watson, pp. 142-43. 50. Marshall to Craig, June 1, 1939, 39. Marshall statement at House Com- TAGO, RG 94, NA. mittee on Military Affairs Hearings 51. Zbrd. on “An Adequate National Defense as Outlined by the Message of the 52 Ridpay, p 48. 53. North interview, Oct. 15, 1958. President of U S.,” 76th Congress, 1st Session, on Jan. ig, 1939. 54. The members were. Karl T. Comp- 40. Watson, p. 102. See also Kreidberg ton, president, MIT; Walter S Gif- and Henry, pp. 547-48; Strong to ford, president AmTel&Tel Co.; DCoFS, Feb 2, 1939, WPD 3674-13, Harold G. Moulton, president, The RG 1z5, WW ZZ Rec. Diu., NA. Brookings Institution; John L. Pratt, 41. Conn and Fairchild, pp. 7-10, have director and former vice-president, an excellent summary of the Joint General Motors Corp; and Brig. Gen. Board report JB 325 (serial 624), RG Robert E. Wood, president, Sears, 115, WW ZZ Rec. Dzv., NA. Roebuck and Company.

XX: THE FUTURE AND THE PAST 1. Text of speech delivered at Union- town, Sept 9, 1959, GCM Files.