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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I I I 76-3597 WOOLARD, James Richard, 1941- IHE PHILIPPINE SCOUTS: THE DEVELOIMENT OF AMERICA'S COLONIAL ARMT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Hüstory, modem XorOX UnlVOrslty Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 4S106 Copyright by James Richard Idoolard 1975 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE PHILIPPINE SCOUTS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA'S COLONIAL ARMY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James Richard Woolard, B.A., M.A, ***** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr« Harry L. Coles Dr. Francis P. Ueisenberger Dr. Carl Boyd 'Adviser Department of History PREFACE In the last years of the 19th Century the U.S. Army occupied the Philippine Islands. Before the completion of that task it became expedient to arm a limited number of Filipinos and to make them part of the conquering forces. When the U.S. Army realized many Filipinos would continue to resist American control, larger numbers of select Filipinos were organized to subdue Aguinaldo's remaining followers. That effort proved successful and by late 1901, the U.S. Army's Filipino contingent, the Philippine Scouts, consisted of 5,000 fighting men. The Scouts are not to be confused with the Philippine Constabulary, a national, native police force formed in 1901 by the civil government headed by William Howard Taft. While the two forces were equal in size and the Scouts did assist the Constabu­ lary in the handling of insurrectionist groups, the Scouts were an official branch of the U.S. Army under the direct supervision of the officer commanding the Philippine Division. Taft's civil regime had complete control of the Constabulary. The objectives of this dissertation are to explore (1) the origins of the Scouts: (2) their use as a police auxiliary force 11 the civil government; (3) their organizational development From independent rifle companies to a full tactical division; and (4) their officers, enlisted men and combat success. These aspects of Scout history were the key elements in the maturation of the Filipino force from assorted companies to a bull-fledged army that by 1922 was the backbone of the American garrison in the Philippines, In the preparation of this study, many people were generous with their time, ideas and personal encouragement. My advisor, Dr. Harry L, Coles, and the other members of the reading committee. Dr. Stephen Boyd and Dr, Francis P. Weisenberger, have been indis­ pensable. Dr, David L, Sturtevant of Muskingum College also read the paper and helped with a basic understanding of Philippine history. The staffs of the Office cf the Chief, Military History, Fort McNair; the National Archives; the U.S, Military History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; The Ohio State University Library; and the Denison University Library handled every demand made on them with professional care. Family and friends such as Mr. and Mrs. L. A, Messimer, Mrs, Bryan Woolard and Mr, and Mrs, William J, Holland provided either funds or inspiration that will always be remembered. And to my wife, Nancy, I owe debts that can never be repaid. iii VITA January 21, 1941 , , , Born - Newark, Ohio 1 9 6 4 ....... B.A., Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio 1967 . ............ M,A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American History American Military History, Professor Harry L, Coles The Emergence of Modern America. Professor Francis P. Ideisenherger Russian History Since 1901. Professor Charles Morley The Middle East Since 1500. Professor Sydney N. Fisher iu TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ................................................... ii VITA....................................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS..................................... v Chapter I. THE MACABEBE SCOUTS: THE ORIGINS OF THE............ 1 U.S. FILIPINO ARMY— 1B99 II. THE PHILIPPINE SCOUTS: GUERRILLA FIGHTERS AND. 52 POLICE AUXILIARY FORCE— 1900-190A III. THE TRANSITION FROM POLICE AUXILIARY................. 121 TO PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER: 1904-1922 IV. OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN: 1899-1920 .............. 197 EPILOGUE................................................... 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................ 267 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page I. MAP I: THE PHILIPPINES................................. vii II. MAP II: NORTHERN EXPEDITION— FALL 1899............... 15 III. MAP III: ENGAGEMENT WITH SAN MIGUEL— ...... 106 MARCH 27, 1903 V i /20® /2V“ PHILIPPINES LUZON o Bdguio ZAMBALBS ^ BATAAN PBN/NSULA^JOM^nilo CORREGIDOR IS L A N S f ^ Pe. 0 <o MINDORO _ __ _ 12» SAMAR- P A N A y J n PALAWAN NEGR Sulu Seâ *0 MIND Zamboanga Davao /20» f2?« MAP I v i i CHAPTER ONE THE MACABEBE SCOUTS: THE ORIGINS OF THE U.S. FILIPINO ARMY— 1B99 America's imperialistic adventure in the Philippines henan May 1, 1898, when Commodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish naval squadron at Manila Bay. Commodore Dewey, attempting to maintain his tenuous foothold until land forces arrived, fostered the development of a Filipino army under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo. Dewey's decision to solicit Filipino aid against the Spanish boomeranged. By mid-Auaust, 10,000 Americans seized the city of Manila and defeated the Spanish. But the U.S. Army then found itself confronted with the very forces Dewey helped to create. Except for Manila and the naval base at Cavite, Aguinaldo's units controlled the entire island of Luzon. When they realized the Americans planned to annex their homeland and deny them independence, Aguinaldo's men grew increasingly bitter. In February 1899, an American-Filipino War erupted. If anyone had suggested at the beginning of their struggle that Filipinos be armed to fight their fellow countrymen, the suggestion would have been regarded as a ludicrous one. Never­ theless, within the short space of about two years there were 5,000 Filipinos serving as an unusual but legal part of the U.S. Army establishment. The origins of the Philippine Scouts can be traced to the 1899 campaign against Aguinaldo. Tactical and logistical complexities attending the reduction of his forces caused the Americans to arm a limited number of Filipinos. In contrast to the earlier experience with the followers of Aguinaldo, the Macabebes did not turn on their benefactors but proved themselves entirely reliable fighters. Macabebe success gave the U.S. Army the precedent on which to later build the colonial army it needed to garrison the islands. The tactical and logistical problems that brought about the USB of armed islanders were not immediately apparent to the •invading Americans. The insurgents entrenched outside Manila were dispersed in short order. Malalos, the insurgent capital 20 miles north of Manila, fell in March 1899. Calumpit, seven miles north on the Manila-Dagupan railway, was taken in April. The following month another northward surge secured the pueblo of San Fernando. Here the advance bogged down. Each mile covered had mutiplied logistical problems. Pampanga Province, the center of operations was virtually divided into a series of islands by the rivers and streams emptying into the main watercourse, the Rio Grande de la Pampanga. Roads, few and difficult, became seas of mud with the advent of the rainy season in May. Existing bridges were often frail bamboo structures capable at best of handling a single cavalry mount. The IB mile trip from San Fernando along the Pampanga to Macabebe, for example, required the crossing of six different waterways by bridge or by swimming.^ First Lieutenant Matthew Arlington Batson, Fourth U.S. Cavalry, was keenly aware of the logistical problems facing the Eighth Army and his response to them initiated the first employ- 2 ment of Filipinos in the Luzon campaign. Assigned to scouting duty on the flanks of the advancing American units Lieutenant Batson learned that the Macabebes residing downriver from San Fernando had no difficulty traversing the tropical lowlands. In their bancas (native canoes) the Macabebes plyed the waters of Pampanga with ease.

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