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Rubberwood : Characteristics of its supply and development of Title its utilization

Author(s) Yamashita, Yasushi; Watanabe, Hiroyuki; Takeda, Shinya

Citation 森林研究 = Forest research, Kyoto (1999), 71: 65-70

Issue Date 1999-12-28

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192819

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University 森林研究 71 : 65 ~ 70 ， 1999 65

論文 Rubberwood: Rubberwood: Characteristics 01 its supply and development of its utilization

Yasushi YAMASHITA* ，Hiroyuki WATANABE* and Shinya TAKEDA 料 ラバーウッド:その供給特性と利用の発展

L1 J下 康*・渡辺弘之申・竹田背也料

While While th 巴sustainability of timber production in natural forests in Southeast Asia has seemed to be in peril ，rubb 日1"¥ vood ，a by-

product product of natural rubber production ，has attracted more interest and its utilization stead i1 yd 邑veloped thro 羽gh the 1980's. ln the

1990's ，how 巴ver ，esp 官cia l1 yin count 1'I es like Malaysia where utilization expanded intensively ，a shortage probl 日m has emerged

and and pric 巴 s have increased. Since rubbe l"¥V ood production is a secondary conc 巴rn for farnlers ，even when th 日reisincr 巴ased demand

the the supply doesn't respond to it. This is a problem for nlbbe l"¥V ood supply as an industrial resourc 巴， differing from other timbers.

Key Key words: rubbe l"¥V ood ，agricultural plantation ，by-product ，furniture industry ，

天然林からの持続的な木材生産がj往ぶまれている東南アジアにおいて、天然こJ' ム(ラテ y クス)を滋仰するパラゴムノ

キの木部ラパーウ 7 ドが、 1980 年代から翁突に潔裂を伸ばしている α 資源宣そが綾誌で iiI li 絡が安いことに加え、あくまで もラテックスを採取した後の燦材を有効に利用しているがゆえに、ラパーウッドは磯銭的な木材として期待合後め、特に 木製家具波数において大登に利用されている。ところが、ラパーウッドは、現時点では錨十告が低すぎ、生絞殺{対道徳的な 生滋意欲を持たないため、廃材として供給される以上の殺が市場に出てこない。つまり、ラパ}ウッドの供給{土、常裂の 増減;こ猟カ的に反応、しないという符=性を持つために、認~~きが拡大したマレーシアでは不足状況が生じ、利用者にとって悩 格上昇が深刻な問題となりつつある。 キーワード:ラパーウッド、 t懇談プランテ…ション、磁援物、家Ji Uli 紫、マレーシア

publications publications ancl data obtained through ou 1' own surveys in 1 8ackground and Objectives ]apan ]apan and Thailancl conclucted in 1992-1993 ，ancl in Malaysia

In In Southeast Asia ， as the deforestation problem has been f1' om 1995θ7 with the support of Unive 1' siti Pertanian watched watched with keen inte 1' est and the sustainability of timber Malaysia. production production in natural forests has seemed to be in pe 1' il ， The 1' e is much literature available on this timber. In alternative alternative timbe 1' resources have been anticipated. particular ，publications by the Forest Research Institute

Para Para rubber t1' ees (I-I evea brasiliensis) a1' e widely planted Malaysia are quite important an c1 p 1' ovicle detailecl in in Southeast Asia to produce natural rubbe 1'， 01' latex ， and information on subjects such as p 1' ocessing technologies and its its timber ， so called "1' ubben 町ood" ， is popularly utiliz 巴d for physical pr ・ope 1' ties (.H ONG ，1985; .H oNG ，1990; .H ONG ancl SIM ， industrial industrial purposes. While the development of industr ・ial tree 1994; K. D. Singh 1985). In acldition ，the 1' e are some a1' ti cI es

plantations plantations has made little progress ，this rubbenvood ，a by 附 (Asian Timbe 1'， Nov. ，1993; ASANO ， 1990) about the gene 1' al product product of natu 1' al 1' ubber production ， has attracted much situation of its utilization in Asia. Most of this literature inte 1' est as a substitute helping to relieve the p 1' essure on in c1 udes the merits of 1' ubbe 1' wood ， allowing fo 1' some tropical tropical forests since the 1980's. technological difficulties in processing. To encourage

In In this paper ，we use 1' ubberwood as the subject matter ， utilization ，it has often been 1' efe 1' eed to as an i c1 eal timbe 1' fi 1' stly examining the development process of its utilization ， 1' esource. Nowa c1 ays however ，whe 1' e this utilization has and and then analyzing the current situation in o1' de 1' to developecl intensively ，a'problem has eme 1' ged. We founcl uncle 1' stand the characteristics of its supply as an inclustrial that rubberwood has p1' oblems as well as me 1' its ， being an resoUI ・ce. Discussion is based on information both in existing agricultu 1' al by-p 1' oduct as oppose c1 to timbe 1' f1' om natural

Grad. * Grad. Sch. Of Agric. ，Kyoto Univ. Kyoto 606-8502

** Grad. Sch. Of Asian and African ar 母astudies ，Kyoto Univ. Kyoto 606 ・8501 *京都大学大学院農学研究科 **京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科 66 66 FOR. RES. ，KYOTO 71 1999 forests forests or forest plantations. Since the existing literature in Southeast Asia but also inJapan ancl Taiwan. 1n the 1990's ， doesn't doesn't analyze this problem sufficiently ，we would like to popularity furthe 1' incr ・eased ，ancl the 1' esulting p1' oclucts have focus focus on this poin t. been expo 1' ted almost ev 己lywhe 1' e in the worlcl. Nowaclays ，

1' ubbe 1' wood can be conside 1' ed as one of the most important

2 Development of its utilization ha 1' clwood 1' esou 1' ces in Southeast Asia. Although most

1' ubberwood is used for furniture and fixtu 1' e procluction ，

2ぺ. Potential sma I1 timbers a1' e used in MDF and pa 1' ticleboard p 1' oduction.

Rubberwood is supplied when trees are cut for replanting 1n acldition ， there have been attempts to use it fo 1' many or or sometimes when land is converted for other uses. other purposes ，including plywoocl p 1' oduction.

Replanting Replanting is carried out after ・the economic lives of 1' ubber Malaysia ， Thailand ancl 1ndonesia have been cente 1' s of trees trees expire. This is about 25-30 years ，when the subsequent rubberwood p1' oduction and export. It has been estimated yield yield of the natu 1' al rubber becomes low. that 609 もof Thai furnitu 1' e is made of 1' ubberwoocl and Currently ， there are approximately 9 million ha (ARAYA ， another 20% is for MDF ancl particleboard (The Thai

Nov. ， 1993) of plantation in the world ，and most of this is Furnitu 1' e Industries Association ， 1996). Though much located located in Southeast Asia. Though it has declined 17.7% 以 rubbe 1' wood is also p 1' oducecl and utilized in 1ndonesia ， data Malaysia Malaysia between 1980 and 1995 to 1. 7 million ha ，according for analysis is insufficien t. The situation in Malaysia wi I1 be to to the Ministry of Agricultu 1' e，Malaysia ，it has increased examined in a later section. Japan and Taiwan have been

28.4% in ThaiJand to 1. 9 million ha du 1' ing the same pe 1' iod the main importers of rubberwood and also the main and and 35.6% in Indonesia to 3.2 million ha between 1980 and investors in the rubberwood industry in Southeast Asia ，

1994 ，acco 1' ding to the International Rubbe 1' Study G 1' oup. contributing much toward its developmen t. Japan has

The 1' e is no exact statistical data on the amount of annual imported large quantities of rubbe 1' wood furnitu 1' e ，fixtures production production in the world and estimation is quite difficul t. ancl kitchenware ， as well as sawntimbe r. 1、hese products Assuming that about 100 m 3fha of logs can be expected (SER 九 are popular ， and some companies have establishecl overseas

1990) 1990) and that plantations will be cut eve 1' y 30 yea 1' s fo 1' subsidiaries in Southeast Asia to obtain ancl process

1' eplanting ，we can 1' oughly estimate world annual production rubberwoocl.

1 at at mo 1' e than 10 million m: • The yields per a1' ea may diffe 1'， howeve 1'， depending on its cultiva 1' and the way of 2-3. Background and other factors in the development managemen t. Whe 1' e plantation sites are not located close It has often been pointecl out that rubberwoocl began as a

facilities to facilities fo 1' chemical t1' eatment ，1' ubberwood is still not substitute for ramin timber (Abclul and H Ol， 1988; Asian used except fo 1' fue l. Mo 1' eove 1'， pOOI ・farme 1' s genera I1 y w i1l Timber ，Jul./Aug. ， 1984; SMITH et al.， 1990). It was produced not not cut thei 1' plantations within 30 yea 1' s. Consequently ，this mostly in Southeast Asia ancl was popularly utilizecl for is is a veη T gene 1' al estimation. At the very least ，it does inform furniture production both clomestically and overseas in us us that 1' ubbe 1' plantation is a significant potential source of places such as Taiwan ， but the supply was nea rJ y exhausted wood in Southeast Asia. by the micl1970's. When we interviewed a key expert in

Japan's Japan's largest furniture maker ，he repliecl that ， in Japan ，

2-2. 2-2. A brief history and the current situation 1' ubberwood was usecl mainly as an alternative for domestic Though more than a hundred years has passed since the beech timbers whose supply decreasecl in the 1970's. fi 1' st 1' ubbe 1' plantation was established in t 1' opical Asia ， At that time ， the decrease and degraclation of natural

1' ubbe 1' wood was not utilized until quite 1' ecently except fo 1' hardwood resources like ramin and beech ， suitable for fuel ， as blue stain 0 1' insects can easily damage it. Much furniture or fixtu 1' e procluction became serious ，and the

1' esea 1' ch has been conducted to ove 1' come these defects in utilization of natural timber was sometimes consiclered as o1' de 1' to gene 1' ate a new income source for ・plantation holde 1' s an environmentally destructive activity. Consequently ， and and to supply inexpensive ha 1' dwood to the industr てy. Afte 1' many timber p1' ocessing and manufacturing companies many yea 1' s of effo 1' t，r ・ubbe 1' wood became a common began looking fo 1' alternatives. As a 1' esult ，a chemical indust 1' ial 1' esou 1' ce in the 1980's (狂 ONG and SIM ， 1994). treatment method was establishecl and 1' ubberwood receivecl

1n 1n the 1980's ，utilization began to expand 1' apidly not only much attention as a new timber resource. 森林研究 71 1999 67

Since Since then ， as the shortage of natural hardwood has sawlogs obtained from a plantation site is low (Ho ，1994). become more serious and the furniture and fixture industries The recovery rate of sawntimber 合om sawlog is also quite have have grown ，utilization has been extended. Based both on low; approximately 32 %， due to defects like knots ， warping our our survey and existing data (HONG ，1994) ，we list the merits and tapping marks (Ho and Roslan ，1994). and and demerits of rubberwood for users below. As most users believe the merits outweigh the demerits ， utilization utilization has expanded and expectations have also Merits Merits increased. (a) (a) Low costs: Log price/m 3 of rubberwood ， red meranti ， keruing keruing and kempas inJanuary of 1990 were RM23 ，RM281 ， 3A case study in Malaysia RM233 and RM152 ，respectively ， in Peninsular Malaysia ， according according to the Malaysian Timber 1ndustry Board. Nearly 20 years have passed since rubbenvood utilization (b) (b) Stable supply was established ， and the situation has changed especially (c) (c) Environmental friendliness: As it is just a by-product ， where development has been intensive. 1n this section ， the utilization utilization is considered to be a resource saving and situation in Malaysia is examined in order to understand environmentally environmentally friendly activity. Products have been what happens with extensive utilization. accepted accepted favorably in the international marke t.

(d) (d) Good quality: Many users believe that it can never be as 3 ・1. Development and utilization good good as some famous natural hardwood species like oak or 1n the 1980's when the furniture and fixture industry had maple ， but rubberwood has reached an international quality not yet matured in Malaysia ，large supplies of rubberwood standard. standard. 1n particular ，its whiteness is appreciated. logs and sawntimber w 巴re exported mainly to Japan ， Taiwan and and Singapore (Asian Timber ，Nov. ，1984). As the industry Demerits Demerits developed from the late 1980's ，however ， domestic demand (a) (a) Easily harmed by insects or fungus: Prompt treatment has also expanded. An embargo was placed on the export of after after cutting is needed. log and sawntimber in the 1990's to give the domestic (b) (b) Low utilization percentage: 1ts tree form is poor ， bole industry priority (Asian Timber ，Oct. ，1993) ，and height height is low and tension wood problems are oft 巴n found; subsequently rubberwood has been consumed mostly in the therefore therefore log sizes are usua lI y small ， and the volume of domestic industry. At present ，r・ubberwood is the most

Table Table 1. Utilization of wooden raw materials of 15 furniture makers

Sal 邑 sin 1995 Plans to counter the shortage Products Products Wooden Raw Materials (per month) RM'OOO ， OOO 。frubberwood

A Qccasiona l， Bedroom 3・4 Rubberwood 200 t， Venee ぉMDF lli JU'Y1 PF as substitut 日 B己droom Rubberwood: a little ，M 邑ranti 20t ， B 5 LiYi盟 g set ，_P arts Veneer ，Ply 笠盟g， MDF Dining Dining set Import other timber C 10 Rubbe f¥ vood log 150t ，Seputir ，MDF Living Living set ，Sofa s母t species from Vietnam D ILi ving 凶， Bεdroom 5 Rubbe f¥ vood ，Plywood ，MDF E I Di !!fug set 10 ~ubberwood 400t ，Veneer Plywood ，MDF

Rubberwood200t(20960ftI1P 邑lIyn waoroe di ，HMlpDorltr 巴d F Kitch 記 n set 12 Import rubberwood from Indonesia 台。mlndon ♀si 註)， Veneer ， 3 G Dining set 8 Rubb 邑問。od 210m ，Laminated Rubberwood 1101 が 一 日 Kitch 記n set 0.78 Rubbe f¥ vood 380t Dinings 日t 32 Rubbe f¥ vood 400t ，Veneer ，MDF 一 …i 訪日i!ill:生Li ving set n.a. Rubbe f¥ vood ，Veneer ，Plywood ，MDF K Dining set ，Bedroom 45 Rubberwood l，OOOt ，Plywood ，MDF Import hardwood frolηChina L Dining set ，Dresser 8 Rtlbb~ fFooclLyeneer ， Plywood ，MpF M Dining set ，B日 droom 0.8 Rubbe れ， vood 300t ，Veneer ，Plywood ，MDF Dining Dining set ，Bedroom 52 52 f¥ N Kitchen set Laminated Rubbe vood ，Veneer ，MDF

。 Dining set ，Chest Iミ羽 bbe れvood (90 駒 95%) ， 70 70 II 町lport rubbe れI/ ood from Myanmar Rockimr Rockimr chair Localnatural hardwood-Ven~~I，-Plywoo(l，_MI2E Note: Note: interviews were conclucted in 1996

“Rubbe f¥ vood" m 倒的rubber 羽rood sawntimber 68 68 FO R. RES. ，KYOTO 711999

important important timber resource fo 1' the furniture and fixtu 1' es sluggish.

industry industry as a fo 1' eign currency earner. 1t has been estimated The situation may be furthe 1' explained using Fig. 1. The that that 80% of Malaysian wooden furniture was made of supply curve of rubberwood must be unique and not a rubberwood in 1997 (Asian Timber ，Feb. ，1999). The 1' esults straight line ， as 51. Thus ， the price is low and stable unless

of of our survey also show thei 1' strong reliance on rubberwood ql 1' eaches cf ，which occurred in the 1980's. 1n the 1990's ，

(Table (Table 1). 1n addition ，a few rubberwood MDF mills have when the demand inc 1' eased and the limited supply shifted also also been established. from cf to cf ， the price increased without a paralleJ increase of of supply. As one of our respondents had already started

3 ・2. The shortage importing rubberwood from lndonesia ， the pric 己rose even

As demand has inc 1' eased ，however ，a p 1' oblem has over the level that the importer paid (〆) in the mid 1990's ，

emerged. and it Cct ・cf) was imported. At first ，when utilization started in the 1980's ， the price This means that two of the four merits; (a) Low costs and was low and the supply increased without serious p1' ice (b) Stable supply have lost thei 1' significance in Malaysia. hikes. hikes. This was because supplie 1' s were willing to p1' ovide Some of our respondents complained about the sJuggish

it it even at low prices ，considering it to be a 1' esidue of little supply ， the price hike ，and the 1' estrictive contracts with value. value. suppliers. The price/m 3 in January 1998 was RM68.00 ，a

As demand increased in the 1990's ，howeve 1'， the p1' ice threefold increase within 7 years according to the Malaysian

1' ose without an inc 1' ease of supply. Supplies did not increase Timber lndustry Board. Although the price was still much even with the price when suppliers judged that the economic cheaper than that of othe 1' timber species ， this price hike timing timing was not good ，considering natural rubber production. se 1' iously affects the competitiveness of the products on the

When prices increase further to a level whe 1' e the supplie 1' international marke t. judges judges a profit can be achieved even with some losses in natu 1' al rubbe 1' p1' oduction ，trees are cut in a shorte 1' 1' otation 3-3. Measures to counter the shortage so so the supply can be inc 1' eased. ln spite of recent price hikes ， Among our respondents ， onJy 5 companies prepared if if the price is still deemed low ， the supply is limited and will concrete plans to cope with the shortage. One said they not not increased. would continue to import rubberwood ，one said they would

Even wo 1' se ， those limits actually decreased (Table 2). begin importing soon ，two said they intended to import other

Planted Planted area fluctuates acco 1' ding to the economic situation ， timber species to substitute for rubberwood ，ancl another not not of rubbe 1' wood p1' oduction ， but of natural rubber saicl that they woulcl utilize more wooclen panels instead. production. production. 1n Malaysia ， though the demand fo 1' rubberwood These measures ，however ，seem to do little more than to has has inc 1' eased ，many fa 1' mers and estate holders have lost cover the sllrface of the problem. First ， as rllbberwoocl inte 1' est in the 1' ubber plantations and conve 1' ted mainly to utilization has also c1 evelop 記CI in neighboring cOllntries ancl oil oil palm plantations ，due to the low profitability of rubber similarpr 叫)lems may happen there ，it is not clear whether plantation plantation managemen t. As the area is reduced ， the timbe 1' there w iIl be enough of a surplus to export to Malaysia. Also ， production production dec 1' eases (Table 3) and the supply becomes it is c1 0ubtful whether Malaysian proclucts macle with

Tab!e Tab!e 2. Planted area of natural rubber and oil palm (l ，OOOha)

Rllbber Rllbber plantation 2， 004 1， 837 1， 819 1， 792 1， 767 1， 738 1， 679 1， 650 Oil Oil palm plantation 1， 023 2， 030 2， 094 2， 198 2， 306 2，4 12 2， 540 2， 615

SOllrce: SOllrce: Ministry of Agricllltu 陀， Malaysia

Table Table 3. Rubberwood production in Peninsular Malaysia (l ，OOOr 的 1985 1985 1988

Log P1' ocluction 595 1， 241 971 1， 622 1， 837 1， 075 1，1 57 881 284 Procluction Procluction of Sawtimber n.a. n.a. n.a. 101 126 120 94 50 55

Source: Source: MaJaysian Timber Industry Board ，Forestry D 巴partmel 日 tPeninsular Malaysia 森林研究 71 1999 69

Price Price S 。 /， 3 .1'

8 1

P1 P1 PI Quantity Quantity qs qs q ，1 q1

51 51 :Supply from rubb 巴rplantation 52: Supply from rubber plantation 51 :Supply of imported rubberwoocl

Dl: Dl: Demand IY: Demand increased 53': parall 記!日 cl with S" qJ qJ : Quantity used as an industrial raw (:j! :Li mit of quantity suppliecl (がくザ 7 {j1 : The price that the importeI ・pays

日1at 巴rial rf :Price hikecl p ，1: New price cf cf :Limit of quantity supplied グ: Total quantity supp Ii ed (b): (b): Situation in the 1990's when pl: pl: Price d巴mand increased ancl th 邑Ii mitof (c): Situation in th 巴 mid 1990's when imports (a): (a): Situation in th 邑 1980's when the supplies quantity decreased occurred

cl 記mancl was not high Note: Thollgh the importer must also hav 巴日

li 口:1it of quanti 勾 ，in th 巴orγ ， we simplify the

shap 巴 as with 5". Figllre Figllre 1 (a)(b)(c): The supply 伽 nancl structure of rubberwoocl

imported imported resources can be competitive in the international are sometimes not suitable for timber production since the marke t. Finally ，it is also unclear whether consumers will growth is slower and the tree form is not good.

accept accept pr ‘oducts made of substitute materials. For For rubberwood plantations ，however ，decisions such as

3-4. 3-4. Away from a by 附 product to a main product planting cite ，area ，spacing ，cultivar ， timing of cutting and As a fundamental resolution to overcoming this problem ， so on ， can be made to improve its timber production. establishments establishments of rubberwood plantations primarily for There is a demerit ，too. In natural rubber plantations ， the

timber timber production are expected (NO Rl NI et al.， 1994). cost of the plantation is compensated with income f1' om the There are some merits in rubberwood plantation ，since natural rubber production ， and rubberwood users need not

management can be much different from that of natural share it. In rubbeれ~ood plantations ，howeve 1'， the costs must rubber rubber plantations. As the rubberwood production is only a be compensated with income from the rubberwood secondary secondary concern in natural rubber plantation management ， production. there there are some problems ，listed as below. Currently ，there are only a few plantations on a trial basis ， and and it has not expanded in the private sector ye t. This may

(a) (a) Timing of cutting: ln naturaI fo 1' est 0 1' forest plantations ， be because rubberwood still seems too cheap in spite of trees trees are usually cut when a manager judges that the timber recent hikes ， and landholders are suspicious as to whether will will fetch a premium within the current market. However ， there will be any economic benefits.

in in natu 1' al 1' ubber plantations ，trees are usually cut without consicleration consicleration of the rubberwood market situation. To put it 4 Conclusion

in in an extreme way ，1' ubberwood may be supplied even without without the demand and may not be supplied even when Rubberwood is often considered as an ideal timber

the 1' e is a rush in demand. resource ， but our study reveals that an unbalanced supply- (b) (b) Tapping: Rubber trees are tapped to harvest latex ， and demand relationship may occur when the demand becomes this this sometimes damages the timber. larger than the supply. Although the area has expanded in

(c) (c) Cultiva 1': Though plantation holcle 1' s like to plant cultivars Thailand ancl in Indonesia ，similar situations will also occur

imp 1' oved fo 1' high yielding latex ，it is said that those cultivars when utilization has cleveloped as intensively as in Malaysia. 70 70 FOR. RES. ，KYOTO 71 1999

Price Price adjustment did not work in the supply-demand Asian Timber (Nov. ，1993) World supply poten 出 Iof mbberwood ，Asian relationship relationship in the case of rubbεrwood ，and this was the Timb 巴r，52-57 Asian Asian Timber (F 巴b. ，1999) Development of the Malaysian Furnitur ‘日 cause cause of the unbalance. Rubberwood is ve 可 cheap compared Industη r ，Asian Timber ，10 ・11 to to other timber species. This cheapness has greatly ARAYA ，A. (Nov. ，1993) Rubberwood resollrc 己 sancl its utilization in the encouraged the utilization ， while it has discouraged the will world (in ]apanese) ，Sanrin llJ 林， 42-43 of of supply among farmers and plantation owners. Though As i' u'l o ，I. (1990) Rubberwood resollrces in ASEAN (in ]apan 邑se) ， Mokuzai Mokuzai Kogyo 木材工業 Vo l. 45 (12) ，565-570 the the price has increased ，it st iIl seems too low to encourage Ho ，K. S. (1994) Harvesting and log characteristics of rubberwoocl 1n them. them. it fUl ther increase and rubberwood becomes a main If If HONG (1994) ，51-60 product ， supply may stabilize ， but it is quite doubtful whether Ho ，K. S. ancl Roslan Ali (1994) Primaη ，processing: sawing 註ncl peeling users users will really demand it at such a high price. 。frubberwoocl 1n HONG (1994) ，61 嗣 84 As the deforestation problem in Southeast Asia has HONG L. T. (告 cls.) (1 985) R lI bberwood: 針。 cessing ancl Utilization. 32pp ， Forest Forest R日search Institllte of Malaysia and R lI bbenvood R巴search become very serious ， other agricultur ・al by “ products are Committ 日e ，Kuala Lumpllr expected to substitute おr natural resources. For example ， HONG L. T. 巴 tc. (ecls.) (1990) Proc 日edings of the int 日1・nation 品l the the utilization of bagasse ，a by-product of sugar production ， rubberwoocl seminar. 185pp ，Forest Res 記arch Institute Malaysia ， has has succeeded in the pulp industry ，and the utilization of oi1 K 自ala Lumpur palm trunks is being eagerly applied in the wooden panel HONG L. T. and SIM H.C. (巴 cls.) (1994) Rubb 邑rwood: Processing ancl Utilization. Utilization. 248pp ，Forest Research Institllt 己主 /Ialaysia ， Kuala industry. industry. We would like to point out ，however ， that every L臼mpur by 幽 product must have a supply curve like 51. Therefore ， K. D. Singh ， CHOO K.T. ancl HONG L.T. (巴 ds.) (1 985) Proc 巴edings of the though efforts and activities to use agriculturaI by-products second rllbb 邑rwood seminar. 160pp ，Forest Research Institllte should should be appreciated and encouraged ，utilization must also Malaysia ，玄関 la Lumpur be carefu Il y managed. NORINI ，H. ，ISMAIUAH ，A. ，LO!(M 必， N ぶ1. ancl Zakaria Ibrahim (1 994) Econo l11 ics of planting rubb 日r as forest plantations 11l HONG (1994) ， 223-232 223-232 Li terature cited SMITH ，P.M. ，EASTIN ，I. L. 呂ncl JEN ， I-An (1990) Rllbberwoocl as a sllbstitute sllbstitute "Tropical Wh itewoocl" for Ra l11 in in Asia ，Li n Chan Gong

Abdul Abdul Razak Mohd Ali HOI and W. K. (1988) Rubberwood: an 邑wtimber Ye 林政工数(Taiwan) 9 (2) ，71-85

resource. resource. The Malaysian Forester Vo l. 51 No. 3: 155 ・163 SERR C.S. (1990) Rllbberwoocl reSOllrces in ASEAN ancl the pot 邑ntial

Asian Asian Timber (N ov. ，1984) Rubberwood is major export for M 呂laysia ， for its wicler utilization 1n HONG (1990) ，27-40 Asian Asian Timber ，6 The Thai Fumiture Inclustries Association (1 自96) Directory. 160pp ， Asian Asian Timber (f ul./Aug. ， 1984) Rubberwood is here to stay ， Asian The Cos l11 ic Procluctions Co. ，LTD. ， Bangkok Timber ， 46 Asian Asian Timber (Oc t.， 1993) Export duties on W Malaysian sawntimber raised ，Asian Timber ，6